Tambaya "Me ya sa muke damuwa game da kallon hotunan?" (By Marty Klein, Taylor Kohut, da Nicole Prause)

Marty Klein

Gabatarwa

Wannan sharhin yana da sassa biyu: Kashi na 1 ya fallasa yadda Nicole Prause , Marty Klein da Taylor Kohut suka ɓatar da “shaidar” su ɗaya tilo don tallafawa babban ƙaryar labarin - cewa an cire “kallon batsa mai tilastawa” daga cikin sabon binciken ICD-11 na “Matsalar Halayyar Jima'i Mai Wuya”. Kashi na 2 ya fallasa abubuwan ban mamaki, da'awar ƙarya, ba daidai ba na bincike, da bayanan da aka zaɓa da aka zaɓa da suka ɓata labarin Prause/Klein/Kohut. (Lura: Yawancin bayanan da aka zaɓa da kuma ba daidai ba na labarin an sake amfani da su daga wannan "Wasika ga editan" na 2016 wanda YBOP ta wargaza shi sosai shekaru 2 da suka gabata: Sharhi game da: Wasika ga editan “Prause et al. (2015) sabuwar ƙaryar hasashen jaraba” , 2016. )

Wanene marubutan wannan labarin?

Kafin a yi bitar bayanan da ke ƙasa, zai yi kyau a yi la'akari da maganganun farfaganda masu ban tsoro a cikin Slate . Marubutan ba masu sa ido ba ne kawai. Manufarsu ta tallata batsa a bayyane take.

Nicole Prause tsohuwar ƙwararriya ce a fannin ilimi wacce ta daɗe tana fama da cin zarafi da ɓata suna ga marubuta, masu bincike, masu ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali, 'yan jarida, maza da ke cikin murmurewa, editocin jaridu, ƙungiyoyi da yawa, da sauransu waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin bayar da rahoton shaidar illolin da amfani da batsa ta intanet ke haifarwa. Da alama tana da sha'awar masana'antar batsa , kamar yadda za a iya gani daga wannan hotonta (daga dama) a kan jan kafet na bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na X-Rated Critics Organization (XRCO) . (A cewar Wikipedia, Ƙungiyar Masu Sukar X-Rated ta Amurka ce ke ba da kyaututtukan XRCO kowace shekara ga mutanen da ke aiki a nishaɗin manya kuma ita ce kawai kyautar da aka keɓe ga membobin masana'antar manya. [1] ).

Haka kuma da alama Prause ta sami masu yin batsa a matsayin waɗanda ake zargi ta hanyar wata ƙungiyar masu sha'awar masana'antar batsa, wato Free Speech Coalition . An yi zargin cewa an yi amfani da mutanen FSC a cikin binciken da ta yi na hayar bindiga kan shirin "Orgasmic Meditation" mai cike da gurɓataccen abu da kasuwanci (wanda FBI ke bincikensa yanzu ). Prause ta kuma yi iƙirari mara tushe game da sakamakon karatunta da hanyoyin bincikenta . Don ƙarin takardu, duba: Shin Masana'antar Batsa Ta Shafar Nicole Prause?.

Marty Klein ya taɓa yin alfahari da shafinsa na yanar gizo a zauren shahara na AVN don yaba wa fafutukar da yake yi wa masana'antar batsa (tun daga lokacin da aka cire shi).

Taylor Kohut wani mai bincike ne ɗan ƙasar Kanada wanda ke wallafa bincike mai son zuciya da aka tsara da kyau kamar: " Shin Batsa Da Gaske Yana da Ma'anar 'Ƙin Mata'? " wanda zai sa masu karatu masu ruɗani su yi imani cewa masu amfani da batsa suna da ra'ayoyi mafi daidaito ga mata ( ba sa yi ), da kuma " Tasirin Batsa da Aka Gane a Kan Hulɗar Ma'aurata ," wanda ke ƙoƙarin yin karo da bincike sama da 75 da ke nuna cewa amfani da batsa yana da mummunan tasiri ga dangantaka. (Ga gabatarwar Vimeo da ke sukar nazarin Kohut da Prause mai cike da shakku .) Sabon gidan yanar gizon Kohut da ƙoƙarinsa na tara kuɗi sun nuna cewa yana iya samun ajanda. An bayyana son zuciyar Kohut a sarari a cikin wani ɗan gajeren rubutu da aka rubuta wa Kwamitin Lafiya Game da Motion M-47 (Kanada). A cikin ɗan gajeren bayani, kamar yadda yake a cikin labarin Slate, Kohut da abokan aikinsa sun yi laifin zaɓar wasu nazarce-nazarce na waje yayin da suke ɓatar da yanayin binciken da ake yi kan tasirin batsa a yanzu.

KASHI na 1: Bayar da iƙirarin ICD-11 ban da "kallon hotunan batsa" daga "Cutar Sexarfin Sexabi'ar ”arfi"

Masu musanta jarabar batsa suna cikin damuwa saboda sabuwar sigar littafin binciken lafiya na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, Rarraba Cututtuka ta Duniya (ICD-11), ta ƙunshi sabon ganewar asali wanda ya dace da gano abin da aka fi sani da 'jarabar batsa' ko 'jarabar jima'i'. Ana kiransa "Matsalar Halayyar Jima'i Mai Wuya " (CSBD). Duk da haka, a cikin wani mummunan kamfen na farfaganda na "Mun yi rashin nasara, amma mun yi nasara", masu musantawa suna yin duk mai yiwuwa don juya wannan sabon ganewar asali a matsayin ƙin yarda da "jarabar jima'i" da "jarabar batsa."

Ba su gamsu da labarin ƙarya da ke iƙirarin "ƙin yarda da jaraba ba," tsoffin masu musanta jarabar batsa Nicole Prause, Marty Klein da Taylor Kohut sun ɗauki farfagandar su zuwa sabbin matakai a cikin wannan labarin Slate na Yuli 30, 2018: "Me yasa Har Yanzu Muke Damuwa Game da Kallon Batsa? " Ba tare da bayar da wata shaida ba fiye da ra'ayoyi kawai, Prause/Klein/Kohut triumvirate ya tabbatar da cewa WHO ta cire kallon batsa daga ganewar "Matsalar Halayyar Jima'i Mai Wuya":

Ba tare da goyon baya ba, kuma babu wata dabara, Prause/Klein/Kohut zai sa mu yi imani da cewa an cire mafi yawan halayen jima'i na tilastawa - amfani da batsa na tilas - daga sabon bugun binciken cutar ta WHO (ICD-11). Rashin fahimtar yakin neman zaben marubutan ya bayyana saboda dalilai da yawa, wasu daga cikin mafi bayyane sune:

  • Yana da tabbacin cewa cewa harshen kanta na CSBD ganewar asali ya shafi wadanda ke fafitikar yin amfani da batsa masu amfani da batsa. (Duba ƙasa.)
  • CSBD ba ya bayyana (ko ware) wani musamman ayyukan jima'i.
  • Yawan nazarin da aka nuna cewa akalla 80% na mutanen da ke halayyar jima'i (halayyar jinsi) suna yin amfani da amfani da batsa na intanet.
  • Yawancin kwanan nan 50 neuroscience-based karatu (wanda WHO ya dogara da shawararta ya haɗa da CSBD) an yi shi shafukan yanar gizo na bidiyo - saboda haka wauta ne don bayar da shawarar cewa WHO ya nufa don ware batsa kallon kallo amma ya manta ya saka shi.

Kafin mu kai ga cikakken kimantawa game da maganganun masu musantawa, bari mu bayyana karara: Babu wata sanarwa ko wata magana mara ma'ana a cikin kowace wallafe-wallafen WHO da za a iya fassara ta a matsayin ban da masu amfani da batsa. Hakazalika, babu wani mai magana da yawun WHO da ya taɓa nuna cewa ganewar CSBD ba ta haɗa da amfani da batsa ba. Ga cikakken binciken CSBD da aka ɗauka kai tsaye daga littafin ICD-11:

Rikicin halin jima'i na tilastawa ana alamta shi da tsayayyen tsari na gaza sarrafa zafin, maimaituwar sha'awar jima'i ko sha'awar haifar da jima'i maimaitawa. Kwayar cutar za ta iya haɗawa da ayyukan maimaitawa na jima'i da zama mahimmancin rayuwar mutum har zuwa sakaci na kiwon lafiya da kulawar mutum ko sauran sha'awar, ayyukan da ɗawainiya; da yawa kokarin da bai yi nasara ba don rage halayyar jima'i maimaitawa; da kuma ci gaba da maimaita halayen jima'i duk da muguwar sakamako ko samarwa da kaɗan ko rashin gamsuwa daga gareshi.

Tsarin kasawa don sarrafa zafin, sha'awar jima'i ko sha'awa da kuma haifar da maimaita halayen jima'i ana nuna shi a cikin tsawan lokaci (eg, watanni 6 ko fiye), kuma yana haifar da alamar damuwa ko rashin ƙarfi a cikin mutum, dangi, zamantakewa, ilimi, sana'a, ko wasu mahimman fannoni na aiki. Damuwa da ke da alaƙa da hukuncin ɗabi'a da rashin yarda game da sha'awar jima'i, buƙatu, ko halaye bai isa ba don biyan wannan buƙatun.

Kuna ganin komai game da banda batsa? Mece ce game da hana bautar masu karuwanci? An cire kowane irin jima'i? Babu shakka ba. Shafin Farko / Klein / Kohut bai bayyana wani sadarwa na WHO ba, kuma ba ya bayyana wani mai magana da yawun WHO ko ma'aikacin aiki. Wannan labarin bai da yawa fiye da farfagandar da aka ƙaddamar da ƙididdigar ƙididdigar ƙididdigar da aka yi wa ƙulla-ƙira waɗanda aka yi ba daidai ba ko ba abin da suka kasance ba. (Ƙari a ƙasa.)

Idan kuna da wata shakka game da ainihin yanayin kamfen ɗin manema labarai na Prause/Klein/Kohut, ku karanta wannan labarin mai alhakin game da matsalar halayen jima'i na tilastawa (CSBD) . Ba kamar labarin Slate ba , wannan labarin na ranar 27 ga Yuli, 2018 a cikin " SELF " ya tafi kai tsaye zuwa ga tushen. Ya ambato mai magana da yawun WHO Christian Lindmeier. Lindmeier yana ɗaya daga cikin jami'ai huɗu kacal da aka jera a wannan shafin: Lambobin sadarwa a hedikwatar WHO - kuma kakakin WHO kaɗai da ya yi tsokaci a hukumance game da CSBD! Labarin SELF ya kuma yi hira da Shane Kraus, wanda ke tsakiyar ƙungiyar aiki ta ICD-11 ta Matsalar Halayyar Jima'i (CSBD). Karin bayani daga Lindmeir ya bayyana a sarari cewa WHO ba ta ƙi "jarabar jima'i" ba:

Game da CSBD, mafi mahimmancin gardama shi ne cewa ko ace wannan rashin lafiya ya kamata a rarraba shi. "Akwai ci gaba da muhawara akan kimiyya ko rashin halayyar halayyar jima'i ta haifar da nuna rashin jituwa," in ji mai magana da yawun kungiyar Kirista Christian Lindmeier. "WHO ba ta amfani da kalmar jima'i saboda jima'i ba saboda ba mu da wani matsayi game da ko dai ilimin likita ne ko a'a."

Gunawa / Klein / Kohut yayi kuskuren su guda daya kawai da ake kira "shaidar"

A cikin sakin layi na gaba / Klein / Kohut ya ɓatar da mai karatu game da "jaraba" a cikin littattafan bincike da kuma yin ƙarya game da ɗaya daga cikin "shaidar" don amfani da batsa ana cirewa daga binciken ICD-11 CSBD:

Mun kuma saba da mamakin lokacin da 'yan jarida suka ji cewa "jarabar batsa" ba a yarda da ita a kowace littafin bincike na ƙasa ko na duniya ba. Tare da buga sabon Rukunin Cututtuka na Duniya (sigar 11) a watan Yuni , Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta sake yanke shawarar kada ta amince da kallon fina-finan jima'i a matsayin cuta . An yi la'akari da "kallon batsa" don haɗawa a cikin rukunin "matsalar amfani da Intanet", amma WHO ta yanke shawarar kin amincewa da shi saboda rashin shaidar da ake da ita game da wannan cuta. ("Dangane da ƙarancin bayanai na yanzu, saboda haka zai yi kama da bai yi lokaci ba a haɗa shi a cikin ICD-11," in ji ƙungiyar.) Ma'aunin Amurka na yau da kullun, Littafin Bincike da Kididdiga, ya yanke shawara iri ɗaya a cikin sabon sigar su; babu jerin jarabar batsa a cikin DSM-5.

Da farko, ba ICD-11 ko kuma APA's DSM-5 sun taɓa amfani da kalmar "jaraba" don bayyana jaraba ba - ko jaraba ce ta caca, jarabar heroin, jarabar sigari, ko kuma ka ambaci sunanta. Duk littattafan bincike guda biyu suna amfani da kalmar "rashin lafiya" maimakon "jaraba" (watau "rashin lafiyar caca," "rashin lafiyar amfani da nicotine," da sauransu). Don haka, ba za a taɓa ƙin " jarabawar jima'i " da " jarabawar batsa" ba, saboda ba a taɓa yin la'akari da su a cikin manyan littattafan bincike ba. A taƙaice, ba za a taɓa samun ganewar "jarabawar batsa" ba, kamar yadda ba za a taɓa samun ganewar "jarabawar meth" ba. Duk da haka, mutanen da ke da alamun da suka yi daidai da ko dai "jarabawar batsa" ko "jarabawar methamphetamine" za a iya gano su ta amfani da tanade-tanaden ICD-11.

Na biyu, hanyar haɗin marubutan ta tafi zuwa ga takarda ta 2014 ta Jon Grant, Matsalolin sarrafa impulse da "jarabawar ɗabi'a" a cikin ICD-11 (2014) . Kafin in fallasa yadda Nicole Prause ta daɗe tana amfani da tsohon takardar Jon Grant, ga gaskiyar da ba za a iya musantawa ba:

(1) Takardar Jon Grant ta wuce shekaru 4. A gaskiya ma, an buga 39 daga cikin nazarin jijiyoyi 45 kan batutuwa na CSB da aka jera a wannan shafin tun bayan takardar Jon Grant ta 2014.

(2) Watanni biyu ne kawai na Grant, kuma ba takarda ba ce ta Healthungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya ko ƙungiyar aikin CSBD.

(3) Mafi mahimmanci, babu inda a cikin jaridar ta ce ya kamata a cire amfani da batsa daga CSBD. A gaskiya ma, Grant ya ce akasin haka: amfani da batsa a intanet nau'i ne na CSB! Kalmar "batsa" ana amfani da ita sau ɗaya kawai a cikin takarda kuma ga abin da Grant ke faɗi game da ita:

Babban takaddama ta uku a fagen ita ce ko matsalar amfani da intanet cuta ce mai zaman kanta. Ƙungiyar Aiki ta lura cewa wannan yanayi ne daban-daban, kuma amfani da Intanet a zahiri na iya zama tsarin isar da sako ga nau'ikan matsalolin sarrafa sha'awa daban-daban (misali, wasan kwaikwayo ko kallon batsa ). Abu mafi mahimmanci, bayanin caca ta hanyar cututtuka da kuma matsalar halayen jima'i na tilastawa ya kamata a lura cewa irin waɗannan halaye ana ƙara ganin su ta amfani da dandalin tattaunawa na Intanet , ko dai ban da saitunan gargajiya, ko kuma kawai 22 , 23.

A nan ka same shi, Prause/Klein/Kohut sun yi kuskuren bayyana kaɗan daga cikin "shaidar" da za su iya tattarawa (duba gaskiya Slate ?).

Duk da haka, kuskuren da aka yi wa takardar Grant ta 2014, ta Prause , ya faru tsawon akalla shekara guda. Prause ya ƙirƙiri hoton da ke ƙasa, wanda aka yaɗa a shafukan sada zumunta na masu goyon bayan farfagandar batsa . Hoton hoto ne na sakin layi na Jon Grant da na cire a sama. Dangane da ɗan gajeren lokacin da Twitter ke ɗauka, masu farfagandar suna tsammanin za ku karanta abin da ke cikin akwatunan ja kawai, suna fatan za ku yi watsi da abin da sakin layi ya faɗa a zahiri :

Klein

Idan ka fadi ga mafarki na ja-akwatin, ka yi la'akari da abin da aka samo asali kamar:

... hotuna masu kallon kallo ... suna tambaya ko akwai isasshen shaidar kimiyya a wannan lokaci don tabbatar da hada shi a matsayin rashin lafiya. Bisa ga ƙayyadaddun bayanai na yanzu, haka zai zama wanda bai dace ba don haɗa shi a cikin ICD-11.

Yanzu karanta sakin layi gaba ɗaya , za ku ga cewa Jon Grant yana magana ne game da "rashin lafiyar caca ta intanet," ba batsa ba. Grant ya yi imanin cewa akwai shakku ko akwai isassun shaidun kimiyya a wancan lokacin don tabbatar da shigar da Cutar Caca ta Intanet a matsayin cuta. (Abin takaici, shekaru 4 bayan haka, matsalar caca tana cikin ICD-11 kuma tallafin kimiyya yana da yawa.)

Babban takaddama ta uku a fagen ita ce ko matsalar amfani da intanet cuta ce mai zaman kanta. Ƙungiyar Aiki ta lura cewa wannan yanayi ne daban-daban, kuma amfani da Intanet na iya zama tsarin isar da sako ga nau'ikan matsalolin sarrafa sha'awa daban-daban (misali, wasan kwaikwayo ko kallon batsa). Abu mafi mahimmanci, bayanin caca ta hanyar cututtuka da kuma matsalar halayen jima'i na tilastawa ya kamata a lura cewa irin waɗannan halaye ana ƙara ganin su ta amfani da dandalin tattaunawa na Intanet, ko dai ban da saitunan gargajiya, ko kuma kawai 22 , 23.

DSM-5 ta haɗa da matsalar caca ta intanet a cikin sashin "Sharuɗɗa don ƙarin bincike". Duk da cewa akwai yiwuwar wani muhimmin hali da za a fahimta, kuma tabbas yana da babban matsayi a wasu ƙasashe 12 , ana iya tambaya ko akwai isassun shaidar kimiyya a wannan lokacin don tabbatar da haɗa shi a matsayin cuta. Dangane da ƙarancin bayanai na yanzu, saboda haka zai yi kama da bai yi lokaci ba a haɗa shi a cikin ICD-11.

Ba tare da karanta kawai jajayen murabba'ai ba, abin da aka rubuta a sama ya nuna cewa Jon Grant ya yi imanin cewa kallon batsa ta intanet na iya zama wata matsala ta sarrafa motsin rai wadda za ta iya faɗuwa ƙarƙashin maganin "Matsalar Halayyar Jima'i Mai Wuya" (CSBD). Wannan akasin wannan ruɗin "jajayen murabba'i" ne da masu yada farfaganda suka wallafa a shafin Twitter.

Me Jon Grant ke faɗa bayan shekaru 4? Grant ya kasance marubucin wannan takarda ta 2018 yana sanar (kuma ya yarda da) haɗa CSBD a cikin ICD-11 mai zuwa: Matsalar halayen jima'i mai tilastawa a cikin ICD-11 . A cikin wani labarin na biyu na 2018, " Halayen jima'i mai tilastawa: Hanyar da ba ta yanke hukunci ba ," Grant ya ce ana kuma kiran Halayen Jima'i mai tilastawa "jarabar jima'i" ko "haɗuwa da jima'i" (wanda koyaushe yana aiki a cikin wallafe-wallafen da aka yi wa bita a matsayin kalmomi masu ma'ana ga duk wani halayen jima'i na tilastawa, gami da amfani da batsa mai tilastawa):

Halayyar jima'i mai tilastawa (CSB), wanda kuma ake kira jarabar jima'i ko yawan jima'i, ana siffanta shi da yawan damuwa da tunanin jima'i, sha'awa, da halaye masu tayar da hankali ga mutum da/ko kuma suna haifar da rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa.

Ba abin mamaki ba ne masu yada farfaganda kamar Prause suna komawa baya cikin shekaru 4 suna ɓatar da wani takarda ta Jon Grant . Takardar Grant ta 2018 ta baya-bayan nan ta bayyana a cikin jimla ta farko cewa CSB kuma ana kiranta jarabar jima'i ko kuma yawan jima'i!

Domin samun cikakken bayani game da ICD-11, duba wannan labarin na baya-bayan nan na Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Lafiyar Jima'i (SASH): Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta rarraba "Halayyar Jima'i Mai Tilasta" a matsayin Ciwon Lafiyar Hankali. Ya fara da:

Duk da wasu jita-jita masu yaudara da akasin haka, ba gaskiya ba ne cewa WHO ta ƙi "jarabar batsa" ko "jarabar jima'i" An kira halayen halayen haɗari da sunaye da yawa a cikin shekaru: "liwadi", "jarabar batsa", "jarabar jima'i", "halayyar jima'i ta hanyar sarrafawa" da sauransu. A cikin sabon kundin bayanai game da cututtuka WHO ta ɗauki mataki don halatta rashin lafiyar ta hanyar yarda da "Cutar Sexarfafa Haɗarin Jima'i" (CSBD) a matsayin cutar tabin hankali. A cewar masanin WHO, Geoffrey Reed, sabon binciken na CSBD "ya sanar da mutane cewa suna da" yanayi na gaske "kuma suna iya neman magani."

SASHE NA 2: Bayyana da'awar karya, ɓatacciyar fassarar, bincike-binciken da aka yi da ƙulla-ƙulla, da kuma tsauraran ƙura

Sauran littafin Prause / Klein / Kohut ya janyo hankalin masu karatu cewa batsa batsa shine labari da kuma yin amfani da batsa ta yanar gizo ba tare da matsaloli ba. Bugu da ƙari, suna nuna cewa kawai "jima'i baban" zai yi kuskure ya bayar da shawarar cewa amfani da batsa zai iya haifar da tasiri. A cikin wannan ɓangaren muna samar da dacewa da Kalmomin / Klein / Kohut bayanan bayan bin bayanan da aka yi da kuma alamun da aka ba su don tallafawa da'awar. Inda ya kamata mu samar da karatun da suka dace da maganganunsu.

Misali na yawancin rashi na labarin:

Kafin muyi magana game da manyan maganganun labarin, yana da mahimmanci a bayyana abin da Prause / Klein / Kohut suka zaɓa don barin su daga girman su. Lissafin karatun suna ƙunshe da abubuwan da suka dace da haɗi zuwa takardun asali.

  1. Porn / jima'i buri? Wannan shafin ya lissafa 55 neuroscience-based karatu (MRI, FMRI, EEG, neuropsychological, hormonal). Suna bayar da goyon baya mai karfi ga tsarin ƙwaƙwalwar su kamar yadda aka gano su a cikin binciken bincike na binciken da aka ruwaito a cikin ilimin likita.
  2. Gaskiyar masana kan ra'ayi akan batsa / jima'i? Wannan jerin ya ƙunshi 32 nazarin wallafe-wallafen kwanan nan & sharhi by wasu daga cikin manyan masana kimiyya a duniya. Duk suna goyon bayan tsarin ƙari.
  3. Alamun jaraba da kuma cigaba zuwa mafi matsanancin abu? Aikin nazarin 60 yana binciken rahotanni daidai da cigaba da yin amfani da batsa (haƙuri), al'ada zuwa batsa, har ma da kawar da bayyanar cututtuka (duk alamu da bayyanar cututtukan hade da buri).
  4. Matsalar jima'i da jima'i? Jerin wannan ya ƙunshi nazarin nazarin 40 da ke haɗa jita-jita ta batsa / jaraba na batsa ga matsalolin jima'i da ƙananan ƙananan hawaye zuwa jima'i na jima'i.. The Binciken na farko na 7 a jerin sun nuna lalacewa, yayin da mahalarta suka kawar da yin amfani da batsa da kuma warkar da dysfunctions na yau da kullum.
  5. Abubuwan kyama a kan dangantaka? Aikin nazarin 80 da aka yi amfani da shi na yin amfani da batsa ya yi amfani da ita don rashin jima'i da dangantaka. Kamar yadda muka sani dukan nazarin da ya shafi maza sun bayar da rahoton karin amfani da batsa da aka danganta talauci jima'i ko dangantaka gamsuwa.
  6. Amfani da hotuna da ke shafi lafiyar jiki da tunani? Fiye da nazarin 85 ya danganta amfani da batsa don talaucin tunani-rashin lafiyar jiki da talauci sakamakon rashin fahimta.
  7. Amfani da hotuna da ke shafi imani, halaye da kuma halayen? Bincika nazarin mutum - a kan nazarin nazarin 40 da ake amfani dashi na yin amfani da batsa ga "dabi'un da ba ta dace ba" ga mata da jima'i - ko taƙaitawa daga wannan nazari na 2016: Kafofin watsa labaru da kuma lalatawa: Jihar Nazarin Tarihi, 1995-2015. Musamman:

Manufar wannan bita ita ce a haɗa bincike na gwaji na gwaji kan tasirin lalata a kafofin watsa labarai. An mayar da hankali kan bincike da aka buga a cikin mujallun Turanci da aka yi nazari a kansu tsakanin 1995 da 2015. An sake duba jimillar wallafe-wallafe 109 waɗanda suka ƙunshi bincike 135. Binciken ya ba da shaida mai ɗorewa cewa duka fallasa a dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma fallasa wannan abun cikin yau da kullun suna da alaƙa kai tsaye da sakamako iri-iri, gami da matakan rashin gamsuwa da jiki, ƙara yawan ƙin yarda da kai, ƙara goyon bayan imani na masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da kuma imani na jima'i na gaba, da kuma ƙarin haƙuri ga cin zarafin mata. Bugu da ƙari, fallasa wannan abun cikin gwaji yana sa mata da maza su sami raguwar ra'ayi game da ƙwarewar mata, ɗabi'a, da bil'adama.

"Amma shin amfani da batsa bai rage yawan fyaɗe ba?" A'a, yawan fyaɗe yana ƙaruwa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan: " Yawan fyaɗe yana ƙaruwa, don haka yi watsi da farfagandar da ke goyon bayan batsa ." Don ƙarin bayani, duba "Bayanin realyourbrainonporn" (pornographyresearch.com) "Sashen Masu Laifin Jima'i": Ainihin yanayin binciken da ake yi kan amfani da batsa da cin zarafin jima'i, tilastawa da tashin hankali.

  1. Menene game da zalunci da jima'i? Wani zane-zane: Mididdigar Meta ‐ Nazarin Batsa da Actsa'idodin Ayyukan Jima'i na Babban Jima'i a Nazarin Studiesididdigar Jama'a (2015). Musamman:

An yi nazarin bincike 22 daga ƙasashe 7 daban-daban . An danganta shan giya da cin zarafin jima'i a Amurka da kuma a ƙasashen duniya, tsakanin maza da mata, da kuma a cikin nazarin da aka yi a kan ɓangarori daban-daban da kuma na tsawon lokaci. Alaƙa ta fi ƙarfi ga cin zarafin jima'i ta baki fiye da ta jiki, kodayake duka biyun suna da mahimmanci. Tsarin sakamakon gabaɗaya ya nuna cewa abubuwan da ke haifar da tashin hankali na iya zama abin da ke ƙara ta'azzara.

"Amma shin amfani da batsa bai rage yawan fyaɗe ba?" A'a, yawan fyaɗe yana ƙaruwa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan: " Yawan fyaɗe yana ƙaruwa, don haka yi watsi da farfagandar tallata batsa ." Duba wannan shafin don sama da nazarin 100 da ke haɗa amfani da batsa da cin zarafin jima'i, tilastawa & tashin hankali da kuma sharhi mai zurfi game da ikirarin da ake yawan maimaitawa cewa ƙaruwar yawan batsa ya haifar da raguwar yawan fyaɗe.

  1. Mene ne game da amfani da batsa da matasa? Bincika wannan jerin a kan nazarin yara na 280, ko wadannan nazarin littattafai: Binciken # 1, review2, Binciken # 3, Binciken # 4, Binciken # 5, Binciken # 6, Binciken # 7, Binciken # 8, Binciken # 9, Binciken # 10, Binciken # 11, Binciken # 12, Binciken # 13, Binciken # 14, Binciken # 15. Daga ƙarshen wannan nazarin 2012 na binciken - Hanyoyin Intanit Ayyukan Shafuka a kan Matasan: Binciken Bincike:

Ƙara samun damar shiga intanet ta matasa ya haifar da damammaki marasa misaltuwa ga ilimin jima'i, koyo, da ci gaba. Akasin haka, haɗarin cutarwa da ke bayyana a cikin wallafe-wallafen ya sa masu bincike suka binciki fallasar matasa ga batsa ta yanar gizo don ƙoƙarin bayyana waɗannan alaƙar. Gabaɗaya, waɗannan nazarin sun nuna cewa matasan da ke shan batsa na iya haɓaka ɗabi'u da imani na jima'i marasa ma'ana. Daga cikin abubuwan da aka gano, an sami alaƙa tsakanin yawan halayen jima'i na barin jima'i, sha'awar jima'i, da gwajin jima'i na baya da yawan shan batsa…. Duk da haka, an sami ci gaba da gano alaƙa tsakanin amfani da batsa na matasa wanda ke nuna tashin hankali tare da ƙaruwar halayen tashin hankali na jima'i.

Littattafan bayanai sun yi nuni da wasu daidaituwa tsakanin amfani da balaguro da tunanin mutum. 'Yan matan sun ba da rahoton jin ƙanƙan da su ga matan da suke gani a cikin kayan batsa, yayin da boysa boysan maza ke tsoron ba za su iya zama masu ƙarfin hali ba ko kuma su iya yin kamar maza a cikin wannan kafofin watsa labarai. Matasa sun kuma ba da rahoton cewa amfani da hotunan batsa ya ragu yayin da amincewa da kansu da ci gaban zamantakewa ke ƙaruwa. Bugu da ƙari, bincike ya nuna cewa matasa waɗanda ke amfani da batsa, musamman waɗanda aka samo akan Intanet, suna da ƙananan digiri na haɗin kai na zamantakewa, suna ƙaruwa cikin matsalolin ɗabi'a, matakan halayyar rashin ƙarfi, haɓaka mafi girma na alamun rashin jin daɗi, da rage alaƙar damuwa da masu kulawa.

Gunawa, Ley da Klein sun yi mummunan ɓatanci game da yanayin binciken na foran shekarun nan. Yanzu, sun dace sun haɗu da duk abubuwan da ke faruwa, abubuwan da aka zaɓa a cikin cherry waɗanda suke ambata a kai a kai a cikin wannan labarin. Muna fallasa gaskiyar dake ƙasa. Abubuwan da suka dace na Prause / Klein / Kohut da aka jera anan suna cikin tsari daidai kamar yadda labarin yake.

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KARANTA #1: Maimaita bayan ni: "Babu DSM-5 ko ICD-11 da ke gane kowane jaraba, cuta kawai"

BAYANIN SLATE: "Mun saba da firgici lokacin da 'yan jarida suka fahimci cewa "jarabar batsa" ba a yarda da ita a kowace littafin bincike na ƙasa ko na duniya ba."

Kyakkyawan ƙoƙari wajen yaudarar masu karatu, amma, kuma, ICD-11 ko kuma APA's DSM-5 ba su taɓa amfani da kalmar "jaraba" don bayyana jaraba ba - ko jaraba ce ta caca, jarabar heroin, jarabar sigari ko kuma ka ambaci sunanta. Duk littattafan bincike guda biyu suna amfani da kalmar "rashin lafiya" maimakon "jaraba" (watau "rashin lafiyar caca" "rashin lafiyar amfani da nicotine", da sauransu). Don haka, ba za a taɓa ƙin " jarabawar jima'i " da " jarabawar batsa" ba, saboda ba a taɓa yin la'akari da su a cikin manyan littattafan bincike ba. A taƙaice, ba za a taɓa samun ganewar "jarabawar batsa" ba, kamar yadda ba za a taɓa samun ganewar "jarabawar meth" ba. Duk da haka, mutanen da ke da alamun da suka yi daidai da ko dai "jarabawar batsa" ko "jarabawar methamphetamine" za a iya gano su ta amfani da tanade-tanaden ICD-11.

Ta hanyar gane jarabar ɗabi'a da kuma ƙirƙirar ganewar asali na halayen jima'i na tilas , Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya tana shiga tsakani da Ƙungiyar Magungunan Jaraba ta Amurka (ASAM). A watan Agusta, 2011, manyan ƙwararrun masu shan jaraba a Amurka a ASAM sun fitar da ma'anar su mai zurfi game da jaraba . Daga sanarwar manema labarai ta ASAM :

Sabuwar ma'anar ta samo asali ne daga tsaurara matakai, na shekara huɗu tare da ƙwararrun masani 80 waɗanda ke aiki a kanta, gami da manyan hukumomin shan jaraba, likitocin likitanci na jaraba da manyan masu bincike game da cutar ƙwaƙwalwa daga ko'ina cikin ƙasar. Shekaru biyu na ci gaba a cikin ilimin kimiyar kwakwalwa sun tabbatar da ASAM cewa ana buƙatar sake fasalin jaraba ta abin da ke faruwa a cikin kwakwalwa.

Wani mai magana da yawun ASAM ya bayyana :

Sabuwar ma'anar ta ba da tabbaci cewa duk jarabobi-ko na barasa, jaruntaka ko jima'i, a ce-duk iri ɗaya ne. Dokta Raju Haleja, tsohon shugaban kungiyar likitocin Kanada don shan kwayoyi kuma shugaban kwamitin ASAM wanda ya kirkiro sabuwar ma'anar, ya shaida wa The Fix cewa, "Muna kallon shaye-shaye a matsayin cuta guda, sabanin wadanda ke ganin su daban. cututtuka. Addiction jaraba ne. Babu wata matsala abin da ke toshe kwakwalwarka a wannan hanyar, da zarar ta canza alkibla, za ka kasance cikin sauki ga duk jarabar. ” … Jima'i ko caca ko jarabar abinci [dukkansu] suna da ingancin magani kamar jarabar shan barasa ko jaruntaka ko kristal meth.

Ga dukkan dalilai masu amfani, ma'anar 2011 ta kawo ƙarshen muhawarar kan ko jarabar jima'i da batsa " ainihin jaraba ne ." ASAM ta bayyana a sarari cewa jarabar halayen jima'i tana wanzuwa kuma dole ne ta faru ne sakamakon canje-canjen kwakwalwa iri ɗaya da aka samu a cikin jarabar abubuwa. Daga Tambayoyin ASAM:

TAMBAYA: Wannan sabon ma'anar jaraba yana nufin jaraba dangane da caca, abinci, da kuma halayyar jima'i. Shin ASAM ta gaskanta cewa abinci da jima'i suna jaraba ne?

AMSA: Sabuwar ma'anar ASAM ta bambanta daga daidaita jaraba da dogaro da abu kawai, ta hanyar bayyana yadda jaraba take da alaƙa da halaye masu lada. … Wannan ma'anar ta ce jaraba tana game da aiki da kewayewar kwakwalwa da kuma yadda tsari da aikin kwakwalwar mutanen da ke da jaraba suka bambanta da tsari da aikin kwakwalwar mutanen da ba su da jaraba. … Halayen abinci da jima'i da halayen caca na iya dangantawa da 'neman lada' da aka bayyana a cikin wannan sabon ma'anar jaraba.

Dangane da DSM, Ƙungiyar Kula da Lafiyar Jama'a ta Amurka (APA) ta riga ta jajirce wajen saka halayen jima'i na tilas a cikin littafin bincikenta. Lokacin da ta sabunta littafin a ƙarshe a 2013 (DSM-5 ) , ba ta yi la'akari da "jarabar batsa ta intanet" a hukumance ba, maimakon haka ta zaɓi yin muhawara kan "rashin lafiyar jima'i." An ba da shawarar shigar da kalmar ƙarshe ta halayyar jima'i mai matsala ta ƙungiyar DSM-5 bayan shekaru da aka yi ana nazari. Duk da haka, a cikin zaman "ɗakin tauraro" na sa'a 11 (a cewar wani memba na Ƙungiyar Aiki), wasu jami'an DSM-5 sun ƙi yin jima'i ba tare da wata matsala ba, suna ambaton dalilan da aka bayyana a matsayin marasa ma'ana.

Idan aka kai wannan matsayi, DSM-5 bai kula da shaidar da ta dace ba, rahotanni masu yawa game da alamun, alamu da kuma dabi'un da suka dace da tilastawa da jaraba daga marasa lafiya da likitocin su, da kuma shawarwarin da dama na dubban masana kimiyya da masana kimiyya a Ƙasar Amirka ta Addin Addini. Magunguna.

Ba zato ba tsammani, DSM ta samar wa masu sukar fasaha wadanda suka ƙi bin tsarin kulawa da ilmin likita da ka'idar likita don maganin bincikensa kawai a cikin bayyanar cututtuka. Wannan karshen ya yarda da yanke shawara, yanke shawara na siyasar da ke ƙin gaskiya. Alal misali, DSM sau ɗaya ba daidai ba an kwatanta liwadi kamar ƙwayar cuta.

Kafin a buga DSM-5 a shekarar 2013, Thomas Insel, Daraktan Cibiyar Lafiyar Hankali ta Ƙasa a wancan lokacin, ya yi gargaɗin cewa lokaci ya yi da fannin lafiyar kwakwalwa zai daina dogaro da DSM . Ya bayyana cewa " rashin ƙarfinsa shine rashin inganci ," kuma " ba za mu iya yin nasara ba idan muka yi amfani da nau'ikan DSM a matsayin "ma'aunin zinare. " Ya ƙara da cewa, " Shi ya sa NIMH za ta sake mayar da hankali kan bincikenta daga nau'ikan DSM ." A wata ma'anar, NIMH za ta dakatar da ba da kuɗaɗen bincike bisa ga alamun DSM (da rashin su).

Zai zama mai ban sha'awa don ganin abin da ke faruwa tare da sabuntawa na gaba na DSM. (Lura: DSM-5 ya kirkiro jinsi na hali na hali)

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KARANTA #2: Cutar hawaye

TSARIN SLATE: Masana kimiyya da likitocin da suka gabatar da shaidu da ke ƙalubalantar waɗannan labaran da suka mayar da hankali kan cutarwa—kuma mu kanmu muna cikin wannan rukunin—suna fuskantar babban adawa ta zamantakewa da siyasa ga bincikensu. Yana iya zama da wahala ga wannan bayanin ya isa ga jama'a.

Waɗannan marubutan sun yi amfani da zaren da masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin batsa ke "fuskantar adawa mai tsanani a zamantakewa da siyasa ga bincikensu" kuma yana iya zama "wahala ga wannan bayanin ya isa ga jama'a." Ba haka ba ne. A gaskiya ma, masu magana da yawun masu goyon bayan batsa suna da yawa a cikin manema labarai, kuma sun yi abubuwa da yawa, sau da yawa a bayan fage, don danne shaidar da ke nuna illolin batsa a cikin adabi da kuma na ilimi. ( Misalai )

A bayyane yake, waɗannan mawallafa ba su ba da shaidar da suka fi dacewa da matsalolin zamantakewa da siyasa. Ƙididdiga masu yawa za su bayyana ainihin halin da ake ciki.

Binciken Google na "Nicole Prause" + batsa ya dawo da sakamako 16,600 cikin 'yan shekaru kaɗan. Babban abin da Prause ta fallasa a kafofin watsa labarai ya haɗa da ambato na ra'ayoyinta na tallata batsa/hana batsa a wasu shahararrun kantuna, ciki har da Slate, Daily Beast, The Atlantic, Rolling Stone, CNN, NPR, Vice, The Sunday Times , da ƙananan kantuna marasa adadi. Babu shakka Prause tana samun abin da take biya daga kamfanin hulɗa da jama'a mai sheƙi. Duba https://web.archive.org/web/20221006103520/http://media2x3.com/category/nikky-prause/

Ya kamata a lura cewa abokin aikin Prause David Ley ya sami irin wannan kulawa ta musamman daga manema labarai. Binciken Google na "David Ley" + batsa ya dawo da sakamako 18,000 - galibi saboda ya rubuta littafi mai suna Tatsuniyar Jima'i (ba tare da ya taɓa yin nazarin jaraba sosai ba). Binciken Google na "Marty Klein" + batsa ya dawo da sakamako 41,500 tsawon shekaru da yawa.

Ba wai kawai abubuwan da aka tsara ba ne kawai suke da ra'ayoyin wadannan mawallafi na 3, suna kuma daukan wadannan maganganun 'labari' masu daraja - ba tare da neman ra'ayoyi masu adawa game da manyan malaman makarantar da suka wallafa nazarin binciken da ba a kan nazarin binciken yanar gizo ba a yanar gizo. sakamako. Wadannan sun hada da Marc Potenza, Matthias Brand, Valerie Voon, Kirista Laier, Simone Kühn, Jürgen Gallinat, Rudolf Stark, Tim Klucken, Ji-Woo Seok, Jin-Hun Sohn, Mateusz Gola da sauransu.

Ga misali na kwatantawa. Binciken Google na "Matthias Brand" + batsa ya dawo da sakamako 2,200 kawai. Bambancin da ke tsakanin labaran shahararren marubucin ilimi da wanda ba na ilimi ba, Prause, Ley da Klein abin birgewa ne. Brand ya rubuta fiye da nazarce-nazarce 340 , shi ne shugaban Sashen Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam: Cognition, a Jami'ar Duisburg-Essen , kuma ya buga ƙarin nazarce-nazarce kan masu sha'awar batsa fiye da kowane mai bincike a duniya. (Duba jerin nazarce-nazarcen jarabar batsa a nan: Nazarin jijiyoyi 20 da sake dubawa 4 na adabi .)

Babu shakka, masu bincike na ilimi masu zurfi ne ake nuna musu wariya a cikin jaridu. Saboda haka, ana shawartar masu karatu su ɗauki labarin waɗannan marubutan masu goyon bayan batsa game da wahalar da suke fuskanta wajen tallata ra'ayoyinsu na goyon bayan batsa da cikakken shakku. Ya kamata 'yan jarida su yi bincike mai zurfi, ba tare da nuna son kai ba a wannan fanni mai cike da rudani.

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KARANTA #3: A blog post by Playboy marubucin ma'aikata duk abin da kuka samu?

BAYANI GAME DA JARUMI: An kuma gaya musu cewa akwai annobar rashin karfin mazakuta da ke tasowa a cikin samari kuma batsa ce ke haifar da hakan (kodayake shaidar gaskiya ta nuna cewa babu ).

Prause/Klein/Kohut ya yi ƙoƙarin musanta ƙaruwar rashin ƙarfin mazakuta a lokacin samartaka da aka rubuta a wannan shafin yanar gizo na Afrilu, 2018 ta Justin Lehmiller, mai ba da gudummawa akai-akai ga Mujallar Playboy . Bai kamata kowa ya yi mamakin cewa Lehmiller abokiyar Prause ce, bayan ta nuna ta a cikin aƙalla rubuce-rubucen sa guda goma . Waɗannan da sauran shafukan yanar gizo na Lehmiller suna ci gaba da yin irin waɗannan labaran ƙarya: amfani da batsa ba ya haifar da matsala kuma babu jarabar batsa/rashin aikin jima'i da batsa ke haifarwa. Kafin mu magance zamba ta Lehmiller game da lalata jima'i da batsa ke haifarwa, bari mu bincika shaidar.

Adadin ED na tarihi: An fara tantance matsalar rashin karfin mazakuta a shekarun 1940 lokacin da rahoton Kinsey ya kammala da cewa yawan ED bai kai kashi 1% ba a cikin maza 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 30, kasa da kashi 3% a cikin waɗannan 30-45. Duk da cewa nazarin ED kan samari ba shi da yawa, wannan nazarin 2002 na nazarin ED mai inganci guda 6 ya ba da rahoton cewa 5 daga cikin 6 sun ba da rahoton ƙimar ED ga maza 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 40 na kusan kashi 2% . Binciken na 6 ya ba da rahoton alkaluma na 7-9%, amma tambayar da aka yi amfani da ita ba za a iya kwatanta ta da sauran nazarin 5 ba, kuma bai tantance matsalar rashin karfin mazakuta na yau da kullun ba : " Shin kun sami matsala wajen kiyaye ko cimma mizanin ...

A ƙarshen shekarar 2006, shafukan batsa kyauta sun fara yaɗuwa a intanet kuma suka sami karbuwa nan take. Wannan ya canza yanayin shan batsa sosai . A karon farko a tarihi, masu kallo za su iya ƙaruwa cikin sauƙi yayin zaman jima'i ba tare da wani jira ba.

Nazari tara tun daga 2010: Nazari goma da aka buga tun daga 2010 sun nuna karuwar matsalar rashin karfin mazakuta. An rubuta wannan a cikin wannan labarin da kuma a cikin wannan takarda da aka yi nazari a kai wacce ta shafi likitocin sojojin ruwa na Amurka guda 7 - Shin Batsa ta Intanet Tana Haifar da Rashin Ingantaccen Jima'i? Bita tare da Rahotannin Asibiti (2016) . A cikin nazarce-nazarce 10, yawan rashin karfin mazakuta ga maza 'yan kasa da shekaru 40 ya kama daga 14% zuwa 37%, yayin da yawan rashin karfin mazakuta ya kama daga 16% zuwa 37%. Banda zuwan batsa mai yawo (2006), babu wani canji da ya shafi ED na matasa da ya canza sosai a cikin shekaru 10-20 da suka gabata (yawan shan taba ya ragu, shan miyagun kwayoyi yana da karko, yawan kiba a cikin maza 20-40 ya karu da kashi 4% kawai tun 1999 - duba wannan binciken ).

Tsoma matsalolin jima'i na baya-bayan nan ya zo daidai da wallafa kusan bincike 40 da suka haɗa amfani da batsa da "jarabar batsa" ga matsalolin jima'i da kuma rage sha'awar jima'i . Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa bincike 7 na farko a cikin jerin sun nuna dalili , yayin da mahalarta suka kawar da amfani da batsa kuma suka warkar da matsalolin jima'i na yau da kullun (saboda wani dalili mai ban mamaki labarin Slate ya kasa ambaton ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan nazarin 30). Baya ga binciken da aka lissafa, wannan shafin ya ƙunshi labarai da bidiyo ta ƙwararrun masana 140 (farfesoshin urology, likitocin urology, likitocin tabin hankali, masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, masana jima'i, MDs) waɗanda suka yarda kuma sun yi nasarar magance ED da batsa ya haifar da asarar sha'awar jima'i da batsa ya haifar.

Ra'ayin Lehmiller: Lehmiller ta zaɓi bincike biyu marasa daidaito a hankali, tare da raba bayanai da shekaru 18, a yunƙurin shawo kan mai karatu cewa ƙimar ED koyaushe tana kusa da 8% ga maza 'yan ƙasa da shekara 40:

1) "Yadda ake nazari kan abubuwa" daga 1992 shine wanda ya yi tambaya: " Shin kun sami matsala wajen kula da ko cimma mizanin ...

2) "Nazarin zamani" tare da bayanai na 2010-12 wanda ya tambayi ko maza suna da matsala wajen samun ko kiyaye tsayuwar jiki na tsawon watanni uku ko fiye a cikin shekarar da ta gabata ." Wannan binciken ya ba da rahoton waɗannan ƙimar matsalolin aikin jima'i a cikin maza masu shekaru 16-21:

  • Rashin sha'awar yin jima'i: 10.5%
  • Matsalar da ta kai ga ƙarshe: 8.3%
  • Difficulty cimma ko riƙe wani tsage: 7.8%

Lehmiller "ya taƙaita" waɗannan binciken don rashin hangen nesa yayin da yake ƙoƙarin ɓatar da su:

“Duk da cewa an tattara wadannan bayanai ne a kasashen Yammacin duniya daban-daban kuma kalma ta banbanta, amma abin birgewa ne yadda irin wadannan alkaluma ke nuna cewa an tattara bayanan ne shekaru 20 a tsakaninsu. Wannan yana nuna cewa wataƙila adadin ED bai hauhawa tsakanin samari ba. ”

Yi haƙuri Justin, amma tambayoyin ba a "yi musu magana daban ba"; tambayoyi ne daban-daban gaba ɗaya. Binciken 1992 ya yi tambaya ko a cikin shekarar da ta gabata a kowane lokaci kana da matsala wajen tashi . Wannan ya haɗa da lokacin da ka bugu, rashin lafiya, kawai ka yi barci sau uku a jere, ka fuskanci damuwa a aiki, ko menene. Ina mamakin cewa kashi 7-9% ne kawai. Akasin haka, binciken 2010 ya yi tambaya ko kana da matsalar rashin lafiyar mazakuta mai ɗorewa a cikin watanni uku ko fiye: wannan ya shafi matasa 'yan shekara 16-21 ne, ba maza 'yan shekara 39 zuwa ƙasa ba!

Kamar yadda wani memba a dandalin tattaunawa ya lura, “binciken kimiya” na Justin Lehmiller shine matakin Buzzfeed, ba aikin jarida na kimiyya ba.

Amma zaka iya tambaya: Me ya sa kudaden ED game da 8% a binciken nazarin 2010-2012, duk da haka 14-37% a cikin sauran nazarin na 9 da aka buga tun daga 2010?

  1. Na farko, 8% ba low, kamar yadda hakan zai fassara a karuwar 600% -800% ga maza a karkashin 40.
  2. Na biyu, ba maza a karkashin 40 - 16 zuwa 21 shekara da haihuwa, don haka kusan m daga cikin su ya kamata su kasance masu ƙazantaccen ED. A cikin 1940s, da Kinsey rahoton ya kammala cewa adadin ED shi ne kasa da 1% a cikin matasa matasa fiye da shekaru 30.
  3. Na uku, ba kamar sauran karatun 9 da ke amfani da binciken da ba a san su ba, wannan binciken ya yi amfani da fuska don fuskantar tambayoyin cikin gida. (Abu ne mai yuwuwa cewa samari ba za su iya zuwa gaba ɗaya ba a cikin irin wannan yanayi.)
  4. Nazarin ya tattara bayanai tsakanin watan Agustan, 2010 da Satumba, 2012. Binciken da aka ba da rahoton mai girma a karkashin-25 ED ya fara bayyana a 2011. Nazarin kwanan nan a kan 25 da kuma karkashin rahoton jama'a mafi girma (duba wannan Nazarin 2014 a kan matasan Canada).
  5. Da yawa daga cikin sauran nazarin da aka yi amfani da su IIEF-5 ko IIEF-6, wanda ke tantance matsalolin jima'i a kan sikelin, kamar yadda ya saba da sauki a or babu (a cikin watanni 3 da suka gabata) aiki a cikin zaɓin Lehmiller.

Nazarce-nazarce guda biyu da aka yi amfani da su a daidai wannan tambaya: 2001 vs. 2011 : Kafin a bar wannan batu, zai yi kyau a duba wasu daga cikin binciken da ba za a iya musantawa ba wanda ke nuna karuwar yawan ED a cikin shekaru goma ta amfani da manyan samfura (wanda ke ƙara aminci). An tantance dukkan mazan ta amfani da wannan tambayar (eh/a'a) game da ED, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Nazarin Halaye da Halaye na Jima'i na Duniya (GSSAB), wanda aka gudanar wa maza 13,618 masu sha'awar jima'i a ƙasashe 29. Wannan ya faru ne a tsakanin 2001-2002.

Bayan shekaru goma, a shekarar 2011, an yi wa maza 2,737 masu sha'awar jima'i irin wannan tambayar (eh/a'a) daga GSSAB . Rukunin farko, a tsakanin 2001-2002, shekarunsu sun kai 40-80 . Rukunin na biyu, a shekarar 2011, shekarunsu 40 ne zuwa ƙasa da haka.

Bisa ga binciken da aka yi a baya, za a iya hasashen cewa mazan da suka manyanta za su sami maki mafi girma na ED fiye da samari, waɗanda makinsu bai kamata ya zama kaɗan ba. Ba haka ba ne. A cikin shekaru goma kacal, abubuwa sun canza sosai. Matsakaicin ED na 2001-2002 ga maza masu shekaru 40-80 ya kai kusan kashi 13% a Turai. Zuwa shekarar 2011, ƙimar ED a Turai, masu shekaru 18-40, ya kama daga kashi 14-28%!

Me ya canza a yanayin jima'i na maza a wannan lokacin? To, manyan canje-canje sun kasance shiga intanet da kuma samun damar kallon bidiyon batsa (sai kuma samun damar yaɗa batsa a 2006, sannan kuma wayoyin komai da ruwanka da za a iya kallonsa). A cikin wani bincike da aka yi a 2011 kan 'yan Croatia, Norway da Portugal, 'yan Portugal suna da mafi ƙarancin adadin ED kuma 'yan Norway suna da mafi girma. A 2013, yawan shigar intanet a Portugal ya kai kashi 67% kawai, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 95% a Norway.

A ƙarshe, yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa marubucin Nicole Farko yana dangantaka ta kusa da masana'antar batsa kuma ya damu da debunking PIED, tunda ya yi za a Yakin yaki na 3 da wannan takarda, yayin tare da cin zarafi da lalata samari waɗanda suka murmure daga lalatawar lalata ta lalata. Duba takardu: Gabe Deem #1, Gabe Deem #2, Alexander Rhodes #1, Alexander Rhodes #2, Alexander Rhodes #3, Nuhu Ikilisiya, Alexander Rhodes #4, Alexander Rhodes #5, Alexander Rhodes #6, Alexander Rhodes #7, Alexander Rhodes #8, Alexander Rhodes #9, Alexander Rhodes # 10, Alex Rhodes # 11, Gabe Deem & Alex Rhodes tare # 12, Alexander Rhodes # 13, Alexander Rhodes #14, Gabe Deem # 4, Alexander Rhodes #15.

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KARANTA #4: Mene ne idan an rubuta cikakken wallafe-wallafe-wallafe-wallafe a cikin takarda?

BAYANI AKAN LABARI: Ana gaya wa mutane cewa batsa yana da guba ga aure kuma kallon sa zai lalata sha'awar jima'i.

Idan ana gaya wa mutane wannan, wataƙila saboda kowane bincike da ya shafi maza ya ruwaito cewa yawan amfani da batsa yana da alaƙa da rashin gamsuwar jima'i ko dangantaka. A cikin duka, sama da nazarin 75 sun haɗa amfani da batsa da ƙarancin gamsuwar jima'i da dangantaka. Daga ƙarshen wannan nazarin wasu nazarin batsa Ciniki da Gamsuwa: Nazarin Meta (2017) :

Duk da haka, yawan amfani da batsa yana da alaƙa da ƙarancin gamsuwa tsakanin mutane a cikin binciken da aka yi a kan ɓangarori daban-daban, binciken da aka yi a tsawon lokaci, da gwaje-gwaje . Ba a daidaita alaƙar da ke tsakanin amfani da batsa da kuma raguwar sakamakon gamsuwa tsakanin mutane ta hanyar shekarar da aka fitar da su ko matsayinsu na bugawa ba.

Dangane da lalata sha'awar jima'i, bincike 37 sun danganta amfani da batsa ko jarabar batsa da matsalolin jima'i da kuma ƙarancin sha'awa ga abubuwan da ke motsa sha'awa . Misali, mun bayar da 5 daga cikin nazarin 37 da ke ƙasa:

1) Tsarin Kulawa Biyu - Matsayin Hana Jima'i & Jin Daɗi a cikin Tashin Hankali da Halayyar Jima'i (2007) - Wannan shine bincike na farko kan matsalolin jima'i da batsa ke haifarwa (ta Cibiyar Kinsey). A cikin wani gwaji da aka yi amfani da batsa na bidiyo wanda ya "yi aiki" a baya, kashi 50% na samarin yanzu ba za su iya yin tashin hankali ko cimma daidaituwar jima'i da batsa ba (matsakaicin shekaru shine 29). Masu binciken da suka firgita sun gano cewa matsalar rashin karfin maza shine,

dangane da manyan matakan da ke nunawa da kuma kwarewa tare da kayan aiki na jima'i.

Mazan da ke fama da matsalar rashin karfin mazakuta sun shafe lokaci mai tsawo a mashaya da gidajen wanka inda batsa ke " ko'ina " kuma " ci gaba da wasa. " Masu binciken sun ce:

Tattaunawar da batutuwa sun karfafa ra'ayinmu cewa a wasu daga cikinsu akwai babban zanewa ga erotica kamar sun haifar da karɓar amsa ga "jima'i na vanilla" erotica da kuma karuwa da buƙatar sabon abu da bambanci, a wasu lokuta haɗe tare da bukatun musamman irin abubuwan da suka faru don samun tasowa.

2) Tsarin Kwakwalwa da Haɗin Aiki da ke Haɗawa da Amfani da Batsa: Kwakwalwa akan Batsa (2014) - Wani bincike na kwakwalwa na Max Planck wanda ya gano manyan canje-canje guda 3 masu alaƙa da jaraba suna da alaƙa da adadin batsa da aka cinye. Hakanan ya gano cewa yawan batsa yana cinye ƙarancin aikin da'irar lada saboda ɗan gajeren lokaci (dakika .530) ga batsa na vanilla. Babban marubucin Simone Kühn yana sharhi a cikin sanarwar manema labarai na Max Planck ya ce :

"Mun ɗauka cewa batutuwa masu amfani da batsa na amfani da batsa suna buƙatar ƙara ƙarfin gwiwa don karɓar adadin lada. Hakan na iya nufin amfani da batsa na yau da kullun fiye da weasa yana lalata tsarin ladaran ku. Wannan zai dace daidai da tunanin cewa tsarin aikinsu yana buƙatar haɓakawa. ”

3) Matasa da batsa ta yanar gizo: sabon zamani na jima'i (2015) - Wannan binciken na Italiya ya yi nazari kan tasirin batsa ta intanet ga ɗaliban makarantar sakandare, wanda farfesa a fannin urology Carlo Foresta , shugaban ƙungiyar Italiyanci ta cututtukan haihuwa, ya rubuta tare. Abin da ya fi ban sha'awa shi ne cewa kashi 16% na waɗanda ke shan batsa fiye da sau ɗaya a mako suna ba da rahoton ƙarancin sha'awar jima'i, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 0% a cikin waɗanda ba sa cin abinci - wanda shine ainihin abin da za ku yi tsammani ga maza 'yan shekara 18.

4) Halayen Marasa Lafiya ta Nau'in Bayar da Bayani game da Jima'i: Sharhin Jadawali Mai Adadin Labarai na Lamura 115 na Maza a Jere (2015) - Bincike kan maza (matsakaicin shekaru 41.5) waɗanda ke da matsalolin jima'i, kamar paraphilias, al'aura ta yau da kullun ko zina. An rarraba maza 27 a matsayin "masu guje wa al'aura," ma'ana sun yi al'aura don batsa na tsawon sa'o'i ɗaya ko fiye a rana, ko fiye da sa'o'i 7 a mako. Sakamakon: 71% na mazan da suka yi al'aura don batsa sun ba da rahoton matsalolin jima'i, tare da 33% suna ba da rahoton jinkirin fitar da maniyyi (sau da yawa abin da ke gaba da ED da batsa ke haifarwa).

5) "Ina tsammanin ya kasance mummunan tasiri ta hanyoyi da yawa amma a lokaci guda ba zan iya daina amfani da shi ba": Amfani da batsa mai matsala da aka gano kai a tsakanin samfurin matasan Australiya (2017) - Binciken kan layi na 'yan Australiya, masu shekaru 15-29. An yi wa waɗanda suka taɓa kallon batsa (n=856) tambaya mai buɗewa: 'Ta yaya batsa ya shafi rayuwarku?'

“Daga cikin mahalarta wadanda suka amsa tambaya a bude (n = 718), amfani da matsala an gano shi ta hanyar masu amsa 88. Mahalarta maza da suka ba da rahoton matsala ta amfani da batsa ya ba da haske game da abubuwa uku: a kan batun jima'i, ɗabi'a da dangantaka.

Maganar wannan sashe, maimaitawa a cikin labarin, shine Prause / Klein / Kohut yana yin furuci amma duk da haka ba a san shi ba a fuskar fuskokin da ke nuna damuwa.

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KARANTA #5: Wani darasi akan yadda za a sarrafa bayanai da kuma rufe abubuwan binciken

BAYANIN SLATE: Abin mamaki, binciken farko da aka yi nazari a kai a ƙasa kan kallon fina-finan jima'i an buga shi ne kawai a shekarar 2017 a Ostiraliya. Wannan binciken ya gano cewa kashi 84 cikin 100 na maza da kashi 54 cikin 100 na mata sun taɓa kallon abubuwan jima'i. Gabaɗaya, kashi 3.69 cikin 100 na maza (144 cikin 3,923) da kashi 0.65 cikin 100 na mata (28 cikin 4,218) a cikin binciken sun yi imanin cewa suna "sha'awar" batsa, kuma rabin wannan rukunin ne kawai suka ba da rahoton cewa amfani da batsa yana da mummunan tasiri ga rayuwarsu.

Ganin cewa mai binciken da ke goyon bayan batsa Alan McKee a matsayin marubucin binciken da aka ambata a nan, ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa babban jigon labarin ya ɓoye a cikin teburin binciken, yayin da wani taƙaitaccen bayani mai wayo ya bar mai karatu da ra'ayin cewa ƙaramin kaso na masu amfani da batsa ne kawai ke ganin batsa yana da mummunan tasiri. McKee yana da dogon tarihi na kare batsa. Ya rubuta " Rahoton Batsa ", wanda wani bincike na ABC ya ce yana " a kan manufar akida don ba da uzuri ga masana'antar jima'i ".

A zahiri, ABC ta bayyana cewa: " An dauki nauyin aikin da aka gina littafin ne daga Majalisar Bincike ta Australiya daga 2002 zuwa 2004, kuma an gudanar da shi ne bisa ga haɗin gwiwa da kuma goyon baya daga ƙungiyar masana'antar jima'i ta Australiya mafi girma , Ƙungiyar Eros, tare da kasuwancin batsa kamar Gallery Entertainment da Axis Entertainment ." (an ba da muhimmanci)

To, wane muhimmin bincike aka gano a cikin binciken Ostiraliya? Kashi 17% na maza da mata masu shekaru 16-30 sun ba da rahoton cewa amfani da batsa yana da mummunan tasiri a kansu. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa bayanan suna da shekaru 6 (2012), kuma tambayoyin sun dogara ne kawai akan fahimtar kansu. Ku tuna cewa masu shan muggan kwayoyi ba kasafai suke ganin kansu a matsayin masu jaraba ba. A gaskiya ma, yawancin masu amfani da batsa ta intanet ba sa iya haɗa alamun da amfani da batsa sai dai idan sun daina na dogon lokaci. Ga hoton allo na Tebur 5 (sakamako):

Yaya kanun labarai daga wannan binciken zai bambanta idan marubutan suka jaddada babban bincikensu cewa kusan 1 cikin matasa 5 sun yi imanin cewa amfani da batsa yana da "mummunan tasiri a kansu" ? Me yasa suka yi ƙoƙarin rage wannan binciken ta hanyar yin watsi da shi da kuma mai da hankali kan sakamakon da ba a saba gani ba - maimakon ƙungiyar shekaru dubu da suka fi fuskantar haɗarin matsalolin intanet?

Ga wadansu dalilai masu yawa don ɗaukar darussan tare da hatsin gishiri:

  1. Wannan wani bincike ne na wakilci wanda ke nuna yawan shekarun shekaru 16-69, maza da mata. An tabbatar da cewa samari ne masu amfani da intanet. Saboda haka, 25% na maza da 60% na mata ba su kalli batsa akalla sau ɗaya a cikin watanni 12 na karshe ba. Ta haka ne kididdigar ta tattara ta rage matsalar ta hanyar yin amfani da masu amfani da haɗari.
  2. Tambayar guda ɗaya, wacce ta tambayi mahalarta idan sun yi amfani da batsa a cikin watanni 12 na ƙarshe, ba ya maimaita ma'anar amfani da batsa. Misali, mutumin da yaci karo da shafin yanar gizo na batsa an hada shi da wani wanda yake taba al'aura sau 3 a rana don yin batsa mai wuya.
  3. Duk da haka, a lokacin da binciken yayi tambaya ga wadanda "sun taba kallon batsa" wadanda suka kalli batsa a cikin shekara ta gabata, mafi girman yawan shine matasa rukuni. 93.4% daga cikinsu sun kalli a cikin bara, tare da 20-29 shekarun da ke bayan su a 88.6.
  4. An tattara bayanai tsakanin Oktoba 2012 da Nuwamba 2013. Abubuwa sun canza sosai a cikin shekaru 4 da suka gabata saboda wayar salula ta zamani - musamman a cikin ƙananan masu amfani.
  5. An tambayi tambayoyi a cikin taimakon kwamfuta tarho tambayoyi. Halin mutum ne ya zama mai zuwa a cikin tambayoyin da ba a san su ba, musamman ma lokacin da tambayoyin suke game da batutuwa masu mahimmanci irin su amfani da batsa da matsalolin batsa.
  6. Tambayoyin sun dogara ne akan fahimtar kansu. Ka tuna cewa addicts suna ganin kansu a matsayin mai kamu. A gaskiya ma, yawancin masu amfani da labaran Intanet suna da wuya su haɗa su bayyanar cututtuka don amfani da batsa har sai sun fara barin wani lokaci mai tsawo.
  7. Nazarin bai yi amfani da takaddun tambayoyin da aka tsara ba (wanda aka bayar ba a sani ba), wanda zai fi dacewa ya tantance duka jarabar batsa da tasirin batsa akan masu amfani.

Menene bayanai daga binciken da aka yi kwanan nan inda duk mahalarta suka kalli batsa ta intanet da gangan aƙalla sau ɗaya a cikin ƙarshe, misali, watanni 3-6, ko ma a bara?

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KARANTA #6: Nazarin ya nuna cewa yaudarar ruɗi yana yaduwa cikin Kanada

BAYANIN SLATE: Abin sha'awa, ko da a tsakanin tsirarun masu amfani da suka yi imanin cewa suna "jaraba" ga batsa, gafarar na iya zama ba zato ba tsammani: Wani bincike da aka yi wa mutane a tsawon lokaci ya gano cewa kashi 100 cikin 100 na mata da kashi 95 cikin 100 na maza suna damuwa game da halayen jima'i da suke yawan yi (kuma, ba a tantance su a asibiti ba) ba su sake jin cewa sun kamu da jima'i cikin shekaru biyar ba duk da babu wani bincike da aka rubuta.

Juyawa ta Farko: Sabanin abin da aka rubuta a cikin wannan binciken, binciken Kanada bai tambayi mahalarta ko "sun yi imanin cewa suna da jaraba ba." Madadin haka, sau ɗaya a shekara (2006 zuwa 2011) an tambayi mahalarta "ko yawan shigarsu cikin wannan ɗabi'a ya haifar musu da matsaloli masu yawa a cikin watanni 12 da suka gabata". Halaye shida sune: motsa jiki, siyayya, hira ta yanar gizo, wasannin bidiyo, cin abinci ko halayen jima'i. Bayanin Slate yana nufin kashi na mahalarta waɗanda suka yi tunanin suna da babbar matsala a cikin DUKKAN shekaru 5.

Juyawa ta Biyu: Sabanin abin da aka rubuta, an haɗa dukkan halayen jima'i masu matsala a cikin rukuni ɗaya - kamar yadda ICD-11 ta yi da CSBD. Babu "gafara daga jarabar batsa" saboda babu wani mahalarci da aka tambayi ko sun yi imanin cewa suna da jarabar batsa.

Juyawa ta Uku: Sabanin juyawa, matsalolin jima'i sune matsalar da ta fi ɗorewa, wanda abin mamaki ne domin an tabbatar da cewa ga yawancin sha'awar jima'i tana raguwa da shekaru. An ɗauko daga binciken:

Bayananmu sun nuna cewa a mafi yawan lokuta halayen matsalolin da aka ruwaito sun kasance na ɗan lokaci ne (Tebur 3 ). A cikin samfurin da aka bayar da rahoton halayen matsala, yawancin mahalarta sun ba da rahoton halayen da aka bayar da suka wuce gona da iri sau ɗaya kawai a cikin lokacin binciken na shekaru 5. Ko da halayen matsala mafi kwanciyar hankali (halayen jima'i da yawa) an ba da rahoton su sau biyar ne kawai ta hanyar 5.4% na waɗannan maza waɗanda suka ba da rahoton suna da matsala da wannan halayyar matsala.

Binciken ya kuma nuna cewa mutane da yawa suna da matsala fiye da yadda suke ganin suna da matsala: A cikin wani misali bayyananne na yaudarar kai, mutane 38 ne kawai daga cikin mahalarta 4,121 suka yi tunanin suna da matsala da cin abinci (suna amsa 'eh' a cikin shekaru 4 cikin 5). A wata ma'anar, ƙasa da kashi 1% na 'yan Kanada sun yi imanin cewa halayen cin abincinsu yana haifar musu da matsala ko kuma suna cikin matsala . Ta yaya wannan zai kasance idan kashi 30% na manyan 'yan Kanada suna da kiba, yayin da wasu kashi 43% suna da kiba ? Kada mu manta da sauran kashi 27% na 'yan Kanada waɗanda ba su da kiba, amma suna iya fuskantar matsalar cin abinci, kamar anorexia nervosa ko bulimia.

Ta yaya fiye da 99% na Canadians sunyi imanin cewa abincin su ba shi da damuwa, yayin da yawancin su suna fuskantar matsala? Kuma menene ainihin binciken ya gaya mana game da irin wannan binciken? Wataƙila ba wai mutane ba suna da matsala a cikin halayen matsala, ko kuma halin da ke cikin rikicewa ya ɓace. Watakila, yana bayyana abin da ake yarda da shi: mu mutane muna da kyau a kwance a kanmu.

Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2018 kan 'yan wasan intanet ya nuna cewa akwai manyan matsaloli a wannan ruɗani na kai. Kashi 44% na 'yan wasan da suka cika sharuddan jaraba sun yi tunanin cewa ba su da wata matsala: Rashin jituwa tsakanin rahoton kai da kuma gano cutar rashin lafiyar wasannin intanet a cikin matasa.

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KARANTA #7: "Babu wani binciken da aka sake nazarin ɗan uwanmu da ke goyan bayan da'awarmu, don haka zan kawo labarin da ba a duba ɗan takaranmu… a Yaren mutanen Holland"

BAYANI GAME DA JARUMI: Amma tabbas fina-finan jima'i ba su da kyau ga dangantaka? A cikin wani misali na ƙasar Holland da aka wakilta, kallon fina-finan jima'i ba shi da alaƙa da matsalolin jima'i a cikin dangantaka.

A wurare da yawa Prause / Klein / Kohut suna amfani da dabaru daban-daban don shawo kan mai karatu cewa yin amfani da batsa ba shi da wani tasiri na dangantaka mai kyau. Dole ne su kasance suna amfani da dabarun siyasa na gaske don “afkawa abokan hamayyar ku karfi,” amma ba zai yi aiki ba. Sau da yawa za mu ambata halin da ake ciki yanzu na wallafe-wallafen nazari da kuma bayyana ƙaramar damfararsu. A cikin wannan bayanin da ke nuna cewa batsa ba "mummunan dangantaka bane" sun faɗi kawai labarin guda ɗaya, a cikin Yaren mutanen Holland, wanda ba a sake duba ɗan uwansa.

Da ace sun yi wani bincike da aka yi wa takwarorinsu don tallafawa ikirarin cewa amfani da batsa ba shi da wani tasiri ga dangantaka, da sun ambata hakan. Kamar yadda aka fada a baya, sama da bincike 75 sun danganta amfani da batsa da ƙarancin gamsuwar jima'i da dangantaka . Kamar yadda muka sani, duk wani bincike da ya shafi maza (wanda shine mafi yawan binciken) ya ba da rahoton ƙarin amfani da batsa da ke da alaƙa da rashin gamsuwar jima'i ko dangantaka. Yayin da wasu bincike da aka buga suka danganta yawan amfani da batsa ga mata da rashin gamsuwar jima'i (ko mafi kyau), mafi yawansu ba su yi ba. Duba wannan jerin nazarin 35 da suka shafi mata da ke ba da rahoton mummunan tasirin tashin hankali, gamsuwar jima'i, da dangantaka.

Lokacin da ake kimanta binciken, yana da mahimmanci a san cewa mata masu aure waɗanda ke amfani da batsa ta intanet akai-akai (kuma suna iya bayar da rahoto game da tasirinsa) sun ƙunshi ƙaramin kashi na duk masu amfani da batsa. Manyan bayanai masu wakiltar ƙasa ba su da yawa, amma Babban Binciken Jama'a ya ba da rahoton cewa kashi 2.6% ne kawai na duk matan Amurka suka ziyarci "gidan yanar gizo na batsa" a cikin watan da ya gabata. An yi tambayar ne kawai a cikin 2002 da 2004 (duba Batsa da Aure , 2014) . Tabbas, amfani da batsa ta ƙananan mata na iya ƙaruwa tun 2004. Duk da haka, duk da haka, binciken da ke ba da rahoton cewa ƙarin amfani da batsa yana da alaƙa da gamsuwa ga mata yana nufin ƙaramin kashi na mata (watakila kashi 1-2% ne kawai na yawan mata). Misali, a ƙasa akwai jadawali daga ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan binciken da za a bayar da rahoton cewa ƙarin amfani da batsa yana da alaƙa da gamsuwa ga mata.

Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa "Cikakke" yana nufin maza da mata a hade. Tunda layukan "Cikakke" da "Maza" kusan iri ɗaya ne, wannan yana nuna mana cewa kusan dukkan masu amfani da batsa a ƙarshen ƙarshen maza ne. A wata ma'anar, matan da ke amfani da sau 2-3 a wata ko fiye wataƙila sun ƙunshi kashi 1-2% ne kawai na dukkan mata. Wannan zai yi daidai da binciken da aka yi a ƙasa na 2004 inda kashi 2.4% na mata ne kawai suka ziyarci shafin batsa a watan da ya gabata.

klein

Wannan ya haifar da tambayoyin da ba a amsa ba: Waɗanne halaye ne 1% -2% na masu amfani da batsa na mata ke haifar da amfani mafi girma, duk da haka mafi girma gamsuwa? Suna cikin BDSM ko wasu kinks? Shin suna cikin dangantakar polyamorous? Shin wadannan matan suna da kyawawan halayen ko kuma suna yin jaraba? Kowace dalilin da ya sa ake amfani da batsa a cikin ƙananan ƙananan mata, shin wannan yana gaya mana wani abu game da tasirin batsa na yau da kullum a kan sauran 98-99% na matan aure?

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KARANTA #8: Nazarin 3 da aka ambata ba su goyan bayan da'awar da ake yi ba

BAYANI GAME DA LABARI: Haka nan za a iya samun irin wannan ƙarshe daga binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje mai kyau, wanda ya gano cewa mutanen da ke damuwa game da yawan kallon fina-finan jima'i ba sa fama da daidaita sha'awar jima'i ko kuma yadda suke yin jima'i.

An yi amfani da wannan bayanin a cikin bincike guda uku da ba su goyi bayan da'awar ba (2 daga cikin nazarin 3 an yi su ne ta hanyar Prause). An sake yin amfani da takardu guda 3 da kuma da'awar guda 2 daga wasiƙar Prause ta 2016 (wanda aka yi watsi da shi sosai a nan: Sharhi game da: Wasiƙa ga editan "Prause et al. (2015) sabuwar ƙaryar hasashen jaraba" ).

Nazarin Na Biyu Na Biyu: Winters, Christoff, & Gorzalka, 2009 da kuma Moholy, Yin wasa, Proudfit, Rahman, & Fong, 2015

Za mu fara da nazarce-nazarce guda biyu na farko da aka ambata don tallafawa ikirarin cewa, " mutanen da ke damuwa game da yawan kallon fina-finan jima'i a zahiri ba sa fama da daidaita sha'awar jima'i."

Nazarin guda biyu bai tantance ko masu amfani da batsa masu tilastawa suna da matsala wajen sarrafa amfani da batsa ba - kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin kuskuren ɓangaren. Madadin haka, binciken biyu ya sa mutane suka kalli ɗan batsa, yana umurtansu da su yi ƙoƙarin rage sha'awar jima'i. Nazarin ya kwatanta sakamakon mutane a gwajin jarabar jima'i da ikon mutane na sarrafa sha'awar jima'i yayin da suke kallon ɗan gajeren faifan bidiyon batsa na vanilla. Sakamakon binciken duka ya yaɗu, ba tare da wata alaƙa ta musamman tsakanin gwajin jarabar jima'i da ikon hana sha'awar mutum ba.

Tabbatar da Jawabin / Klein / Kohut shine cewa batutuwa da suka fi cin nasara akan gwajin jaraba da jima'i yakamata su sami mafi ƙarancin iko akan sarrafa sha'awar su. Tun da yake babu cikakkiyar hulɗar da aka yanke a cikin karatun 2 to "dole ne jarabar batsa ta wanzu." Ga dalilin da yasa wannan maganar banza ce:

1) Kamar yadda aka fada, binciken bai tantance "ikon mutum na sarrafa amfani da batsa ba duk da mummunan sakamako," kawai jin daɗin ɗan lokaci a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje tare da gungun baƙi a cikin fararen kaya suna ɓoye.

2) Binciken bai tantance waɗanda suka halarci taron ba ko kuma waɗanda ba "masu shan batsa" ba - kamar yadda masu binciken suka yi amfani da tambayoyin "jarabar jima'i". Misali, binciken Prause ya dogara ne akan CBSOB, wanda ba shi da tambayoyi game da amfani da batsa ta intanet. Yana tambaya ne kawai game da "ayyukan jima'i," ko kuma idan mutane suna damuwa game da ayyukansu (misali, "Ina damuwa ina da juna biyu," "Na ba wa wani HIV," "Na fuskanci matsalolin kuɗi"). Don haka duk wani alaƙa tsakanin maki akan CBSOB da ikon tsara sha'awa ba shi da mahimmanci don amfani da batsa ta intanet.

3) Mafi mahimmanci : Ko da yake babu wani bincike da ya gano waɗanda suka halarci gasar batsa, Prause/Klein/Kohut sun yi iƙirarin cewa ainihin "masu shan batsa" ya kamata su zama mafi ƙarancin ikon sarrafa sha'awar jima'i yayin kallon batsa. Duk da haka me yasa suke tunanin masu shan batsa ya kamata su sami "mafi girman sha'awa" lokacin da Prause et al. , 2015 ya ruwaito cewa masu amfani da batsa da yawa suna da ƙarancin kunna kwakwalwa zuwa batsa na vanilla fiye da sarrafawa? (Abin takaici, wani binciken EEG ya gano cewa amfani da batsa mafi yawa a cikin mata yana da alaƙa da ƙarancin kunna kwakwalwa zuwa batsa.) Binciken Prause et al. 2015 ya yi daidai da Kühn & Gallinat (2014) , wanda ya gano cewa amfani da batsa da yawa yana da alaƙa da ƙarancin kunna kwakwalwa don mayar da martani ga hotunan batsa na vanilla, kuma tare da Banca et al. 2015 , wanda ya sami saurin sabawa zuwa hotunan jima'i a cikin masu shan batsa.

Ba sabon abu ba ne ga masu amfani da batsa akai-akai su haɓaka haƙuri, wanda shine buƙatar ƙarin ƙarfafawa don cimma irin wannan matakin sha'awa. Batsa na Vanilla na iya zama abin ban sha'awa. Irin wannan lamari yana faruwa a cikin masu cin zarafin miyagun ƙwayoyi waɗanda ke buƙatar manyan "bugawa" don cimma wannan babban matsayi. Tare da masu amfani da batsa, ana samun ƙarin ƙarfafawa ta hanyar haɓaka zuwa sabbin nau'ikan batsa ko mawuyacin hali. Wani bincike na baya-bayan nan ya gano cewa irin wannan ƙaruwar ta zama ruwan dare gama gari a cikin masu amfani da batsa na intanet na yau. 49% na mazan da aka yi bincike a kansu sun kalli batsa wanda " ba su da ban sha'awa a gare su a baya ko kuma sun ɗauka abin ƙyama ne ." A gaskiya ma, bincike da yawa sun ba da rahoton sakamakon da ya dace ko ƙaruwa a cikin masu amfani da batsa akai-akai - wani sakamako wanda ya yi daidai da tsarin jaraba.

Muhimmin batu: Duk da ikirarin marubutan ya dogara ne akan hasashen da ba a goyan baya ba cewa "masu jarabar batsa" ya kamata su fuskanci ƙarin sha'awar jima'i ga hotunan batsa na vanilla, don haka ƙarancin ikon sarrafa sha'awarsu . Duk da haka hasashen cewa masu amfani da batsa masu tilastawa za su fuskanci ƙarin sha'awar batsa na vanilla da kuma ƙarin sha'awar jima'i an yi ta musantawa ta hanyoyi da yawa na bincike:

  1. Aikin nazarin 25 ƙaryata da'awar cewa jima'i da batsa addicts "suna da babban sha'awar jima'i."
  2. Aikin nazarin 35 yin amfani da batsa ta yin amfani da ƙananan jima'i ko jima'i tare da abokan jima'i.
  3. A cikin hanyar nazarin 75 amfani da batsa tare da ƙananan jima'i da dangantaka da gamsuwa.

Mai Mahimmanci: A wani misali na son zuciya da aka tsara, Prause ta yi iƙirarin cewa sakamakonta na 2015 na ƙarancin kunnawar kwakwalwa a martanin batsa na vanilla ya “ ɓata jarabar batsa gaba ɗaya .” Takardu 10 da aka yi wa takwarorinsu ba su yarda da Prause ba . Duk sun ce Prause et al., 2015 a zahiri sun sami rashin hankali/halayyar mutane a cikin masu amfani da batsa akai-akai (wanda ya yi daidai da tsarin jaraba): An sake duba sharhin takwarorinsu na Prause et al ., 2015

Nazarin Na Uku (Yi Amfani & Pfaus 2015):

An ambaci wata takarda guda ɗaya, wadda Nicole Prause ta rubuta tare, don tallafawa da'awar cewa amfani da batsa ba shi da wani tasiri ga aikin jima'i ("... .. kuma ba tare da aikinsu na jima'i ba . ") Kafin mu magance wannan takarda da aka yi suka sosai ( Presures & Pfaus ) , bari mu sake duba shaidar da ke tallafawa rashin aikin jima'i da batsa ke haifarwa.

Kamar yadda aka yi bayani dalla-dalla a cikin Takaitaccen Bayani na 3 a sama , bincike tara da aka buga tun 2010 sun nuna ƙaruwar matsalar rashin ƙarfin mazakuta. An rubuta wannan a cikin wannan labarin kuma a cikin wannan takarda da aka yi nazari a kai wanda ya shafi likitocin sojojin ruwa na Amurka guda 7: Shin Batsa ta Intanet Tana Haifar da Rashin Aikin Jima'i? Bita tare da Rahotannin Asibiti (2016) . Kafin 2001, ƙimar rashin aikin mazakuta ga maza 'yan ƙasa da shekara 40 ta kai kusan 2-3%. Tun daga 2010, ƙimar ED ta kama daga 14% zuwa 37%, yayin da ƙimar ƙarancin sha'awa ta kama daga 16% zuwa 37%. Baya ga zuwan batsa mai yawo, babu wani canji da ya shafi ED na matasa da ya canza sosai a cikin shekaru 10-20 da suka gabata.

Tsoma matsalolin jima'i na baya-bayan nan ya zo daidai da wallafa bincike 28 da suka haɗa amfani da batsa da "jarabar batsa" da matsalolin jima'i da kuma rage sha'awar jima'i . Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa bincike 5 na farko a cikin jerin sun nuna dalilai , yayin da mahalarta suka kawar da amfani da batsa kuma suka warkar da matsalolin jima'i na yau da kullun. Saboda wani dalili mai ban mamaki, labarin Slate ya kasa ambaton ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan nazarin 26.

Baya ga binciken da aka lissafa, wannan shafin ya ƙunshi labarai da bidiyo daga ƙwararru sama da 130 (malaman urology, likitocin fitsari, likitocin tabin hankali, masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, masana jima'i, MDs) waɗanda suka yarda, kuma sun yi nasarar magance ED da batsa ke haifarwa da kuma asarar sha'awar jima'i da batsa ke haifarwa. Bugu da ƙari, dubban samari sun ba da rahoton warkar da rashin aikin jima'i na yau da kullun ta hanyar cire wani canji guda ɗaya: batsa. (Duba waɗannan shafuka don dubban labaran murmurewa: Sake kunna asusun 1 , Sake kunna asusun 2 , Sake kunna asusun 3 , Labarun murmurewa na PIED .)

Prause & Pfaus ba su goyi bayan ikirarinsa ba: Ina bayar da sharhin da Richard Isenberg, MD, ya yi da kuma sharhi mai zurfi, sai kuma sharhina da kuma wasu bayanai daga sharhin Dr. Isenberg:

Littafin Prause & Pfaus na 2015 ba bincike ne kan maza masu fama da ED ba. Ba bincike ne ko kaɗan ba. Madadin haka, Prause ta yi iƙirarin tattara bayanai daga bincikenta na baya guda huɗu, waɗanda babu ɗaya daga cikinsu da ya magance matsalar rashin ƙarfin mazakuta. Abin damuwa ne cewa wannan takarda ta Nicole Prause da Jim Pfaus sun yi bita kan takwarorinsu saboda bayanan da ke cikin takardarsu ba su yi daidai da bayanan da ke cikin binciken huɗu da takardar ta yi iƙirarin an gina su a kai ba. Bambance-bambancen ba ƙananan gibi ba ne, amma gibi ne masu gibi waɗanda ba za a iya haɗa su ba. Bugu da ƙari, jaridar ta yi iƙirari da dama waɗanda ba gaskiya ba ne ko kuma ba su goyi bayan bayanansu ba.

Za mu fara da da'awar ƙarya da Nicole Prause da Jim Pfaus suka yi. Labarai da yawa na 'yan jarida game da wannan binciken sun yi iƙirarin cewa amfani da batsa ya haifar da mafi kyawun tsagewa, amma ba haka jaridar ta gano ba. A cikin hirarrakin da aka yi rikodin, Nicole Prause da Jim Pfaus sun yi iƙirarin ƙarya cewa sun auna tsagewa a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, kuma cewa mazan da suka yi amfani da batsa suna da tsagewa mafi kyau. A cikin hirar talabijin ta Jim Pfaus, Pfaus ya ce:

Mun dubi yadda aka haɓaka ikon su don samun tsararren a cikin lab.

Mun sami daidaitattun linzami tare da adadin batsa da suka kalli a gida, kuma latencies wanda alal misali sun samo tsagewa ne sauri.

A cikin wannan hirar rediyo Nicole Prause ta yi iƙirarin cewa an auna tsayuwar ƙashi a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje. Ainihin ambaton da aka yi daga shirin:

Yawancin mutane suna kallon erotica a gida suna da karfi da martani a cikin lab, ba a rage ba.

Duk da haka wannan takarda ba ta tantance ingancin tsagewa a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje ko "saurin tsagewa ba." Takardar ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta nemi mutane su kimanta "tashin hankalin" bayan sun kalli batsa na ɗan lokaci (kuma ba a bayyana daga takaddun da ke ƙasa ba cewa an tambayi wannan rahoton kai tsaye ga duk batutuwa). A kowane hali, wani ɓangare daga takardar da kanta ta yarda cewa:

Babu wani bayanan maganin jinin jiki wanda aka hade don tallafawa kwarewa ta mutum "

A wasu kalmomi, babu gwajin da aka gwada ko kuma auna a cikin lab, wanda ke nufin cewa babu irin waɗannan bayanan da aka ƙaddamar da su.

A wani ikirari na biyu da ba a goyon bayansa ba, babbar marubuciyar Nicole Prause ta wallafa a shafinta na Twitter sau da yawa game da binciken, inda ta sanar da duniya cewa mutane 280 ne suka shiga cikin binciken, kuma "ba su da wata matsala a gida." Duk da haka, binciken guda huɗu da aka yi ya ƙunshi maza 234 kacal, don haka "280" ya yi nisa.

Da'awa ta uku mara tallafi: Wasikar Dr. Isenberg zuwa ga Edita (wanda aka haɗa da sama), wacce ta haifar da damuwa da yawa masu mahimmanci waɗanda ke nuna kurakuran da ke cikin Prause & Pfaus , ta yi mamakin yadda zai yiwu Prause & Pfaus su kwatanta matakan sha'awar mutane daban-daban lokacin da aka yi amfani da nau'ikan abubuwan sha'awa guda uku daban-daban a cikin binciken guda huɗu. Nazari biyu sun yi amfani da fim na minti 3, wani bincike ya yi amfani da fim na daƙiƙa 20, kuma wani bincike ya yi amfani da hotuna marasa motsi. An tabbatar da cewa fina-finai sun fi hotuna daɗi , don haka babu wata ƙungiyar bincike da ta halalta da za ta haɗa waɗannan batutuwa wuri ɗaya don yin iƙirari game da amsoshinsu. Abin mamaki shi ne cewa a cikin marubutan rubutunsu Prause da Pfaus sun yi iƙirarin cewa duk nazarin guda 4 sun yi amfani da fina-finan jima'i:

"VSS da aka gabatar a cikin binciken shine duk fina-finai."

Wannan sanarwa ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin littattafai mai zurfi na Prause. Wannan shi ne dalili na farko da ya sa Prause da Pfaus ba zasu iya iƙirarin cewa takardun su an tantance su ba. "Dole ne ku yi amfani da wannan motsi don kowane batun don kwatanta dukan batutuwa.

Da'awa ta huɗu mara tallafi: Dr. Isenberg ya kuma tambayi yadda Prause & Pfaus 2015 zai iya kwatanta matakan sha'awar mutane daban-daban yayin da 1 daga cikin binciken 4 kawai suka yi amfani da sikelin 1 zuwa 9. Ɗaya ya yi amfani da sikelin 0 zuwa 7, ɗayan ya yi amfani da sikelin 1 zuwa 7, kuma wani bincike bai bayar da rahoton ƙimar sha'awar jima'i ba. Har yanzu Prause da Pfaus sun yi iƙirarin cewa:

"An tambayi maza don nuna matsayin su na" jima'i "daga 1" ba komai ba "zuwa 9" musamman. "

Wannan maganar ma ƙarya ce, kamar yadda takardun da ke ƙasa suka nuna. Wannan shine dalili na biyu da yasa Prause da Pfaus ba za su iya iƙirarin cewa takardarsu ta tantance ƙimar "tashi" a cikin maza ba. Dole ne bincike ya yi amfani da ma'aunin kimantawa iri ɗaya ga kowane batu don kwatanta sakamakon waɗanda aka yi wa binciken. A taƙaice, duk kanun labarai da iƙirarin da aka samar ta Prause game da amfani da batsa don inganta tsagewa ko tashin hankali, ko wani abu, ba su da goyon bayan bincikenta.

Har ila yau, Mawallafin Magana da Pfaus sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba su sami dangantaka tsakanin matsakaicin aiki da kuma adadin batsa da aka gani a cikin watan da ya gabata. Kamar yadda Dokta Isenberg ya nuna:

Har ma fiye da damuwa shine jimillar binciken bincike na lissafi don aikin ma'auni na aiki. Babu wani sakamako na lissafi da aka bayar. Maimakon haka mawallafin sun tambayi mai karatu suyi imani kawai da sanannun sanarwa cewa babu wata dangantaka tsakanin sa'o'i na batsa da ke kallo da aikin aiki. Bisa ga maƙasudin mawallafin marubuta cewa aiki mai mahimmanci tare da abokin tarayya zai iya ingantawa ta hanyar kallon batsa batutuwan rashin bincike na lissafi ba shi da laifi.

Kamar yadda aka saba idan aka buga wasiƙar da ta yi suka ga wani bincike, an ba wa marubutan binciken damar amsawa. Amsar da Prause ta yi mai taken " Red Herring: Hook, Line, and Stinker " ba wai kawai ta kauce wa batutuwan Isenberg ba (da na Gabe Deem ), tana ɗauke da sabbin bayanai marasa tushe da kuma wasu maganganu na ƙarya da dama a bayyane. A gaskiya ma, amsar Prause ba ta wuce hayaki, madubai, cin mutuncin da ba shi da tushe, da ƙarya ba. Wannan sharhi mai zurfi da Gabe Deem ya yi ya fallasa martanin Prause da Pfaus game da abin da yake: Sukar martanin Prause & Pfaus ga wasiƙar Richard Isenberg.

Takaitaccen: Maganar 2 da Klein / Kohut / Prause suka yi ta kasancewa ba tare da dasu ba:

  1. Yi Amfani & Pfaus ya kasa samar da bayanai don ainihin iƙirarin cewa yin amfani da batsa ba shi da alaƙa da ƙididdiga a kan tambayoyin mai tsara (IIEF).
  2. Yi amfani & Pfaus sun kasa bayyana yadda marubutan su zasu iya tantance “ƙyashi” lokacin da binciken da aka gabatar na 4 yayi amfani da abubuwa daban daban (har yanzu hotuna vs. fina-finai), kuma basa amfani da sikeli ko ma'aunin lamba daban (1-7, 1-9, 0 -7, babu sikelin).

Idan Amsa da Pfaus suna da amsoshin tambayoyin da suka gabata, da sun sanya su cikin amsawarsu ga Dokta Isenberg. Ba su.

A ƙarshe, Jim Pfaus yana cikin kwamiti na editan Littafin Journal of Sexual Medicinee da kuma ciyarwa babba kokarin kai hare hare manufar zubar da halayen jima'i a cikin lalata. Co-marubucin Nicole Farko An damu da bambance-bambance na PIED, bayan ya yi aiki Yakin yaki na 3 da wannan takarda, yayin da kuma tursasawa da cin mutuncin samari waɗanda suka murmure daga lalatawar batsa. Duba takardun: Gabe Deem #1, Gabe Deem #2, Alexander Rhodes #1, Alexander Rhodes #2, Alexander Rhodes #3, Nuhu Ikilisiya, Alexander Rhodes #4, Alexander Rhodes #5, Alexander Rhodes #6, Alexander Rhodes #7, Alexander Rhodes #8, Alexander Rhodes #9, Alexander Rhodes # 10,  Gabe Deem & Alex Rhodes tare, Alexander Rhodes # 11, Alexander Rhodes #12, Alexander Rhodes #13, Alexander Rhodes #14.

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KARANTA #9: Lokacin da aka fuskanci daruruwan binciken da ake danganta yin amfani da batsa don magance mummunan sakamako kamar yadda aka yi "ihuwa ba ƙari ba ne"

BAYANI GAME DA LABARI: Duk da haka, babbar matsala a wannan fanni na bincike ita ce yawancin binciken da aka yi ba su da alaƙa da juna, ma'ana suna tambaya ne kawai game da rayuwarka kamar yadda take a yanzu. Wannan yana nufin ba za su iya nuna dalili ba. Ka tuna da tsohuwar ƙa'idar "dangantaka ba dalili ba ce" daga ajin kimiyya? Idan aurenka bai yi kyau ba ko kuma ka daina zama da kusanci shekaru da suka wuce, akwai yiwuwar wani a cikin wannan dangantakar yana yin lalata don biyan buƙatar jima'i da ba ta cika ba.

Fassara : "Kana jin barci sosai... gashin idonka yana yin nauyi... komai binciken da aka yi kan dangantakar amfani da batsa ya nuna, da gaske yin lalata ne... Yanzu kana barci.... ba za a iya yin batsa ba... batsa yana da kyau a gare ka... dole ne yin lalata ne... Yi barci sosai, yi barci sosai."

Kamar yadda aka ambata a ƙarƙashin ɓangaren #14 , dabarun da Prause da David Ley suka tsara shine a ɗora alhakin taɓawa ga matsalolin da suka shafi amfani da batsa. A nan da kuma a cikin #14 a ƙasa, Prause/Klein/Kohut sun ɗauki wannan batun tattaunawa da aka ƙirƙira kuma suna ƙoƙarin ɗora alhakin taɓawa ga sakamakon binciken sama da 60 da ke haɗa amfani da batsa zuwa ƙarancin gamsuwa da dangantaka . Bayan Prause da Ley sun gina dabarar "batsa ba ta taɓa zama matsala ba" don bayyana ED na yau da kullun a cikin samari masu lafiya, babban abokinsu, Jim Pfaus, ya yi ta da'awar cewa ED da batsa ke haifarwa tatsuniya ce, kuma cewa lokutan da ke hana fitar maniyyi bayan maniyyi su ne ainihin dalilin ED ɗin waɗannan samari . Lokacin da aka tambaye shi game da gaskiyar cewa yana ɗaukar watanni 6-24 ba tare da batsa ba don sake samun tsayuwar maza, Pfaus ya yi shiru. Wannan wani "lokaci ne mai tsauri," ko? (Duba wannan labarin yana fallasa "zarginsu banda batsa" kamfen: Masana ilimin jima'i sun musanta ED da batsa ke haifarwa ta hanyar da'awar cewa tabawa ita ce matsalar (2016) .)

Dangane da "alamar da ke tsakanin batsa da shan taba" wadda kowane ɗalibi ɗan aji 7 zai iya karantawa. Idan aka fuskanci ɗaruruwan bincike da ke danganta amfani da batsa da sakamako mara kyau, wata dabara da kwararrun masu goyon bayan batsa ke amfani da ita ita ce su yi iƙirarin cewa "babu wani dalili da aka nuna." Gaskiyar magana ita ce idan ana maganar nazarin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da na likitanci, bincike kaɗan ne ke bayyana dalili kai tsaye . Misali, duk binciken da aka yi kan alaƙar da ke tsakanin cutar kansar huhu da shan taba sigari a cikin mutane suna da alaƙa. Duk da haka dalili da sakamako yanzu sun bayyana ga kowa sai dai masu fafutukar shan taba.

Saboda dalilai na ɗabi'a, galibi ana hana masu bincike gina ƙirar bincike na gwaji waɗanda za su bayyana ko batsa yana haifar da wasu illoli. Saboda haka, suna amfani da samfuran alaƙa . Bayan lokaci, idan aka tattara manyan nazarin alaƙa a kowane fanni na bincike, sai a zo inda za a iya cewa jimlar shaidun suna nuna wani batu na ka'ida, duk da rashin ingantaccen bincike, amma galibi ba shi da ɗabi'a don gudanar da shi, na gwaji.

A wata hanyar, babu wani bincike na alaƙa da zai iya samar da "bindigar shan taba" a wani fanni na nazari, amma shaidar da ke tattare da nazarin alaƙa da yawa na iya tabbatar da dalili da sakamako. Idan ana maganar amfani da batsa, kusan kowane binciken da aka buga yana da alaƙa.

Don “tabbatar” cewa amfani da batsa yana haifar da lalacewar mazakuta, matsalolin dangantaka, matsalolin motsin rai ko ƙwaƙwalwar da ke da alaƙa da jaraba dole ne ku sami manyan rukuni biyu na tagwaye masu kama da juna yayin haihuwa. Tabbatar cewa rukuni ɗaya baya kallon batsa. Tabbatar cewa kowane ɗayan ɗayan ƙungiyar yana kallon ainihin nau'in batsa, don daidai sa'o'in, a daidai lokacin. Kuma ci gaba da gwajin tsawon shekaru 30 ko makamancin haka, sannan bin diddigin bambance-bambance.

A madadin haka, za a iya gudanar da bincike da ake ƙoƙarin nuna lalacewa ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin 3 masu zuwa:

  1. Yarda da canjin da sakamakon da kake son aunawa. Musamman, da masu amfani da batsa suna dakatar, da kuma tantance kowane makonni na canje-canje, watannin (shekaru?) Daga baya. Wannan shi ne ainihin abin da yake faruwa yayin da dubban samari suka dakatar da batsa a matsayin hanya don magance rashin ciwon kwayoyin cuta da kuma sauran cututtuka (wanda ya haifar da amfani da batsa).
  2. Yi nazari na dogon lokaci, wanda ke nufin biyan abubuwan da suka shafi wani lokaci don ganin yadda canje-canjen yin amfani da batsa (ko matakan amfani da batsa) ya danganta da wasu sakamakon. Alal misali, ƙaddara matakan amfani da batsa tare da kudaden saki a tsawon shekaru (tambayar wasu tambayoyi don sarrafawa ga sauran yiwuwar canji).
  3. Bayyana masu halartar shirye-shiryen batsa da auna sakamako daban-daban. Misali, kimanta ikon batutuwa na jinkirta gamsuwa a gaba da bayan fallasa batsa a cikin dakin bincike.

A ƙasa za mu ƙididdige karatun da suka yi amfani da wadannan hanyoyi 3: kawar da yin amfani da batsa, nazarin lokaci mai tsawo, shafukan batsa a cikin wani lab. Dukkan sakamakon da aka bayar yana nuna cewa amfani da batsa yana haifar da sakamako mara kyau.

Sashe #1: Nazarin inda mahalarta suka kawar da amfani da batsa:

Nazarin farko guda 7 a cikin wannan sashe ya nuna amfani da batsa yana haifar da matsalolin jima'i yayin da mahalarta suka kawar da amfani da batsa kuma suka warkar da matsalolin jima'i na yau da kullun. Don haka, an warware muhawarar game da ko akwai matsalolin jima'i da batsa ke haifarwa na ɗan lokaci yanzu.

1) Shin Batsa a Intanet Yana Haifar da Matsalolin Jima'i? Sharhi tare da Rahotannin Asibiti (2016) : Sharhi mai zurfi kan wallafe-wallafen da suka shafi matsalolin jima'i da batsa ke haifarwa. Likitoci 7 na Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka (masu ilimin urology, likitocin tabin hankali, da kuma MD mai digirin digirgir a fannin ilimin jijiyoyi), sharhin ya bayar da sabbin bayanai da ke nuna karuwar matsalolin jima'i a matasa. Hakanan yana sake duba nazarin jijiyoyi da suka shafi jarabar batsa da yanayin jima'i ta hanyar batsa ta intanet. Marubutan sun bayar da rahotanni 3 na asibiti na maza da suka kamu da matsalolin jima'i da batsa ke haifarwa. Biyu daga cikin maza uku sun warkar da matsalolin jima'i ta hanyar kawar da amfani da batsa. Mutum na uku ya sami ɗan ci gaba kaɗan saboda bai iya guje wa amfani da batsa ba.

2) Dabi'un yin al'aura da matsalolin jima'i ga maza (2016) : Wani likitan tabin hankali ɗan Faransa kuma shugaban ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai ta Ilimin Jima'i . Wannan takarda ta ta'allaka ne akan ƙwarewarsa ta asibiti da maza 35 waɗanda suka kamu da matsalar rashin ƙarfin mazakuta da/ko rashin ƙarfin mazakuta, da kuma hanyoyin da yake bi wajen taimaka musu. Marubucin ya ce yawancin marasa lafiyarsa suna amfani da batsa, inda kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu daga cikinsu suka kamu da batsa. Takaitaccen bayanin ya nuna batsa ta intanet a matsayin babban dalilin matsalolin marasa lafiya. 19 daga cikin maza 35 sun ga ci gaba mai mahimmanci a aikin jima'i. Sauran mazan ko dai sun daina magani ko kuma har yanzu suna ƙoƙarin murmurewa.

3) Yin al'adar yin al'aura ba tare da wani tsari ba a matsayin wani abu mai mahimmanci wajen gano da kuma magance matsalar rashin lafiyar jima'i ga samari (2014) : Ɗaya daga cikin nazarin shari'o'i 4 da ke cikin wannan takarda ya ba da rahoto kan wani mutum da ke da matsalolin jima'i da batsa ke haifarwa (ƙarancin sha'awa, sha'awar jima'i, rashin lafiyar jiki). Shiga cikin jima'i ya buƙaci a daina batsa da al'aura na tsawon makonni 6. Bayan watanni 8 mutumin ya ba da rahoton ƙaruwar sha'awar jima'i, nasarar jima'i da inzali, da kuma jin daɗin "kyawawan ayyukan jima'i. Wannan shine farkon tarihin murmurewa daga rashin lafiyar jima'i da batsa ke haifarwa.

4) Yaya wahalar magance jinkirin fitar maniyyi a cikin samfurin jima'i na ɗan gajeren lokaci? Kwatanta nazarin shari'a (2017) : Wannan rahoto ne kan "lamurra masu haɗaka" guda biyu da ke kwatanta asalin cutar da kuma maganin jinkirin fitar maniyyi (anorgasmia). "Marasa lafiya B" ya wakilci samari da yawa da mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali ya yi wa magani. "Amfani da batsa na Maras lafiya B ya ƙara zama abu mai wahala," "kamar yadda yake a lokuta da yawa." Jaridar ta ce jinkirin fitar maniyyi da ya shafi batsa ba sabon abu ba ne, kuma yana ƙaruwa. Marubucin ya yi kira da a ƙara bincike kan tasirin batsa kan aikin jima'i. Jinkirin fitar maniyyi na Maras lafiya B ya warke bayan makonni 10 ba tare da yin batsa ba.

5) Ciwon Kai a Yanayin Halayyar Dan Adam: Nazarin Shari'a (2014) : Cikakkun bayanai sun nuna wani lamari na zubar da ciki da ya haifar da batsa. Abin da mijin ya fuskanta kafin aure shi ne yawan yin jima'i da batsa (inda ya sami damar yin maniyyi). Ya kuma bayar da rahoton cewa jima'i ba shi da wani tasiri kamar yin jima'i da batsa. Babban bayanin shine cewa "sake horarwa" da kuma ilimin halayyar dan adam sun kasa warkar da zubar da ciki. Lokacin da waɗannan hanyoyin suka gaza, masu ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali sun ba da shawarar haramta yin jima'i da batsa gaba ɗaya. Daga ƙarshe wannan haramcin ya haifar da nasarar yin jima'i da kuma fitar da maniyyi da abokin tarayya a karon farko a rayuwarsa.

6) Batsa Ya Jawo Rashin Lafiyar Kaza a Tsakanin Matasa Maza (2019) - Wannan takarda ta bincika abin da ke faruwa na batsa da ke haifar da rashin lafiyar kaza (PIED), tare da nazarin shari'o'i 12. Mutane da yawa sun warkar da ED da batsa ta haifar ta hanyar kawar da amfani da batsa.

7) Boye Cikin Kunya: Kwarewar Maza Masu Jinsi Biyu Game da Amfani da Batsa Mai Matsala da Kai (2019) - Hira da masu amfani da batsa maza 15. Da yawa daga cikin mazan sun ba da rahoton jarabar batsa, ƙaruwar amfani da ita da matsalolin jima'i da batsa ke haifarwa. Ɗaya daga cikin masu amfani da batsa mai tilastawa ya inganta aikinsa na jima'i sosai yayin saduwa ta jima'i ta hanyar takaita amfani da batsa sosai.

8) Yadda Rashin Ci Gaba Ke Shafar Sha'awar Mutane (2016) [sakamakon farko]. Sakamakon Ra'ayi na Biyu - Babban Sakamakon:

- Barin batsa da al'aura yana karawa mutum damar jinkirta lada

- Kasancewa cikin lokacin ƙauracewa mutane yana sa mutane su ƙara ɗaukar kasada

- Zane ya sanya mutane zama masu yawan son rai

- Abstinence ya mai da mutane mafi ƙarancin tunani, mafi ƙanƙantar da hankali, da rashin nutsuwa

9) Soyayya Da Ba Ta Dorewa: Cin Batsa da Raunana Jajircewar Mutum ga Abokin Soyayyarsa (2012) : Mutanen da suka yi ƙoƙarin guje wa amfani da batsa (sati 3 kacal). Idan aka kwatanta wannan rukunin da mahalarta da ke kula da batsa, waɗanda suka ci gaba da amfani da batsa sun ba da rahoton ƙarancin sadaukarwa fiye da sarrafawa. Me zai iya faruwa idan sun yi ƙoƙarin guje wa na tsawon watanni 3 maimakon makonni 3?

10) Ciniki Lada Daga Baya Don Jin Daɗin Yanzu: Cin Batsa da Rage Jinkirin Jima'i (2015) : Yawan batsa da mahalarta ke sha, ƙarancin damar da suke da shi na jinkirta gamsuwa. Wannan binciken na musamman ya kuma sa masu amfani da batsa su yi ƙoƙarin rage amfani da batsa na tsawon makonni 3. Binciken ya gano cewa ci gaba da amfani da batsa yana da alaƙa da rashin iya jinkirta gamsuwa (lura cewa ikon jinkirta gamsuwa aiki ne na kwakwalwa ta gaba).

Sashe na #2: Nazarin lokaci mai tsawo:

Dukkanci biyu na nazarin na tsawon lokaci sunyi nazari akan tasirin yin amfani da batsa a kan zumunci

1) Bayyanar yara maza na farko ga batsa ta intanet: Alaƙa da lokacin balaga, neman jin daɗi, da kuma aikin ilimi (2014) : Ƙara yawan amfani da batsa ya biyo baya sannan raguwar aikin ilimi bayan watanni 6.

2) Bayyanar Matasa ga Abubuwan Intanet Masu Bayyanar Jima'i da Gamsuwar Jima'i: Nazarin Dogon Lokaci (2009) . Karin Bayani: Tsakanin Mayu 2006 da Mayu 2007, mun gudanar da wani bincike mai tsawon zango uku tsakanin matasa 'yan ƙasar Holland 1,052 masu shekaru 13-20. Tsarin daidaiton tsari ya nuna cewa fallasa ga SEIM yana rage gamsuwar jima'i ga matasa akai-akai. Ƙananan gamsuwar jima'i (a cikin Wave 2) shi ma ya ƙara amfani da SEIM (a cikin Wave 3).

3) Shin Kallon Batsa Yana Rage Ingancin Aure Akan Lokaci? Shaida daga Bayanan Dogon Lokaci (2016) . Karin Bayani: Wannan binciken shine na farko da ya dogara da bayanan da aka tattara daga ƙasa, na tsawon lokaci (2006-2012 Portraits of American Life Study) don gwada ko yawan amfani da batsa yana tasiri ingancin aure daga baya kuma ko wannan tasirin yana dacewa da jinsi. Gabaɗaya, mutanen da suka yi aure waɗanda suka fi kallon batsa a 2006 sun ba da rahoton ƙarancin matakan ingancin aure a 2012, tare da iko akan ingancin aure na baya da alaƙa masu dacewa. Tasirin batsa ba wai kawai wakilci ne na rashin gamsuwa da rayuwar jima'i ko yanke shawara a aure ba a 2006. Dangane da tasirin gaske, yawan amfani da batsa a 2006 shine na biyu mafi ƙarfi a hasashen ingancin aure a 2012.

4) Har Sai Batsa Ta Rabu? Tasirin Batsa Na Tsawon Lokaci Akan Saki, (2016) . Binciken ya yi amfani da bayanan kwamitin bincike na Gabaɗaya na Jama'a da aka tattara daga dubban manya na Amurka. Karin Bayani: Fara amfani da batsa tsakanin raƙuman bincike ya kusan ninka yuwuwar sakewa a lokacin bincike na gaba, daga kashi 6 zuwa kashi 11, kuma kusan ya ninka shi sau uku ga mata, daga kashi 6 zuwa kashi 16. Sakamakonmu ya nuna cewa kallon batsa, a wasu yanayi na zamantakewa, na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga dorewar aure.

5) Batsa ta Intanet da ingancin dangantaka: Nazarin dogon lokaci kan tasirin daidaitawa, gamsuwar jima'i da abubuwan intanet na jima'i tsakanin sabbin aure (2015) . Karin Bayani: Bayanan da aka samu daga wani babban samfurin sabbin aure sun nuna cewa amfani da SEIM yana da sakamako mafi muni fiye da kyau ga maza da mata. Abu mai mahimmanci, daidaitawar maza ya rage amfani da SEIM akan lokaci kuma amfani da SEIM ya ragu. Bugu da ƙari, ƙarin gamsuwar jima'i a cikin maza ya annabta raguwar amfani da SEIM na matansu shekara guda bayan haka, yayin da amfani da SEIM na mata bai canza gamsuwar jima'i na mazansu ba.

6) Amfani da Batsa da Rabuwar Aure: Shaida daga Bayanan Kwamitin Zane Biyu (2017) . Karin Bayani: bincike ya nuna cewa Amurkawa masu aure waɗanda suka kalli batsa kwata-kwata a 2006 sun fi sau biyu damar samun rabuwar aure fiye da waɗanda ba su kalli batsa ba kafin 2012, koda bayan sun mallaki farin cikin aure da gamsuwar jima'i a 2006 da kuma alaƙar zamantakewa da zamantakewa. Alaƙar da ke tsakanin batsa tana amfani da mita da rabuwar aure, duk da haka, ta kasance mai lankwasa a zahiri.

7) Shin Masu Amfani da Batsa Suna Iya Fuskantar Rabuwar Soyayya? Shaida daga Bayanan Dogon Lokaci (2017) . Karin Bayani: Bincike ya nuna cewa Amurkawa da suka kalli batsa kwata-kwata a 2006 sun kusan ninka waɗanda ba su taɓa kallon batsa ba don bayar da rahoton rabuwar soyayya a 2012, koda bayan sun kula da abubuwan da suka dace kamar matsayin dangantaka ta 2006 da sauran alaƙar zamantakewa. Binciken ya kuma nuna alaƙar da ke tsakanin yadda Amurkawa ke kallon batsa akai-akai a 2006 da kuma damar da suke da ita na fuskantar rabuwar aure nan da 2012.

8) Alaƙa Tsakanin Fuskantar Batsa ta Yanar Gizo, Jin Daɗin Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam da Haƙƙin Jima'i Tsakanin Matasan China na Hong Kong: Nazarin Tsawon Lokaci Uku (2018) : Wannan binciken na tsawon lokaci ya gano cewa amfani da batsa yana da alaƙa da baƙin ciki, ƙarancin gamsuwar rayuwa da halayen jima'i na yarda.

Sashe na #3: Hotuna masu daukan hoto ga batsa:

1) Tasirin Sha'awar Jima'i ga Kyawawan Fahimtar Matasa Maza Game da Abokan Hulɗarsu ta Mata (1984) . Karin Bayani: Bayan fallasa ga kyawawan mata, ƙimar kyawun abokan aure ta faɗi ƙasa da kimantawa da aka yi bayan fallasa ga mata marasa kyau; wannan ƙimar ta ɗauki matsayi na tsakiya bayan fallasa ga iko. Duk da haka, canje-canje a cikin kyawun abokan aure bai yi daidai da canje-canje a gamsuwa da abokan aure ba.

2) Tasirin Shan Batsa na Tsawon Lokaci akan Dabi'un Iyali (1988) . Karin Bayani: Bayyanar da hotuna ya haifar, a tsakanin wasu abubuwa, karuwar amincewa da jima'i kafin da kuma bayan aure da kuma ƙarin haƙuri ga samun damar jima'i ba tare da keɓancewa ba ga abokan hulɗa na kud da kud. Bayyanar hotuna ya rage kimanta aure, wanda hakan ya sa wannan cibiyar ta zama ba ta da mahimmanci kuma ba ta da amfani a nan gaba. Bayyanar hotuna ya kuma rage sha'awar samun yara kuma ya haɓaka karɓar rinjayen maza da bauta mata. Banda kaɗan, waɗannan tasirin sun kasance iri ɗaya ga maza da mata da kuma ga ɗalibai da waɗanda ba ɗalibai ba.

3) Tasirin Batsa Kan Gamsuwar Jima'i (1988) . Karin Bayani: An fallasa ɗalibai maza da mata da waɗanda ba ɗalibai ba ga faifan bidiyo da ke nuna batsa na yau da kullun, ko kuma abubuwan da ba su da lahani. An fallasa su a zaman sa'o'i shida a jere. A mako na bakwai, waɗanda aka yi nazari a kansu sun shiga wani bincike da ba shi da alaƙa da cibiyoyin zamantakewa da gamsuwa ta mutum. [Amfani da batsa] ya yi tasiri sosai kan kimanta kai na ƙwarewar jima'i. Bayan shan batsa, waɗanda aka yi nazari a kansu sun ba da rahoton ƙarancin gamsuwa da abokan hulɗarsu na kud da kud - musamman, tare da ƙaunar waɗannan abokan hulɗa, bayyanar jiki, sha'awar jima'i, da kuma aikin jima'i yadda ya kamata. Bugu da ƙari, waɗanda aka ba wa fifiko sun ƙara mahimmanci ga jima'i ba tare da shiga cikin motsin rai ba. Waɗannan tasirin sun kasance iri ɗaya a tsakanin jinsi da al'umma.

4) Tasirin shahararriyar sha'awar batsa akan hukuncin baƙi da abokan aure (1989) . Karin Bayani: A cikin Gwaji na 2, maza da mata sun fuskanci sha'awar batsa ta jinsi daban-daban. A cikin bincike na biyu, akwai hulɗar jima'i da yanayin motsa jiki bayan ƙimar sha'awar jima'i. An gano raguwar tasirin fallasar tsakiya ne kawai ga maza da aka fallasa ga tsirara mata. Maza waɗanda suka ga cewa ramukan tsakiya na Playboy sun fi daɗi sun nuna kansu a matsayin ƙasa da ƙaunar matansu.

5) Sarrafa hotunan batsa yana hana aikin ƙwaƙwalwar aiki (2013) : Masana kimiyya na Jamus sun gano cewa batsa ta intanet na iya rage ƙwaƙwalwar aiki . A cikin wannan gwajin hotunan batsa, mutane 28 masu lafiya sun yi ayyukan ƙwaƙwalwar aiki ta amfani da saitin hotuna 4 daban-daban, ɗaya daga cikinsu batsa ne. Mahalarta sun kuma kimanta hotunan batsa dangane da sha'awar jima'i da sha'awar yin jima'i kafin, da kuma bayan, gabatar da hotunan batsa. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa ƙwaƙwalwar aiki ta fi muni a lokacin kallon batsa kuma cewa ƙarin sha'awa ta ƙara raguwa.

6) Tsarin Hoton Jima'i Yana Tsangwama da Yanke Shawara a ƙarƙashin Rashin Sha'awa (2013) : Bincike ya gano cewa kallon hotunan batsa yana tsoma baki ga yanke shawara a lokacin gwajin fahimta na yau da kullun. Wannan yana nuna cewa batsa na iya shafar aikin zartarwa, wanda shine tsarin ƙwarewar tunani wanda ke taimaka maka ka yi abubuwa. Waɗannan ƙwarewar suna ƙarƙashin ikon wani yanki na kwakwalwa da ake kira prefrontal cortex.

7) Mannewa da batsa? Yin amfani da batsa fiye da kima ko sakaci da alamun cybersex a cikin yanayi mai yawa yana da alaƙa da alamun jarabar cybersex (2015) : Mutanen da ke da babban sha'awar jarabar batsa sun fi yin ayyukan gudanarwa marasa kyau (wanda ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin prefrontal cortex).

8) Ayyukan Gudanarwa na Maza Masu Tilasta Jima'i da Marasa Tilasta Kafin da Bayan Kallon Bidiyon Batsa (2017) : Bayyanar da batsa ke yi wa ayyukan zartarwa a cikin maza masu "halayen jima'i na tilasta," amma ba masu kula da lafiya ba. Rashin aikin zartarwa mara kyau lokacin da aka fallasa shi ga alamun da suka shafi jaraba alama ce ta rikice-rikicen miyagun ƙwayoyi (yana nuna duka da'irorin farko da aka canza da kuma fahimtar su ).

9) Fuskantar Abubuwan da ke Haifar da Jima'i Yana Haifar da Rage Ragewa Mai Yawa Wanda Ke Haifar da Ƙara Shiga Cikin Lalacewar Intanet Tsakanin Maza ( Cheng & Chiou , 2017) : A cikin bincike biyu, fallasa abubuwan da ke haifar da jima'i na gani ya haifar da: 1) rage jinkirin (rashin iya jinkirta gamsuwa), 2) ƙara sha'awar shiga cikin laifukan yanar gizo, 3) ƙara sha'awar siyan kayan jabu da kuma kutse a asusun Facebook na wani. Idan aka haɗa wannan, yana nuna cewa amfani da batsa yana ƙara sha'awa kuma yana iya rage wasu ayyukan zartarwa (kame kai, hukunci, hango sakamakon, sarrafa sha'awa).

Af, sama da nazarin jarabar intanet guda 80 sun yi amfani da hanyoyin "tsawo" da "cire canjin" . Duk suna nuna cewa amfani da intanet na iya haifar da matsalolin tunani/tunani, canje-canjen kwakwalwa da suka shafi jaraba, da sauran mummunan tasiri ga wasu masu amfani.

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KARANTA #10: Kunawa / Klein / Kohut cherry-pick 5% na batutuwa daga 1 na nazarin 58 jituwa da batsa amfani da talauci dangantaka

BAYANI NA SLATE: Nazarin dogon lokaci da aka yi wa mutane a tsawon lokaci ya nuna ko kallon fina-finan jima'i ya faru kafin wani sakamako da aka tsara, wanda ya zama dole don nuna cewa fina-finan jima'i sun haifar da tasirin. Misali, wani bincike na dogon lokaci ya nuna cewa, a matsakaici, kallon fina-finan jima'i yana ƙara haɗarin rasa dangantaka daga baya. Har Sai Batsa Ta Raba Mu? Binciken Dogon Lokaci na Amfani da Batsa da Saki. Duk da haka, wani bincike ya gano cewa Amurkawa masu aure waɗanda ke da mafi yawan lokutan amfani da fina-finan jima'i a zahiri suna cikin mafi ƙarancin haɗarin rasa dangantakarsu (tasiri mara layi).

Dabara a nan ita ce su yaudari mai karatu ya yi tunanin cewa binciken da ke binciken tasirin batsa a kan dangantaka ya ci karo da juna. Suna yin hakan ne ta hanyar amincewa da wanzuwar wani bincike da ke haɗa batsa da matsalolin dangantaka (daga cikin nazarin 75 da ke haɗa amfani da batsa da dangantaka mara kyau) , sai kuma binciken da aka yi a baya ya ba da rahoton sakamako mafi girma - ga ƙaramin kashi na waɗanda ke cikinsa (5% na waɗanda ke cikinsa).

Binciken da aka yi tare da wani bincike mai ban mamaki ga ƙasa da kashi 5% na batutuwa shine " Amfani da Batsa da Rabuwar Aure: Shaida daga Bayanan Wave-Wave Panel (2017) " - An ɗauko daga taƙaitaccen bayani:

Ta hanyar amfani da bayanai daga raƙuman 2006 da 2012 na Nazarin Rayuwar Amurka na wakilcin ƙasa, wannan labarin ya binciki ko Amurkawa masu aure waɗanda suka kalli batsa a 2006, ko dai kwata-kwata ko a cikin mafi yawan lokuta, sun fi fuskantar rabuwar aure nan da 2012. Nazarin binary logistic regression ya nuna cewa Amurkawa da suka kalli batsa a 2006 sun fi sau biyu fiye da waɗanda ba su kalli batsa ba su fuskanci rabuwar aure nan da 2012, koda bayan sun mallaki farin cikin aure da gamsuwar jima'i a 2006 da kuma alaƙar zamantakewa da zamantakewa. Duk da haka, dangantakar da ke tsakanin batsa da amfani da mita da rabuwar aure ta kasance mai lanƙwasa a zahiri. Yiwuwar rabuwar aure nan da 2012 ta ƙaru yayin da amfani da batsa a 2006 ya kai wani matsayi sannan ya ragu a mafi yawan lokutan amfani da batsa.

Sakamakon da aka samu a zahiri . Idan aka haɗa su wuri ɗaya, masu amfani da batsa (ko dai maza ko mata) sun fi fuskantar rabuwar aure sau biyu bayan shekaru 6. Musamman ma, ga kashi 95% na waɗanda aka yi wa batsa, amfani da batsa a shekarar 2006 yana da alaƙa da ƙaruwar yiwuwar rabuwar aure a shekarar 2012. Duk da haka, da zarar yawan amfani da batsa ya kai sau da yawa a mako ko fiye (kashi 5% kawai na waɗanda aka yi wa batsa ), yuwuwar rabuwar ta yi daidai da ta waɗanda ba su yi amfani da batsa ba.

Kamar yadda aka nuna a ƙarƙashin sashe na #7, alaƙar da ke ƙarshen lanƙwasa na kararrawa ba za ta iya annabta sakamako ga yawancin masu amfani da batsa ba. A cikin wannan gauraye na kashi 2-5% na masu amfani da su akai-akai, za mu iya samun kaso mafi girma na ma'aurata waɗanda suka gane a matsayin masu swingers ko polyamorous. Suna iya samun aure a buɗe. Wataƙila ma'auratan suna da fahimtar cewa abokin tarayya zai iya amfani da batsa gwargwadon yadda ake so, amma saki ba zaɓi bane. Ko menene dalilin yawan amfani da batsa a cikin ɗaya ko duka abokan tarayya, a bayyane yake daga wannan binciken da sauran duka, cewa waɗanda ba sa cikin aure ba sa daidaita da yawancin ma'aurata.

Af, duk sauran nazarin lokaci-lokaci sun tabbatar da cewa amfani da batsa yana da alaƙa da sakamakon dangantaka mara kyau.

  • Ƙaunar da ba ta ƙare ba: batsa da kwarewar da aka yi wa ɗayan abokin tarayya (2012): Abubuwan da suke ƙoƙari su guje wa yin amfani da batsa (kawai 3 makonni). Idan aka kwatanta wannan rukuni tare da masu halartar kulawa, waɗanda suka ci gaba da yin amfani da batsa sun bada rahoton ƙaddamar da ƙaddamarwa fiye da sarrafawa. Mene ne zai faru idan sun yi ƙoƙari su guje wa watanni 3 maimakon 3 makonni?
  • Shafin batsa na Intanit da halayen dangantaka: Nazarin nazarin lokaci a tsakanin da tsakanin abokan tarayya na gyarawa, samun jima'i da jima'i na intanet a cikin sabon sababbin (2015). Musamman: Bayanan da aka samo daga samari na sabuwar aure sun nuna cewa amfani da SEIM ya fi kyau fiye da sakamako mai kyau ga maza da mata. Abu mahimmanci, gyare-gyare maza ya rage rage amfani da SEIM da lokaci da kuma SEIM amfani da ƙayyadewa. Bugu da ƙari kuma, karin jin daɗin jin dadin aure a maza ya yi la'akari da raguwa a lokacin da matan su na amfani da SEIM bayan shekara guda, yayin amfani da mata na SEIM ba su canza juyayi na mazajensu ba.
  • Shin kallon talabijin yana rage yawancin auren lokaci? Shaida daga Bayanan Tsare Tsarin (2016). Musamman: Wannan binciken shine farkon wanda ya zana kan wakilin ƙasa, bayanan tsawon lokaci (Hotunan 2006-2012 na Nazarin Rayuwar Amurka) don gwada ko yawan amfani da batsa yana tasiri ingancin aure daga baya kuma ko wannan tasirin yana daidaita ta hanyar jinsi. Gabaɗaya, masu aure waɗanda suka fi yawan kallon hotunan batsa a cikin 2006 sun ba da rahoton ƙarancin matakan ingancin aure a cikin 2012, ragamar sarrafawa don ingancin auren da ya gabata da kuma alaƙa mai dacewa. Tasirin batsa ba wai kawai wakili bane na rashin gamsuwa da rayuwar jima'i ko yanke hukuncin aure a 2006. Dangane da tasiri mai tasiri, yawan amfani da hotunan batsa a 2006 shine na biyu mafi tsinkayen tsinkayen ingancin aure a 2012.
  • Shin batsa masu bidiyo ne da suka fi dacewa don sanin kwarewar romantic? Shaida daga Bayanan Tsare Tsarin (2017). Musamman: nazarin ya nuna cewa 'yan Amurkan da suka kalli batsa a 2006 kusan kusan sau biyu ne kamar waɗanda ba su taba kallon batsa ba don rahoto suna fuskantar romantic breakdown by 2012, ko da bayan da ya kula da abubuwan da suka dace kamar 2006 dangantaka dangantaka da sauran tsarin zamantakewar al'umma. Har ila yau, nazarin ya nuna dangantakar dangantaka tsakanin yadda yawancin Amirkawa ke kallon hotunan batsa a cikin 2006 da kuma abubuwan da suke fuskanta game da shawo kan 2012.

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KARANTA #11: Oops. Kunawa / Klein / Kohut da rashin sani ya rubuta wani binciken da ke goyan bayan samfuri

BAYANIN SLATE: Samun ƙarfin amsawar kwakwalwa ga fina-finan jima'i a dakin gwaje-gwaje shi ma yana nuna cewa akwai ƙarfin sha'awar yin jima'i da abokin tarayya watanni bayan haka.

Ta yaya binciken ya haɗu don tallafawa wannan batun magana shine ra'ayin kowa. Wataƙila suna tsammanin mai karatu zai yi kuskuren fahimtar wannan kamar “kallon batsa yana haifar da sha'awar sha'awar yin jima'i da mutumin gaske wanda ke ci gaba har tsawon watanni.” Amma wannan ba shine abin da binciken ya ruwaito ba.

Wannan bincike ne game da hanyoyin da ke haifar da halayen tilastawa (cin abinci fiye da kima da kuma halayen jima'i na tilastawa). Binciken ya gano cewa mafi girman martani ga batsa yana da alaƙa da ƙarin sha'awar yin jima'i da kuma yin lalata da shi watanni shida bayan haka. Binciken bai tantance "sha'awar kasancewa tare da abokin tarayya ba". Ya tantance sha'awar yin lalata da yin jima'i ne kawai, wanda ba'a iyakance ga abokin tarayya ɗaya ba. Binciken ya sami sakamako iri ɗaya ga abinci: mutanen da ke da ƙarin amsawa ga hotunan abinci mai jan hankali sun sami mafi girman nauyi a cikin watanni shida masu zuwa. Daga taƙaitaccen binciken:

Wadannan binciken sun nuna cewa haɓaka karɓar sakamako a cikin kwakwalwa zuwa abinci da kuma jima'i suna hade da ƙwarewa a cikin cin zarafi da yin jima'i, da kuma bayar da shaida ga wata hanya ta jiki wanda ke hade da halayen ƙira.

Wannan binciken yana tallafawa tsarin jaraba, kamar yadda batutuwa masu mafi girman amsawar sakamako (aikin cibiyar lada) suka fuskanci ƙarin sha'awar yin aiki watanni shida bayan haka. Da alama waɗannan mutane sun sami ƙarin sha'awar batsa , wanda ya bayyana a matsayin amsawar martani da sha'awar amfani. Masu binciken jaraba suna kallon fahimta a matsayin canjin kwakwalwa na asali wanda ke haifar da amfani da ƙarfi da kuma jaraba. (Duba " Ka'idar ƙarfafawa ta jaraba ")

Hanyar hanyoyi za a iya la'akari da shi Pavlovian kwanciya a kan turbos. Lokacin da aka kunna tunani ko mawuyacin hali, hanyoyi masu mahimmanci suna busa ladaran ladaran, yin fashewa da kwarewa. Dubban binciken kwakwalwa na baya-bayan nan a kan masu amfani da batsa sun tantance mahimmanci, kuma duk sun ruwaito irin wannan kwakwalwa kamar yadda aka gani a cikin masu shan giya da magungunan miyagun ƙwayoyi. Kamar yadda na 2018 wasu nazarin 25 sun ruwaito binciken da ya dace da mahimmanci (cue-reactivity ko cravings) a cikin masu amfani da batsa da kuma addicts batsa: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25.

Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa jin daɗin ba alama ce ta son zuciya ko sha'awar kusanci da abokin tarayya ba. Madadin haka, shaida ce ta yawan jin daɗin tunawa ko alamun da suka shafi ɗabi'ar. Misali, alamu - kamar kunna kwamfuta, ganin wani abu da ya bayyana, ko kasancewa shi kaɗai - na iya haifar da sha'awar kallon batsa mai tsanani, mai wahalar yin watsi da shi. Nazarin ya nuna cewa masu amfani da batsa masu tilastawa na iya samun ƙarin amsawa ko sha'awar batsa, amma duk da haka suna fuskantar ƙarancin sha'awar jima'i da rashin aikin jima'i tare da abokan hulɗa na gaske. Misali, a cikin binciken kwakwalwa na Jami'ar Cambridge akan masu shan batsa , waɗanda aka yi wa gwajin sun sami ƙarin kunnawar kwakwalwa ga batsa, amma da yawa sun ruwaito matsalolin tashin hankali/motsa jiki tare da abokan hulɗa. Daga binciken Cambridge na 2014:

[Abubuwan halayyar jima'i masu haɗari] batutuwa sun ba da rahoton cewa sakamakon yawan amfani da abubuwan da ke bayyane ga jima'i… .. sun sami raguwar libido ko aiki na musamman musamman a cikin alaƙar jiki da mata (kodayake ba a cikin alaƙar da jima'i ba).

Sannan muna da nazarin EEG na Nicole Prause na 2013 wanda ta yi magana a kafofin watsa labarai a matsayin shaida a kan wanzuwar jarabar batsa/jima'i: Sha'awar Jima'i, ba Jima'i Mai Yawan Haɗari ba, tana da alaƙa da Amsoshin Jijiyoyin Jiki da Hotunan Jima'i ke haifarwa ( Steele et al. , 2013). Ba haka ba ne . Steele et al. 2013 a zahiri yana ba da goyon baya ga wanzuwar jarabar batsa da kuma amfani da batsa wanda ke rage sha'awar jima'i. Ta yaya haka? Binciken ya ba da rahoton ƙarin karatun EEG (idan aka kwatanta da hotuna masu tsaka tsaki) lokacin da aka fallasa mutane ga hotunan batsa na ɗan lokaci. Bincike ya nuna cewa P300 mai girma yana faruwa ne lokacin da masu jaraba suka fallasa alamun (kamar hotuna) da suka shafi jarabarsu (kamar a cikin wannan binciken kan masu shan cocaine ).

Da'awar da Prause ta saba yi cewa " kwakwalwarta ba ta mayar da martani kamar sauran masu shan kwayoyi ba " ba ta da tallafi , kuma babu inda aka same ta a cikin ainihin binciken. Ana samunta ne kawai a cikin hirarrakinta. Da take tsokaci a ƙarƙashin hirar Psychology Today ta Prause, babban farfesa a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, John A. Johnson, ya kira Prause saboda ɓatar da bincikenta:

“Har yanzu hankalina yana kwance a yayin da ake gabatar da wasan kwaikwayon kan ikirarin cewa kwakwalenta bai amsa hotunan jima'i ba kamar kwakwalwar masu shan kwayoyi 'kwakwalwar ta amsa maganin su, ganin cewa ta bayar da rahoton karatuttukan P300 mafi girma game da hotunan jima'i. Kamar dai 'yan maye waɗanda ke nuna P300 spikes lokacin da aka gabatar musu da maganin da suka zaɓa. Ta yaya za ta yanke hukunci wanda yake akasin ainihin sakamakon? ”

Dangane da nazarin binciken kwakwalwa na Jami'ar Cambridge , Steele et al. 2013 sun kuma ba da rahoton ƙarin martani ga batsa wanda ke da alaƙa da ƙarancin sha'awar jima'i tare. A wata hanyar, mutanen da ke da ƙarin kunnawar kwakwalwa ga batsa sun fi son yin lalata da batsa fiye da yin jima'i da mutum na gaske. Abin mamaki, mai magana da yawun binciken Prause ya yi iƙirarin cewa masu amfani da batsa suna da "babban sha'awa," amma sakamakon binciken ya ce akasin haka ne (sha'awar waɗanda ke son yin jima'i tare ta ragu dangane da amfani da batsa). Takardu takwas da aka yi wa takwarorinsu sun bayyana gaskiyar: Sukar da aka yi wa takwarorinsu na Steele et al. , 2013. Duba kuma babban sukar YBOP.

A taƙaice, mai yawan amfani da batsa zai iya fuskantar ƙarin sha'awa (sha'awa) amma kuma yana fuskantar matsalolin tsayawa a tsaye tare da abokin tarayya . Sha'awar batsa ba shaida ce ta "amsawar jima'i" ko kuma aikin jima'i mai kyau tare da abokin tarayya ba.

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KARANTA #12: Ko da David Ley yana tsammanin kullun ba zai yiwu ba

BAYANI GAME DA BANGARORI: Nazarin gwaji na iya nuna ko kallon batsa da gaske yana haifar da mummunan tasirin dangantaka ta hanyar haɗa iko. Babban gwajin farko da aka yi wa rijista ya gano cewa kallon hotunan jima'i bai rage ƙauna ko sha'awar abokin soyayya na yanzu ba.

Da farko, abin mamaki ne a yi iƙirarin cewa "Nazarin gwaji na iya nuna idan kallon batsa da gaske yana haifar da mummunan tasirin dangantaka." Gwaje-gwaje inda samari masu shekaru a kwaleji ke kallon wasu ƙananan wuraren wasan Playboy (kamar yadda aka yi a cikin binciken da marubutan suka haɗa ) ba za su iya gaya muku komai game da tasirin da mijinki ke yi wa batsa ga shirye-shiryen bidiyo masu ƙarfi kowace rana tsawon shekaru ba. Nazarin dangantaka kawai da zai iya " nuna idan kallon batsa da gaske yana haifar da mummunan tasirin dangantaka" su ne nazarin dogon lokaci wanda ke sarrafa masu canji ko nazarin inda mutane ke guje wa batsa. Zuwa yanzu an buga nazarin dangantaka na dogon lokaci guda bakwai waɗanda ke bayyana sakamakon rayuwa na ainihi na ci gaba da amfani da batsa. Duk sun ruwaito cewa amfani da batsa yana da alaƙa da mummunan dangantaka/sakamakon jima'i:

  1. Ƙaramar 'yan yara' Bayyanawa ga Jirgin Intanit na Intanit da Jima'i Satisfaction: Nazarin Tsare-tsaren (2009).
  2. Ƙaunar da ba ta ƙare ba: batsa da kwarewar da aka yi wa ɗayan abokin tarayya (2012).
  3. Shafin batsa na Intanit da halayen dangantaka: Nazarin nazarin lokaci a tsakanin da tsakanin abokan tarayya na gyarawa, samun jima'i da jima'i na intanet a cikin sabon sababbin (2015).
  4. Har Yawan Yawan Yana Zamu Rarraba? Hanyoyin Tsaro na Abubuwan Hulɗa a kan Saki, (2016).
  5. Shin kallon talabijin yana rage yawancin auren lokaci? Shaida daga Bayanan Tsare Tsarin (2016).
  6. Shin batsa masu bidiyo ne da suka fi dacewa don sanin kwarewar romantic? Shaida daga Bayanan Tsare Tsarin (2017).
  7. Yin amfani da batsa da kuma rabuwa na aure: Shaida daga Bayanin Bayanai na Biyu (2017).

A kan binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2017 mai suna Prause/Klein/Kohut, da kuma sakamakonsa da aka yi watsi da shi cikin sauƙi: Shin fallasa ga batsa yana rage sha'awa da soyayya ga abokan soyayya a cikin maza? Kwafi na Kenrick, Gutierres, da Goldberg masu zaman kansu (1989).

Binciken na 2017 ya yi ƙoƙarin yin kwafin wani bincike na 1989 wanda ya fallasa maza da mata a cikin dangantaka mai zurfi ga hotunan batsa na jinsi akasin haka. Binciken na 1989 ya gano cewa mazan da aka fallasa su a cikin gidajen wasan Playboy tsirara sun kimanta abokan hulɗarsu a matsayin marasa kyau kuma sun ba da rahoton ƙarancin ƙauna ga abokin haɗin gwiwarsu. Yayin da 2017 ta kasa yin kwafin binciken 1989, an gaya mana cewa binciken 1989 ya yi kuskure, kuma cewa amfani da batsa ba zai iya rage soyayya ko sha'awa ba. Kai! Ba da sauri ba.

Maimaitawar "ta gaza" saboda yanayin al'adunmu ya zama "batsa". Masu binciken na 2017 basu dauki daliban kwalejin 1989 wadanda suka girma suna kallon MTV bayan makaranta ba. Madadin haka ne batutuwan su suka taso kan yanar gizo mai suna PornHub don rawar bango da shirye-shiryen bidiyo masu ban sha'awa.

A shekarar 1989, ɗaliban jami'a nawa ne suka kalli bidiyon X-rated? Ba su da yawa. Dalibai nawa ne suka yi amfani da kowace zaman taba al'aura, tun daga lokacin balaga, suna yin taba al'aura zuwa bidiyo mai ƙarfi da yawa a zaman ɗaya? Babu. Dalilin sakamakon 2017 a bayyane yake: ɗan gajeren lokacin da aka fallasa hoton Playboy a tsakiyar gida babban hamma ne idan aka kwatanta da abin da mazan jami'a a shekarar 2017 suka shafe shekaru suna kallo. Har ma marubutan sun yarda da bambance-bambancen tsararraki tare da gargaɗin farko:

1) Na farko, yana da mahimmanci a nuna cewa an fara nazarin asali a 1989. A wannan lokacin, jituwa zuwa jima'i bazai iya samuwa ba, yayin da yau, ɗaukar hotuna zuwa hotuna masu banƙyama sun fi dacewa da yawa, saboda haka ana iya fallasa su a cikin ɗakin gida mai ƙila bazai isa ya nuna bambancin sakamako da aka ruwaito ba. Sabili da haka, sakamakon binciken karatun yanzu na iya bambanta daga nazarin na farko saboda bambance-bambancen da ke nunawa, samun dama, har ma da yarda da erotica sa'an nan kuma a yanzu.

A cikin wani misali mai wuya na rubutun da ba shi da son kai har ma David Ley ya ji dole ya nuna abin da ke bayyane:

Wataƙila al'ada, maza, da jima'i sun canza sosai tun daga shekarar 1989. Maza ƙalilan ne a zamanin yau ba su taɓa ganin batsa ko mata tsirara ba— tsirara da jima'i na hoto sun zama ruwan dare a cikin kafofin watsa labarai masu shahara, tun daga Game of Thrones zuwa tallace-tallacen turare, kuma a jihohi da yawa, ana ba wa mata izinin yin sutura ba tare da sutura ba. Don haka yana yiwuwa maza a cikin binciken da aka yi kwanan nan sun koyi haɗa tsirara da jima'i da suke gani a cikin batsa da kafofin watsa labarai na yau da kullun ta hanyar da ba ta shafi sha'awarsu ko ƙaunar abokan hulɗarsu ba. Wataƙila mazan da ke cikin binciken na 1989 ba su da kusanci da jima'i, tsirara, da batsa.

Ku tuna cewa wannan gwajin ba yana nufin amfani da batsa ta intanet bai shafi sha'awar maza ga masoyansu ba. Yana nufin kawai kallon "centerfolds" ba shi da wani tasiri nan take a kwanakin nan. Maza da yawa sun ba da rahoton ƙaruwa mai yawa a sha'awar abokan hulɗa bayan sun daina batsa ta intanet . Kuma, ba shakka, akwai kuma shaidun da aka ambata a sama waɗanda ke nuna mummunan tasirin kallon batsa akan dangantaka.

Bugu da ƙari, Prause / Klein / Kohut yana samar da wani abu mai ban mamaki, wanda aka samu a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwarewa a ƙananan ƙoƙari na ƙalubalantar binciken da ake yi na bayar da rahoton yin amfani da porn da aka danganta da kisan aure, fashewa, da rashin talauci da dangantaka.

A ƙarshe, yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa marubutan wannan takarda da aka haɗa su abokan aikin Taylor Kohut ne a Jami'ar Western Ontario. Wannan ƙungiyar masu bincike, ƙarƙashin jagorancin William Fisher, tana buga bincike mai ban mamaki, wanda ke haifar da sakamako wanda a zahiri ya nuna yana adawa da ɗimbin wallafe-wallafen da ke danganta amfani da batsa da sakamako mara kyau iri-iri. Bugu da ƙari, Kohut da Fisher sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kayar da Motion 47 a Kanada.

A nan ne binciken nan na biyu daga Kohut, Fisher da abokan aiki a yammacin Ontario wadanda suka ba da labari mai yawa:

1) Tasirin Batsa da Aka Fahimta a Kan Dangantakar Ma'aurata: Binciken Farko na Binciken Buɗaɗɗen Bayani, Mai Ba da Bayani ga Mahalarta, "Ƙasa-Sama" (2017), Taylor Kohut, William A. Fisher, Lorne Campbell

A bincikensu na 2017, Kohut, Fisher da Campbell sun bayyana sun karkata samfurin ne don samar da sakamakon da suke nema. Ganin cewa yawancin karatu suna nuna cewa ƙananan yan tsirarun mata masu amfani da batsa suna amfani da batsa, a cikin wannan binciken kashi 95% na mata suna amfani da batsa da kansu (85% na mata sun yi amfani da batsa tun farkon dangantakar). Waɗannan ƙididdigar sun fi na tsofaffin ɗaliban kwaleji, kuma sun fi yadda suke a kowane karatun batsa! A takaice dai, masu binciken sun nuna sun karkatar da samfurinsu don samar da sakamakon da suke nema. Haƙiƙa: Bayanan gicciye daga mafi girman binciken Amurka (General Social Survey) ya ba da rahoton cewa kashi 2.6% na mata ne kawai suka ziyarci "gidan yanar gizo na batsa" a cikin watan jiya.

Bugu da ƙari, binciken Kohut ya yi tambayoyi ne kawai na "buɗewa" inda batutuwa za su iya yin magana game da batsa. Masu binciken sun karanta maganganun kuma sun yanke shawara, bayan gaskiyar, waɗanne amsoshi ne "masu mahimmanci" (sun dace da labarin da suke so?). A wata ma'anar, binciken bai haɗa amfani da batsa da wani kimantawa na kimiyya mai ma'ana, na gamsuwar jima'i ko dangantaka ba (kamar yadda binciken sama da 75 da suka nuna amfani da batsa yana da alaƙa da mummunan tasirin dangantaka) . Duk abin da aka ruwaito a cikin takardar an haɗa shi (ko an cire shi) bisa ga shawarar marubutan.

2) Sukar "Shin Da Gaske ne Batsa ke da Alaƙa da "Yin Ƙiyayya ga Mata"? Masu Amfani da Batsa Suna da Ra'ayoyi Mafi Daidaito Game da Jinsi Fiye da Marasa Amfani a cikin Misalin Wakiltar Amurka" (2016) ,

Taylor Kohut, tare da marubutan sun tsara daidaito a matsayin: Tallafi ga (1) Zubar da ciki, (2) Gane mata, (3) Mata masu riƙe da mukamai, (4) Imani cewa rayuwar iyali tana wahala lokacin da mace ke da aiki na cikakken lokaci, kuma abin mamaki ne (5) Riƙe ra'ayoyi marasa kyau ga iyali na gargajiya. Al'umma marasa addini, waɗanda galibi suna da sassaucin ra'ayi, suna da yawan amfani da batsa fiye da al'ummomin addini. Ta hanyar zaɓar waɗannan sharuɗɗan da kuma yin watsi da wasu canje-canje marasa iyaka, babban marubucin Kohut da abokan aikinsa sun san za su ƙare da masu amfani da batsa waɗanda suka fi samun maki a kan zaɓin da aka zaɓa a hankali na abin da ya ƙunshi " daidaituwa. " Sannan marubutan sun zaɓi taken da ya daidaita komai. A zahiri, waɗannan binciken sun saba wa kusan kowace binciken da aka buga. (Duba wannan jerin sama da nazarin 25 da ke haɗa amfani da batsa da halayen jima'i, rashin yarda da rashin daidaito .)

Lura: Wannan gabatarwar ta 2018 ta fallasa gaskiyar da ke bayan bincike guda 5 masu cike da shakku da kuma ruɗani, gami da binciken guda biyu da aka tattauna yanzu: Binciken Batsa: Gaskiya ko Almara?

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KARANTA #13: Yin kallon batsa yana sa ku jaraba da shan shayar da yanayinku, don haka ba za a iya zama wani abu ba

BAYANI GAME DA LABARI: A wasu binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje, ma'auratan da suka kalli fina-finan jima'i, ko a ɗaki ɗaya ko a rabe, sun nuna sha'awar yin jima'i da wannan abokin tarayya na yanzu.

Wata takarda ta Nicole Prause. Kallon batsa, zama mai son sha'awa, sannan kuma son fita, ba abu ne mai ban mamaki ba. Wannan "binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje" bai gaya mana komai game da tasirin dogon lokaci na amfani da batsa akan dangantaka ba (kuma, sama da bincike 75 - kuma kowane bincike akan maza - yana danganta amfani da batsa da ƙarancin gamsuwa da jima'i) . Wannan gwajin yayi kama da kimanta tasirin barasa ta hanyar tambayar masu siyayya a mashaya ko suna jin daɗi bayan giyar farko. Shin wannan kimantawa ta lokaci ɗaya tana gaya mana wani abu game da yanayin su washegari da safe ko kuma tasirin shan barasa na dogon lokaci?

Ba abin mamaki ba, Dokta Prause ya kawar da sauran binciken bincikenta:

Dubi fina-finai mai ban sha'awa kuma ya haifar da rahotannin da suka shafi mummunar tasiri, laifi, da damuwa

Matsanancin tasiri yana nufin motsin zuciyar kirki. Gunawa ya sake komawa ga ceri-dauka sakamakonta.

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KARANTA #14: Don kare batsa, bari mu zargi al'aura don duk mummunan tasirin da aka danganta shi da batsa

BAYANI GAME DA BANGARORI: Duk da cewa wani bincike ya nuna cewa rage shan batsa ya ƙara wa abokin tarayya himma , babu wani bincike da ya nuna cewa wannan ya faru ne saboda fina-finan jima'i da kansu ba wai wani abu mai rikitarwa ba, kamar bambance-bambancen al'aura da ya samo asali daga daidaita halayen kallo. A ra'ayinmu, har yanzu babu wasu bayanai masu ƙarfi da za su tabbatar da cewa sha'awar jima'i ta hanyar fina-finan jima'i koyaushe yana rage sha'awar abokin tarayya na yau da kullun; tabbas, a wasu yanayi, fina-finan jima'i suna kama da suna kunna wutar gida.

A gaskiya ma, yawan shaidun da aka bayar ya nuna cewa yayin da yawan shan batsa ke ƙaruwa, dangantaka da gamsuwar jima'i suna raguwa. Wannan ba lamari ne na wasu nazarin "ce eh" ba kuma wasu nazarin "ce a'a", kamar yadda kowane bincike kan maza da amfani da batsa ( nazarin 70 ) ya danganta yawan amfani da batsa da raguwar gamsuwar jima'i ko dangantaka. A gaskiya ma, wani bincike da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa ga maza, amfani da batsa wanda ya fi yawa fiye da sau ɗaya a wata yana da alaƙa da raguwar gamsuwar jima'i. (Ga mata, yankewar ta fi ƙasa. Amfani da ya fi yawa fiye da "sau da yawa a shekara" yana da alaƙa da raguwar gamsuwar jima'i.)

Haka kuma, binciken da aka ambata a sama ya nuna cewa kallon batsa shine mafi yuwuwar sanadin raguwar sadaukarwa ga waɗanda suka kalli batsa da yawa. Yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan binciken da aka nemi mutane su (ƙoƙarta) kawar da amfani da batsa (na tsawon makonni 3) don kwatanta tasirin da ƙungiyar kulawa. Abin takaici, wasu daga cikin masu binciken sun buga wani bincike da ke kwatanta jinkirin rage farashi ga waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙarin daina batsa na ɗan lokaci. Sun gano cewa yawan masu halartar batsa suna ganin ƙarancin damar da suke da ita na jinkirta gamsuwa.

Abin mamaki ne cewa masana ilimin jima'i kamar Klein, Prause da Kohut sun dage sosai wajen kare amfani da batsa har suka yarda su nuna cewa yin jima'i yana haifar da matsalolin dangantaka! (Prause da abokin aiki Ley sun kuma yi iƙirarin cewa yin jima'i yana haifar da ED na yau da kullun a cikin samari - ba tare da wani ɓangare na likita ko wata shaida ba )

Duk da haka, a lokaci guda Prause ya daɗe yana nanata a bainar jama'a cewa yin amfani da batsa fa'ida ce mara cancanta. To, wanne ne? A nan waɗannan marubutan suna nuna yatsa ga yin amfani da batsa a matsayin sanadin matsalolin dangantaka, amma ba su bayar da wata shaida ta hukuma da ke goyon bayan ra'ayinsu ba. Da alama ikirarinsu cewa "yin amfani da batsa ne" kawai abin jan hankali ne mai dacewa duk lokacin da shaidar kimiyya ta nuna cewa amfani da batsa da yawa yana da alaƙa da matsaloli.

Ba zato ba tsammani, a cikin 2017 masana kimiyya sun gwada ka'idar "masturbation-red herring", amma ba su sami goyon baya a kanta ba. Duba " Shin Batsa Zai Iya Yin Jarabawa? Nazarin FMRI Na Maza Masu Neman Maganin Amfani Da Batsa Mai Matsaloli " Jin daɗin alamun da suka shafi jaraba yana da alaƙa da amfani da batsa da kuma yawan yin al'aura. Wannan yana da ma'ana, kamar yadda kallon batsa yake kama da al'aura :

Ɗauki misalin batsa. Yin tunani game da hanyoyi don samun damar shiga, ko neman rayayye, da kuma yiwuwar sha'awar lokacin aiwatarwa, ana ganin yardar jima'i. Yin kallo da aka zaba abubuwan batsa, ko da ba tare da al'aura ba, za a iya daukar su "yin jima'i" lokacin da akwai hankalin mutum.

Hakanan dan Adam yana bukatar masu bincike da za su yi amfani da kimiyya mai kyau (da kuma neuroscience) don bincika jima'i na mutum da kuma tasirin halin jima'i na yau. Ba masu tsauraran ra'ayi suna yin hidima ba.

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KARANTA #15: Yi hakuri yara, kawai binciken daya ya haɓaka "mai ganewa a matsayin mai shan magunguna" tare da amfani da lokaci, addini da kuma rashin amincewar dabi'a na amfani da batsa

BAYANI GAME DA BANGARORI: Da yake magana a kan tushen matsalar, ɗaya daga cikin manyan matsalolin da wasu masu amfani da batsa ke fuskanta shine kunya. Kunyar kallon fina-finan jima'i yana da yawa a cikin jama'a ta hanyar masana'antar maganin jarabar jima'i (don samun riba), ta kafofin watsa labarai (don dannawa), da kuma ƙungiyoyin addini (don daidaita jima'i). Abin takaici, ko kun yi imani da cewa kallon batsa ya dace ko a'a, kyamar kallon fina-finan jima'i na iya zama abin da ke haifar da matsalar. A gaskiya ma, yawan bincike da aka yi ya nuna cewa mutane da yawa waɗanda suka bayyana kansu a matsayin "masu jarabar batsa" ba sa kallon fina-finan jima'i fiye da sauran mutane. Kawai suna jin kunya game da halayensu, wanda ke da alaƙa da girma a cikin al'umma mai addini ko takurawa ta jima'i.

An haɗa martanin da aka bayar ga ɓangaren #15 tare da martanin da aka bayar ga ɓangaren #19 da ke ƙasa , domin duka suna magana ne game da tambayoyin batsa guda ɗaya (CPUI-9) da tatsuniyoyi da ke kewaye da shi da kuma nazarin da aka yi amfani da shi.

Lura: Babban ikirarin da ke cikin abin da aka ambata a sama ƙarya ne domin akwai bincike ɗaya kawai da ya haɗa kai tsaye da gane kai a matsayin mai shan batsa tare da amfani da sa'o'i da yawa, addini da kuma rashin amincewa da amfani da batsa. Binciken da aka yi ya saba wa labarin da aka tsara a hankali game da "jarabar da aka fahimta" (cewa "jarabar batsa kawai abin kunya ne na addini/ƙin amincewa da ɗabi'a") - wanda aka gina shi a cikin binciken da aka yi amfani da kayan aikin da ba shi da kyau da ake kira CPUI-9. A cikin binciken da aka yi kai tsaye kawai, mafi girman alaƙa da fahimtar kai a matsayin mai shan barasa shine tare da amfani da batsa na sa'o'i . Addini ba shi da mahimmanci, kuma yayin da akwai alaƙa tsakanin fahimtar kai a matsayin mai shan barasa da rashin daidaiton ɗabi'a game da amfani da batsa, kusan rabin haɗin sa'o'i ne na amfani.

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KARANTA #16: Uladdamarwa ba daidai ba ne tare da "Comparfafa havarfin Sexwayar Jima'i" a cikin ICD-11

BAYANIN SLATE: Yana da matukar muhimmanci a lura cewa tilastawa ba kalma ce ta laima da ta haɗa da jaraba ba. Jaraba, tilastawa, da kuma rashin himma duk samfura ne daban-daban tare da tsarin amsawa daban-daban waɗanda ke buƙatar magani daban-daban. Misali, samfuran jaraba suna annabta alamun janyewa, amma samfuran tilastawa ba sa annabta janyewa. Samfuran tilastawa suna annabta ƙiya ga jinkirta yanke shawara ko jinkirta jin daɗin da ake tsammani, yayin da samfuran tilastawa suna annabta juriya mai tsauri da tsari.

Har yanzu Prause/Klein/Kohut sun yi ƙoƙarin yin amfani da dabarar da ba ta dace ba. Suna son ku yi imani da cewa "tilastawa" yana da alaƙa da ganewar Matsalar Halayyar Jima'i Mai Wuya , kuma saboda haka ICD-11 yana nufin hana masu ba da lafiya amfani da shi don gano waɗanda ke da jarabar batsa da jima'i. Duk da haka, waɗannan kalmomin ba su da ma'ana ɗaya, wanda ke nufin za mu iya yin watsi da ɓangaren #17 da yunƙurinsa na rikitar da mai karatu.

Duk da haka muna so mu sake cire wannan bayanin saboda masu musun jaraba kamar Prause / Klein / Kohut da abokan aikinsu suna da alama suna da ɗan tilasta kansu. Suna dagewa kan sake yin amfani da matsala ta amfani da batsa a matsayin "tilas" - saboda haka yana nuna cewa ba zai taba zama "jaraba" ba.

RE: "tilastawa ba kalma ce ta laima da ta haɗa da jaraba ba." Ya danganta da wanda kuka yi tambaya, amma irin wannan tambayar ba ta da alaƙa da ganewar Cutar Halayyar Jima'i ta ICD-11 . Amfani da "Tilastawa" a cikin sabon ganewar ICD-11 ba a nufin nuna tushen jijiyoyi na CSBD ba: " ci gaba da halayen jima'i mai maimaitawa duk da mummunan sakamako. " Madadin haka "Tilastawa," kamar yadda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin ICD-11, kalma ce ta bayanin da aka yi amfani da ita tsawon shekaru, kuma galibi ana amfani da ita tare da "jaraba." (Misali, binciken masanin Google don tilastawa + jaraba ya dawo da ambato 130,000.)

Takaitaccen bayani na #17 ya shafi rashin sanin wani abu da aka tabbatar: Tsarin ICD da DSM tsari ne na bayyanawa , galibi tsarin rarrabuwar ka'ida mara tushe . Suna dogara ne akan kasancewar ko rashin takamaiman alamomi da alamu don gano cutar. A wata ma'anar, ICD da DSM suna nisantar amincewa da kowace ka'idar halitta da ke ƙarƙashin matsalar kwakwalwa, ko don baƙin ciki, schizophrenia, barasa, ko CSBD.

Saboda haka, duk abin da kai ko mai ba da kulawar lafiyarka kake so ka kira shi - "jima'i," "jarabar batsa," "jarabar jima'i," "halayen jima'i marasa iko," "jarabar yanar gizo" - idan halayen suka faɗi cikin bayanin "Matsalar Halayyar Jima'i Mai Wuya", ana iya gano yanayin ta amfani da ganewar asali na ICD-11 CSBD.

Ba zato ba tsammani, kamar yadda sanarwar manema labarai ta Society for the Advancement of Sexual Health ta bayyana, Matsalar Halayyar Jima'i Mai Wuya tana ƙarƙashin "matsalolin sarrafa sha'awa" a yanzu amma hakan na iya canzawa kamar yadda ya faru da Cutar Caca.

A yanzu, nau'in iyaye na sabon ganewar CSBD shine Cututtukan Kula da Motsa Jiki, wanda ya haɗa da ganewar asali kamar Pyromania [6C70], Kleptomania [6C71] da Cutar Fashewa ta Intermittent [6C73]. Duk da haka akwai shakku game da nau'in da ya dace. Kamar yadda masanin kimiyyar jijiyoyi na Yale Marc Potenza MD PhD da Mateusz Gola PhD, mai bincike a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Poland da Jami'ar California San Diego suka nuna, "Shawarar da ake bayarwa a yanzu ta rarraba cutar CSB a matsayin cuta mai sarrafa motsin rai tana da ce-ce-ku-ce yayin da aka gabatar da wasu samfura daban-daban ... Akwai bayanai da ke nuna cewa CSB tana da siffofi da yawa tare da jaraba ." 7

Yana da kyau a lura cewa ICD-11 ya haɗa da gano cututtukan Caca a ƙarƙashin duka Cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da jaraba da kuma a ƙarƙashin Matsalolin Kula da Sha'awa. Saboda haka, rarraba cututtuka ba lallai ne ya zama mai zaman kansa ba koyaushe . 5 Rarrabawa na iya canzawa da lokaci. An fara rarraba Cutar Caca a matsayin cuta mai haɗari a cikin DSM-IV da ICD-10, amma bisa ga ci gaba a cikin fahimtar gwaji, an sake rarraba Cutar Caca a matsayin "Matsalar da ke da alaƙa da jaraba" (DSM-5) da "Matsalar da ke da alaƙa da jaraba" (ICD-11). Yana yiwuwa wannan sabon ganewar CSBD na iya bin irin wannan hanyar ci gaba kamar yadda Cutar Caca ta yi.

Duk da cewa CSBD yana kama da jaraba kuma yana kama da jaraba, yana farawa a cikin "Matsalolin Kula da Sha'awa" saboda dalilai na siyasa. Baya ga siyasa, masana kimiyyar kwakwalwa waɗanda ke buga nazarin kwakwalwa akan batutuwa na CSB sun yi imanin cewa gidansu na da kyau yana tare da wasu jaraba. Daga sharhin Lancet , Shin yawan jima'i cuta ce ta jaraba? (2017) :

kleinHarkokin halayen jima'i mai tsanani ya zama daidai da rashin lafiyar jiki wanda aka ba da shi ga ICD-11, daidai da lokacin da ya fi dacewa da cin zarafin jima'i a halin yanzu da aka ba da shawara don ciwon halayyar jima'i a kan shafin yanar gizon ICD-11. Mun yi imanin cewa rarrabawar rikitarwa na halayen jima'i a matsayin abin ba da jima'i ya kasance daidai da bayanan da suka gabata kuma zai iya amfanar likitoci, masu bincike, da kuma mutanen da ke shan wahala da cutar ta wannan cuta.

Af, ko da “orderarfafa halayen halayen jima'i” daga ƙarshe an koma shi zuwa "Rikicin Saboda toabi'ar icarfafawa" har ilayau ana iya kiransa "Cutar Beabi'ar ulsarfi da ulsarfi Bugu da ƙari, "compulsivity" ba daidai yake da ganewar asali na CSBD ba.

RE: Addiction, compulsivity, da impulsivity duk samfura ne daban-daban tare da alamu daban-daban na amsawa waɗanda ke buƙatar magani daban-daban.

Da farko, hanyar haɗin yanar gizon ta je ga wata takarda mai rikitarwa wadda ta gabatar da wani tsari na ka'ida na "jarabar jima'i" wanda kawai ke nuna yanayin jima'i na yau da kullun na jin ƙaiƙayi, yin aikin, da rashin jin ƙaiƙayi na dogon lokaci. Samfurin:

Musamman, haɗarin jima'i ya nuna cewa sake zagaye na jima'i ya ƙunshi nau'i hudu da tsararru waɗanda aka kwatanta a matsayin jima'i da jima'i, halayyar jima'i, da zubar da jima'i.

Shi ke nan. Wannan ya ba ni kwarin gwiwa na sanar da tsarin ka'idar cin abinci, tare da matakai guda huɗu a jere: jin yunwa, sha'awar cin abinci, cin abinci, jin ƙoshi da kuma dainawa. Mujallar ta nemi sharhi kan wannan "zagayen sha'awar jima'i." Ina ba da shawarar wannan: Raba Samfura Ya Rufe Tushen Kimiyya na Sha'awar Jima'i a matsayin Rashin Lafiya.

Na biyu, nazarin jaraba ya yi ta ba da rahoton cewa jaraba tana da abubuwan da ke haifar da rashin sha'awa da kuma rashin sha'awa. (Binciken Google Scholar don jaraba + rashin sha'awa + rashin sha'awa ya dawo da ambato 22,000 .) Ga ma'anoni masu sauƙi na rashin sha'awa da rashin sha'awa :

  • Impulsivity: Yin aiki da sauri kuma ba tare da isasshen tunani ba ko tsarawa saboda amsawar da ke ciki ko na waje. Da'awar yarda da karɓar kwanciyar hanzari kadan a kan mafi girma ya jinkirta jinkirin da kuma rashin yiwuwar dakatar da halayyar gamsuwa idan an fara motsi.
  • Compulsivity: Yana ƙin nuna halin da ake yi akai-akai da aka yi bisa ga wasu dokoki ko a cikin yanayin stereotypical. Wadannan dabi'un suna jimre koda a fuska masu tasiri.

A hasashen cewa, masu binciken jaraba sau da yawa suna siffanta jaraba a matsayin tasowa daga halin neman jin daɗi mai motsa rai zuwa halaye masu maimaitawa don guje wa rashin jin daɗi (kamar zafin janyewa). Don haka, jaraba ta ƙunshi ɗan abu biyu , tare da wasu abubuwa. Don haka bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin "samfuran" na sha'awa da tilastawa kamar yadda suke da alaƙa da CSBD ba komai bane illa yankewa da bushewa.

Na uku, damuwa game da buƙatun magani daban-daban ga kowane samfurin shine jajayen fata kamar yadda ICD-11 ba ta amince da wani takamaiman magani ga CSBD ko wata cuta ta hankali ko ta jiki ba. Wannan ya rage ga mai kula da lafiya. A cikin takardarsa ta 2018, " Halayyar jima'i mai tilastawa: Hanyar da ba ta yanke hukunci ba ," memba na ƙungiyar CSBD Jon Grant (ƙwararre ɗaya wanda Prause/Klein/Kohut ya yi kuskuren fahimta a baya) ya rufe kuskuren ganewar asali, ganewar asali daban-daban, cututtukan haɗin gwiwa da zaɓuɓɓukan magani daban-daban da suka shafi sabon ganewar CSBD. Ba zato ba tsammani, Grant ya ce ana kiran Halayyar Jima'i mai tilastawa "jarabar jima'i" a cikin wannan takarda!

" Ba jaraba ba ce, tilas ne. " Wannan ya kawo mu ga tattaunawar 'tilastawa' da 'jaraba'. Jaraba da tilas kalmomi ne da suka shiga cikin harshenmu na yau da kullun. Kamar yawancin kalmomi da ake amfani da su a yau da kullun, ana iya amfani da su ba daidai ba kuma a fahimce su.

A cikin jayayya da ma'anar cin zarafin ɗabi'a, musamman jarabar batsa, masu shakka sau da yawa suna da'awar cewa jarabar batsa 'tilastawa ce' kuma ba gaskiya ba ce 'buri'. Wadansu ma sun dage cewa jaraba kamar '' Tashin hankali ne-Mai Tsangwama (OCD). Lokacin da aka kara matsawa game da yadda 'tilasta yin amfani da X' ya bambanta ta hanyar kwakwalwa ta hanyar 'jaraba zuwa X', dawowar da waɗannan masu shakku marasa fahimta suka yi ita ce cewa "cin zarafin ɗabi'a wani nau'i ne na OCD." Ba gaskiya bane.

Shafuka da yawa na bincike sun nuna cewa jaraba ta bambanta da OCD ta hanyoyi da yawa masu mahimmanci, gami da bambance-bambancen jijiyoyi. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa DSM-5 da ICD-11 suna da nau'ikan ganewar asali daban-daban don cututtukan da ke damun mutum da kuma ga cututtukan jaraba . Nazarin ya bar shakku kaɗan cewa CSBD ba nau'in OCD bane. A zahiri, kashi na mutanen CSB da ke da OCD tare yana da ƙanƙanta abin mamaki. Daga Ra'ayi da Kimanta Cutar Jima'i: Bita na Tsari na Littattafai (2016)

An yi la'akari da rashin ciwo mai rikitarwa-nau'ikan bidiyon da ke tattare da fahimtar jima'i (40) saboda wasu nazarin da aka gano wadanda ke da halayyar halayya ta halayya a kan rashin tausananciyar cuta (OCD). OCD don halin jima'i ba daidai da DSM-5 (1) fahimtar ganewa na OCD ba, wanda ya ware daga ganewar asali waɗannan dabi'un da mutane ke jin dadi. Kodayake tunanin tunanin na OCD sau da yawa yana da jituwa ta jima'i, haɗin da ake haɗuwa da shi don mayar da martani ga al'amuran ba'ayi dashi ba don jin dadi. Kowane mutum tare da rahoton OCD ya ji labarin jin tsoro da ƙyama fiye da sha'awar jima'i ko ƙwaƙwalwa lokacin da aka fuskanci yanayi da ke haifar da ra'ayi da ƙaddamarwa, tare da ƙarshen abin da aka yi kawai don kawar da rashin jin daɗin abubuwan da ke damuwa. (41)

Daga wannan binciken na watan Yuni, 2018: Sake Duba Matsayin Rashin Sha'awa da Tilastawa a cikin Halayen Jima'i Masu Matsala :

Bincike kaɗan ne suka binciki alaƙar da ke tsakanin tilastawa da kuma yawan jima'i. Daga cikin maza masu fama da matsalar rashin jima'i mara kyau [CSBD], yawan kamuwa da cutar damuwa ta yau da kullun - wata cuta ta tabin hankali da ke nuna tilastawa - ya kama daga 0% zuwa 14%

An gano cewa yawan damuwa - wanda wataƙila yana da alaƙa da halin tilastawa - a cikin mazan da ke neman magani da ke da yawan jima'i ya ƙaru idan aka kwatanta da ƙungiyar kwatantawa, amma girman tasirin wannan bambanci ya yi rauni. Lokacin da aka binciki alaƙar da ke tsakanin matakin halin tilastawa - wanda aka tantance ta hanyar ƙaramin sikelin na Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-II) - da matakin yawan jima'i tsakanin mazan da ke neman magani da ke da matsalar rashin jima'i, an gano yanayin zuwa ga kyakkyawar alaƙa mai rauni. Dangane da sakamakon da aka ambata a sama, tilastawa yana ba da gudummawa ta hanyar ƙaramin hanya ga yawan jima'i [CSBD].

A cikin wani bincike, an binciki tilastawa gabaɗaya dangane da amfani da batsa mai matsala tsakanin maza, wanda ke nuna alaƙa mai kyau amma mai rauni. Lokacin da aka bincika a cikin wani tsari mai rikitarwa, dangantakar da ke tsakanin tilastawa gabaɗaya da amfani da batsa mai matsala ta hanyar jarabar jima'i da jarabar intanet, da kuma jaraba gabaɗaya. Idan aka haɗa su, alaƙar da ke tsakanin tilastawa da yawan jima'i da tilastawa da amfani da matsala ta bayyana da rauni.

Akwai muhawara a halin yanzu game da yadda za a yi la'akari da halayen jima'i masu matsala (kamar yawan jima'i da amfani da batsa masu matsala), tare da samfuran da ke fafatawa da juna suna ba da shawarar rarrabuwa a matsayin cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da motsa jiki, rikice-rikicen yanayin damuwa, ko jarabar ɗabi'a. Alaƙa tsakanin siffofin transdiagnostic na rashin sha'awa da tilastawa da halayen jima'i masu matsala ya kamata su ba da irin waɗannan la'akari, kodayake duka sha'awa da tilastawa suna da alaƙa da jaraba.

Binciken da aka yi cewa rashin sha'awa yana da alaƙa da rashin sha'awa a matsakaici da rashin sha'awa yana ba da tallafi ga rarraba matsalar halayen jima'i na tilas (kamar yadda aka gabatar ga ICD-11; Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya a matsayin matsalar sarrafa sha'awa ko kuma jarabar ɗabi'a . Idan aka yi la'akari da sauran cututtukan da ake gabatarwa a halin yanzu a matsayin cututtukan sarrafa sha'awa (misali, rikice-rikicen fashewa na lokaci-lokaci, pyromania, da kleptomania) da kuma manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalar halayen jima'i na tilas da kuma cututtukan da aka gabatar saboda halayen jaraba (misali, caca da matsalolin wasanni), rarrabuwar matsalar halayen jima'i na tilas a cikin rukunin na ƙarshe ya fi dacewa a goyi baya. (An bayar da muhimmanci)

A ƙarshe, duk nazarin ilimin halittar jiki da na neuropsychological da aka buga akan masu amfani da batsa da masu shan batsa (wanda aka fi sani da CSB) sun ba da rahoton sakamakon da ya dace da tsarin jaraba (kamar yadda nazarin ke ba da rahoton ƙaruwa ko haƙuri ).

A shekarar 2016, George F. Koob da Nora D. Volkow sun buga wani muhimmin bita a cikin Jaridar New England Journal of Medicine : Ci gaban Jijiyoyi daga Tsarin Cututtukan Kwakwalwa . Koob shi ne Daraktan Cibiyar Kasa kan Cin Zarafin Barasa da Barasa (NIAAA), kuma Volkow shi ne darektan Cibiyar Kasa kan Cin Zarafin Barasa (NIDA). Takardar ta bayyana manyan canje-canjen kwakwalwa da suka shafi jarabar miyagun kwayoyi da halaye, yayin da ta bayyana a sakin layi na farko cewa jarabar halayen jima'i tana wanzuwa:

Mun kammala da cewa ilimin jijiyoyi yana ci gaba da tallafawa tsarin cututtukan kwakwalwa na jaraba. Binciken ilimin jijiyoyi a wannan fanni ba wai kawai yana ba da sabbin damammaki don rigakafi da magance jarabar miyagun ƙwayoyi da jarabar ɗabi'a masu alaƙa ba (misali, ga abinci, jima'i , da caca)….

Takardar Volkow & Koob ta bayyana manyan canje-canje guda huɗu na kwakwalwa da ke da alaƙa da jaraba, waɗanda suka haɗa da: 1) Jin Daɗi , 2) Rashin Jin Daɗi , 3) Da'irori na gaba-gaba marasa aiki (hypofrontality), 4) Tsarin damuwa mara aiki . An gano duk waɗannan canje-canje guda 4 na kwakwalwa a cikin nazarin ilimin halittar jiki da na jijiyoyi da aka jera a wannan shafin :

  • Nazarin nazarin rahoton sanarwa (cue-reactivity & cravings) a cikin masu amfani da batsa / jarabar jima'i: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25.
  • Rubuce-rubucen nazarin lalatawa ko haɓaka (wanda ya haifar da haƙuri) a cikin masu amfani da batsa / jima'i addicts: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.
  • Karatuttukan da ke ba da rahoton aikin zartarwa mafi ƙaranci (hypofrontality) ko canza ayyukan gabatarwar gaba a cikin masu amfani da batsa / masu jarabar jima'i: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17.
  • Nazarin da ke nuna tsarin damuwa na dysfunctional a cikin masu amfani da batsa / jima'i: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

Shawarwarin shaida game da CSBD ya dace da samfurin jaraba.

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KARANTA #17: Masu amfani da Intanet suna shawo kan janyewa da haƙuri

BAYANI GAME DA JIKI: Misali, samfuran jaraba suna annabta alamun janyewa , amma samfuran tilastawa ba sa annabta janyewa. Samfuran tilastawa suna annabta ƙiyayya mai ƙarfi ga jinkirta yanke shawara ko jinkirta jin daɗin da ake tsammani, yayin da samfuran tilastawa suna annabta juriya mai tsauri da tsari.

RE: alamun janyewa. Gaskiyar magana ita ce, ba a buƙatar alamun janyewa don gano jaraba ba. Da farko, za ku ga harshen "babu haƙuri ko janyewa da ake buƙata ko isa ga ganewar asali..." a cikin duka DSM-IV-TR da DSM-5. Na biyu, da'awar cewa jaraba "ta gaske" tana haifar da mummunan alamun janyewa da ke barazana ga rayuwa ba daidai ba yana haɗa dogaro da jiki da canje-canjen kwakwalwa da suka shafi jaraba . Wani ɓangare daga wannan bita na wallafe-wallafe na 2015 yana ba da ƙarin bayani na fasaha ( Neuroscience of Internet Pornography Addiction: A Review and Update ):

Babban abin da ke cikin wannan matakin shi ne cewa janyewa ba ya game da tasirin ilimin halittar jiki daga wani takamaiman abu ba. Maimakon haka, wannan samfurin yana auna janyewa ta hanyar mummunan tasiri da ya samo asali daga tsarin da ke sama. Motsin rai kamar damuwa, baƙin ciki, rashin jin daɗi, da fushi alamu ne na janyewa a cikin wannan samfurin jaraba [ 43 , 45 ]. Masu bincike da ke adawa da ra'ayin halaye masu jaraba sau da yawa suna watsi da ko kuma ba su fahimci wannan muhimmin bambanci ba, suna rikitar da janyewa da cire guba [ 46 , 47 ].

Babu wani daga cikin Prause, Klein, ko Kohut da ya taɓa buga wani bincike kan jaraba, kuma hakan ya nuna. A cikin da'awar cewa alamun janyewa da haƙuri dole ne su kasance a wurin don gano jaraba, sun yi kuskuren sabon shiga na rikitar da dogaro da jiki da jaraba . Waɗannan kalmomin ba su da ma'ana ɗaya.

Misali, miliyoyin mutane suna shan magunguna masu yawan gaske kamar opioids don ciwon da ke damunsu, ko prednisone don cututtukan da ke shafar garkuwar jiki. Kwakwalwarsu da kyallen jikinsu sun dogara da su, kuma daina amfani da su nan take na iya haifar da manyan alamun janyewar jiki. Duk da haka, ba lallai bane su zama jaraba. Shaye-shaye ya ƙunshi canje-canje da yawa na kwakwalwa da aka gano waɗanda ke haifar da abin da muka sani da "nau'in jaraba". Idan bambancin bai bayyana ba, ina ba da shawarar wannan bayani mai sauƙi daga NIDA :

Addiction-ko yin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi duk da sakamakon cutarwa-ana alakanta shi da rashin iya dakatar da amfani da magani; rashin cika wajibai na aiki, zamantakewa, ko na iyali; kuma, wani lokacin (dangane da magani), haƙuri da janyewa. Thearshen yana nuna dogaro na jiki wanda jiki ya dace da magani, yana buƙatar ƙari don cimma wani sakamako (haƙuri) da kuma haifar da takamaiman magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta ko na hankali idan an daina amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi (janyewa). Dogaro da jiki na iya faruwa tare da amfani da ƙwayoyi masu yawa na yau da kullun-gami da yawancin magungunan ƙwayoyi, koda kuwa an ɗauka kamar yadda aka umurta. Sabili da haka, dogaro da jiki a cikin kansa da kansa ba ya zama jaraba, amma sau da yawa yakan haɗu da jaraba.

Duk da haka, binciken batsa ta intanet da rahotannin kai-tsaye da dama sun nuna cewa wasu masu amfani da batsa suna fuskantar janyewa da/ko haƙuri - wanda galibi yana da alaƙa da dogaro da jiki. A gaskiya ma, tsoffin masu amfani da batsa a kai a kai suna ba da rahoton alamun janyewa mai tsanani , waɗanda ke kama da janyewar miyagun ƙwayoyi: rashin barci, damuwa, rashin jin daɗi, canjin yanayi, ciwon kai, rashin natsuwa, rashin maida hankali sosai, gajiya, baƙin ciki, gurguwar zamantakewa da kuma asarar sha'awa kwatsam da maza ke kira 'layin layi' (wanda a bayyane yake na musamman ga janyewar batsa). Wata alama ta dogaro da jiki da masu amfani da batsa suka ruwaito ita ce buƙatar batsa don yin tsayuwar jiki ko kuma yin inzali.

Sauya lakabin (CSBD) ko "samfuri" (watau rashin sha'awa) da aka yi wa waɗannan masu amfani ba ya canza ainihin alamun da suke bayarwa. (Duba Menene janyewa daga jarabar batsa yake? da kuma wannan PDF tare da rahotannin " alamomin janyewa ."

Tallafin gwaji? Duk wani bincike da aka yi, ya ba da rahoton alamun janyewa: Nazarin 10 da ke ba da rahoton alamun janyewa ga masu amfani da batsa . Misali, yi la'akari da wannan jadawalin daga wani bincike na 2017 da ke ba da rahoton ci gaba da gwajin tambayoyin amfani da batsa masu matsala . Lura cewa an sami babban shaida na "juriya" da "janyewa" a cikin masu amfani da haɗari da masu amfani da ƙarancin haɗari.

klein

Wata takarda ta 2018 da ta ba da rahoto kan Ci gaba da Tabbatar da Sikelin Jarabawar Jima'i na Bergen-Yale Tare da Babban Samfurin Ƙasa ita ma ta tantance janyewa da haƙuri. Abubuwan da suka fi shahara a cikin "jarabar jima'i" sune sha'awa da haƙuri, amma sauran abubuwan, gami da janyewa, suma sun bayyana. An tattara ƙarin bincike da ke ba da rahoton shaidar janyewa ko haƙuri a nan.

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KARANTA #18: Wani labarin "Kasuwancin Kasuwanci" shine duk abin da kuke tallafawa don tabbatar da gaskiyar ku?

BAYANIN SLATE: An cire "jarabar jima'i" musamman daga ICD-11 saboda rashin isasshen shaida. Wannan shawarar ta yi daidai da ra'ayoyin ƙungiyoyi shida masu ƙwarewa a fannin asibiti da bincike , waɗanda kuma suka sami isassun shaidu don tallafawa ra'ayin cewa jima'i ko batsa yana da jaraba.

Dangane da ikirarin cewa, an cire "jarabar jima'i" musamman daga ICD-11 saboda rashin isasshen shaida , a zahiri, a'a, ba haka bane. Kamar yadda aka bayyana a wani wuri, ICD-11 ko DSM-5 na APA ba su taɓa amfani da kalmar "jaraba" don bayyana jaraba ba - ko jarabar caca ce, ko jarabar heroin. Duk littattafan bincike guda biyu suna kiran irin waɗannan cututtukan a matsayin "rashin lafiya". (Cikakkun bayanai game da keɓewa na musamman na "Rashin Lafiyar Jima'i" daga DSM-5 na minti na ƙarshe ana samun su a sama a ƙarƙashin Bayani #1.) Don haka, ba a taɓa la'akari da "jarabar jima'i" a hukumance don haɗawa a cikin kowane littafin jagora ba (kuma saboda haka ba a taɓa "ƙi" ba).

Dangane da hanyar haɗin farko, yana zuwa ga wani ɗan gajeren labarin Business Insider , ba ga wata sanarwa ta hukuma ta WHO ba. Haka ne. Shahararrun kafofin watsa labarai sune duk abin da labarin Slate ke bayarwa don tallafawa tunanin marubutan. Duk da haka, Prause/Klein/Kohut ya kamata ya karanta labarin kafin ya dogara da shi, kamar yadda masanin kimiyya ɗaya tilo ya ambata ya ce akwai jarabar halayen jima'i:

Masanin ilimin halittar jiki Robert Lustig ya shaida wa Business Insider a farkon wannan shekarar cewa ayyuka da yawa da za su iya kawo jin daɗi, kamar siyayya, cin abinci, yin wasannin bidiyo, amfani da batsa, har ma da amfani da kafofin sada zumunta duk suna da damar jaraba idan aka ɗauke su zuwa matsanancin matsayi. "Yana yin daidai da abin da ke faruwa ga tsarin jijiyoyinka na tsakiya kamar yadda duk waɗannan magunguna ke yi," in ji shi. "Ba ya yin wani aiki a ɓangaren tsarin jijiyoyin gefe. Wannan bai sa ya zama ba jaraba ba. Har yanzu jaraba ce, kawai jaraba ce ba tare da tasirin gefe ba."

Me yasa labarin Slate bai danganta shi da wata mujallar kimiyya ba, kamar wannan sharhin Lancet na 2017 , wanda memba na ƙungiyar aiki ta CSBD Shane Kraus, Ph.D ya rubuta tare? To, domin sharhin Lancet ya ce shaidar da aka bayar ta tabbatar da cewa CSBD tana cikin cututtukan jaraba:

Mun yi imanin cewa rarrabawar rikitarwa na halayen jima'i a matsayin abin ba da jima'i ya kasance daidai da bayanan da suka gabata kuma zai iya amfanar likitoci, masu bincike, da kuma mutanen da ke shan wahala da cutar ta wannan cuta.

Gano Cutar Halayyar Jima'i ta ICD-11 yana ƙarƙashin "matsalolin sarrafa motsin rai" a yanzu, amma hakan na iya canzawa a nan gaba, kamar yadda ya faru da Cutar Caca. A cikin wannan labarin mai alhaki, Kraus ya ambaci wakilan WHO , yana buɗe yiwuwar cewa a ƙarshe za a sanya CSBD a cikin sashin "Matsalolin Saboda Halayyar Addictive" na littafin bincike na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya.

Kuma kamar yadda Kraus ya sanya shi, "Wannan ba shakka ba shine mafita karshe ba, amma yana da kyakkyawar wuri don ƙarin bincike da magani ga mutane."

Duk abin da kai ko mai ba da kulawar lafiyarka kake so ka kira shi - "zumunci," "jarabar batsa," "jarabar jima'i," "halayen jima'i marasa iko," "jarabar yanar gizo" - idan halayen suka faɗi cikin bayanin "Matsalar Halayyar Jima'i Mai Wuya", ana iya gano yanayin ta amfani da lambar ICD-11 ta CSBD.

Re: "ƙungiyoyi shida na ƙwararru." A gaskiya ma, labarin Slate ya samar da hanyoyi 3 zuwa "ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru" da kuma hanyar haɗi ɗaya zuwa wani rubutu a shafin yanar gizo na David Ley na 2012 game da DSM-5 da ke kawar da Hypersexual Disorder (wanda aka tattauna a ƙarƙashin ɓangaren #1 ). Bari mu yi la'akari da wannan tallafi mai ban sha'awa.

Haɗin #1: Haɗin ya shafi sanarwar AASECT mai suna 2016. AASECT ba ƙungiyar kimiyya ba ce kuma ba ta ambaci komai ba don tallafawa ikirarin a cikin sanarwar manema labarai ta kanta - wanda hakan ke sa ra'ayinta ya zama mara ma'ana.

Mafi mahimmanci, sanarwar AASECT ta Michael Aaron da wasu 'yan membobin AASECT sun yi amfani da "dabarun yaƙi" marasa ɗa'a kamar yadda Aaron ya yarda a cikin wannan rubutun blog na Psychology Today : Bincike: Yadda aka ƙirƙiri Bayanin AASECT na AASECT . Wani ɓangare daga wannan binciken. Rubuta "Matsayin AASECT akan Ado na Jima'i ," ya taƙaita rubutun blog na Aaron:

Ganin cewa haƙurin AASECT ga "samfurin jarabar jima'i" ya zama "munafunci mai zurfi," a cikin 2014 Dr. Aaron ya yi niyyar kawar da goyon bayan ra'ayin "jarabar jima'i" daga cikin rukunin AASECT. Don cimma burinsa, Dr. Aaron ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya shuka jayayya da gangan tsakanin membobin AASECT don fallasa waɗanda ke da ra'ayoyi waɗanda ba su yarda da nasa ba, sannan ya rufe waɗannan ra'ayoyin a sarari yayin da yake jagorantar ƙungiyar zuwa ga ƙin amincewa da "samfurin jarabar jima'i." Dr. Aaron ya ba da hujjar amfani da waɗannan "dabarun ridda, 'yan ta'adda " ta hanyar tunanin cewa yana adawa da "masana'antar riba" ta masu bin "samfurin jarabar jima'i" waɗanda ƙarfafawar kuɗi za ta hana shi kawo su gefensa da hankali da hankali. Madadin haka, don haifar da "canji cikin sauri" a cikin "saƙonnin AASECT," ya nemi tabbatar da cewa ba a haɗa muryoyin jarabar jima'i a cikin tattaunawar canjin tafarkin AASECT ba.

Dr. Haruna ya yi al'ajabi ya zo kusa da kadan. Mutane suna da girman kai, ba su da yawa, suna ƙaddamar da muhawarar kimiyya da kimiyya. Kuma yana da kyau cewa Dokta Haruna ya yi amfani da lokacin da kudi don zama CST da kungiyar ta amince da ita "kawai munafunci" kawai a shekara guda bayan shiga shi (idan ba a gabani ba). Idan wani abu shine Dr. Haruna wanda ya nuna munafunci lokacin da ya soki 'yan jari-hujja na "jima'i" wanda ya warkar da kudi a cikin "jima'i na jima'i", yayin da, a fili, yana da irin wannan zuba jari a wajen inganta ra'ayinsa

Yawancin sharhi da kuma sharhi sun nuna maƙasudin KASA akan abinda ainihin ita ce: siyasar jima'i:

Hanya ta 2: Hanya ta zuwa ga wata sanarwa da Ƙungiyar Kula da Masu Cin Zarafin Jima'i (ATSA) ta fitar. Babu inda bayanin matsayin ya nuna cewa jarabar jima'i ba ta wanzu ba. Madadin haka, ATSA ta tunatar da mu cewa jima'i ba tare da amincewa ba cin zarafi ne na jima'i (misali, Harvey Weinstein) kuma "mai yiwuwa ... ba sakamakon jarabar jima'i ba ne." Gaskiya ne.

Haɗin #3 : Haɗin ya tafi zuwa ga sanarwar matsayin da ƙungiyoyi uku masu zaman kansu masu zaman kansu suka bayar a watan Nuwamba, 2017. An wargaza 'shaidar' da suka ambata a takaice a cikin sharhin da ke tafe: Rusa takardar "matsayin rukuni" da ke adawa da jarabar batsa da jima'i (Nuwamba, 2017).

Abin mamaki, da alama AASECT da ƙungiyoyin kink guda 3 sun gabatar da sanarwarsu a cikin ƙoƙari mai tsanani don hana sabon ganewar cutar "CSBD" shiga cikin ICD-11. Babu shakka, ƙwararrun Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ba su yarda da wannan damisar takarda da aka haɗa ba, kamar yadda sabon ganewar ya bayyana a cikin sigar aiwatarwa ta ICD-11.

Haɗin #4: Haɗin ya tafi zuwa ga Jarabawar Jima'i: An sake ƙi ta APA. Rashin Lafiyar Jima'i Ba Za a Haɗa shi da DSM5 ba . Wannan rubutun David Ley abin lura ne saboda ya nuna misalin dabarar da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin labarin Slate da abokan Ley na kud da kud suka yi. Lokacin da DSM-5 ta ƙi amincewa da maganin "Rashin Lafiyar Jima'i" Ley da abokansa sun zana shi a matsayin ƙin yarda da " Raba Jiki ." Duk da haka lokacin da ICD-11 ta haɗa da maganin "Raba Jiki Mai Wuya" sun zana shi a matsayin ban da " Raba Jiki ." Me yasa damuwa game da rashin daidaito na ciki, ko ba haka ba? Kawai ka ce baƙi fari ne, kuma maimaita a cikin tweets, akan listserves da Facebook da labarai kamar wannan ta Klein/Kohut/Prause.

Na gaba, mayar da kuɗin ku ta amfani da kamfani mai tsada na PR. Zai iya sanya ku da farfagandar ku a cikin gidajen watsa labarai na yau da kullun daban-daban, suna nuna ku a matsayin ƙwararrun duniya. Ba kome ba idan ba ilimi ba ne, ba ku da alaƙa da jami'a tsawon shekaru, ko kuma ku sami PhD ɗin ku daga cibiyar ilimin jima'i da ba a yarda da ku ba.

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KARANTA # 15 & # 19: The kawai nazarin don daidaita "kai-ganewa a matsayin mai shan magunguna" tare da aiki da yawa, addini da kuma rashin amincewa da halin kirki gano cewa yin amfani da batsa shi ne mafi kyawun annabci na gaskantawa cewa kai batsa ne akan batsa

BAYANI GAME DA BANGARORI: Da yake magana a kan tushen matsalar, ɗaya daga cikin manyan matsalolin da wasu masu amfani da batsa ke fuskanta shine kunya. Kunyar kallon fina-finan jima'i yana da yawa a cikin jama'a ta hanyar masana'antar maganin jarabar jima'i (don samun riba), ta kafofin watsa labarai (don dannawa), da kuma ƙungiyoyin addini (don daidaita jima'i). Abin takaici, ko kun yi imani da cewa kallon batsa ya dace ko a'a, kyamar kallon fina-finan jima'i na iya zama abin da ke haifar da matsalar. A gaskiya ma, yawan bincike da aka yi ya nuna cewa mutane da yawa waɗanda suka bayyana kansu a matsayin "masu jarabar batsa" ba sa kallon fina-finan jima'i fiye da sauran mutane. Kawai suna jin kunya game da halayensu, wanda ke da alaƙa da girma a cikin al'umma mai addini ko takurawa ta jima'i.

BAYANIN SLATE: Shawarar haɗa tilasta yin jima'i a cikin ICD-11 ta burge mu sosai saboda ba a taɓa gwada ainihin sharuɗɗan ganewar asali da aka zaɓa ba. Musamman ma, ICD-11 ta yi iƙirarin cewa duk wanda ke damuwa game da halayen jima'i da ake yawan yi saboda kawai "hukunce-hukuncen ɗabi'a da rashin yarda game da sha'awar jima'i, sha'awa, ko halaye" ya kamata a cire shi daga ganewar asali. Duk da haka, hukunce-hukuncen ɗabi'a da rashin yarda su ne mafi ƙarfin hasashen cewa wani yana da'awar cewa yana sha'awar batsa tun farko.

Abubuwan da ke biyowa shine haɗuwa da aka haɗo zuwa 15 da 19 a matsayin duka ma'amala da tambayoyin batsa guda guda (CPUI-9) da kuma nazarin da suke amfani da su.

lura: Babban maƙirarin da aka gabatar a cikin waɗannan ƙahoɗin ƙarya ƙarya ne kamar yadda akwai kawai binciken daya wanda ya haɗa kai tsaye a matsayin mai shan magunguna tare da tsawon lokaci na yin amfani da shi, addini da kuma rashin amincewar dabi'un amfani da batsa. Abubuwan da aka samo sun saba da labarin da aka kirkira game da hankali game da "tsinkayen jaraba" (cewa "jarabar batsa kawai kunya ce ta addini / rashin yarda da ɗabi'a") - wanda aka kafa akan karatun da ake
kayan aiki mara kyau da aka kira CPUI-9. A cikin nazarin hulɗar kai tsaye kawai, mafi kusantar zumunci tare da fahimtar mutum a matsayin mai shan magani yana tare da hours na amfani da batsa. Addini bai kasance mahimmanci ba, kuma yayin da akwai yiwuwar yin sulhu a tsakanin fahimtar mutum a matsayin mai shan magunguna da halayyar kirki game da amfani da batsa, yana da kyau rabi haɗin yin amfani da lokaci-da-amfani.

A nan mun gabatar da taƙaitacciyar taƙaiceccen jimlar tambayoyin Joshua Grubbs (CPUI-9), tarihin "tunanin batsa batsa," da kuma abin da bayanai masu dacewa suka bayyana. Tunda wannan ya shafi yanar gizo mai zurfi tare da wasu layuka, waɗannan abubuwa uku da gabatarwa sun samar don cikakken bayani game da karatun CPUI-9:

Domin fahimtar yadda binciken hulɗa kai tsaye kawai ke lalata duk nazarin CPUI-9 , ƙarin bayani yana da amfani. Kalmar "jin daɗin batsa" ba ta nuna komai ba face lamba: jimlar maki akan tambayoyin batsa masu zuwa guda 9 tare da tambayoyin da ba na waje ba guda uku. Babban fahimta shine cewa CPUI-9 ya haɗa da tambayoyi 3 "laifi da kunya/damuwa ta motsin rai" waɗanda ba a saba samu a cikin kayan aikin jaraba ba . Waɗannan suna karkatar da sakamakonsa , suna sa masu amfani da batsa na addini su sami maki mafi girma da waɗanda ba na addini ba don samun maki ƙasa da waɗanda ake samu akan kayan aikin kimanta jaraba na yau da kullun. Ba ya raba alkama daga ƙura dangane da jaraba da aka fahimta da gaske . Haka kuma CPUI-9 ba ya tantance jarabar batsa ta gaske daidai.

Ƙiƙarin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙwarewa

  1. Na yi imanin cewa ina shafan batsa na Intanit.
  2. Ina jin ba zan iya dakatar da yin amfani da batsa ta bidiyo ba.
  3. Ko da lokacin da ba na so in ga hotuna a kan layi, ina jin dadi

Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Tafiya

  1. A wasu lokuta, Na yi ƙoƙari na shirya jadawalin don in sami damar zama kadai don ganin batsa.
  2. Na ƙi ki fita tare da abokai ko ziyarci wasu ayyuka na zamantakewa don samun dama na ganin batsa.
  3. Na sanya manyan abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci don duba hotuna.

Ra'ayin Rashin Nuna Motsa jiki

  1. Ina jin kunya bayan na kallon batsa a kan layi.
  2. Ina jin takaici bayan duba hotuna a kan layi.
  3. [Kuma] Ina jin ciwo bayan kallon batsa akan layi.

Ba a taɓa "lakabi kansu a matsayin masu shan batsa" a cikin kowane binciken Grubbs ba : Suna amsa tambayoyin 9 da ke sama kawai, kuma suna samun jimillar maki.

Kalmar "rashin jin daɗin batsa" tana da matuƙar ɓatarwa, domin kawai maki ne mara ma'ana akan kayan aiki wanda ke haifar da sakamako mara kyau. Amma mutane sun ɗauka cewa sun fahimci ma'anar "jaraba da aka fahimta". Sun ɗauka cewa hakan yana nufin cewa mahaliccin CPUI-9, Grubbs, ya gano hanyar da zai bambanta ainihin "jaraba" daga "imani da jaraba." Bai yi ba. Ya ba da lakabin yaudara ga "kayan amfani da batsa," CPUI-9. Grubbs bai yi ƙoƙarin gyara ra'ayoyin da ba daidai ba game da aikinsa wanda ya yaɗu a kafofin watsa labarai, waɗanda masana kimiyyar jima'i da masu sha'awar kafofin watsa labarai suka tura.

Masu wallafawa da aka zana sunyi kuskuren ƙayyade binciken CPUI-9 kamar:

  • Yin imani da jaraba na batsa shine tushen matsalolinku, ba yin amfani da batsa ba.
  • Masu amfani da batsa na addini ba su da kamuwa da batsa (ko da sun ci nasara a kan Grubbs CPUI-9) - suna da kunya.

Maɓallin: Tambayoyin Damuwa na Motsin Rai (7-9) suna sa masu amfani da batsa na addini su sami maki mafi girma da kuma masu amfani da batsa na duniya don samun maki mafi ƙasa, da kuma ƙirƙirar dangantaka mai ƙarfi tsakanin "rashin yarda da ɗabi'a" da jimlar maki CPUI-9 ("jaraba da aka fahimta"). A wata hanyar, idan kun yi amfani da sakamako kawai daga tambayoyin CPUI-9 1-6 (wanda ke tantance alamun da alamun jaraba na gaske ), alaƙar tana canzawa sosai - kuma duk labaran da ba a san su ba suna da'awar kunya shine "ainihin" dalilin da yasa jarabar batsa ba za a taɓa rubuta ta ba.

Domin duba wasu alaƙa masu bayyanawa, bari mu yi amfani da bayanai daga takardar Grubbs ta 2015 (“ Keta haddin kai kamar jaraba: Addini da Rashin Amincewa da Ɗabi'a a matsayin Masu Hasashen Jaraba ga Batsa ”). Ya ƙunshi bincike guda 3 daban-daban kuma taken sa mai tayar da hankali ya nuna cewa addini da rashin amincewa da ɗabi'a "suna haifar da" imani da jarabar batsa.

Tips don fahimtar lambobin a cikin tebur: zero na nufin babu daidaituwa tsakanin nau'i biyu; 1.00 na nufin cikakkiyar daidaitaka tsakanin maɓamai biyu. Girman lambar ya fi ƙarfin daidaita tsakanin maɓallin 2.

A farkon wannan hulɗar mun ga yadda rashin amincewa da halin kirki ya yi daidai da laifin 3 da tambayoyin kunya (Emotional Distress), duk da haka rauni tare da bangarori biyu da suka tantance ainihin jaraba (tambayoyin 1-6). Tambayoyi na Rarraba Motsawa suna haifar da rashin amincewa da dabi'a don kasancewa mafi mahimmanci na hangen nesa na yawan CPUI-9 ƙananan ("buri").

Amma idan muka yi amfani da ainihin tambayoyin batsa (1-6), kuskuren yana da rauni sosai tare da Labaran Disapproval (a cikin kimiyya-magana, Labaran Disapproval shi ne mai tsinkaye mai hangen nesa akan jita-jitar batsa).

Rabi na biyu na labarin shine yadda irin wannan 3 Emotional Distress yayi daidai sosai tare da matakan amfani da batsa, yayin da ainihin tambayoyin batsa (1-6) yayi tasiri sosai tare da matakan amfani da batsa.

Wannan shine yadda tambayoyin 3 na Damuwa na Motsin rai suka ɓata sakamakon. Suna haifar da raguwar alaƙa tsakanin "lokutan amfani da batsa" da jimlar maki CPUI-9 ("jaraba da aka fahimta"). Na gaba, jimlar dukkan sassan 3 na gwajin CPUI-9 an sake yiwa lakabi da "jaraba da aka fahimta" ta hanyar Grubbs. Sannan, a hannun masu fafutukar yaƙi da batsa, "jaraba da aka fahimta" ya canza zuwa "wanda ke nuna kansa a matsayin mai shan batsa." Masu fafutuka sun yi iƙirarin cewa, "imani da jarabar batsa ba komai bane illa kunya !"

Gidan katunan da aka gina a kan laifin 3 da kunya da ba a samo su ba a cikin wani jaraba na jaraba, tare da haɗin tare da ma'anar yaudarar mahaliccin mai tambaya yana amfani da shi don yin la'akari da tambayoyin 9 (a matsayin ma'auni na "tsinkayar labarun batsa").

Gidan katunan CPUI-9 ya faɗi ƙasa da wani bincike na 2017 wanda kusan ya ɓata CPUI-9 a matsayin kayan aiki don tantance ko dai "jarabar batsa da aka gani" ko jarabar batsa ta gaske: Shin Batsa ta Intanet Tana Amfani da Maki 9 Na Nuna Gaskiyar Tilastawa a Intanet Amfani da Batsa? Binciken Matsayin Ƙoƙarin Kauracewa . Hakanan ya gano cewa ya kamata a cire 1/3 na tambayoyin CPUI-9 don dawo da ingantattun sakamako da suka shafi "rashin amincewa da ɗabi'a," "addini," da "sa'o'in amfani da batsa." Kun ga duk mahimman bayanai a nan , amma Fernandez et al., 2018 sun taƙaita abubuwa:

Na biyu, bincikenmu yana sa shakku game da dacewa da hadawar Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙwarar Raba a matsayin ɓangare na CPUI-9. Kamar yadda aka samo a cikin bincike mai yawa (misali, Grubbs et al., 2015a, c), bincikenmu ya nuna cewa yawan amfani na IP ba shi da wata dangantaka da Ra'ayin Dama. Mafi mahimmanci, ainihin ƙwarewa kamar yadda aka fahimta a cikin binciken da aka yi a yanzu (rashin ƙoƙari na ƙoƙarin zartaswa x abstinence kokarin) ba shi da wata dangantaka tare da Ra'ayoyin Matsalar Motsa jiki.

Rahoton motsa jiki na da hankali ya nuna rashin amincewa da halin kirki, bisa ga binciken da ya gabata wanda ya samo wata mahimmanci a tsakanin su biyu (Grubbs et al., 2015a; Wilt et al., 2016) .... Saboda haka, hadawar Rajistar Cigaban Ƙarawa a matsayin wani ɓangare na CPUI-9 na iya skew sakamakon a irin wannan hanyar da ya ƙetare yawancin masu amfani da IP wadanda ba su yarda da batsa ba, kuma suna kare duk abin da ake dadewa na asalin IP masu amfani waɗanda suke da ƙananan ƙwarewar ƙwarewa, amma rashin amincewa da halin kirki na batsa.

Wannan yana iya zama saboda maɓallin Ƙarƙwasawa na Motsa jiki ya dogara ne akan ma'auni na "Guilt" na farko wanda aka samo don amfani musamman tare da al'ummomin addini (Grubbs et al., 2010), kuma mai amfani tare da wadanda ba na addini ba sun kasance ba tare da fahimta ba. alaka da wannan sikelin.

Ga babban binciken: Tambayoyin "Matsalar Motsin Rai" guda 3 ba su da matsayi a cikin CPUI-9 , ko duk wani tambayoyin jarabar batsa. Waɗannan tambayoyin laifi da kunya ba sa tantance damuwa da ke tattare da amfani da batsa mai jaraba ko "fahimtar jaraba." Waɗannan tambayoyin guda 3 kawai suna ƙara yawan maki CPUI-9 ga mutanen addini yayin da suke rage jimillar maki CPUI-9 ga masu shan batsa marasa addini.

A taƙaice, ƙarshe da iƙirarin da CPUI-9 ya haifar ba su da inganci. Joshua Grubbs ya ƙirƙiri wani tambaya da ba za a iya fahimta ba, kuma ba a taɓa tabbatar da ita ba, yana rarraba "wanda aka fahimta" daga ainihin jaraba : CPUI-9. Ba tare da wata hujja ta kimiyya ba, ya sake sanya wa CPUI-9 lakabi a matsayin "tambayoyin jarabar batsa da aka fahimta".

Saboda CPUI-9 ya ƙunshi tambayoyi guda 3 na waje waɗanda ke tantance laifi da kunya, maki na masu amfani da batsa na addini na CPUI-9 galibi suna karkacewa . Kasancewar mafi girman maki na CPUI-9 ga masu amfani da batsa na addini an gabatar da shi ga kafofin watsa labarai a matsayin da'awar cewa, " mutanen addini sun yi imanin cewa suna da jaraba ga batsa ." Wannan ya biyo bayan bincike da dama da ke danganta rashin amincewa da ɗabi'a da maki na CPUI-9 . Tunda mutanen addini a matsayin rukuni sun fi samun maki mafi girma akan rashin amincewa da ɗabi'a, da kuma (don haka) jimlar CPUI-9, an bayyana (ba tare da tallafi na gaske ba) cewa rashin amincewa da ɗabi'a na addini shine ainihin dalilin jarabar batsa. Wannan tsalle ne mai girma, kuma ba shi da tushe a matsayin batun kimiyya.

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KARANTA #20: Wani binciken da aka zarge shi da amfani da taurarin batsa a matsayin batutuwansa kuma ya ba da kuɗi ta hanyar wata kamfani mai riba mai riba don neman halalta ƙimar jima'i mai tsada sosai… ee, wanda zai lalata jarabar batsa

BAYANIN SLATE: Mafi mahimmanci, ba mu da wani bincike na dakin gwaje-gwaje game da ainihin halayen jima'i a cikin waɗanda suka ba da rahoton wannan matsala. Nazarin farko na halayen jima'i na haɗin gwiwa a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, wanda ke gwada samfurin tilastawa, a halin yanzu yana ƙarƙashin bita na takwarorinsa a wata mujallar kimiyya. (Bayyanawa: Ɗaya daga cikin marubutan wannan labarin, Nicole Prause, ita ce babbar marubucin wannan binciken.) Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ya kamata ta jira ta ga ko wani kimiyya yana goyon bayan sabon ganewar asali kafin ta yi kasadar cutar da miliyoyin mutane masu lafiya.

"Ba mu da wani bincike a dakin gwaje-gwaje?" Ba haka ba ne. Akwai nazarin dakin gwaje-gwaje da yawa da aka buga kan tasirin batsa nan take ga mai kallo (wanda aka jera a cikin Takaitaccen Bayani #9 ). Mafi mahimmanci, akwai "nazarin dakin gwaje-gwaje" guda 50 da ke tantance ayyukan kwakwalwa da tsarinsu a cikin masu amfani da batsa da kuma waɗanda ke da CSB.

Muna da ɗaruruwan bincike kan manya da ke haɗa amfani da batsa na gaske zuwa ga sakamako mara kyau daban-daban kamar ƙarancin gamsuwar dangantaka, ƙarancin gamsuwar jima'i, saki, rabuwar aure, rabuwar dangantaka, ƙananan matakan sadaukarwa, ƙarin sadarwa mara kyau, ƙarancin jima'i, rashin aikin jima'i, rashin ƙarfi, ƙarancin sha'awar jima'i, jinkirin fitar da maniyyi, ƙarancin hankali, ƙarancin ƙwaƙwalwar aiki, kaɗaici, damuwa, jin daɗin hulɗa da mutane, baƙin ciki, tunanin tsoro, rashin hankali, jaraba, narcissism, raguwar farin ciki, matsaloli a cikin kusanci, ƙarancin amincewa da dangantaka, rage ƙimar sadarwar jima'i da damuwa game da haɗin kai na soyayya.

Hakazalika, binciken ya kuma danganta amfani da batsa na gaske da mummunan hali na jiki, rashin gamsuwa da tsoka, kitsen jiki da tsayi, damuwa mai yawa, damuwa da jima'i, ƙarancin jin daɗin halayen kusanci, ƙaruwar gundura ta jima'i, ƙarancin sadarwa mai kyau ga abokan hulɗa biyu, raguwar ra'ayi game da iyawar mata/ ɗabi'a/ɗan adamtaka, rashin tausayi ga mata a matsayin waɗanda aka yi wa fyaɗe, ƙarin imani cewa mata abubuwan jima'i ne, ƙarancin ci gaba da halayen rawar jinsi, ƙarin ƙiyayya ga jima'i, adawa da aiki mai kyau, rashin tausayi ga tashin hankali na jima'i, tunanin mata a matsayin ƙungiyoyi waɗanda ke wanzuwa don gamsuwar jima'i na maza, mafi girma bin imani cewa iko akan mata abin so ne, ƙarancin amsawa ga "jima'in vanilla" erotica, ƙara buƙatar sabon abu da iri-iri…. da ƙari mai yawa.

Muna da bincike sama da 270 kan matasa da ke ba da rahoton cewa amfani da batsa yana da alaƙa da abubuwa kamar rashin ilimi mai kyau, ƙarin ra'ayoyi masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, ƙarin zalunci, rashin lafiya mai kyau, rashin dangantaka mai kyau, ƙarancin gamsuwar rayuwa, kallon mutane a matsayin abubuwa, ƙaruwar shan haɗarin jima'i, ƙarancin amfani da kwaroron roba, yawan tashin hankali na jima'i, damuwa mara misaltuwa, ƙarin tilastawa ta jima'i, ƙarancin gamsuwar jima'i, ƙarancin sha'awar jima'i, ƙarin halaye na yarda da juna, rashin daidaito a zamantakewa, ƙarancin darajar kai, ƙarancin yanayin lafiya, halin cin zarafin jima'i, jaraba, babban rikici tsakanin jinsi, salon gujewa da damuwa, halayen rashin zamantakewa, shan giya mai yawa, faɗa, alamun ADHD, ƙarancin fahimta, ƙarin yarda da jima'i kafin aure da kuma bayan aure, ƙarancin kimanta aure, haɓaka karɓar rinjayen maza da bauta mata, ƙarancin daidaito tsakanin jinsi, mafi yuwuwar yarda da tatsuniyoyi na fyaɗe da tatsuniyoyi na karuwanci…. da ƙari mai yawa.

Za a yi amfani da "binciken bincike-binciken" a nan gaba don amfani da daruruwan binciken da aka yi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan? Babu shakka kamar yadda muka riga mun san abubuwa masu yawa game da binciken da yake zuwa game da "halayen halayen halayen halayya". Dukkanin da aka saba da shi da kuma kasuwancin da aka ba da tallafi na wannan bincike sun yi ta yin baƙunci game da shi har tsawon shekaru.

Me abokan hulɗar za su yi a dakin gwaje-gwaje? Shin ma'auratan za su kalli batsa? A'a. Shin binciken zai sami ƙungiyar masu shan batsa da aka tantance da kyau da kuma ƙungiyar kulawa don kwatantawa? A'a. Waɗannan tambayoyi ne masu mahimmanci, saboda shahararren binciken EEG na Prause ya sha wahala daga kurakurai da dama na hanyoyin bincike masu hatsari: 1) mutane ba su da bambanci (maza, mata, waɗanda ba 'yan luwaɗi ba) ; 2) ba a tantance mutane don matsalolin tunani ko jaraba ba ; 3) binciken ba shi da ƙungiyar kulawa don kwatantawa ; 4) ba a tabbatar da tambayoyi don amfani da batsa ko jarabar batsa ba . 5) Yawancin waɗanda ake kira masu shan batsa na binciken ba su da sha'awar batsa . Duk da wannan Prause ta yi kuskuren bincikenta, kamar yadda farfesa a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam John A. Johnson ya bayyana a cikin sharhi biyu daban-daban a ƙarƙashin wata hira da Nicole Prause a kan Psychology Today ( sharhi #1 , sharhi #2 {https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/comment/542939#comment-542939}).

A zahiri, duk alamun da ke akwai shine cewa abokan aikinta ba zasu yi wani abu da ya dace da wannan labarin ba ta Prause / Kohut / Klein. Anan ga abin da muka sani game da wannan har yanzu aikin da ba a buga shi ba: Kamfanin California ne ya ba da izini cewa rukunin yanar gizonta ya lissafa a matsayin babbar hanyar samun kudin shiga, Orgasmic Meditation (wanda ake kira 'OM' da 'OneTaste'), don nazarin fa'idar kwalliyar kwalliya . Daga Yanar gizo na Prause's Liberos:

Tasirin jijiyoyi da fa'idodin lafiya na tunani mai motsa jiki na inzali” Babban Mai Bincike, Kuɗin kai tsaye: $350,000 , Tsawon Lokaci: Shekaru 2, Gidauniyar OneTaste, Masu Bincike: Greg Siegle, Ph.D.

OneTaste tana karɓar kuɗi mai yawa don halartar bita inda mahalarta ke koyon "bimbini mai kyau" (yadda ake shafa gyambon ciki na mata). Wannan kamfani kwanan nan ya sami wasu tallace-tallace marasa daɗi da bayyanannu (kuma FBI yanzu tana bincikensa ). Ga labaran:

Kamfanin OM/OneTaste yana shirin amfani da nazarin da Prause ke yi nan gaba don "fadada" tallan su zuwa wani sabon matsayi. A cewar labarin Bloomberg The Dark Side of the Orgasmic Meditation Company ,

Sabon shugaban kamfanin yana yin fare cewa binciken da OneTaste ya bayar kan fa'idodin lafiya na OM, wanda ya ɗauki karatun ayyukan kwakwalwa daga nau'ikan bugun jini 130 da bugun jini, zai jawo hankalin sabbin mutane. Ana sa ran binciken zai fito da na farko daga cikin takardu da yawa daga baya a wannan shekarar. "Kimiyyar da ke fitowa don tallafawa menene wannan da kuma fa'idodin za ta yi girma sosai dangane da haɓaka," in ji Van Vleck.

Ko da kuwa harkar bincike ta OM ta Prause tana magance matsalar shaƙar clitoral, ta riga ta nuna (kamar yadda take a nan) ko kuma ta fito fili ta yi iƙirarin ( a wasu wurare ) cewa hakan ya ɓata sabuwar ganewar cutar "Matsalar Halayyar Jima'i Mai Wuya" (CSBD) ta ICD-11. (Dangane da yadda ta nuna adawa sosai a bincikenta na 2013 da 2015 duk sun ƙaryata jarabar jima'i.) A takaice, duk wani bincike da aka ɗauki wannan masanin kimiyya aiki, za ku iya yin fare za ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta ƙaryata jarabar batsa da jima'i, da kuma sabuwar CSBD da za a yi amfani da ita don gano duka biyun!

Ba zato ba tsammani, ina Prause ta sami batutuwa don bincikenta na bugun jini? A cewar tweets na wani babban mai wasan kwaikwayo, Prause ta sami masu wasan batsa a matsayin darussan nazarin OM , ta hanyar ƙungiyar masu fafutuka mafi ƙarfi a masana'antar batsa, Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Magana . Duba wannan musayar Twitter tsakanin Prause da babban mai wasan kwaikwayo, Ruby the Big Rubousky , wanda shine mataimakin shugaban ƙungiyar 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo na manya (Prause ya share wannan zaren)

Amincewa yana amsawa ga Ruby's tweet shine wanda yace mutum na iya zama mai lalata batsa

Tattaunawar ta ci gaba:

An yi ta zargin wasu da son zuciya ba tare da bayar da wata hujja mai ƙarfi ba, amma bincikenta na OM misali ne mai ƙarfi na rikicin sha'awa mai tsanani: ɗaukar ɗaruruwan dubban daloli don nemo fa'idodin wani aiki mai ban mamaki, wanda ke da alaƙa da kasuwanci ... da kuma yiwuwar samun mutane ta hanyar ƙungiyar masu fafutuka mafi ƙarfi ta masana'antar batsa. Duk da yake suna hidimar masana'antar batsa cikin sauƙi ta hanyar iƙirarin cewa wannan binciken ya lalata sabon ganewar CSBD da za a yi amfani da shi ga waɗanda ke fama da halayen jima'i na tilas ( fiye da 80% daga cikinsu suna ba da rahoton matsaloli tare da amfani da batsa ta intanet).

A wani rikicin sha'awa da ya shafi OM, Shugabar Prause da OneTaste, Nicole Daedone, ta karɓi har zuwa $1,900 ga kowane mutum don wani bita na kwana 3 mai suna "Flow & Orgasm." Kamar Prause, Nicole Daedone tana da dogon tarihi na ɗabi'un da ba a iya shakkar su ba. Wani ɓangare daga labarin The Dark Side of the Orgasmic Meditation Company ya zana hoto mai wahala:

A cikin bayaninta na 2009, jaridar Times ta ambaci tsoffin membobinta tana cewa Daedone, tsohuwar Shugabar OneTaste, tana da "ikon addini kamar na ƙungiyar asiri" kuma "wani lokacin tana ba da shawara sosai ga wanda ya kamata ya haɗu da wanda ya yi soyayya."

Taron bitar na yuppies za'a iya sanya shi azaman rikice-rikicen rikicewar riba biyu ga Dokta Prause: An fara biyanta dubban ɗari don "tabbatar da" fa'idodin da yawa na ofididdigar Orgasmic, sannan a sake biya ta don gabatar da girgizarta ƙasa OM binciken da aka samu a sabuwar shekara mai tsada tare da OneTaste Shugaba wanda ya riga ya biya ta don halatta OM. Da'irar rayuwa.

Babban aiki ga Prause. Duk da haka, wannan yana haifar da tambaya game da sahihancin duk wani bincike da aka ruwaito daga nazarin OM na Prause. Dole ne mu yi tambaya: Ta yaya nazarin OM na Prause ba zai zama son kai ba? Wannan yanayin bai bambanta da Eli Lilly yana biyan mai bincike don "nazarin" fa'idodin Prozac ba, sannan ya biya wannan mai binciken kuɗi mai yawa don gabatar da shi game da Prozac a tarurrukan likita.

Tunani daya "Tambaya "Me ya sa muke damuwa game da kallon hotunan?" (By Marty Klein, Taylor Kohut, da Nicole Prause)"

  1. Pingback: "KWAKWALWA AKAN BATSA". Los Efectos de la Pornografia da el Cerebro. - Punto Crítico Derechos Humanos

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