KE AHA HOU: Ua hana nā mea noiʻi a hoʻāʻo i kahi mea hana loiloi hou, e pili ana i nā koina o ka World Health Organization ICD-11 Gaming Disorder. Hoʻolālā ʻia e loiloi i kekahi mau maʻi hoʻohana pūnaewele kūikawā (nā mea hoʻohui i ka hana pūnaewele) me ka "maʻi hoʻohana porn."
Me ka hoʻokomo ʻana o ka maʻi pāʻani i ka ICD-11, ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā pae hoʻohālikelike no kēia maʻi hou. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau pae hoʻohālikelike i nā maʻi ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Internet, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ma ICD-11 e like me nā maʻi ʻē aʻe ma muli o nā ʻano addictive, e like me pilikia kūʻai-kūʻai pūnaewele, ma ka pūnaewele kino hoʻohana ponokala, pilikia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻoihana pūnaewele, a me ka pilikia piliwaiwai pūnaewele. [hoʻonui i ka manaʻo nui]
Hoʻopaʻa ka ICD-11 i ka Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder (CSBD), no ka mea he nui ka poʻe i manaʻo ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kiʻi ponokala pilikia he hōʻailona koʻikoʻi, ma ke ʻano he maʻi hoʻomalu. Ua helu ʻia ka maʻi kūʻai-kūʻai koʻikoʻi ma ke ʻano he laʻana ma lalo o ka māhele 'nā maʻi hoʻokele impulse i koho ʻia' (6C7Y) akā me ka ʻole o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ma waena o nā ʻano ʻokoʻa pūnaewele a me waho. ʻAʻole i hana ʻia kēia ʻokoʻa i loko o nā nīnau nīnau i hoʻohana nui ʻia e ana i ke kūʻai koi ʻana (Maraz et al., 2015; Müller, Mitchell, Vogel, & de Zwaan, 2017). ʻAʻole i noʻonoʻo ʻia ka pilikia o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pūnaewele ma ka ICD-11. Eia nō naʻe, aia nā manaʻo hoʻopaʻapaʻa e pili ana i nā hōʻike no kēlā me kēia o nā maʻi ʻekolu e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e like me nā ʻano addictive (Brand et al., 2020; Gola et al., 2017; Müller et al., 2019; Stark et al., 2018; Wegmann, Müller, Ostendorf, & Brand, 2018). [hoʻonui i ka manaʻo nui]
Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo
Ke kumu a me nā manaʻo
Me ka hoʻokomo ʻana o ka maʻi pāʻani i ka ICD-11, ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā pae hoʻohālikelike no kēia maʻi hou. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau pae hoʻohālikelike i nā maʻi ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Internet, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ka ICD-11 e like me nā maʻi ʻē aʻe ma muli o nā ʻano addictive, e like me ka maʻi kūʻai-kūʻai pūnaewele, ka maʻi hoʻohana ponokala pūnaewele, ka hoʻohana pūnaewele. pilikia, a me ka piliwaiwai pūnaewele. Ma muli o ka heterogeneity i nā mea hana e kū nei, ua manaʻo mākou e hoʻomohala i kahi ʻano kūlike a me ka hoʻokele waiwai o nā ʻano nui o nā maʻi hoʻohana pūnaewele kikoʻī e pili ana i nā pae ICD-11 no ka maʻi pāʻani.
Nā Papahana
ʻO ka 11-item Assessment of Criteria for Specific Internet-use Disorders (ACSID-11) e ana i ʻelima mau mea hoʻohui i nā ʻano like ʻole ma o ka hahai ʻana i nā loina o WHO's ASSIST. Ua lawelawe ʻia ka ACSID-11 i nā mea hoʻohana pūnaewele ikaika (N = 985) me kahi hoʻololi o ka Ten-Item Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGDT-10) a me nā mea nānā no ke olakino noʻonoʻo. Ua hoʻohana mākou i ka Confirmatory Factor Analyzes e nānā i ke ʻano kumu o ACSID-11.
Results
Ua hoʻokūpaʻa ʻia ka ʻōnaehana kumu ʻehā i manaʻo ʻia a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka hoʻonā unidimensional. Ua pili kēia i nā pilikia pili pāʻani a me nā pilikia hoʻohana pūnaewele ʻē aʻe. Hoʻopili ʻia nā helu ACSID-11 me IGDT-10 a me nā ana o ka pilikia o ka naʻau.
Kūkākūkā a me nā ʻĀina
Ua kūpono ka ACSID-11 no ka loiloi mau ʻana o (hiki) i nā pilikia hoʻohana pūnaewele kikoʻī e pili ana i nā koina diagnostic ICD-11 no ka maʻi pāʻani. ʻO ka ACSID-11 paha he mea pono a hoʻokele waiwai no ke aʻo ʻana i nā addiction like ʻole me nā mea like a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hoʻohālikelike.
Introduction
ʻO ka hāʻawi ʻana a me ka maʻalahi o ka ʻike ʻana i ka Pūnaewele e hana maikaʻi i nā lawelawe pūnaewele a hāʻawi i nā pono he nui. Ma waho aʻe o nā pōmaikaʻi no ka hapa nui o ka poʻe, hiki i nā ʻano hana pūnaewele ke lawe i kahi ʻano addictive i kāohi ʻole ʻia i kekahi poʻe (e laʻa, King & Potenza, 2019; ʻO Young, 2004). ʻOi aku ka nui o ka pāʻani ʻana i lilo i pilikia olakino lehulehu (Faust & Prochaska, 2018; Rumpf et al., 2018). Ma hope o ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o ka 'Internet gaming disorder' i ka lima o ka loiloi o ka Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5; AhahuiʻApelika Psychiatric Association, 2013) ma ke ʻano o ke aʻo hou ʻana, ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka maʻi pāʻani ma ke ʻano he hōʻailona mana (6C51) i ka 11th revision o ka International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11; ʻOihana Ola Lahui, 2018). He hana koʻikoʻi kēia i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā pilikia o ka honua e ka hoʻohana ʻino ʻana i nā ʻenehana kikohoʻe (Billieux, Stein, Castro-Calvo, Higushi, & King, 2021). ʻO ka nui o ka maʻi pāʻani ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa he 3.05%, ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā maʻi noʻonoʻo ʻē aʻe e like me nā maʻi hoʻohana lāʻau a i ʻole nā maʻi obsessive-compulsive (ʻO Stevens, Dorstyn, Delfabbro, a me King, 2021). Eia nō naʻe, ʻokoʻa loa nā kuhi prevalence ma muli o ka mea hana screening i hoʻohana ʻia (Stevens et al., 2021). I kēia manawa, ʻano nui ka ʻāina o nā mea kani. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka hapa nui o nā ana i nā pae DSM-5 no ka maʻi pāʻani pūnaewele a ʻaʻohe mea i ʻike maikaʻi ʻia (King & al., 2020). Hoʻohana like ʻia i nā ʻano addictive ʻē aʻe ma ka Pūnaewele, e like me ka pilikia o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kiʻi ponokala pūnaewele, nā ʻoihana pūnaewele, a i ʻole ke kūʻai ʻana ma ka pūnaewele. Hiki ke hana pū kēia mau ʻano pilikia ma ka pūnaewele me ka maʻi pāʻani (Burleigh, Griffiths, Sumich, Stavropoulos, & Kuss, 2019; Müller et al., 2021), akā he hui ponoʻī nō paha. ʻO nā papa hana manaʻo hou e like me ke kumu hoʻohālike Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) (Brand, ʻōpio, Laier, Wölfling, & Potenza, 2016; Brand et al., 2019) manaʻo e pili ana nā kaʻina noʻonoʻo like ʻole i nā ʻano like ʻole o nā ʻano addictive (online). Kūlike nā manaʻo me nā ala mua e hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e wehewehe i nā mea maʻamau ma waena o nā maʻi addictive, e laʻa, e pili ana i nā ʻano neuropsychological (Hanaʻia, 2005; Robinson & Berridge, 1993), nā ʻano genetic (Blum et al., 2000), a i ʻole nā ʻāpana maʻamau (Griffiths, 2005). Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole i loaʻa i kēia manawa kahi hāmeʻa hoʻomaʻamaʻa piha no (hiki) i nā pilikia hoʻohana pūnaewele ma muli o nā pae hoʻohālike. He mea nui ka nānā ʻana i nā ʻano maʻi like ʻole ma muli o nā ʻano addictive e hoʻoholo pono i nā mea maʻamau a me nā ʻokoʻa.
Ma ka ICD-11, ua helu ʻia ka maʻi pāʻani ma mua o ka maʻi pāʻani ma ka ʻāpana 'disorders ma muli o nā ʻano addictive'. ʻO nā pae hoʻohālike diagnostic i manaʻo ʻia (no nā mea ʻelua): (1) ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka hana (e laʻa, ka hoʻomaka, ka pinepine, ka ikaika, ka lōʻihi, ka hoʻopau ʻana, ka pōʻaiapili); (2) hoʻonui i ka manaʻo nui i hāʻawi ʻia i ka ʻano a hiki i ka nui o ka hana ma mua o nā pono ʻē aʻe a me nā hana o kēlā me kēia lā; (3) ka hoʻomau ʻana a i ʻole ka piʻi ʻana o ka hana ʻoiai nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole. ʻOiai ʻaʻole i haʻi pololei ʻia ma ke ʻano he mau koi ʻē aʻe, pono ia no ka ʻike ʻana e alakaʻi ana ke ʻano hana i ka (4) hōʻino hana ma nā wahi koʻikoʻi o ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā (e laʻa, pilikino, ʻohana, hoʻonaʻauao, a i ʻole nā pilikia pilikanaka) a/a i ʻole ka pilikia.ʻOihana Ola Lahui, 2018). No laila, pono e hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻāpana ʻelua i ke aʻo ʻana i nā ʻano addictive. Ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa, hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia kēia mau pae hoʻohālikelike i ka ʻāpana 'nā maʻi ʻē aʻe i ʻōlelo ʻia ma muli o nā ʻano addictive' (6C5Y), kahi e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ai ka maʻi kūʻai-kūʻai, ka maʻi ponokala-hoʻohana, a me ka maʻi hoʻohana pūnaewele-pilikia.Brand et al., 2020). Hiki ke wehewehe ʻia ka maʻi kūʻai-kūʻai pūnaewele e ka nui, maladaptive kūʻai pūnaewele o nā mea kūʻai aku e kū mau ana me nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole a no laila ke lilo nei i kahi maʻi hoʻohana pūnaewele (Müller, Laskowski, et al., 2021). Hōʻike ʻia ka maʻi ponokala-hoʻohana ʻia e ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka mana ma luna o ka ʻai ʻana i nā ʻike ponokala (online), i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai nā ʻano moe kolohe ʻē aʻe (ʻO Kraus, Martino, & Potenza, 2016; Kraus et al., 2018). Hiki ke ho'ākāka 'ia ka pilikia o ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka pilikanaka ma o ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i nā ʻupena kaiapili (e like me nā pūnaewele pūnaewele a me nā polokalamu kelepona pūnaewele ʻē aʻe) i hōʻike ʻia e ka emi ʻana o ka mana ma luna o ka hoʻohana ʻana, ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka manaʻo nui i hāʻawi ʻia i ka hoʻohana ʻana, a me ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pūnaewele ʻoiai. ʻike i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole (Andreassen, 2015). ʻO nā mea hoʻohui i nā ʻano ʻekolu e pili ana i ka maʻi e hōʻike ana i nā mea like me nā ʻano addictive ʻē aʻe (eg, Brand et al., 2020; Griffiths, Kuss, & Demetrovics, 2014; Müller et al., 2019; ʻO Stark, Klucken, Potenza, Brand, & Strahler, 2018).
Hoʻokumu nui ʻia nā mea hana e loiloi ana i nā ʻano maʻi hoʻohana pūnaewele ma luna o nā manaʻo mua, e like me nā mana i hoʻololi ʻia o Young's Internet Addiction Test (eg, Laier, Pawlikowski, Pekal, Schulte, & Brand, 2013; ʻO Wegmann, Stodt, & Brand, 2015) a i ʻole nā unahi "Bergen" e pili ana i nā mea hoʻohui a Griffiths (e laʻa, Andreassen, Torsheim, Brunborg, & Pallesen, 2012; Andreassen et al., 2015), a i ʻole e ana lākou i nā hana unidimensional e pili ana i nā pae DSM-5 no ka maʻi pāʻani (e laʻa, Lemmens, Valkenburg, & Gentile, 2015; Van den Eijnden, Lemmens, & Valkenburg, 2016) a i ʻole ka pilikia piliwaiwai (no ka loiloi e ʻike Otto et al., 2020). Ua lawe ʻia kekahi mau hana mua mai nā ana no ka pilikia piliwaiwai, nā maʻi hoʻohana waiwai a i ʻole i hoʻomohala ʻia ma ke ʻano atheoretically (Laconi, Rodgers, & Chabrol, 2014). Hōʻike ka nui o kēia mau mea kani i nā nāwaliwali psychometric a me nā kūlike ʻole e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia i nā loiloi like ʻole (King, Haagsma, Delfabbro, Gradisar, & Griffiths, 2013; Lortie & Guitton, 2013; Petry, Rehbein, Ko, & O'Brien, 2015). King et al. (2020) ʻike ʻia he 32 mau mea hana like ʻole e loiloi ana i ka maʻi pāʻani, e hōʻike ana i ka like ʻole o ka ʻimi noiʻi. ʻO nā mea kani i hoʻohana nui ʻia, e like me Young's Internet Addiction Test (ʻO Young, 1998), mai hōʻike pono i nā pae hoʻohālikelike no ka maʻi pāʻani, ʻaʻole o DSM-5 a i ʻole ICD-11. King et al. (2020) e kuhikuhi hou aku i nā nāwaliwali psychometric, no ka laʻana, ka nele o ka hōʻoia empirical a ua hoʻolālā ʻia ka hapa nui o nā mea hana ma muli o ka manaʻo o kahi kūkulu unimodal. Hōʻike ia e helu ʻia ka huina o nā hōʻailona hoʻokahi ma mua o ka nānā ʻana i ke alapine a me ka ikaika ʻike pākahi. ʻO ka ho'āʻo maʻi maʻi pāʻani pūnaewele he ʻumi (IGDT-10; Király et al., 2017) i kēia manawa ua ʻike ʻia e hopu pono i nā pae hoʻohālike DSM-5 akā ʻaʻohe mea o nā mea kani i ʻike maopopo ʻia (King & al., 2020). I kēia mau lā, ua hoʻokomo ʻia kekahi mau unahi e like me nā mea hana screening mua e hopu ana i nā koina ICD-11 no ka maʻi pāʻani (ʻO Balhara et al., 2020; Higuchi et al., 2021; ʻO Jo et al., 2020; Paschke, Austermann, & Thomasius, 2020; Pontes et al., 2021) a no ka pilikia hoʻohana pūnaewele-pilikia (Paschke, Austermann, & Thomasius, 2021). Ma keʻano laulā, hiki ke manaʻo ʻia ʻaʻole i ʻike like ʻia kēlā me kēia hōʻailona, no ka laʻana, like pinepine a i ʻole like ka ikaika. No laila makemake ʻia e hiki i nā mea hana nānā ke hopu i nā mea ʻelua, nā ʻike hōʻailona holoʻokoʻa, a me ka nui o nā hōʻailona ma kēlā me kēia. Akā, hiki i kahi ala multidimensional ke noiʻi i ke ʻano o ka hōʻailona e hāʻawi nui ai, a i ʻole ma nā ʻano like ʻole, i ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i kahi ʻano pilikia, pili i ka pae kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻeha, a i ʻole he mea nui wale nō.
ʻIke ʻia nā pilikia like ʻole a me nā ʻano like ʻole i ka nānā ʻana i nā mea hana e loiloi ana i nā ʻano pilikia ʻē aʻe o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Pūnaewele, ʻo ia hoʻi ka maʻi kūʻai-kūʻai pūnaewele, maʻi hoʻohana ponokalakala pūnaewele, a me ka pilikia hoʻohana pūnaewele. ʻAʻole i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kēia mau maʻi hoʻohana pūnaewele ponoʻī i ka ICD-11 e like me nā maʻi pāʻani a me ka piliwaiwai. ʻOi loa i ka hihia o ka maʻi pāʻani, ua nui nā mea hana screening i kēia manawa, akā ʻo ka hapa nui o lākou ʻaʻole lawa nā hōʻike (Otto et al., 2020), a ʻaʻole hoʻi e kamaʻilio i nā koina ICD-11 no ka maʻi piliwaiwai a i ʻole ka nānā ʻana i ka maʻi piliwaiwai pūnaewele nui loa (Albrecht, Kirschner, & Grüsser, 2007; Dowling et al., 2019). Hoʻopaʻa ka ICD-11 i ka Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder (CSBD), no ka mea he nui ka poʻe i manaʻo ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kiʻi ponokala pilikia he hōʻailona koʻikoʻi, ma ke ʻano he maʻi hoʻomalu. Ua helu ʻia ka maʻi kūʻai-kūʻai koʻikoʻi ma ke ʻano he laʻana ma lalo o ka māhele 'nā maʻi hoʻokele impulse i koho ʻia' (6C7Y) akā me ka ʻole o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ma waena o nā ʻano ʻokoʻa pūnaewele a me waho. ʻAʻole i hana ʻia kēia ʻokoʻa i loko o nā nīnau nīnau i hoʻohana nui ʻia e ana i ke kūʻai koi ʻana (Maraz et al., 2015; Müller, Mitchell, Vogel, & de Zwaan, 2017). ʻAʻole i noʻonoʻo ʻia ka pilikia o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pūnaewele ma ka ICD-11. Eia nō naʻe, aia nā manaʻo hoʻopaʻapaʻa e pili ana i nā hōʻike no kēlā me kēia o nā maʻi ʻekolu e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e like me nā ʻano addictive (Brand et al., 2020; Gola et al., 2017; Müller et al., 2019; Stark et al., 2018; Wegmann, Müller, Ostendorf, & Brand, 2018). Ma waho aʻe o ka ʻae ʻole e pili ana i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a me ka wehewehe ʻana i kēia mau maʻi hoʻohana pūnaewele ponoʻī, aia kekahi mau ʻokoʻa i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hana screening (no nā loiloi e ʻike. Andreassen, 2015; ʻO Fernandez & Griffiths, 2021; Hussain & Griffiths, 2018; Müller et al., 2017). No ka laʻana, ʻoi aku ma mua o 20 mau mea kani i manaʻo ʻia e ana i nā pilikia hoʻohana ponokala kiʻi (ʻO Fernandez & Griffiths, 2021) akā, ʻaʻohe mea i uhi pono i nā koina ICD-11 no nā maʻi ma muli o nā ʻano addictive, kahi kokoke loa i nā koina ICD-11 no CSBD.
Eia kekahi, ʻike ʻia kekahi mau pilikia hoʻohana pūnaewele pūnaewele, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka pāʻani ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻoihana pūnaewele (Burleigh et al., 2019; Müller et al., 2021). Ke hoʻohana nei i ka ʻikepili huna huna, Charzyńska, Sussman, a me Atroszko (2021) Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻupena kaiapili a me ke kūʻai ʻana a me ka pāʻani ʻino a me ka hoʻohana ponokala i hui pū ʻia. ʻO ka ʻike me nā pae kiʻekiʻe ma nā pilikia hoʻohana pūnaewele āpau i hōʻike i ka maikaʻi haʻahaʻa (Charzyńska et al., 2021). Hoʻoikaika pū kēia i ke koʻikoʻi o ka nānā ʻana i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka hoʻohana pūnaewele. Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia e hoʻohana i nā pūʻulu like o nā mea ma nā pilikia hoʻohana pūnaewele like ʻole, e like me ka Problematic Pornography Consumption Scale (Bőthe et al., 2018), ka Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (Andreassen, Pallesen, & Griffiths, 2017) a i ʻole ka Pākē Kūʻai Kūʻai Pūnaewele (Zhao, Tian, & Xin, 2017). Eia naʻe, ua hoʻolālā ʻia kēia mau unahi ma muli o ke kumu hoʻohālike o nā ʻāpana e Griffiths (2005) a ʻaʻole e uhi i nā pae hoʻohālike i manaʻo ʻia i kēia manawa no nā maʻi ma muli o nā ʻano addictive (cf. ʻOihana Ola Lahui, 2018).
I ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, ua hāʻawi ka ICD-11 i nā pae hoʻohālikelike diagnostic no nā maʻi ma muli o (ka nui o ka pūnaewele) i nā ʻano addictive, ʻo ia hoʻi ka maʻi pāʻani a me ka maʻi pāʻani. Hiki ke hāʻawi ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ponokala ponoʻī ma ka pūnaewele, ke kūʻai ʻana ma ka pūnaewele, a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻoihana pūnaewele i ka subcategory ICD-11 'nā maʻi ʻē aʻe ma muli o nā ʻano addictive' i hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā pae hoʻohālike like (Brand et al., 2020). I kēia lā, ʻaʻole kūlike ka ʻāina o nā mea hana nānā no kēia mau maʻi hoʻohana pūnaewele. Eia nō naʻe, pono ke ana mau ʻana o nā ʻano hana like ʻole e holomua i ka noiʻi ʻana i nā mea maʻamau a me nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā ʻano maʻi like ʻole ma muli o nā ʻano addictive. ʻO kā mākou pahuhopu ʻo ia ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi mea nānā pōkole akā ākea no nā ʻano like ʻole o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Internet (kūpono) e uhi ana i nā koina ICD-11 no ka maʻi pāʻani a me ka maʻi piliwaiwai, e kōkua me ka ʻike mua ʻana i nā ʻano pilikia ma ka pūnaewele.
Nā Papahana
i komo
Ua kiʻi ʻia nā poʻe i komo ma ka pūnaewele ma o kahi mea hoʻolako lawelawe panel access kahi i uku ʻia ai lākou pākahi. Hoʻokomo mākou i nā mea hoʻohana pūnaewele ikaika mai ka wahi ʻōlelo Kelemānia. Ua kāpae mākou i nā ʻikepili piha ʻole a me nā mea i hōʻike i ka pane ʻole. Ua ʻike ʻia ka mea hope e ke ana-i loko (nā mea pane i aʻo ʻia a me ke ana hōʻike pilikino) a me nā hoʻolālā post-hoc (manawa pane, kumu pane, Mahalanobis D) (Godinho, Kushnir, & Cunningham, 2016; Meade & Craig, 2012). ʻO ka laʻana hope loa N = 958 poʻe komo (499 kāne, 458 wahine, 1 divers) ma waena o 16 a me 69 mau makahiki (M = 47.60, SD = 14.50). ʻO ka hapa nui o ka poʻe i komo i ka manawa piha (46.3%), i ka hoʻomaha hoʻomaha (20.1%), a i ʻole he hapa manawa (14.3%). ʻO nā mea ʻē aʻe he haumāna, aʻo, wahine hale/-kāne, a ʻaʻole i hoʻolimalima ʻia no nā kumu ʻē aʻe. Ua māhele ʻia ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻonaʻauao ʻoihana kiʻekiʻe ma luna o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka ʻoihana-in-company (33.6%), kekelē kulanui (19.0%), hoʻopau i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa kula ʻoihana (14.1%), puka ʻana mai kahi kula kumu / kula ʻenehana (11.8%). , a me ke kēkelē polytechnic (10.1%). ʻO nā mea ʻē aʻe i ka hoʻonaʻauao/haumāna a ʻaʻohe kēkelē. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka laʻana maʻalahi maʻalahi i ka māhele like ʻana o nā ʻano like ʻole socio-demographic e like me ka heluna o nā mea hoʻohana pūnaewele Kelemania (cf. ʻO Statista, 2021).
Pākuhi
Ka Loiloi o na Koina no na Ma'i Ho'ohana Pūnaewele Kūikawā: ACSID-11
Me ka ACSID-11 ua manaʻo mākou e hana i kahi mea hana no ka loiloi ʻana i nā pilikia hoʻohana pūnaewele ma kahi ʻano pōkole akā ākea, a kūlike. Ua hoʻomohala ʻia ma muli o ke kumumanaʻo e kahi hui loea o nā mea noiʻi addiction a me nā kauka. Ua loaʻa nā mea i loko o nā kūkākūkā he nui a me nā hālāwai kūkā e pili ana i nā koina ICD-11 no nā maʻi ma muli o nā ʻano addictive, e like me ka mea i wehewehe ʻia no ka pāʻani a me ka pāʻani, e manaʻo ana i kahi ʻano multifactorial. Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻike o kahi Kūkākūkā-Aloud Analysis no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka pono ʻike a me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana o nā mea (Schmidt et al., waiho ʻia).
Aia ka ACSID-11 i nā mea 11 e hopu ana i nā koina ICD-11 no nā maʻi ma muli o nā ʻano addictive. ʻO nā pae hoʻohālike nui ʻekolu, ka mana impaired (IC), hoʻonui i ka mea nui i hāʻawi ʻia i ka hana pūnaewele (IP), a me ka hoʻomau/piʻi ʻana (CE) o ka hoʻohana pūnaewele me nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole, ua hōʻike ʻia e ʻekolu mau mea i kēlā me kēia. Ua hana ʻia ʻelua mau mea hou e loiloi i ka hemahema o ka hana i kēlā me kēia lā (FI) a me ka hōʻailona pilikia (MD) ma muli o ka hana pūnaewele. Ma kahi nīnau mua, ua aʻo ʻia nā mea komo e hōʻike i nā hana ma ka Pūnaewele a lākou i hoʻohana ai i kekahi manawa i nā mahina he 12 i hala. ʻO nā hana (ʻo ia hoʻi, 'pāʻani', 'kūʻai pūnaewele', 'hoʻohana ʻana i nā ponokala pūnaewele', 'hoʻohana i nā pūnaewele-kaiāulu', 'piliwai pūnaewele', a me 'ē aʻe') ua helu ʻia me nā wehewehe kūpono a me nā koho pane 'ae. ' a 'ole'. Ua pale ʻia ka poʻe i pane i ka 'ʻae' wale nō i ka 'mea'ē aʻe. Ua loaʻa i nā mea ʻē aʻe nā mea ACSID-11 no kēlā mau hana a pau i pane ʻia me ka 'ʻae'. Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia ʻano hana multibehavioral ma ka WHO's Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST; ʻO WHO ASSIST Hui Hana, 2002), nā pale no nā ʻāpana nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lāʻau a me nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole a me nā hōʻailona o ka hana addictive i ke ʻano kūlike ma waena o nā mea kikoʻī.
Ma ka hoʻohālikelike me ka ASSIST, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia kēlā me kēia mea ma ke ʻano i hiki ke pane pololei ʻia no kēlā me kēia hana. Ua hoʻohana mākou i kahi ʻano pane ʻelua ʻāpana (e ʻike Laau. 1), kahi e hōʻike ai nā mea komo i kēlā me kēia mea no kēlā me kēia hana Ehia ka nui Ua loaʻa iā lākou ka ʻike i nā mahina he 12 i hala (0: ‚ʻaʻole loa', 1: ‚kakaʻikahi', 2: ‚kekahi manawa', 3: ‚pinepine'), a inā he “kakaʻikahi”, pehea ka ikaika ʻO kēlā me kēia ʻike i loko o nā mahina he 12 i hala (0: ‚ʻaʻole ikaika loa', 1: ‚ʻaʻole ikaika loa', 2: ‚ʻoi aku ka ikaika', 3: ‚ʻoi loa ka ikaika'). Ma ka helu ʻana i ke alapine a me ka ikaika o kēlā me kēia hōʻailona, hiki ke noiʻi i ka hanana ʻana o kahi hōʻailona, akā e hoʻomalu pū i ka ʻike ʻana o nā hōʻailona koʻikoʻi ma mua o ke alapine. Hōʻike ʻia nā mea o ka ACSID-11 (unuhi Pelekane i manaʻo ʻia) ma 1 Pūnaewele. Hiki ke loaʻa nā mea kumu (Kelemānia) me ka nīnau mua a me nā ʻōlelo kuhikuhi ma ka Appendix (e ʻike 'Apili A).
Mea hoʻohālike o ka ACSID-11 (unuhi ʻōlelo Pelekania o ka mea Kelemānia kumu) e hōʻike ana i ke ana ʻana o ke alapine (nā kolamu hema) a me ka ikaika (nā kolamu ʻākau) o nā kūlana e pili ana i nā hana pūnaewele kikoʻī. Notes. Hōʻike ka kiʻi i kahi mea hoʻohālike o ka mea Impaired Control (IC) e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia A) i kahi kanaka nāna e hoʻohana i nā hana pūnaewele ʻelima e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka nīnau mua (e nānā. 'Apili A) a me B) i kahi kanaka nāna i hōʻike e hoʻohana i nā kūʻai pūnaewele a me nā ʻoihana pūnaewele wale nō.
Kuhi: Journal of Behavioral Addictions 2022; 10.1556/2006.2022.00013
Nā mea o ka ACSID-11 screener no nā maʻi hoʻohana pūnaewele kūikawā (manaʻo ʻia ka unuhi Pelekane).
| 'ikamu | ninau |
| IC1 | I nā mahina he 12 i hala iho nei, ua pilikia paha ʻoe i ka mālama ʻana i ka wā i hoʻomaka ai ʻoe i ka hana, pehea ka lōʻihi, pehea ka ikaika, a i ke kūlana hea ʻoe i hana ai, a i ʻole i kou wā i hoʻōki ai? |
| IC2 | I nā mahina he 12 i hala iho nei, ua ʻike paha ʻoe i ka makemake e hoʻōki a hoʻopaʻa i ka hana no ka mea ua ʻike ʻoe ua hoʻohana nui ʻoe iā ia? |
| IC3 | I nā mahina he 12 i hala iho nei, ua hoʻāʻo anei ʻoe e hoʻōki a hoʻopaʻa i ka hana a hāʻule ʻole? |
| IP1 | I loko o nā mahina he 12 i hala iho nei, ua hāʻawi anei ʻoe i ka hana i mea ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā hana ʻē aʻe a makemake paha i kou ola i kēlā me kēia lā? |
| IP2 | I nā mahina he 12 i hala iho nei, ua nalowale anei kou hoihoi i nā hana ʻē aʻe āu i hauʻoli ai ma muli o ka hana? |
| IP3 | I nā mahina he 12 i hala iho nei, ua haʻalele a haʻalele paha ʻoe i nā hana ʻē aʻe āu i hauʻoli ai ma muli o ka hana? |
| ʻO CE1 | I loko o nā mahina he 12 i hala iho nei, ua hoʻomau a hoʻonui paha ʻoe i ka hana ʻoiai ua hoʻoweliweli a hoʻopau paha ʻoe i kahi pilina me kekahi mea nui iā ʻoe? |
| ʻO CE2 | I nā mahina he 12 i hala iho nei, ua hoʻomau a hoʻonui paha ʻoe i ka hana inā ua pilikia ʻoe i ke kula/aʻo/hana? |
| ʻO CE3 | I nā mahina he 12 i hala iho nei, ua hoʻomau a hoʻonui paha ʻoe i ka hana ʻoiai ua hoʻopiʻi ʻoe i nā hoʻopiʻi kino a i ʻole noʻonoʻo/maʻi? |
| FI1 | Ke noʻonoʻo nei i nā wahi āpau o kou ola, ua ʻike ʻia paha kou ola e ka hana i nā mahina he 12 i hala? |
| MD1 | Ke noʻonoʻo nei i nā wahi āpau o kou ola, ua pilikia ʻoe i ka hana i nā mahina he 12 i hala? |
Notes. IC = mana pilikia; IP = hoʻonui i ka mea nui; CE = hoʻomau / piʻi; FI = pilikia hana; MD = hōʻailona pilikia; Hiki ke loaʻa nā mea Kelemānia kumu ma 'Apili A.
He ʻumi-Item Internet Gaming Disorder Test: IGDT-10 – ASSIST version
E like me ke ana o ka convergent validity, ua hoʻohana mākou i ka ʻumi-item IGDT-10 (Király et al., 2017) ma ka mana hoʻonui. Hoʻohana ka IGDT-10 i nā pae ʻeiwa DSM-5 no ka maʻi pāʻani pūnaewele (AhahuiʻApelika Psychiatric Association, 2013). Ma kēia noiʻi ʻana, ua hoʻonui mākou i ka mana kikoʻī pāʻani mua i loiloi ʻia nā ʻano āpau o nā pilikia hoʻohana pūnaewele. No ka hoʻokō ʻana i kēia, a no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ke kaʻina hana, ua hoʻohana pū mākou i ka ʻano pane multibehavioral ma ka laʻana o ASSIST ma aneʻi. No kēia, ua hoʻololi ʻia nā mea i hoʻololi ʻia ka 'pāʻani' e ka 'hana'. Ua pane ʻia kēlā me kēia mea no nā hana pūnaewele a pau i hōʻike mua ʻia e ka poʻe hui e hoʻohana (mai ke koho ʻana i ka 'pāʻani', 'kūʻai pūnaewele', 'hoʻohana i nā ponokala pūnaewele', 'hoʻohana i nā pūnaewele pili', a me ka 'piliwai pūnaewele' ). No kēlā me kēia mea, ua helu ʻia kēlā me kēia haʻawina ma kahi pālākiō Likert ʻekolu helu (0 = 'ʻaʻole loa', 1 = 'kekahi manawa', 2 = 'pinepine'). Ua like ka helu ʻana me ka mana mua o ka IGDT-10: Ua loaʻa i kēlā me kēia koho ka helu o ka 0 inā ʻaʻole 'aʻole' a i ʻole 'kekahi manawa' ka pane a me ka helu o 1 inā ʻo ka pane he 'pinepine'. Hōʻike nā ʻikamu 9 a me 10 i ka pae hoʻokahi (ʻo ia hoʻi, 'pilikia a nalo paha kahi pilina koʻikoʻi, ʻoihana, a i ʻole ka manawa hoʻonaʻauao a ʻoihana paha ma muli o ke komo ʻana i nā pāʻani Pūnaewele') a helu pū i hoʻokahi helu inā loaʻa kekahi a i ʻole nā mea ʻelua. Ua helu ʻia kahi helu helu hope no kēlā me kēia hana. Hiki ke loaʻa mai ka 0 a 9 me nā helu kiʻekiʻe e hōʻike ana i ke koʻikoʻi o ka hōʻailona kiʻekiʻe. E pili ana i ka maʻi pāʻani, ʻo ka helu o ʻelima a ʻoi aʻe paha e hōʻike ana i ka pili o ke kino (Király et al., 2017).
Nīnauele Ola Ola-4: PHQ-4
Ka Nīnauele Ola Ola-4 (PHQ-4; Kroenke, Spitzer, Williams, & Löwe, 2009) he ana pōkole o nā hōʻailona o ke kaumaha a me ka hopohopo. He ʻehā mau mea i lawe ʻia mai ka Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 scale a me ka module PHQ-8 no ke kaumaha. Pono nā mea komo e hōʻike i ke alapine o ka loaʻa ʻana o kekahi mau hōʻailona ma kahi pālākiō Likert ʻehā mai ka 0 ('ʻaʻole loa') a hiki i 3 ('kokoke i kēlā me kēia lā'). Hiki ke helu ʻia ka helu helu ma waena o 0 a me 12 e hōʻike ana ʻaʻohe / liʻiliʻi, ʻoluʻolu, haʻahaʻa, a me nā pae koʻikoʻi o ka pilikia o ka naʻau me nā helu mai 0–2, 3–5, 6–8, 9–12.Kroenke et al., 2009).
Ka maikaʻi nui
Ua loiloi ʻia ka ʻoluʻolu o ke ola me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Life Satisfaction Short Scale (L-1) ma ka mana Kelemānia kumu (Beierlein, Kovaleva, László, Kemper, & Rammstedt, 2015) pane ʻia ma kahi pālākiō Likert 11-point mai ka 0 ('aʻole ʻoluʻolu loa') a hiki i ka 10 ('puaʻa loa'). Hoʻoholo maikaʻi ʻia ka pālākiō mea hoʻokahi a hoʻopili ikaika ʻia me nā unahi-mea-nui e loiloi ana i ka hauʻoli me ke ola (Beierlein et al., 2015). Ua noi hou mākou no ka ʻoluʻolu o ke ola ma ke ʻano o ke olakino (H-1): 'E nānā ʻia nā mea a pau, pehea kou māʻona i kou olakino i kēia mau lā?' pane ʻia ma ka pālākiō 11-point like (cf. Beierlein et al., 2015).
Ke Kaʻina hana
Ua mālama ʻia ke aʻo ʻana ma ka pūnaewele me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mea hana noiʻi pūnaewele ʻo Limesurvey®. Ua hoʻokō ʻia ka ACSID-11 a me IGDT-10 ma ke ʻano e hōʻike ʻia nā hana i koho ʻia i ka nīnau mua no nā mea ponoʻī. Ua loaʻa i nā poʻe i komo nā loulou hoʻokahi mai ka mea hoʻolako panel lawelawe i alakaʻi i ka noiʻi pūnaewele i hana ʻia e mākou. Ma hope o ka pau ʻana, ua hoʻihoʻi ʻia nā mea komo i ka pūnaewele o ka mea hoʻolako e loaʻa i kā lākou uku. Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia ka ʻikepili i ka manawa mai ʻApelila 8 a ʻApelila 14 ma 2021.
NānāʻIke Heluhelu
Ua hoʻohana mākou i ka confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) e hoʻāʻo i ka dimensionality a kūkulu i ka pono o ka ACSID-11. Ua holo ʻia nā loiloi me Mplus version 8.4 (Muthén & Muthén, 2019) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā huinahā liʻiliʻi i kaupaona ʻia a me ka helu ʻana i hoʻololi ʻia (WLSMV). No ka loiloi ʻana i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ua hoʻohana mākou i nā helu he nui, ʻo ia hoʻi ka chi-square (χ 2) ka ho'āʻo no ke kūpono pololei, ka Comparative Fit Index (CFI), ka Tucker-Lewis fit index (TLI), Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR), a me ka Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA). Wahi a Hu a me Bentler (1999), ʻoki ʻia nā waiwai no CFI a me TLI > 0.95, no SRMR <0.08, a no RMSEA < 0.06 e hōʻike ana i ke kūpono kūpono. Eia kekahi, he waiwai chi-square i puunaueia e na degere o ke kuokoa (χ2/df) < 3 he hōʻailona ʻē aʻe no ka hoʻohālike kūpono (ʻO Carmines & McIver, 1981). ʻO ka alpha a Cronbach (α) a me ka Lambda-2 a Guttman (λ 2) ua hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā ana o ka hilinaʻi me nā coefficients > 0.8 (> 0.7) e hōʻike ana i ka maikaʻi (ʻae ʻia) i ke kūpaʻa kūloko (Bortz & Döring, 2006). Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā loiloi hoʻoponopono (Pearson) no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka pono convergent ma waena o nā ana like ʻole o nā kūkulu like a pili paha. Ua holo kēia mau loiloi me IBM SPSS helu helu (kahi 26). Wahi a Cohen (1988), he waiwai o |r| = 0.10, 0.30, 0.50 hōʻike i kahi hopena liʻiliʻi, waena, nui.
nā mea pono
Ua hana ʻia nā kaʻina hana aʻo e like me ka Hōʻike o Helsinki. Ua ʻae ʻia ke aʻo ʻana e ke kōmike ethics o ka māhele o Computer Science a Applied Cognitive Sciences ma ka Faculty of Engineering o ke Kulanui o Duisburg-Essen. Ua hoʻomaopopo ʻia nā kumuhana a pau e pili ana i ke aʻo ʻana a hāʻawi ʻia nā mea āpau i ʻae ʻia.
Results
I loko o ka laʻana o kēia manawa, ua puʻunaue ʻia nā ʻano hoʻohana pūnaewele kikoʻī penei: Ua hōʻike ʻia ka pāʻani e 440 (45.9%) mau kānaka (makahiki: M = 43.59, SD = 14.66; 259 kāne, 180 wahine, 1 mau mea ʻokoʻa), 944 (98.5%) o ka poʻe i komo i ka kūʻai pūnaewele (makahiki: M = 47.58, SD = 14.49; 491 kāne, 452 wahine, 1 mau mea ʻokoʻa), 340 (35.5%) o ka poʻe i hoʻohana i ka ponokalakala pūnaewele (makahiki: M = 44.80, SD = 14.96; 263 kāne, 76 wahine, 1 mau mea ʻokoʻa), 854 (89.1%) o ka poʻe i hoʻohana i ka ʻoihana pūnaewele (makahiki: M = 46.52, SD = 14.66; 425 kāne, 428 wahine, 1 mau mea ʻokoʻa), a me 200 (20.9%) kanaka i komo i ka piliwaiwai pūnaewele (makahiki: M = 46.91, SD = 13.67; 125 kane, 75 wahine, 0 luʻu). ʻO ka hapa liʻiliʻi o nā mea komo (n = 61; 6.3%) i hōʻike ʻia e hoʻohana i hoʻokahi hana. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mea komo (n = 841; Ua hoʻohana ʻo 87.8%) ma ka liʻiliʻi loa e kūʻai aku ma ka pūnaewele me nā hui pūnaewele a ʻo 409 (42.7%) o lākou i hōʻike pū ʻia e pāʻani i nā pāʻani pūnaewele. He kanaonokūmāwalu (7.1%) o ka poʻe i komo i hōʻike e hoʻohana i nā hana a pau ma ka pūnaewele.
Hāʻawi ʻia ʻo ka pāʻani pāʻani a me ka pāʻani pāʻani nā ʻano maʻi ʻelua ma muli o nā ʻano addictive i ʻike ʻia a hāʻawi ʻia i ka palena o ka helu o nā poʻe i loko o kā mākou hōʻike i hōʻike ʻia e hana i ka piliwaiwai pūnaewele, e noʻonoʻo mua mākou i nā hopena e pili ana i ka loiloi. o nā pae hoʻohālike no ka maʻi pāʻani me ka ACSID-11.
Nā helu helu ho'ākāka
E pili ana i ka maʻi pāʻani, loaʻa nā helu ACSID-11 āpau ma waena o 0 a me 3 e hōʻike ana i ka pae kiʻekiʻe o nā waiwai hiki ke loaʻa. 2 Pūnaewele). Hōʻike nā mea a pau i nā kumu waiwai haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka ʻākau e like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia ma kahi laʻana non-clinical. ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī no ka Continuation/Escalation a me Marked Distress mea ʻoiai ʻo ka Impaired Control (ʻoi aku ka IC1) a me nā mea i hoʻonui ʻia i ka Priority he mea paʻakikī loa. He kiʻekiʻe loa ka Kurtosis no ka mea mua o ka Continuation/Escalation (CE1) a me ka Marked Distress item (MD1).
Nā helu helu wehewehe o nā mea ACSID-11 e ana i ka maʻi pāʻani.
| ʻAʻole. | 'ikamu | Min | Max | M | (SD) | ʻAukā | Kurtosis | pilikia |
| a) | Pālākiō pinepine | |||||||
| 01a | IC1 | 0 | 3 | 0.827 | (0.956) | 0.808 | -0.521 | 27.58 |
| 02a | IC2 | 0 | 3 | 0.602 | (0.907) | 1.237 | 0.249 | 20.08 |
| 03a | IC3 | 0 | 3 | 0.332 | (0.723) | 2.163 | 3.724 | 11.06 |
| 04a | IP1 | 0 | 3 | 0.623 | (0.895) | 1.180 | 0.189 | 20.76 |
| 05a | IP2 | 0 | 3 | 0.405 | (0.784) | 1.913 | 2.698 | 13.48 |
| 06a | IP3 | 0 | 3 | 0.400 | (0.784) | 1.903 | 2.597 | 13.33 |
| 07a | ʻO CE1 | 0 | 3 | 0.170 | (0.549) | 3.561 | 12.718 | 5.68 |
| 08a | ʻO CE2 | 0 | 3 | 0.223 | (0.626) | 3.038 | 8.797 | 7.42 |
| 09a | ʻO CE3 | 0 | 3 | 0.227 | (0.632) | 2.933 | 7.998 | 7.58 |
| 10a | FI1 | 0 | 3 | 0.352 | (0.712) | 1.997 | 3.108 | 11.74 |
| 11a | MD1 | 0 | 3 | 0.155 | (0.526) | 3.647 | 13.107 | 5.15 |
| b) | Pālākiō ikaika | |||||||
| 01b | IC1 | 0 | 3 | 0.593 | (0.773) | 1.173 | 0.732 | 19.77 |
| 02b | IC2 | 0 | 3 | 0.455 | (0.780) | 1.700 | 2.090 | 15.15 |
| 03b | IC3 | 0 | 3 | 0.248 | (0.592) | 2.642 | 6.981 | 8.26 |
| 04b | IP1 | 0 | 3 | 0.505 | (0.827) | 1.529 | 1.329 | 16.82 |
| 05b | IP2 | 0 | 3 | 0.330 | (0.703) | 2.199 | 4.123 | 10.98 |
| 06b | IP3 | 0 | 3 | 0.302 | (0.673) | 2.302 | 4.633 | 10.08 |
| 07b | ʻO CE1 | 0 | 3 | 0.150 | (0.505) | 3.867 | 15.672 | 5.00 |
| 08b | ʻO CE2 | 0 | 3 | 0.216 | (0.623) | 3.159 | 9.623 | 7.20 |
| 09b | ʻO CE3 | 0 | 3 | 0.207 | (0.608) | 3.225 | 10.122 | 6.89 |
| 10b | FI1 | 0 | 3 | 0.284 | (0.654) | 2.534 | 6.172 | 9.47 |
| 11b | MD1 | 0 | 3 | 0.139 | (0.483) | 3.997 | 16.858 | 4.62 |
Notes. N = 440. IC = mana pilikia; IP = hoʻonui i ka mea nui; CE = hoʻomau / piʻi; FI = pilikia hana; MD = hōʻailona pilikia.
E pili ana i ke olakino noʻonoʻo, ka laʻana holoʻokoʻa (N = 958) he 4 ka nui o ka helu PHQ-3.03 (SD = 2.82) a hōʻike i nā pae haʻahaʻa o ka hauʻoli me ke ola (L-1: M = 6.31, SD = 2.39) a me ke olakino (H-1: M = 6.05, SD = 2.68). I loko o ka pūʻulu pāʻani (n = 440), 13 mau kānaka (3.0%) hiki i ka IGDT-10 cutoff no nā hihia pili pili i ka maʻi pāʻani. Hoʻololi ʻia ka helu IGDT-10 ma waena o 0.51 no ka maʻi kūʻai-kūʻai a me 0.77 no ka maʻi hoʻohana pūnaewele-pilikia (e ʻike i 5 Pūnaewele).
Ka hōʻoiaʻike nui
Manaʻo ʻia ʻehā kumu hoʻohālike
Ua hoʻāʻo mākou i ka hoʻolālā ʻehā-factorial i manaʻo ʻia o ACSID-11 ma o nā CFA he nui, hoʻokahi no ka maʻi hoʻohana pūnaewele ponoʻī a kaʻawale no ka helu pinepine a me ka ikaika. ʻO nā kumu (1) Impaired Control, (2) Hoʻonui ʻia ka Priority, a me (3) Hoʻomau/Escalation i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā mea ʻekolu. ʻO nā mea ʻelua ʻē aʻe e ana i ka pōʻino o ka hana i kēlā me kēia lā a i hōʻailona ʻia i ka pilikia ma muli o ka hana pūnaewele i hoʻokumu i ke kumu hou (4) Functional Impairment. Kākoʻo ʻia ka ʻōnaehana ʻehā o ka ACSID-11 e ka ʻikepili. Hōʻike nā helu kūpono i kahi kūpono maikaʻi ma waena o nā hiʻohiʻona a me nā ʻikepili no nā ʻano maʻi hoʻohana pūnaewele kikoʻī i loiloi ʻia e ACSID-11, ʻo ia hoʻi ka maʻi pāʻani, ka maʻi kūʻai-kūʻai pūnaewele, a me ka maʻi hoʻohana pūnaewele, ka hoʻohana ponokala pūnaewele. pilikia, a me ka piliwaiwai pūnaewele (e nānā 3 Pūnaewele). E pili ana i ka maʻi hoʻohana ponokalakala pūnaewele a me ka pilikia piliwaiwai pūnaewele, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo TLI a me RMSEA ma muli o nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi (Hu & Bentler, 1999). Hōʻike ʻia nā hoʻouka kumu a me nā koena covariances no nā CFA e hoʻohana ana i kahi kumu hoʻohālike ʻehā ma Laau. 2. No ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana, hōʻike kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona i nā waiwai anomalous hoʻokahi (ʻo ia hoʻi, ke koena ʻokoʻa maikaʻi ʻole no kahi hoʻololi huna a i ʻole correlations o ka like a ʻoi aku paha ma mua o 1).
ʻIke kūpono o nā kumu hoʻohālike ʻehā, unidimensional, a me ka papa ʻelua CFA no nā maʻi hoʻohana pūnaewele (pono) i ana ʻia e ACSID-11.
| ʻO ka maʻi hōʻino | |||||||||||
| 'O ka pinepine | Ka Pono | ||||||||||
| kükohu | df | CFI | TLI | SRMR | RMSEA | χ2/ df | CFI | TLI | SRMR | RMSEA | χ2/ df |
| ʻEhā kumu hoʻohālike | 38 | 0.991 | 0.987 | 0.031 | 0.051 | 2.13 | 0.993 | 0.990 | 0.029 | 0.043 | 1.81 |
| kükohu unidimensional | 27 | 0.969 | 0.961 | 0.048 | 0.087 | 4.32 | 0.970 | 0.963 | 0.047 | 0.082 | 3.99 |
| kumu hoʻohālike kumu lua | 40 | 0.992 | 0.988 | 0.031 | 0.047 | 1.99 | 0.992 | 0.989 | 0.032 | 0.045 | 1.89 |
| ʻO ka pilikia kūʻai-kūʻai pūnaewele | |||||||||||
| 'O ka pinepine | Ka Pono | ||||||||||
| kükohu | df | CFI | TLI | SRMR | RMSEA | χ2/ df | CFI | TLI | SRMR | RMSEA | χ2/ df |
| ʻEhā kumu hoʻohālike | 38 | 0.996 | 0.994 | 0.019 | 0.034 | 2.07 | 0.995 | 0.992 | 0.020 | 0.037 | 2.30 |
| kükohu unidimensional | 27 | 0.981 | 0.976 | 0.037 | 0.070 | 5.58 | 0.986 | 0.982 | 0.031 | 0.056 | 3.98 |
| kumu hoʻohālike kumu lua | 40 | 0.996 | 0.994 | 0.021 | 0.036 | 2.19 | 0.994 | 0.992 | 0.023 | 0.038 | 2.40 |
| Pilikino-hoʻohana pilikia ma ka pūnaewele | |||||||||||
| 'O ka pinepine | Ka Pono | ||||||||||
| kükohu | df | CFI | TLI | SRMR | RMSEA | χ2/ df | CFI | TLI | SRMR | RMSEA | χ2/ df |
| ʻEhā kumu hoʻohālike | 38 | 0.993 | 0.989 | 0.034 | 0.054 | 1.99 | 0.987 | 0.981 | 0.038 | 0.065 | 2.43 |
| kükohu unidimensional | 27 | 0.984 | 0.979 | 0.044 | 0.075 | 2.91 | 0.976 | 0.970 | 0.046 | 0.082 | 3.27 |
| kumu hoʻohālike kumu lua | 40 | 0.993 | 0.991 | 0.033 | 0.049 | 1.83 | 0.984 | 0.979 | 0.039 | 0.068 | 2.59 |
| Pilikia-hoʻohana-hoʻohana pilikia | |||||||||||
| 'O ka pinepine | Ka Pono | ||||||||||
| kükohu | df | CFI | TLI | SRMR | RMSEA | χ2/ df | CFI | TLI | SRMR | RMSEA | χ2/ df |
| ʻEhā kumu hoʻohālike | 38 | 0.993 | 0.990 | 0.023 | 0.049 | 3.03 | 0.993 | 0.989 | 0.023 | 0.052 | 3.31 |
| kükohu unidimensional | 27 | 0.970 | 0.963 | 0.048 | 0.096 | 8.89 | 0.977 | 0.972 | 0.039 | 0.085 | 7.13 |
| kumu hoʻohālike kumu lua | 40 | 0.992 | 0.989 | 0.027 | 0.053 | 3.39 | 0.991 | 0.988 | 0.025 | 0.056 | 3.64 |
| Piliwaiwai pilikia ma ka pūnaewele | |||||||||||
| 'O ka pinepine | Ka Pono | ||||||||||
| kükohu | df | CFI | TLI | SRMR | RMSEA | χ2/ df | CFI | TLI | SRMR | RMSEA | χ2/ df |
| ʻEhā kumu hoʻohālike | 38 | 0.997 | 0.996 | 0.027 | 0.059 | 1.70 | 0.997 | 0.996 | 0.026 | 0.049 | 1.47 |
| kükohu unidimensional | 27 | 0.994 | 0.992 | 0.040 | 0.078 | 2.20 | 0.991 | 0.989 | 0.039 | 0.080 | 2.28 |
| kumu hoʻohālike kumu lua | 40 | 0.997 | 0.996 | 0.029 | 0.054 | 1.58 | 0.997 | 0.995 | 0.029 | 0.053 | 1.55 |
Notes. ʻokoʻa nā laʻana nui no ka pāʻani (n = 440), kūʻai pūnaewele (n = 944), hoʻohana ponokalakala pūnaewele (n = 340), ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻoihana pūnaewele (n = 854), a me ka piliwaiwai pūnaewele (n = 200); ACSID-11 = Ka Loiloi o nā Koina no nā pilikia hoʻohana pūnaewele kūikawā, 11 mau mea.
ʻO nā hoʻouka kumu a me nā koena covariances o nā kumu hoʻohālike ʻehā o ka ACSID-11 (frequency) no (A) pilikia pāʻani, (B) pilikia piliwaiwai pūnaewele, (C) pilikia kūʻai-kūʻai pūnaewele, (D) pilikia hoʻohana ponokalakala pūnaewele. , a me (E) pilikia ka hoʻohana pūnaewele. Notes. ʻokoʻa nā laʻana nui no ka pāʻani (n = 440), kūʻai pūnaewele (n = 944), hoʻohana ponokalakala pūnaewele (n = 340), ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻoihana pūnaewele (n = 854), a me ka piliwaiwai pūnaewele (n = 200); Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena like i ka pālākiō ikaika o ka ACSID-11. ACSID-11 = Ka Loiloi o nā Koina no nā pilikia hoʻohana pūnaewele kūikawā, 11 mau mea; Hōʻike nā waiwai i nā hoʻouka kumu maʻamau, nā covariances factor, a me nā covariances koena. He mea nui nā manaʻo a pau ma p <0.001.
Kuhi: Journal of Behavioral Addictions 2022; 10.1556/2006.2022.00013
kükohu unidimensional
Ma muli o ka pilina kiʻekiʻe ma waena o nā kumu like ʻole, ua hoʻāʻo hou mākou i nā hoʻonā unidimensional me nā mea āpau e hoʻouka ana ma kahi kumu, e like me ka hoʻokō ʻana, e laʻa, ma ka IGDT-10. Ua ʻae ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona unidimensional o ka ACSID-11, akā me RMSEA a/a i ʻole χ2/df ma luna o nā ʻoki i manaʻo ʻia. No nā ʻano hana a pau, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kumu hoʻohālike no nā kumu hoʻohālike ʻehā i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā hiʻohiʻona unidimensional pākahi (e nānā 3 Pūnaewele). No laila, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻonā kumu ʻehā ma mua o ka hoʻonā unidimensional.
ʻO ke kumu hoʻohālike kumu lua a me ke kumu hoʻohālike bifactor
ʻO kahi koho ʻē aʻe i ka helu no nā intercorrelations kiʻekiʻe ʻo ia ka hoʻokomo ʻana i kahi kumu maʻamau e hōʻike ana i ka hana maʻamau, aia i loko o nā subdomains pili. Hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia ma o ke kumu hoʻohālike kumu lua a me ke kumu hoʻohālike bifactor. Ma ke kŘkohu kumu helu lua, ua ho'ohālike 'ia ka mea nui (lua-kaupapa) ma ka ho'ā'o e wehewehe i ka pilina ma waena o nā kumu mua. Ma ke kumu hoʻohālike bifactor, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ke kumu maʻamau ka mea maʻamau ma waena o nā kāʻei kua pili a ʻo ia hoʻi, he nui nā kumu kikoʻī, ʻo kēlā me kēia mea he mau hopena kūʻokoʻa a ma waho o ka kumu nui. Hoʻohālike ʻia kēia i ʻae ʻia kēlā me kēia ʻikamu e hoʻouka ma luna o ke kumu maʻamau a me kāna kumu kikoʻī kahi i kuhikuhi ʻia ai nā kumu āpau (me ka hoʻopili ʻana ma waena o ke kumu maʻamau a me nā kumu kikoʻī) he orthogonal. ʻOi aku ka paʻa o ke kumu hoʻohālike kumu lua ma mua o ke kumu hoʻohālike bifactor a ua pūnana ʻia i loko o ke kumu hoʻohālike bifactor (Yung, Thissen, & McLeod, 1999). I loko o kā mākou mau laʻana, hōʻike ʻia nā kumu hoʻohālike o ka papa helu lua e like me ke kūpono kūpono e like me nā kumu hoʻohālike ʻehā (e ʻike 3 Pūnaewele). No nā ʻano a pau, hoʻouka ʻia nā kumu ʻehā (kaupapa mua) ma luna o ke kumu nui (ʻo ka papa lua) (e nānā 'Apili B), ka mea e ho'āpono i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka helu holoʻokoʻa. E like me nā kumu hoʻohālike ʻehā, hōʻike kekahi o nā kumu hoʻohālike kumu lua i nā waiwai anomalous i kekahi manawa (ʻo ia hoʻi, ke koena ʻokoʻa maikaʻi ʻole no kahi hoʻololi huna a i ʻole nā hoʻoponopono ʻana o ka like a ʻoi aku paha ma mua o 1). Ua hoʻāʻo pū mākou i nā hiʻohiʻona bifactor hoʻohui i hōʻike i ka maikaʻi maikaʻi loa, akā naʻe, ʻaʻole no nā ʻano a pau e ʻike ʻia kahi kumu hoʻohālike (e nānā Haole C).
pono
Ma muli o ka hoʻolālā ʻehā-factorial i ʻike ʻia, ua helu mākou i nā helu kumu no ka ACSID-11 mai ke ʻano o nā mea āpau a me nā helu mean āpau no kēlā me kēia maʻi hoʻohana pūnaewele (pono). Ua nānā mākou i ka hilinaʻi o ka IGDT-10 i kā mākou hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻano like ʻole multibehavioral ma muli o ke ʻano o ka ASSIST (e loiloi i nā maʻi hoʻohana pūnaewele pūnaewele) no ka manawa mua. Hōʻike nā hopena i ke kūpaʻa kūloko kiʻekiʻe o ka ACSID-11 a me ka haʻahaʻa akā ʻae ʻia ka hilinaʻi o ka IGDT-10 (e ʻike i 4 Pūnaewele).
ʻO nā ana hilinaʻi o ka ACSID-11 a me ka IGDT-10 e ana i nā pilikia hoʻohana pūnaewele.
| ACSID-11 | IGDT-10 | |||||
| 'O ka pinepine | Ka Pono | (Manao ASSIST) | ||||
| ʻAno pilikia | α | λ2 | α | λ2 | α | λ2 |
| mea piliwaiwai | 0.900 | 0.903 | 0.894 | 0.897 | 0.841 | 0.845 |
| Kūʻai-kūʻai pūnaewele | 0.910 | 0.913 | 0.915 | 0.917 | 0.858 | 0.864 |
| Hoʻohana i nā kiʻi ponoʻī ma ka pūnaewele | 0.907 | 0.911 | 0.896 | 0.901 | 0.793 | 0.802 |
| Ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻoihana pūnaewele | 0.906 | 0.912 | 0.915 | 0.921 | 0.855 | 0.861 |
| Piliwaiwai pūnaewele | 0.947 | 0.950 | 0.944 | 0.946 | 0.910 | 0.912 |
Notes. α = Cronbach's alpha; λ 2 = Lambda-2 a Guttman; ACSID-11 = Ka Loiloi o nā Koina no nā pilikia hoʻohana pūnaewele kūikawā, 11 mau mea; IGDT-10 = He ʻumi-Item Internet Gaming Disorder Test; ʻokoʻa nā laʻana nui no ka pāʻani (n = 440), kūʻai-kūʻai pūnaewele (n = 944), hoʻohana ponokalakala pūnaewele (n = 340), ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻoihana pūnaewele (n = 854), a me ka piliwaiwai pūnaewele (n = 200).
5 Pūnaewele hōʻike i nā helu wehewehe o nā helu ACSID-11 a me IGDT-10. No nā ʻano hana a pau, ʻo ke ʻano o nā kumu ACSID-11 Continuation/Escalation a me Functional Impairment ʻo ia ka haʻahaʻa loa i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā kumu ʻē aʻe. Hōʻike ka factor Impaired Control i nā kumu waiwai kiʻekiʻe loa no ka pinepine a me ka ikaika. ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o nā helu ACSID-11 no ka maʻi hoʻohana ʻana i ka pilikanaka, a ukali ʻia e ka maʻi piliwaiwai pūnaewele a me ka maʻi pāʻani, ka maʻi hoʻohana ponokala ma ka pūnaewele, a me ka pilikia kūʻai-kūʻai pūnaewele. Hōʻike nā helu helu IGDT-10 i ke kiʻi like (e nānā 5 Pūnaewele).
Nā helu helu wehewehe o ka helu a me nā helu holoʻokoʻa o ka ACSID-11 a me IGDT-10 (ASSIST version) no nā pilikia hoʻohana pūnaewele.
| pāʻani (n = 440) | Kūʻai-kūʻai pūnaewele (n = 944) |
Hoʻohana i nā kiʻi ponoʻī ma ka pūnaewele (n = 340) |
Ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻoihana pūnaewele (n = 854) | Piliwaiwai pūnaewele (n = 200) | ||||||||||||||||
| Kuhi | Min | Max | M | (SD) | Min | Max | M | (SD) | Min | Max | M | (SD) | Min | Max | M | (SD) | Min | Max | M | (SD) |
| 'O ka pinepine | ||||||||||||||||||||
| ACSID-11_IC | 0 | 3 | 0.59 | (0.71) | 0 | 3 | 0.46 | (0.67) | 0 | 3 | 0.58 | (0.71) | 0 | 3 | 0.78 | (0.88) | 0 | 3 | 0.59 | (0.82) |
| ACSID-11_IP | 0 | 3 | 0.48 | (0.69) | 0 | 3 | 0.28 | (0.56) | 0 | 3 | 0.31 | (0.59) | 0 | 3 | 0.48 | (0.71) | 0 | 3 | 0.38 | (0.74) |
| ACSID-11_CE | 0 | 3 | 0.21 | (0.51) | 0 | 3 | 0.13 | (0.43) | 0 | 3 | 0.16 | (0.45) | 0 | 3 | 0.22 | (0.50) | 0 | 3 | 0.24 | (0.60) |
| ACSID-11_FI | 0 | 3 | 0.25 | (0.53) | 0 | 3 | 0.18 | (0.48) | 0 | 2.5 | 0.19 | (0.47) | 0 | 3 | 0.33 | (0.61) | 0 | 3 | 0.33 | (0.68) |
| ACSID-11_nui | 0 | 3 | 0.39 | (0.53) | 0 | 3 | 0.27 | (0.47) | 0 | 2.6 | 0.32 | (0.49) | 0 | 3 | 0.46 | (0.59) | 0 | 2.7 | 0.39 | (0.64) |
| Ka Pono | ||||||||||||||||||||
| ACSID-11_IC | 0 | 3 | 0.43 | (0.58) | 0 | 3 | 0.34 | (0.56) | 0 | 3 | 0.45 | (0.63) | 0 | 3 | 0.60 | (0.76) | 0 | 3 | 0.47 | (0.73) |
| ACSID-11_IP | 0 | 3 | 0.38 | (0.62) | 0 | 3 | 0.22 | (0.51) | 0 | 3 | 0.25 | (0.51) | 0 | 3 | 0.40 | (0.67) | 0 | 3 | 0.35 | (0.69) |
| ACSID-11_CE | 0 | 3 | 0.19 | (0.48) | 0 | 3 | 0.11 | (0.39) | 0 | 2.7 | 0.15 | (0.41) | 0 | 3 | 0.19 | (0.45) | 0 | 3 | 0.23 | (0.58) |
| ACSID-11_FI | 0 | 3 | 0.21 | (0.50) | 0 | 3 | 0.15 | (0.45) | 0 | 2.5 | 0.18 | (0.43) | 0 | 3 | 0.28 | (0.57) | 0 | 3 | 0.29 | (0.61) |
| ACSID-11_nui | 0 | 3 | 0.31 | (0.46) | 0 | 3 | 0.21 | (0.42) | 0 | 2.6 | 0.26 | (0.43) | 0 | 3 | 0.37 | (0.54) | 0 | 3 | 0.34 | (0.59) |
| IGDT-10_sum | 0 | 9 | 0.69 | (1.37) | 0 | 9 | 0.51 | (1.23) | 0 | 7 | 0.61 | (1.06) | 0 | 9 | 0.77 | (1.47) | 0 | 9 | 0.61 | (1.41) |
Notes. ACSID-11 = Ka Loiloi o nā Koina no nā pilikia hoʻohana pūnaewele kūikawā, 11 mau mea; IC = mana pilikia; IP = hoʻonui i ka mea nui; CE = hoʻomau / piʻi; FI = pilikia hana; IGDT-10 = Ho'āʻo maʻi pāʻani pāʻani pūnaewele he ʻumi.
Ka wehewehe hoʻoponopono
Ma ke ʻano he ana o ka pono o ke kūkulu ʻana, ua loiloi mākou i nā pilina ma waena o ACSID-11, IGDT-10, a me nā ana o ka maikaʻi maʻamau. Hōʻike ʻia nā pilina ma 6 Pūnaewele. Hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻia nā helu helu ACSID-11 me nā helu IGDT-10 me ka nui o ka hopena ma waena o ka nui, kahi kiʻekiʻe loa nā pilina ma waena o nā helu no nā ʻano like. Eia kekahi, pili maikaʻi nā helu ACSID-11 me PHQ-4, me ka hopena like me IGDT-10 a me PHQ-4. ʻO nā kumu hoʻohālikelike me nā ana o ka hauʻoli o ke ola (L-1) a me ka hauʻoli olakino (H-1) ʻano like loa ma waena o ka hōʻailona hōʻailona i loiloi ʻia me ACSID-11 a me ka IGDT-10. He hopena nui ka pilina ma waena o ACSID-11 no nā ʻano like ʻole. Hiki ke loaʻa nā pilina ma waena o nā helu helu a me IGDT-10 i ka mea hoʻohui.
ʻO nā pilina ma waena o ACSID-11 (frequency), IGDT-10, a me nā ana o ka maikaʻi noʻonoʻo.
| 1) | 2) | 3) | 4) | 5) | 6) | 7) | 8) | 9) | 10) | 11) | 12) | |||
| ACSID-11_nui | ||||||||||||||
| 1) | mea piliwaiwai | 1 | ||||||||||||
| 2) | Kūʻai-kūʻai pūnaewele | r | 0.703** | 1 | ||||||||||
| (n) | (434) | (944) | ||||||||||||
| 3) | Hoʻohana i nā kiʻi ponoʻī ma ka pūnaewele | r | 0.659** | 0.655** | 1 | |||||||||
| (n) | (202) | (337) | (340) | |||||||||||
| 4) | Ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻoihana pūnaewele | r | 0.579** | 0.720** | 0.665** | 1 | ||||||||
| (n) | (415) | (841) | (306) | 854 | ||||||||||
| 5) | Piliwaiwai pūnaewele | r | 0.718** | 0.716** | 0.661** | 0.708** | 1 | |||||||
| (n) | (123) | (197) | (97) | (192) | (200) | |||||||||
| IGDT-10_sum | ||||||||||||||
| 6) | mea piliwaiwai | r | 0.596** | 0.398** | 0.434** | 0.373** | 0.359** | 1 | ||||||
| (n) | (440) | (434) | (202) | (415) | (123) | (440) | ||||||||
| 7) | Kūʻai-kūʻai pūnaewele | r | 0.407** | 0.632** | 0.408** | 0.449** | 0.404** | 0.498** | 1 | |||||
| (n) | (434) | (944) | (337) | (841) | (197) | (434) | (944) | |||||||
| 8) | Hoʻohana i nā kiʻi ponoʻī ma ka pūnaewele | r | 0.285** | 0.238** | 0.484** | 0.271** | 0.392** | 0.423** | 0.418** | 1 | ||||
| (n) | (202) | (337) | (340) | (306) | (97) | (202) | (337) | (340) | ||||||
| 9) | Ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻoihana pūnaewele | r | 0.255** | 0.459** | 0.404** | 0.591** | 0.417** | 0.364** | 0.661** | 0.459** | 1 | |||
| (n) | (415) | (841) | (306) | (854) | (192) | (415) | (841) | (306) | (854) | |||||
| 10) | Piliwaiwai pūnaewele | r | 0.322** | 0.323** | 0.346** | 0.423** | 0.625** | 0.299** | 0.480** | 0.481** | 0.525** | 1 | ||
| (n) | (123) | (197) | (97) | (192) | (200) | (123) | (197) | (97) | (192) | (200) | ||||
| 11) | PHQ-4 | r | 0.292** | 0.273** | 0.255** | 0.350** | 0.326** | 0.208** | 0.204** | 0.146** | 0.245** | 0.236** | 1 | |
| (n) | (440) | (944) | (340) | (854) | (200) | (440) | (944) | (340) | (854) | (200) | (958) | |||
| 12) | L-1 | r | -0.069 | -0.080* | -0.006 | -0.147** | -0.179* | -0.130** | -0.077* | -0.018 | -0.140** | -0.170* | -0.542** | 1 |
| (n) | (440) | (944) | (340) | (854) | (200) | (440) | (944) | (340) | (854) | (200) | (958) | (958) | ||
| 13) | H-1 | r | -0.083 | -0.051 | 0.062 | -0.014 | 0.002 | -0.078 | -0.021 | 0.069 | 0.027 | -0.034 | -0.409** | 0.530** |
| (n) | (440) | (944) | (340) | (854) | (200) | (440) | (944) | (340) | (854) | (200) | (958) | (958) | ||
Notes. ** p <0.01; * p < 0.05. ACSID-11 = Ka Loiloi o nā Koina no nā pilikia hoʻohana pūnaewele kūikawā, 11 mau mea; IGDT-10 = He ʻumi-Item Internet Gaming Disorder Test; PHQ-4 = Nīnau nīnau Ola Ola maʻi-4; ʻO ka hoʻoponopono ʻana me ka pālākiō ikaika ACSID-11 ma kahi ʻano like.
Kūkākūkā a me nā ʻĀina
Ua hoʻopuka kēia hōʻike i ka ACSID-11 ma ke ʻano he mea hana hou no ka nānā maʻalahi a me ka piha o nā ʻano nui o nā pilikia hoʻohana pūnaewele. Hōʻike nā hopena o ke aʻo ʻana he kūpono ʻo ACSID-11 e hopu i nā koina ICD-11 no ka maʻi pāʻani ma kahi ʻano multifaceted. ʻO nā hoʻoponopono maikaʻi me kahi mea hana loiloi e pili ana i ka DSM-5 (IGDT-10) i hōʻike hou aku i ka pono o ke kūkulu ʻana.
Ua hōʻoia ʻia ka manaʻo multifactorial o ka ACSID-11 e nā hopena o ka CFA. Ua kūpono nā mea me kahi kumu hoʻohālike ʻehā e hōʻike ana i nā koina ICD-11 (1) impaired control, (2) hoʻonui i ka mea nui, (3) hoʻomau / piʻi ʻana me nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole, a me nā mea hou aku (4) hōʻino hana a i hōʻailona ʻia ka pilikia e noʻonoʻo ʻia e pili ana i nā ʻano addictive. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka ʻaha kumu ʻehā i kūpono maikaʻi i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka hoʻonā unidimensional. ʻO ka multidimensionality o ka pālākiō he hiʻohiʻona kūʻokoʻa i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā unahi ʻē aʻe e uhi ana i nā koina ICD-11 no ka maʻi pāʻani (cf. King & al., 2020; Pontes et al., 2021). Eia kekahi, ʻo ka ʻoi aku o ka maikaʻi o ke kumu hoʻohālike o ka papa helu ʻelua (a me ke ʻano bifactor hapa) e hōʻike ana i nā mea e loiloi ana i nā koina pili ʻehā i kūkulu ʻia he "disorder" maʻamau a kūpono i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka helu holoʻokoʻa. Ua like nā hopena no ka maʻi piliwaiwai pūnaewele a me nā maʻi ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pūnaewele i ana ʻia e ACSID-11 ma ka ʻano multibehavioral ma ka laʻana o ka ASSIST, ʻo ia hoʻi ka maʻi kūʻai-kūʻai pūnaewele, ka maʻi hoʻohana ponokala pūnaewele, nā ʻupena pūnaewele- hoʻohana pilikia. No ka mea hope, ʻaʻohe mea paʻahana e pili ana i nā koina WHO no nā maʻi ma muli o nā ʻano addictive, ʻoiai ʻo ka poʻe noiʻi e ʻōlelo nei i kēia helu no kēlā me kēia o lākou (Brand et al., 2020; Müller et al., 2019; Stark et al., 2018). Hiki i nā ʻano hana hou, e like me ka ACSID-11, ke kōkua i ka lanakila ʻana i nā pilikia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā loiloi ʻōnaehana o nā mea maʻamau a me nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o kēia mau ʻano like ʻole o nā ʻano addictive.
He kiʻekiʻe ka hilinaʻi o ka ACSID-11. No ka maʻi pāʻani, ua hoʻohālikelike a ʻoi aku paha ka paʻa o loko ma mua o ka hapa nui o nā mea kani (cf. King & al., 2020). ʻO ka hilinaʻi ma nā ʻōlelo o ke kūpaʻa kūloko maikaʻi nō hoʻi no nā maʻi hoʻohana pūnaewele ʻē aʻe i ana ʻia e ACSID-11 a me IGDT-10. Mai kēia hiki iā mākou ke hoʻoholo i kahi ʻano pane i hoʻohui ʻia, e like me ka ASSIST (ʻO WHO ASSIST Hui Hana, 2002) kūpono no ka loiloi hui ʻana o nā ʻano ʻano hoʻohui ʻano. Ma ka la'ana o keia manawa, 'o ka huina helu ACSID-11 ka mea ki'eki'e loa no ka ma'i ho'ohana i ka pilikanaka. Ua kūpono kēia me ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o kēia hanana i manaʻo ʻia ma 14% no nā ʻāina pilikino a me 31% no nā ʻāina collectivist (Cheng, Lau, Chan, & Luk, 2021).
Hōʻike ʻia ka mana convergent e ka hoʻoponopono maikaʻi ʻana ma waena o nā helu ACSID-11 a me IGDT-10 ʻoiai nā ʻano helu helu like ʻole. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hoʻoponopono kūpono ma waena o nā helu ACSID-11 a me ka PHQ-4 ana i nā hōʻailona o ke kaumaha a me ka hopohopo e kākoʻo i ka pono o ka mea hana loiloi hou. Kūlike nā hopena me nā ʻike mua e pili ana i nā hui ma waena o nā pilikia noʻonoʻo (comorbid) a me nā pilikia hoʻohana pūnaewele ponoʻī e pili ana i ka maʻi pāʻani (Mihara & Higuchi, 2017; aka, nana; Colder Carras, Shi, Hard, & Saldanha, 2020), pilikia hoʻohana ponokalakala (ʻO Duffy, Dawson, a me Das Nair, 2016), pilikia kūʻai-kūʻai (Kyrios et al., 2018), pilikia ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻoihana pūnaewele (Andreassen, 2015), a me nā pilikia piliwaiwai (Dowling et al., 2015). Eia kekahi, ʻo ka ACSID-11 (ʻoi aku ka maʻi piliwaiwai pūnaewele a me ka pilikia o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻoihana pūnaewele) i hoʻopili ʻia me ke ana o ka hauʻoli o ke ola. Ua kūlike kēia hopena me nā mea i ʻike mua ʻia e pili ana i nā hui ma waena o ke olakino maikaʻi ʻole a me ka hōʻailona hōʻailona o nā maʻi hoʻohana pūnaewele kūikawā (Cheng, Cheung, & Wang, 2018; Duffy et al., 2016; ʻO Duradoni, Innocenti, a me Guazzini, 2020). Hōʻike nā haʻawina e pili ana ka maikaʻi i ka wā e hui pū ʻia ai nā pilikia hoʻohana pūnaewele (Charzyńska et al., 2021). ʻAʻole pinepine ka hui pū ʻana o nā pilikia hoʻohana pūnaewele (e laʻa, Burleigh et al., 2019; Müller et al., 2021) ka mea hiki ke wehewehe i ka pilina kiʻekiʻe ma waena o nā maʻi i ana ʻia e ACSID-11 a me IGDT-10. Hōʻike kēia i ke koʻikoʻi o kahi hāmeʻa screening like e hoʻoholo ai i nā mea maʻamau a me nā ʻokoʻa i ʻoi aku ka pono ma waena o nā ʻano maʻi like ʻole ma muli o nā ʻano addictive.
ʻO kahi palena nui o ka haʻawina o kēia manawa ʻo ia ka laʻana non-clinical, liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi a me ka hōʻike ʻole. No laila, me kēia haʻawina, ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke hōʻike inā kūpono ʻo ACSID-11 ma ke ʻano he mea hana diagnostic, no ka mea ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke hāʻawi i nā helu ʻoki ʻoki akaka, akā. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole i ʻae ka hoʻolālā cross-sectional e hana i nā manaʻo e pili ana i ka hilinaʻi hoʻāʻo hou a i ʻole nā kumu kumu ma waena o ACSID-11 a me nā mea hoʻololi hōʻoia. Pono ka mea hana i ka hōʻoia hou e hōʻoia i kona hilinaʻi a kūpono. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo nā hopena o kēia noiʻi mua e hōʻike ana he mea hoʻohiki maikaʻi ia e pono ke hoʻāʻo hou. No ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana, pono ʻia kahi waihona ʻikepili nui ʻaʻole wale no kēia mea hana, akā no ka ʻimi noiʻi holoʻokoʻa e hoʻoholo ai i kahi o kēia mau ʻano i hiki ke manaʻo ʻia he mau mea diagnostic (cf. Grant & Chamberlain, 2016). ʻIke ʻia e hana maikaʻi ke ʻano o ka ACSID-11 e like me ka hōʻoia ʻia e nā hopena o ka noiʻi o kēia manawa. Ua hōʻike pono ʻia nā kumu kikoʻī ʻehā a me ke kikowaena laulā ma nā ʻano like ʻole, ʻoiai ua pane ʻia kēlā me kēia mea no nā hana pūnaewele i hōʻike ʻia i hana ʻia i kekahi manawa i nā mahina he ʻumikumamālua i hala. Ua kūkākūkā mua mākou e pili pū ana nā maʻi hoʻohana pūnaewele, akā naʻe, pono e hōʻoia ʻia kēia i nā haʻawina hahai ma ke ʻano he kumu no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā helu ACSID-11 ma waena o nā ʻano. Eia kekahi, hōʻike paha nā waiwai anomali i kekahi manawa no kekahi mau ʻano pono e hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka kikoʻī hoʻohālike. ʻAʻole pili pono nā pae hoʻohālike i hoʻohana ʻia i nā ʻano maʻi āpau i hoʻopili ʻia. ʻAʻole hiki i ka ACSID-11 ke uhi pono i nā hiʻohiʻona maʻi i nā hōʻailona hōʻailona. Pono e ho'āʻo ʻia ka ʻokoʻa o ke ana ʻana ma nā ʻano like ʻole me nā laʻana kūʻokoʻa hou me nā maʻi me nā maʻi maʻi hoʻohana pūnaewele. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole hōʻike nā hopena i ka heluna lehulehu. ʻO ka ʻikepili e pili ana i nā mea hoʻohana pūnaewele ma Kelemānia a ʻaʻohe paʻa i ka manawa o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻikepili; akā naʻe, hiki i ka maʻi maʻi COVID-19 ka hopena i nā pae koʻikoʻi a (pilikia) hoʻohana pūnaewele (Király et al., 2020). ʻOiai ua hōʻoia maikaʻi ʻia ka pālākiō L-1 mea hoʻokahi (Beierlein et al., 2015), (domain-specific) hiki ke hopu ʻia ka ʻoluʻolu o ke ola ma nā haʻawina e hiki mai ana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ACSID-11.
I ka hopena, ua kūpono ka ACSID-11 no ka loiloi piha, kūpaʻa, a me ka hoʻokele waiwai o nā hōʻailona o (hiki) i nā pilikia hoʻohana pūnaewele pono e like me ka maʻi pāʻani, ka maʻi kūʻai kūʻai pūnaewele, ka pilikia hoʻohana ponokala pūnaewele, ka ʻoihana pūnaewele. - hoʻohana i ka maʻi, a me ka pilikia piliwaiwai pūnaewele e pili ana i nā pae hoʻohālikelike diagnostic ICD-11 no ka maʻi pāʻani. Pono e hoʻokō ʻia ka loiloi hou aku o ka mea hana loiloi. Manaʻo mākou e hiki i ka ACSID-11 ke kōkua i ka loiloi mau ʻana o nā ʻano addictive i ka noiʻi a hiki ke lilo i mea kōkua i ka hana lapaʻau i ka wā e hiki mai ana.
ʻO nā kumuwaiwai kālā
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) - 411232260.
ʻO ka hāʻawiʻana o nā mea hoʻohana
SMM: Keʻano, ka nānāʻana i ka Formal, Writing - Original Draft; EW: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing - Review & Editing; AO: Methodology, Formal analysis; RS: Ka Manaʻo Manaʻo, Ke Kaʻina Hana; AM: Ka Manaʻo Manaʻo, Ke Kaʻina Hana; CM: Ka Manaʻo Manaʻo, Ke Kaʻina Hana; KW: Conceptualization, Methodology; HJR: Conceptualization, Methodology; MB: Manaʻo Manaʻo, Keʻano, Kākau - Nānā & Hoʻoponopono, Nānā.
Kōkua hihia
ʻAʻole hōʻike nā mea kākau i ke kālā a i ʻole nā hakakā ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ke kumuhana o kēia ʻatikala.
'Ōlelo hōʻeia
Ua hana ʻia ka hana ma kēia ʻatikala ma ka pōʻaiapili o ka Research Unit ACSID, FOR2974, i kākoʻo ʻia e ka Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) - 411232260.
Nā mea'ē aʻe
Hiki ke ʻike i nā ʻikepili hoʻohui i kēia ʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.2022.00013.
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