Yana da imani na yau da kullum da cewa kuskure yana daidaita "kwakwalwa" ga kwakwalwa, ko kuma tsangwama ne sa by "lalacewa" zuwa kwakwalwa. Yayin da wasu abubuwa masu nishaɗi (meth, barasa) na iya zama marasa amfani, jita-jita yana haifar da wani takamaiman kwakwalwar kwakwalwa wanda ba a lasafta shi a matsayin "lalacewar kwakwalwa". Zuwa da lalacewa azaman ƙari meme, nicotine (wanda aka kawo ta sigari) wasu suna ɗauka a matsayin abu mafi haɗari, amma nicotine haɓaka haɓakar kwakwalwa ce kuma tana da wasu fa'idodi na kiwon lafiya masu yuwuwa ("mafi yawan jaraba" yana nufin cewa yawancin masu amfani a ƙarshe sun zama masu maye). Duba labarai game da fa'idodin nikotin: Nicotine: Abin da ba'a iya shakkarwa Brain Enhancing Drug.
Addiction ne da farko a rashin ilimi da ƙwaƙwalwa - a cikin yawancin (amma ba duka ba)-haifar da canjin kwakwalwa suna amfani da hanyoyin guda ɗaya kamar yadda ya shafi ilmantarwa da ƙwaƙwalwa: Addiction a matsayin ilimin ilmantarwa. Wannan ya ce, canzawar kwakwalwa kamar lalatawa ko hypofrontality na iya haifar da canje-canje ba da karfi ba a karkashin labarun ilmantarwa (asarar abu mai launin toka, saukar da metabolism, rage haɗin aiki).
Masu binciken addinan sun yarda da cewa waɗanda ke haɓaka halin ɗabi'a suna fuskantar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa kamar waɗanda ke da ƙwayoyi na maye. Wannan ba yana nufin cewa kowane salon da kwayar halittar ta canza daidai yake a cikin kowa da jaraba ba. Madadin haka, yana nufin duk ƙari share wasu ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwar kwakwalwa. Hanyoyi hudu da ke cikin kwakwalwa suna da nasaba da maganin miyagun ƙwayoyi da halayya, kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin wannan takarda da aka buga a wannan shekara The New England Journal of Medicine: "Neurobiologic Ci gaba daga Ciwon ƙwayar cuta na Brain (2016)". Wannan bita na musamman da Daraktan Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Maganin Alcohol da Alcoholism (NIAAA) George F. Koob, kuma darekta na Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Cutar Abuka (NIDA). Nora D. Volkow, ba wai kawai ke kwatanta kwakwalwar da ke canzawa cikin jaraba ba, har ma ya nuna a cikin sakin layi na cewa jima'i ya kasance:
"Mun ƙaddara cewa ciwon daji ya ci gaba da tallafawa tsarin ƙwayar cuta na kwakwalwa. Neuroscience bincike a cikin wannan yanki ba kawai bayar da sabon damar don rigakafin da magani na jaraba da abubuwa da kuma abin da ya shafi addiction (misali, don abinci, jima'i, da caca) .... "
A sauƙi, kuma mai ma'ana, sharuddan babban buri na asali - ya sa kwakwalwa ya canza: 1) Sensitization, 2) Rashin ƙarewa, 3) Hanyoyi na farko na dysfunctional (hypofrontality), 4) Dirfunctional danniya circuits. Dukkanin 4 na kwakwalwar kwakwalwa an gano su a cikin 50 nazarin ilimin neuroscience akan yawan masu amfani da batsa da jima'i:
- Sensitization (cue-reactivity & cravings): cirwayoyin kwakwalwar da ke cikin motsawa da neman lada sun zama masu saurin wuce gona da iri ga tunanin ko alamun da ke da alaƙa da halin jaraba. Wannan yana haifar da Ƙara "sha'awar" ko sha'awar yayin da yake so ko yardar rai ya ragu. Alal misali, alamun, irin su juya kwamfutar, ganin hangen nesa, ko kasancewa kadai, haifar da mummunan wuya don watsi da sha'awar batsa. Wadansu suna bayyana ma'anar batsa kamar yadda 'shiga cikin rami wanda ke da gudun hijira guda ɗaya: batsa'. Watakila kun ji damuwa, hanzarin zuciya, har ma da rawar jiki, da dukan abin da za ku iya tunani game da shi yana shiga cikin shafin kashin da kukafi so. Rahotanni na yin nazari na binciken ko karɓa-haɗari a masu amfani da batsa: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25.
- Rashin ƙarewa (ƙwarewar sakamako): Wannan ya haɗa da sunadarai na dogon lokaci da gyare-gyaren tsari wanda ya bar mutum kasa da jin dadi. Rashin lalatawa yakan nuna kamar haƙuri, wanda shine buƙatar ƙarami mafi girma ko haɓaka mafi girma don cimma amsa ɗaya. Wasu masu amfani da batsa suna ba da ƙarin lokaci akan layi, tsawaita zaman ta hanyar edging, kallon lokacin da ba al'aura ba, ko bincika cikakken bidiyon da zai ƙare da. Rashin hankali na iya ɗaukar nauyin haɓaka zuwa sabbin nau'ikan, wani lokacin mawuyaci ne kuma baƙo, ko ma damuwa. Ka tuna: gigicewa, mamaki ko damuwa na iya haifar da dopamine. Wasu karatun suna amfani da kalmar "al'ada," wanda na iya haɗawa da hanyoyin koyo ko hanyoyin jaraba. Nazarin binciken lalatawa ko haɓakawa a cikin masu amfani da batsa / jarabar jima'i: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.
- Hanyoyi na farko na dysfunctional (an raunana ƙarfin aiki + haɓakar haɓakawa zuwa alamomi): Canje-canje a cikin aikin farko da haɗi tsakanin kewayen lada da gaban goshi na haifar da rage ikon motsawa, amma mafi yawan sha'awar yin amfani da shi. Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su a gabansu wadanda ba su aiki ba sun nuna kamar sassan biyu na kwakwalwarka sun tsunduma cikin yaki. Hanyoyin da aka shawo kan jarabar suna ihu 'I!' yayin da 'mafi girman kwakwalwarka' ke cewa, 'A'a, ba kuma!' Yayinda ɓangarorin sarrafawar kwakwalwar ku ke cikin rauni da rauni hanyoyin hanyoyin jaraba yawanci suna cin nasara. Rahoton karatu "hypofrontality" ko canza canjin aiki a cikin masu amfani da batsa: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17.
- Dirfunctional danniya circuits - wanda zai iya haifar da da ƙaramar damuwa da ke haifar da buƙatu da sake dawowa saboda yana kunna hanyoyi masu ƙwarewa masu ƙarfi. Karatuttukan karatu masu ba da rahoto game da matsalolin danniya masu amfani da batsa / jarabar jima'i: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
Wadannan ne kawai kwakwalwa ke canza? A'a. Kowace waɗannan alamomi masu launi suna nuna ƙirar maɓalli dabarun da ake danganta da salon salula da sinadaran—Kamar yadda sikirin kumburin sankara ba zai nuna canje-canje masu mahimmin salon salula / sunadarai ba. Yawancin canje-canjen masu wayo ba za a iya tantance su a cikin tsarin ɗan adam ba saboda ƙyamar fasahar da ake buƙata. Koyaya, an gano su a cikin sifofin dabbobi (duba wannan Maris, 2018 wanda shugaban NIDA, Nora D. Volkow ya tsara Menene Ma'anar A lokacin da Muka Kira Yara Da Cutar Ciki?).
Sensitization an yi imanin cewa shine ainihin canjin kwakwalwa, saboda yana sa ku so shi, komai "shi" ne, kuma ya ƙunshi kusan hanyoyin guda ɗaya kamar yadda yanayin jima'i na farko yake. Kalli - Brain yaro ya hadu da Hoton Intanet (2013), wanda ya shafi yanayin jima'i ta hanyar intanet yayin samartaka. A zahiri, da Masanin kimiyya na Cambridge na binciken nazari (da kuma 20 wasu a cikin wannan jerin) samo asiri (mafi girma da karuwa ko ƙira) a cikin masu amfani da batsa.
Wancan ya ce, kowane magani na musamman ya shafi ilimin kimiyyar lissafi, kuma ƙwayoyi na iya canza kwakwalwa ta hanyoyin da ɗabi'un ɗabi'a ba su aikatawa. Bugu da ƙari, ƙwayoyi irin su cocaine da meth suna ɗaga dopamine nesa ba kusa ba (da farko) fiye da matakan da ake samu tare da lada na ɗabi'a. Abu ne mai yuwuwa cewa ƙwayoyi, saboda gubarsu, na iya haifar da lalacewar tsarin dopamine na dindindin, wanda ƙari da ɗabi'a ba ya yi.
Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa ba daidai ba ne lokacin da rukunin yanar gizo ko masu magana suka faɗi haka Hotuna na Intanit kamar meth ko crack cocaine. Irin waɗannan kwatancen suna sa mutane suyi tunanin cewa yin amfani da batsa na iya haifar da lalacewa kamar yadda ake amfani da meth. Ga wasu, harbawar jarabar batsa na iya zama mafi wuya fiye da harbawar jarabar shan kwayoyi, amma wannan ba ya nuna cewa yana haifar da lalacewar jijiyoyin. Matsalar kawo karshen jaraba na iya zama daidai da matakin canjin canjin da ake samu ta amfani.
Har ma sun fi ban haushi wadanda suka ce jarabar halayyar ba za ta wanzu ba, ko kuma cewa su "tilastawa ne," amma ba ƙari ba ne na gaskiya. Irin waɗannan maganganun ba su da tushe na kimiyya, tun da yake canzawar kwayar halitta guda ɗaya tana haifar da halayyar ɗabi'a da ƙwayoyi. Canjin maigidan da ke haifar da canje-canje masu alaƙa shine furotin DeltaFosB. Babban matakan amfani da sakamakon lada (jima'i, sugar, high-mai) ko ci gaba na yau da kullum da kowace magungunan miyagun ƙwayoyi da ake amfani da ita don ta sa DeltaFosB ta tara a cikin gidan lada.
Ba'a iya taƙaita neuroplasticity na asibiti kamar yadda: ci gaba da amfani → DeltaFosB → kunna jigilar kwayoyin halitta → canje-canje a synapses → haɓakawa da kuma ragewa. (Duba Ƙwararriyar Tsara don ƙarin daki-daki.) Yana bayyana haka kwakwalwar kwakwalwa da ke cikin kwari yana canje-canje zuwa asarar jagorancin kulawa (hypofrontality) da kuma mayar da martani ga mayar da martani, wasu manyan siffofin jaraba.
DeltaFosB's Manufar juyin halitta shine motsawa mu "samu yayin da samun ke da kyau!" Tsarin inji ne don abinci da kuma haifuwa, wanda yayi aiki sosai a wasu lokuta da kuma yanayin. Wadannan kwanaki yana sa rikitarwa ga abincin takalma da kuma Intanit na Intanit kamar yadda 1-2-3 ke da sauƙi.
Lura cewa kwayoyi masu cin nama suna haifar da buri saboda suna ƙarfafa ko kuma hana haɓaka riga ya kasance a wurin don sakamakon ladabi. Wannan shi ne dalilin da yasa Cibiyar Harkokin Addini ta Amurka ta Amurka jihohi marasa alamu cewa abinci da jima'i shan jima-jita gaskiya ne.
Sensitization of wayo hanyoyi ne daya kwakwalwar canji wanda zai iya ci gaba a cikin duka miyagun ƙwayoyi da kuma haɓaka hali. A cikin sauƙi, waɗannan hanyoyi suna wakiltar tunani, wanda lokacin da ya haifar da shi, mai ɗaukar nauyin kwarewa a cikin ladabi, kuma haka yana sha'awar.
Shin faɗakarwa zata gushe akan lokaci? Eric Nestler yana tunanin haka. Yana yin bincike da yawa akan hanyoyin kwakwalwa na jaraba. Ga Tambaya da Amsa daga gidan yanar gizon sa. Ya karanci DeltaFosB musamman, furotin da kuma kwafin rubutu (ma'ana yana sarrafa kunnawa na kwayoyin halitta) da aka ambata a sama.
09. Za a iya sauyawa canje-canje a cikin kwakwalwarku?
A. “Babu wata hujja da ke nuna cewa canjin kwakwalwa hade da shan kwayoyi na dindindin ne. Maimakon haka, mun yi imanin cewa waɗannan canje-canjen za a iya juyawa, kodayake wannan na iya ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo, sau da yawa shekaru da yawa kuma juyawa yana buƙatar “rashin koyo” da yawa daga munanan halayen (tilastawa) da ke tattare da jaraba. ”
Amma canje-canjen gabaɗaya suna jinkiri na ɗan lokacin da ba a sani ba. A bayyane yake cewa DeltaFosB yana tarawa yayin matakan cin abinci sama da al'ada. Muna mamakin idan canje-canje masu kyau waɗanda ke dawo da masu amfani da batsa galibi suna gani game da makonni 4-8 na iya kasancewa da alaƙa da raguwa a DeltaFosB.
Daga wata kasida da ake kira "Ka'idar Faranta rai" a cikin Science mujallar:
Nestler da abokan aikinsa sun samo aƙalla kwaya ɗaya da ta bayyana takamaiman jaraba ce. Sunadaran, wanda ake kira [DELTA] -FosB, yana ginawa a cikin hanyar lada bayan an sha kamuwa da shi ga magunguna kuma ya fi kusa da sauran sunadaran –n dai tsawon makonni 4 zuwa 6 bayan matakin ƙarshe. Furotin din yana kara karfin hankalin dabba ga kwayoyi sannan kuma yana iya haifarda koma baya idan akayi masa allura.
DeltaFosB kuma yana haɓaka a cikin ƙwayar mice da ke yin amfani da motar tayi (wani buri na hali ya fi kusa da yin amfani da batsa).
Tambayar ita ce, “Shin tarin DeltaFosB yana haifar da canje-canje a cikin kwayoyin-Wanne yafi ratayewa fiye da yadda DeltaFosB kanta take? Ko da 'har abada' a wasu kwakwalwa? Idan haka ne, shin waɗannan canje-canjen halittu suna faruwa da farko tare da ƙwayoyi kuma ba tare da ƙarin sakamako na ladabi ba kamar batsa na Intanit?
Yawancin magungunan miyagun ƙwayoyi masu magungunan gaske sun sake farfadowa kuma sun rayu cikin rayuwa ba tare da sun ji ba Duk da haka, idan an yi amfani da waɗannan magungunan miyagun ƙwayoyin likitarsu a yanayin da suke haɗuwa tare da amfani da shi, yawancin zasu binge, ko kuma sun zama magunguna mai maimaitawa? Wanene ya san?
A bayyane yake, wani lokacin sake dawowa bayan lokutan abstinence. Ɗaya daga cikin ra'ayi ita ce, hankalin su suna da cikakkiyar fahimta (by DeltaFosB) don magance jaraba, da kuma ɗaukar hotuna suna mayar da hanyoyi masu yawa. A karkashin wannan samfurin, kwakwalwar ta kasance har abada canza, amma “lalacewa” na iya zama kalma mai ƙarfi sosai. Wani tsohon mai shan magani na batsa yana iya zama mai hankali (mai yiwuwa ya sake dawowa) zuwa batsa ko alamomin da suka danganta kuma yana iya buƙatar nisantar batsa. Mara iyaka. Amma zaka ce kwakwalwarsa ce lalace? No.
Abun da ke gaba daga ɗayan takardun Nestler ne, kuma yana ba da shawarar cewa DeltaFosB wata rana za a iya amfani da shi azaman alamar alama don matakin jaraba da murmurewa.
Idan wannan tsinkaye daidai ne, yana haifar da yiwuwar ban sha'awa cewa matakan ΔFosB a cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta ko wataƙila wasu yankuna na kwakwalwa ana iya amfani dasu azaman masanin kimiyyar halittu don kimanta yanayin kunna ayyukan lada na mutum, da kuma matakin da mutum yake 'yana da laushi', duka yayin ci gaban jaraba da raguwarta a hankali yayin tsawaita janyewa ko magani. Amfani da ΔFosB a matsayin alama ta yanayin jaraba an nuna shi a cikin dabbobin dabba. Dabbobin yara suna nuna haɓakar ΔFosB mafi girma idan aka kwatanta da tsofaffin dabbobi, daidai da mafi yawan raunin da suke da shi don jaraba.
Ka lura cewa matasa suna nuna yawan jari na DeltaFosB. (Sun kuma samar da matakan dopamine mafi girma). Farawa na Intanit a lokacin da 11-12 ke iya kasancewa mafi munin yanayi game da ƙwayar hankalinmu.
Har ila yau duba Me yasa cravings (rush) har yanzu ya jawo bayan sake sakewa?
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