Ka Hoʻoponoponoʻana no nā Loaʻa Aʻe a me nā Lēkiu ma waena o nā Kuleana Kula me ka Internet Gaming Disorder (2015)

PLoS hana. 2015 Jan 23; 10 (1): e0116471. hana: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0116471.

  • Yuan-Wei Yao,

    Hoʻohui: Ke Kula ʻo Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China⨯

  • Pin-Ru Chen,

    Hoʻohui: Ke Kula ʻo Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China⨯

  • Himeni Li,

    Hoʻohui: Kula ʻo ke Kula Kaiapuni ʻo Matematika, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China⨯

  • Ling-Jiao Wang,

    He Hoikehonua: State Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG / McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China⨯

  • Jin-Tao Zhang,

    * E-leka uila: [pale ʻia ka leka uila] (JTZ); [pale ʻia ka leka uila] (XYF)

    Nā Pākaʻi: Ka Palapala Kūlana Nui o nā Kuʻuna a me nā ʻIke ʻana o Cognitive a me IDG / McGovern Institute no Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China, Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China⨯

  • Sarah W. Yip,

    Pūnaewele: Ke Oihana o Psychiatry, Ke Kula ʻOihana Yale University of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America⨯

  • Kenia,

    ʻO ka hoʻohui: ʻĀpekema a me ka helu Computing Core, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Ke Keʻena Oihana Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America⨯

  • Lin-Yuan Deng,

    Nā Kaukaʻi: Ka Pūnaewele Hoʻonaʻauao, Beijing University University, Beijing, China⨯

  • Qin-Xue Liu,

    Pākaʻi: Ke Kula Kauka o ka ʻĀina Kauwila, Kina Kaleponi maʻamau, Wuhan, Kina, Kaʻena Nui o ka ʻōpio Cyberpsychology and Behaviour (CCNU), Kuhina Hoʻonaʻauao, Wuhan, Kina⨯

  • Xiao-Yi Fang

    * E-leka uila: [pale ʻia ka leka uila] (JTZ); [pale ʻia ka leka uila] (XYF)

    Pāʻoihana: Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG / McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China, Academy of Psychology and Behaviour, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, Kina

    ⨯

PLOS
  • Hoʻopuka: Ianuali 23, 2015
  • DOI: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0116471

Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo

ʻO nā mea pilikino me ka maʻi pākuhi pūnaewele (IGD) pili i ka hōʻike i ka hopena hoʻoweliweli maikaʻi ʻole a ʻaʻole wale i ko lākou ola maoli akā i nā hana laboratorium. ʻO ka hoʻoholo ʻana kahi hana multifaceted paʻakikī a me nā kaʻina hana cognitive ʻē aʻe i pili i ka hoʻoholo ʻana no ka loaʻa a me nā poho. Eia naʻe, ʻo ka pilina ma waena o ka hoʻoholo ʻana o ka hoʻoholo a me ka loaʻa ʻana ma o ka pau ʻana o ka hoʻoilo ʻana ma ke ʻano o ka IGD me ka ʻike ʻole. ʻO ka pahuhopu nui o ka hoʻopaʻa haʻawina ʻana ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā hoʻoholo no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hopena i nā pōpilikia a me nā nalowale ma waena o nā haumāna haumāna me IGD e hoʻohana ana i nā hana Cups. Eia kekahi, ua nānā hou mākou i nā hopena o ka hopena kiʻekiʻe a me ka pae me ka hiki ʻana i nā hoʻoholo hoʻoholo e pili ana i nā loaʻa pōʻino a me nā poho i kēlā me kēia. Ua komo pū nā haumāna haumāna ʻeono kanalima ma IGD a me 42 i nā koina olakino olakino (HC). Hōʻike nā hopena i hōʻike ʻia nā kumuhana IGD i nā mea nui e mālama ana i nā ʻoi ma mua o nā HC. No ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā HC, ua hana nā kumuhana ʻoI a keu i nā koho ʻoi loa i ka maikaʻi o ka waiwai pio (akā, ʻaʻole ma ka loaʻa waiwai). Hōʻike i nā loiloi hope e pili ana i ka hopena o ka hoʻopulapula ʻana i nā loli i ka nui o ka hopena a me ka pae o ka pae no ka nalowale i nā kumuhana o ka IGD. A eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka maʻi hoʻokaumaha pūnaewele e pili pū me ka pakeneka o nā koho ʻikena no ka loaʻa ʻole o ka waiwai pio. Hōʻike kēia mau ʻike i ka hopena o ka pale ʻole i ka nalowale i nā hoʻoholo kīnā ʻole ma lalo o ka pilikia i loko o ka pōʻaiapili o ka IGD, he mea e loaʻa ai nā noi no ka huli ʻana.

Hōʻike:Yao YW, Chen PR, Li S, Wang LJ, Zhang JT, et al. (2015) Ke hoʻoholo nei no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hopena ʻeha a me nā hemahema ma waena o nā haumāna haumana me ka Pūnaewele Pāʻani Pūnaewele. PLOʻO 10 (1): e0116471. doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0116471

Luna Hoʻonaʻauao: Ingmar HA Franken, Keʻena ʻO Erasmus Rotterdam, KAʻU KULA

Loaʻaʻia: Iulai 17, 2014; Uaʻaeʻia: 'Okakese 9, 2014; Kuhiʻia: Ianuari 23, 2015

He kumuhana wehe ʻia kēia, wehe ʻole i nā kope kope a pau, a hiki ke hoʻouka hou ʻia, kaʻana, ka hoʻouna ʻana, hoʻololi ʻia, kūkulu ʻia ʻana, a i ʻole e hoʻohana ʻia e kekahi no kahi kumu kūpono. Hana ʻia ka hana ma lalo o ka Hoʻolaha Hoʻokua CC0 ka hoʻolaʻa kikowaena pūnaewele

Kaʻikepiliʻikepili:Aia nāʻikepili kūpono a pau i loko o ka pepa a me kāna mauʻikeʻike.

Kākoʻo kālā:Ua kākoʻo ʻia kēia haʻawina e ka National Natural Science Foundation o Kina (No. 31170990 a me No. 81100992), nā waihona noiʻi kumu kālā no nā kikowaena waena (No. 2012WYB01), a me ka National Innovative Foundation Programs for College Student of China (No. 201310027028). Loaʻa iā SWY i ke kākoʻo uku mai ka hāʻawi mai NIDA (T32 DA007238-23). ʻAʻohe kuleana o ka poʻe kālā kālā i ka hoʻolālā noiʻi, hōʻiliʻili a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka ʻike, a i ʻole hoʻomākaukau i ka kākau ʻana.

Nā mea hoʻolimalima: Ua haʻi aku nā mea kākau i kaʻaʻohe hoʻokūkū hoʻokūkū.

Introduction

ʻO ka ʻāʻālua o ka pāʻani pūnaewele ma ka ʻāʻālua (IGD) ua ho'ākāka ʻia me ka nui o ka pāʻani ʻana me ka pāʻani ʻole ma ka pūnaewele ʻoiai ka ʻike o nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole, e like me ka insomnia, maikaʻi ʻia ka hana haʻawina, a me ka noho kaʻawale ʻona.1,2]. Ke hoʻonui ʻia nei ʻo IGD ma kahi pilikia olakino noʻonoʻo ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa [3], e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e kāna mea e komo pū ana ma ka Mokuna III o ka DSM-5 ma ke kumuhana e pono ai nā haʻawina hou aʻe [4]. Eia kekahi, ʻoiai ua loaʻa noa ka Pūnaewele i nā wahi kampus, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā haumāna kula kolepa e pāʻani ana i nā pāʻani pūnaewele no ka ʻoliʻoli, ʻo ia hoʻi, e hoʻolilo iā lākou i mea he nui loa ka lehulehu o IGD [5,6].

Hoʻoholo hoʻoholo Maladaptive kekahi o nā hōʻailona nui o ka hoʻohui [7-9]. Ua hōʻike mua ʻia nā ʻike mua e hōʻike ana i nā mea me ka hōʻino a me ka hilinaʻi paha i ka hana ma luna o nā hana hoʻoholo.10-14]. Hōʻike nā haʻawina hou i nā hemahema i ka hoʻoholo ʻana ma IGD. No ka laʻana, ʻike nā kānaka noiʻi i nā mea me ka IGD i hana maikaʻi aʻe i nā koho ʻē aʻe ma ka Game o Dice Task e pili ana i nā haʻawina hoʻokūkū a maikaʻi ʻole hoʻokani.15], a he mea ma ka hemahema paha i mahele kekahi hapa o ka hiki ʻole ke hoʻohana i ka manaʻo pane.16]. Ua hōʻike aku nō hoʻi nā hōʻike loea i ka poʻe i loaʻa me ka hoʻopili pūnaewele ma muli o ka hoʻoholo ʻana ma lalo o ka laumee ʻia e ka Iowa Gambling Task [17,18]. ʻO nā haʻawina neuroimaging e hoʻohana ana i nā ʻano hana ʻokoʻa (e like me ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i ka hana, ke hana ʻemi hoʻemi ʻana) e hōʻike i nā loli i nā pane neural i waena o nā poʻe me ka IGD i ka wā e hoʻoholo ai i nā hoʻoholo ʻana, e pili ana i ka hoʻolilo a me ka hoʻopuka ʻana i nā uku a me nā hoʻopaʻi.19-21] a ka loiloi i nā pilikia [22].

ʻO ka hoʻoholo ʻana he hana cognitive paʻakikī, a me ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i nā hōʻike hōʻike ʻana i pili ana nā ʻōnaehana like i ka hoʻoholo ʻana no nā pono a me nā kinohi [23-26]. Ua ʻike kekahi ʻo nā mea noiʻi ua hana nui ʻia nā mea i pili me ka maʻi addiction i kahi mau koho maikaʻi ʻole i ka maikaʻi i loko o ka loaʻa - e hoʻohālikelike ʻia ana i ka nalowale.27,28], ʻoiai nā ʻikepili i loaʻa i ke kuleana o ka hemahema ʻana i ka waiwai ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā hemahema i waena o nā poʻe me ka waiwai hilinaʻi [29,30]. Eia naʻe, ʻike ka nui o ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka hoʻoholo ʻana ma waena o nā kumuhana IGD. Ke hōʻike mua nei i nā ʻano o ka ʻimi ʻimi a me ka pale ʻole ʻana i ka pale i waena o nā poʻe me ka IGD e holomua i ka ʻike o nā hana e pili ana i ka hana hoʻoholo ʻana ma kēia lahui, a hiki paha i ke kōkua i ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka huli kūpono ʻana no IGD.

I ke aʻo ʻana i kēia manawa, ua ʻimi mākou e hoʻokaʻawale i ka hoʻoholo ʻana no ka loaʻa ʻana a me nā poho i waena o nā haumāna kula kula me IGD. No kēia kumu, ua hana mākou i ka hana Cups [26], ka mea e hoʻokaʻawale i ka hoʻoholo ʻana no ka loaʻa a me ka loaʻa. Eia kekahi, ua ʻimi hou mākou e nānā i nā hopena o ʻelua mau mea pono, ka nui o ka hopena a me ka pae kiʻekiʻe, ma ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā hopena e pili ana i nā mea pōmaikaʻi a me nā poho. Koho ʻia ma nā noiʻi mua [15,16,21], ke kōkua nei mākou i: (1) kumuhana IGD, hoʻohālikelike i nā mana olakino e pili ana i ka maʻi (HCs) e nui aʻe ana ka koho i ka lehulehu koho; (2) nā kumuhana IGD, i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka HC, e hana hewa i nā pilikia hoʻokaumaha i nā hopena waiwai a me ka hoʻoilo; (3) i nā hopena hoʻoholo i waena o nā kumuhana IGD e pili ana i ka insensitivity i ka hopena kiʻekiʻe a me ka pae kiʻekiʻe; a (4) loaʻa nā hopena koʻikoʻi IGD i pili i ka koho maikaʻi ʻole ʻoi loa i koho ʻia ma nā hana Cups.

Nā Papahana

Ka'ōlelo Kaumaha

Ua apono ʻia ka protocol o kēia aʻo ʻana e ka Board Review Review Board of School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University. Hāʻawi i nā mea a pau i hōʻike ʻae ʻia ma mua o ka hoʻokolohua a loaʻa iā ia ka uku kālā no ko lākou komo ʻana.

i komo

Ua loaʻa kahi haumāna o 102 kumu kula (60 IGD kumuhana a me 42 HCs) i nā kula mai nā hoʻolaha pūnaewele ma Beijing, Kina. Hāʻawi ʻia i ka kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka IGD i nā kāne ma mua o nā wahine.1,31-33], ua koho wale ʻia nā kāne kāne. ʻAʻohe mea i hōʻike i ka hōʻike mua ma mua o nā lāʻau lapaʻau (e like me ka cocaine) a i ʻole ka pā pāʻani (me ka pili ʻana i ka pāʻani pūnaewele). Eia kekahi, ʻo nā mea i hōʻike i kekahi mōʻaukala o nā maʻi psychiatric a neurological paha, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā lāʻau psychotropic e pili ana i ka ʻōnaehana o ka nūhou ma waena o nā noi hou.

Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka IGD e nā manawa pāʻani wikiō pūnaewele a me ka nui o ka addiction scale a ka Pūnaewele ʻo CIAS [CIAS) [34]. Hoʻokumu ka CIAS i nā mea 26, neʻe i kahi kiko 4-point Likert, kahi e loiloi ai i nā kikowaena 5 o ka hoʻohui pūnaewele: ka pono ka hoʻohana ʻana, hoʻihoʻi, ʻae, nā pilikia o ka pilina Interpersonal, a me ka mālama ʻana i ka manawa. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka pono a me ka pololei o ka CIAS ma waena o nā haumāna kula.33]. ʻO nā helu e pili ana no nā kumuhana IGD nā: (1) kiʻi ʻia ʻo 67 a kiʻekiʻe paha ma CIAS [33,35], (2) ka nui o ka manawa ma ka pāʻani pūnaewele ma mua o nā noi pūnaewele ʻē aʻe, a ua (3) i lilo ma ka liʻiliʻi 14 mau hola i hoʻokahi pule no ka liʻiliʻi hoʻokahi makahiki. Ke hōʻoia hou nei ua hoʻohui ʻia nā kumuhana IGD i ka pāʻani Pūnaewele a i ʻole ka hopena o ka hopena o nā hana pūnaewele ʻē aʻe (ʻoi aku ka luhi ma ka online) i ka hoʻoholo ʻana, ua noi ʻia nā kumuhana IGD e papa inoa i nā hana pūnaewele ʻekolu e noho ana i ka hapa nui o kā lākou manawa ma ka pūnaewele. Ua koho lākou a pau i ka pāʻani pūnaewele ma ka pūnaewele mua a hōʻike ʻia ua ʻenehana ʻia lākou i ka pāʻani pūnaewele, akā ʻaʻole kekahi o lākou i hoʻokomo i ka pāʻani pūnaewele a i ʻole poker ma kā lākou papa inoa. ʻO ka mana helu no ka HC nā: (1) ka helu ≤ 50 ma CIAS, (2) i ka manawa pāʻani ma ka pūnaewele (≤ 2 mau hola i kēlā me kēia pule) a ʻaʻole paha e pāʻani i nā pāʻani pūnaewele ma ko lākou ola.

Nā ʻāpana Kahi

ʻO ka hana kamepiula ʻenehana o Cups i hoʻololi ʻia mai ka hana mua i hoʻomohala ʻia e [26]. Aia ka hana ma 54 mau ho'āʻo i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i nā waihona loaʻa a me nā hoʻoili kauhele. Ma kēlā me kēia hoʻokolokolo, noi ʻia nā mea i koho i waena o kahi koho i kahi koho i koho ʻole ʻia, a ʻo ke koho palekana e hōʻike ʻia ana e ke kīwaha hoʻokahi a ua pili pū ʻia me 100% hopena o ka lanakila a i ʻole ka 100 yuan. ʻO ka koho pio e hōʻike ʻia e 2, 3 a i ʻole 4 kīʻaha a pili pū me 50%, 33% a i ʻole 25% o ka lanakila a i ʻole ka pio kālā nui aʻe (hopena hopena: 200 yuan, 300 yuan, a i ʻole 400 yuan). I loko o kēlā me kēia kikowaena, loaʻa i kēlā me kēia hui like o ka pae a me ka pae i hopena. Ua hōʻike nā poʻe komo i ko lākou koho ma ke kaomi ʻana i ka pihi hema a ʻākau paha. Ma hope o kēlā me kēia koho, hāʻawi ʻia nā mea ʻikepili e pili ana i ka hopena o ka hoʻokolokolo. ʻO nā iwakālua he iwakālua i loaʻa i nā helu uku kiʻekiʻe loa e hāʻawi ʻia me kahi bonus hou.

Kahi wale ʻia me ka hoʻokaʻawale kūʻokoʻa o ka pae o ka pae a me ka pae hopena, ʻo nā hui pū kekahi: (1) i loaʻa ka maikaʻi (RA), ʻo ia ka manaʻo o ka waiwai ʻāpono (EV) i koho i ka hopena i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka koho palekana; (2) hikiʻole i ka pilikia (RD), i ka manaʻo o ka EV o ka pilikia ʻokoʻa ma mua o ka koho palekana; a i ʻole (3) pilikia kūlohelohe, ʻo ia ka manaʻo o nā koho ʻokoʻa a palekana hoʻi i loaʻa i nā waiwai i manaʻo ʻia (EQEV).

ʻIkeʻIke Heluhelu

Ua hoʻokau ʻia nā hana helu helu helu me ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka SPSS 20.0 a me R version 3.1.0. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hoʻokolohua āpau ma ke kau ʻana o ka waiwai nui ma P <.05. ʻO ka mea mua, ua hoʻohana mākou i nā hoʻāʻo t-sample e ʻike i ka ʻokoʻa o ka hui i nā loli kanaka. ʻO ka lua, i mea e hoʻohālikelike ai i ka hana o nā poʻe IGD a me nā HCs ma ka hana Cups, ua hoʻohana mākou i nā anamanaʻo o ka variance (ANOVAs) me nā ana hou. I mea e ʻimi ai i nā hopena o ka launa pū, ua hana ʻia nā loiloi hopena maʻalahi. Ma kahi i hōʻike ai nā hōʻike Mauchly i ka hōʻino ʻana i ke kuhi ākea, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā hoʻoponopono ʻo Greenhouse-Geisser. Ua mālama ʻia nā loiloi ma hope o ka hoc me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hoʻāʻo t me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana a Bonferroni. ʻO ke kolu, hoʻokaʻawale mākou iā EV i ʻelua mau ʻāpana: pae pae a me ka nui o ka hopena, i mea e ʻimi ai i ka hopena o kēia mau ʻāpana ʻelua i ka hoʻoholo ʻana no kēlā me kēia hoʻokolokolo, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hana R lmer o ka waihona lme4. ʻO ka mea hope loa, e nānā i ka pilina ma waena o ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka Pūnaewele a me ka hana hoʻoholo ʻana i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā loaʻa a me ka hōʻalo ʻana i nā pohō, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā hoʻopili ʻana a Pearson e ʻimi i nā hui ma waena o nā helu CIAS a me ka pākēneka o nā koho pilikia i hana ʻia i loko o nā pae EV ʻekolu. ) no nā kāʻei loaʻa a me nā lilo.

Results

Nā Kiʻi Kiʻikuhi

E like me ia i hōʻikeʻia 1 Pūnaewele, ʻaʻole i ʻokoʻa nā kumuhana a ka IGD a me nā HC i nā makahiki, ka lōʻihi o ka hoʻonaʻauao ʻana, a me nā makahiki o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pūnaewele me ke ola ʻana. A kūlike me kā mākou kikowaena helu (ʻo ia hoʻi, ka helu CIAS ≥ 67 no nā kumuhana IGA a me ≤ 50 no HCs), he nui nā haʻawina o ko IGD ka nui o nā helu CIAS. t (100) = 27.14, P <.001. Iwakāluakūmālua mau 42 HC i pāʻani pāʻani i nā pāʻani Pūnaewele, akā naʻe, ua lilo nā kumuhana IGD i nā manawa he nui ma nā pāʻani Pūnaewele i kēlā me kēia pule ma mua o ka HCs, t (80) = 15.41, P <.001.

kiʻi liʻiliʻi
ʻ Xlelo 1. Hoʻolauna, hoʻohana ka Pūnaewele i nā lā holoʻokoʻa, nā pae CIAS a i manawa i hoʻopau ʻia i nā kumuhana IGD a me HC.

hana: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0116471.t001

He haʻahaʻa loa ka helu ʻana o ka taba a me ka inu ʻāpana no nā hui ʻelua: ʻekolu mau kumuhana IGD a ʻo HC kekahi i hōʻike i kekahi manawa (ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o hoʻokahi mahina) i ka ulaula. He ʻumikūmālua mau kumuhana IGD a me 12 HC i hōʻike i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wai ʻona akā ʻo nā mea āpau me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (hoʻokahi manawa i hoʻokahi pule a ʻoi paha ka hapa), ʻaʻole like ʻole kēia mau uku ma waena o nā hui. t (29) = 1.27, P = .216.

Hoʻopilikia ka lawe ʻana

ʻO ka lawe ʻana i ka mālama waiwai he hana ia o ka makemake o kekahi kanaka e koho i ke koho ʻōpō ma luna o ka koho palekana ma kēlā me kēia pae ʻekolu o ka pae (RA, EQEV, RD) i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka waiwai a me ka nalowale.36]. Ua hana mākou i kahi 2 (domain: loaʻa, nalowale) × 3 (ke kiʻekiʻe EV: RA, EQEV, RD) × 2 (hui: nā kumuhana IGD, HC) mau hana hoʻomalu ANOVA. E like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia, ʻike mākou i ka hopena nui o ka hui, F (1, 100) = 5.67, P = .019, ʻāpana η2 = .05, e hōʻike ana ua koho ke kumuhana o ka IGD i nā koho ʻē aʻe hou aku ma mua o ka HC ma ka loaʻa o ka waiwai a me ka loaʻa ʻole. a me kahi hopena nui o ka pae o ka EV, F (2, 200) = 289.64, P <.001, hapa η2 = .74. Ua hōʻike ʻia e ka hōʻike a hope-hoc i nā koho i hana ʻoi aku ka nui o kahi koho i ka wā ʻo RA ka pae o ka EV ma mua o ko RD. ʻO ke ʻano ʻekolu o ka pilina ma waena o EV pae, ʻo ka hui a me ka pūnaewele ʻaʻole i hoʻokō i nā mea nui. F (2, 200) = 1.43, P = .242, ʻāpana η2 = .01. Eia nō naʻe, ua ʻike mākou i kahi hui o EV level ×, F (2, 200) = 6.08, P = .006, ʻāpana η2 = .06, a me ka loiloi maʻalahi e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻopili nui ʻana ma muli o ka hiki ke ʻoi loa i ka holo ʻana i nā ala RD ma waena o nā kumuhana IGD e hoʻohālikelike ai i nā HC, F (2, 99) = 7.54, P = .001, ʻāpana η2 = .13. Ua ʻike mākou i kahi ʻike pilikino EV level × nui loa, F (2, 200) = 7.70, P = .001, ʻāpana η2 = .07, a me ka loiloi maʻalahi maʻalahi ka mea i komo i koho i nā koho i nā ʻoi loa i nā waiwai pio ma ka hoʻoweliweli ʻana i ka hoʻoilina ma ka EQEV (ʻaʻole ka RA a me RD). F (1, 100) = 7.57, P = .007, ʻāpana η2 = .07.

E hoʻokaʻawale ʻē aʻe ANOVA no kēlā me kēia kikowaena. No ka lōlō uku, i keu nā hopena koʻikoʻi o ka hui a me ka holomua o ka holomua AC, loaʻa i kahi hopena nui o ka hopena o ka pae o ka holomua o ka hoʻokele EV level ×, F (2, 200) = 6.90, P = .002, ʻāpana η2 = .07. Ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻike mai nā loiloi maʻalahi e pili ana i nā kumuhana IGA i ʻoi aku i nā koho i ʻoi aku i ka koho ʻana ma mua o ka HC i nā ho'āʻo RD. F (1, 100) = 15.11, P <.001, hapa η2 = .13, ʻaʻole ia i ʻokoʻa mai ka HC i ka nui o nā koho iʻike e pili ana i ka hoʻokau ʻana o ka RA me EQEV (Laau. 1).). Hoʻohālikelike ʻia, no ka loaʻa waiwai, ʻaʻohe koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi a i ʻole e pili ana i ka hopena o nā hui a i ʻole ka AC pae × group (P = .092 a P = .138, kela).

kiʻi liʻiliʻi
Ke kiʻi 1. Hoʻoholo i nā hoʻoholo no nā kumuhana IGD a me ka HC ma ka hana Cups.

 

ʻO ka pākēneka o nā koho ʻōpio i hana ʻia ma (A) ka loaʻa a me (B) ka loaʻa ʻole o ka nalo, ma ke ʻano he ʻano o ka pae o ka EV a me ka hui. Hōʻike nā pani hewa i nā hala maʻamau. IGD = Pāʻani pāʻani pāʻani pūnaewele; HCs = ola palekana; EV = waiwai waiwai; RA = pōkole maikaʻi; EQEV = ʻokoʻa like ka waiwai o like; RD = pilikia hōʻeha.

hana: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0116471.g001

Hōʻailona i ka hopena pākuhi a me ka pae kiʻekiʻe

Ua hoʻokaʻawale hou mākou i ka EV i ʻelua mau māhele: hopena nui a me ka pae kiʻekiʻe pae. I mea e nānā ai i ka hopena o kēia mau māhele ʻelua i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka hoʻoholo, ua hana mākou i nā hiʻohiʻona hiʻona o ka loiloi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hana o ka R lmer o ka waihona lme4 e noʻonoʻo i ka hoʻoliʻina hoʻokolohua i ka hoʻokolokolo ʻana ma nā loiloi 'hopu ʻana, ma muli o ke kaʻina hana i hōʻike ʻia ma kahi noiʻi mua [37]. ʻElua mau papa hoʻohālike e pili ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka waihona liʻiliʻi a lilo i hoʻoili ʻia (0 = HCs, 1 = IGD kumumea), hiki ke pae (hōʻike i ka hopena o ka lanakila a i ʻole no nā koho pio: 0.25, 0.33, 0.50), hopena nui (2, 3, ʻO 4 i kapa ʻia ʻo 200, 300, 400 i nā koho i pilikia) a me ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka pūʻulu × probabilea kiʻekiʻe a me ka huina o ka nui o ka hopena ma ke ʻano he wanana i hopena-hopena, a me nā ʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa i ke koho ʻana he mau maka-hopena. He koho koho koho no kēlā me kēia hoʻokolohua (0 = koho palekana, 1 = koho ʻole).

E like me ia i hōʻikeʻia ka papahana 2, ua nui nā hopena nui o ka pae kiʻekiʻe a me ka hopena i ka hopena ma ka loaʻa ʻana a me ka loaʻa ʻole o ka pau. Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia mau hopena, no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka waiwai a me ka nalo, ma kēlā me kēia kumuhana IGD a me HC, ua emi iki nā kumuhana e ʻoi paha ka hopena o ka hopena ʻokoʻa i ka hopena (ʻo ka hopena nui o ka pae ʻai) a ua loaʻa nā kumuhana i nā ʻoi aku ka hopena o ka hopena hoʻonui nui o ke koho i ka hopena (ʻo ka hopena koʻikoʻi o ka hopena hopena).

kiʻi liʻiliʻi
ʻ Xlelo 2. ʻO ka hopena o ka pae hopena a me ka hopena i ka hopena i ka lawe ʻana ma ke ʻano he hana no nā waihona a me nā hui.

hana: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0116471.t002

I ka loaʻa kālā, ʻaʻohe hopena koʻikoʻi o ka hopena ma waena o nā ʻano ʻekolu i ʻimi ʻia. Ma ka ʻokoʻa ʻana, ma ka lōlō o ka mea i loaʻa ka nui o nā kamaʻilio ma waena o ka pae a hiki i ka pae ma ka huina o ka huina × ka huina o ka huina hopena, e hōʻike ana i nā kumuhana IGD, pili i ka HC, ua emi iki ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i kā lākou hoʻoholo ma ka pae kiʻekiʻe a me ka hopena i ka nui o ka domain loss . ^ E Ha yM.

Ka hoʻoponopono ʻana ma waena o ka Pūnaewele Hoʻohālikelike ʻoi aku me ka hoʻoholo ʻana

Ua mālama ʻia hoʻi nā hoʻoponopono ʻia o Pearson ma waena o nā helu CIAS a me ka nui o nā koho i hōʻemi ʻia no nā pae EV ʻekolu (RA, EQEV, RD) i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia no ka loaʻa a me ka hoʻoili hoʻoilina. Ma ka pau ʻole o ka nalo, nā hopena i hōʻike ai i nā pae CIAS i pili maikaʻi a me nā koho i pilikia e hana ʻia ma nā hoʻokolohua RD, r = .22, P = .001. Ua hui pū ʻia ka hui ʻana ma waena o nā helu CIAS me ka nui o nā koho i loaʻa i ka pilikia o RD no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka waiwai, r = .19, P = 0.056.

kūkākūkā

I kā mākou ʻike, ʻo ka aʻo nei ka mea mua loa e loiloi i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka hoʻoholo no ka hoʻoholo ʻana ma waena o nā kumuhana IGD no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana no nā pohō a me nā lanakila. E kū like me kā mākou hypothesis mua, hōʻike ʻia nā kumuhana IGD i ka nui o ka nui o ka hopu ʻana i nā hana Cups, i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me nā HC. Ua pili pū kekahi me kā mākou hypothesis lua a me ke kolamu, ua nui aku ka nui o nā koho i ko mākou kuhi ʻana ma mua o ka HC ma luna o nā hoʻokolohua RD no ka poho, akā ʻaʻole ia he waiwai, a me ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i pili ʻole i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka hopena o ka hopena kiʻekiʻe a me ka pae kiʻekiʻe o ka pilikia mau poho i waena o nā kumuhana IGD. Kūlike me kā mākou hypothesis ʻehā, ua hoʻākāka hou ʻia nā correlational i nā hui maikaʻi ma waena o nā helu hōʻeha waiwai ma waena o ka pūnaewele hoʻohui a me nā koho maikaʻi ʻole i ka paukū. Kuhi pū ʻia, ʻike kēia mau ikepili e pili ana i ka hopena o nā hopena i ka hopena o ka pilikia i waena o nā poʻe me ka IGD, a ke manaʻo nei e hoʻolōʻihi ʻia ka hoʻololi.

Ma ka pauna o ka nalo, ua hoʻokō hou ʻia nā kumuhana o ka IGD i nā hoʻokolohua o ka hanana ma RD e pili ana i ka HC, a ua hōʻike hou ʻia ka hōʻike hoʻokolokolo ʻana e hōʻike ʻia nā kumuhana o ka IGD e hoʻololi hou i kā lākou hoʻoholo ma ka pae kiʻekiʻe a me ka hopena o ka hopena ma kēia pūnaewele. Kahi kūpono kēia mau ʻike i nā mea mai nā noiʻi mua e hoʻohana ana i nā hana hoʻoholo like a me ka hōʻike ʻana i nā hana ʻino i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā kuleana e pili ana i ka nalowale ʻana o ka poʻe me nā mea e pili ana i ka waiwai [.38], nā mea pilikia]39], a me IGD [16, 19]. ʻO kekahi wehewehe i hiki i kēia mau ʻike, aia ma o ka hoʻi ʻana o kā lākou hana pāʻani, e hele pinepine paha ka poʻe me ka IGD i ka hopena pilikia e pili ana i ka nalowale, e hōʻemi hou iā lākou i ka hoʻopaʻi. Eia kekahi, ʻike ko mākou ʻike i ka hopena e pili ana i ka nalowale e pili ana i ka nalowale e pili ana i ka hōʻike ʻana o nā kauka o nā poʻe me ka IGD i ko lākou makemake e hoʻowalewale i nā hopena maikaʻi maoli e hiki ke hoʻomau i ka pāʻani ʻana ma ka pūnaewele.2,40,41].

Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina mua i nā hana hoʻonaninani kiʻekiʻe i ka hoʻoili waiwai ʻana ma waena o nā poʻe me nā maʻi hoʻomākaʻi e pili ana i nā hōʻeha ʻana i nā hoʻokaumaha ʻole, e like me ka petological gaming [28] a me ka hilinaʻi waiola [.27]. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole nā ​​hopena o ANOVA a i ʻole nā ​​hoʻokolokolo hoʻokolokolo hoʻākāka i hōʻike ʻia i ka nui o nā hoʻoholo no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hoʻokolohua ma waena o nā kumuhana IGA. Nui nā wehewehe e hiki ai no kēia mau ʻokoʻa. Kūlana kikoʻī, nā mea me ka papaʻa pathological i hōʻike i nā pane pane kiʻekiʻe i nā waihona kālā kūleʻa a i nā uku waiwai ʻole [.42], a he hopena paha kēia i loko o ka waiwai nui i loko o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka waiwai (aihue lilo), e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma mua [28]. No nā poʻe e hilinaʻi ana i ka waiʻona, ka lōʻihi a me ka nui o ka inu ʻana i ka waiʻona e hoʻololi i nā ʻōhua o ka lolo a me nā hana e pili ana, me nā wahi nui i ka hoʻōla uku e like me amygdala43,44]. Ua hōʻike ʻia he hōʻike nō nā hōʻike me nā maʻi amygdala e hōʻike i nā hemahema a me ka hōʻike.26]. ʻOiai pono e noiʻi hou ʻia e hōʻoia i kēia mau hypotheses, ʻo ka ʻike ʻole ʻana o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka loaʻa kālā no ka loaʻa ʻana o waena o nā kumuhana o ka IGD e hiki ai i nā mea hoʻohālike i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana o nā uku kālā (akā, ʻaʻole i nalowale) ma kēia heluna. Eia kekahi, ʻo kēia mau mea ʻike i hōʻike nui i ka pono o ka loiloi ʻana i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka hoʻoholo ʻana ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka hoʻohui.

Ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā helu hōʻeha pili i ka Pūnaewele me ka nui o nā koho maikaʻi ʻole i hana ʻia ma ka pahu Cups, e hōʻike ana i nā kumumanaʻo me nā haʻahaʻa hoʻokaumaha pūnaewele i ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hopena i pili i ka mau pilikia loa e pili ana i ka mau pilikia o RD. Ke hoʻomau nei kēia mau ʻike i nā noiʻina i hala mua i hōʻike ʻia ʻo ka makemake no nā pilikia ʻaeʻane i hoʻopilikia ʻia i pili me ke koʻikoʻi o ka IGD e hoʻohana ana i nā ʻano pākuʻi like, e like me ke Game of Dice Task [15,16] a me ka hana hōʻemi ʻano hana [22]. Kākoʻo kēia mau ʻike i ka hypothesis e hoʻopilikia ana i ka hoʻoholo no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā pilikia ʻeha e pili ana i ka nui o ka hōʻeha o ka Internet addiction (ʻo ia hoʻi, nā helu CIAS) a no laila hiki ke lilo i mea kūpono therapeutic no ka mālama ʻana i ka IGD.

Ma kahi holoʻokoʻa, hōʻike kā mākou ʻike i nā hana i ka hopena o ka hoʻoholo i ka hoʻoholo i loko o ke kaohi o ka haʻalele ʻana i waena o nā poʻe me IGD. Pono ke noiʻi hou aʻe e hoʻokū ai ka kumu neurobiological no kēia mau hoʻololi. ʻO kekahi hypothesis ka mea i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole ʻia ma ka waiwai pio e pili ana i nā loli i ka cortico-striatal e hana ana i waena o nā poʻe me ka IGD, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma waena o nā poʻe me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau [.45-47]. Ma ke ʻano kūikawā, ʻo ka insula ka hana koʻikoʻi nui i ka biology o nā addiction a me nā hoʻoholo hoʻoholo.9,48,49] a hōʻike ʻia i ka neʻe ʻana a me ka haʻalele ʻana i ke aʻo ʻana.50]. No laila he mau manaʻo kikoʻī e pili ana i ka hopena no ka nalowale ʻana i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā hopena hoʻoholo e pili ana i ka hana insular ma waena o nā mea kūwaho me ka IGD.

Pono e nānā ʻia nā palena he nui o kēia noiʻi. ʻO ka mea mua, hāʻawi ʻia ʻo IGD ka mea maʻamau loa i waena o nā kāne.1,32], ʻaʻole pili kēia ʻikepili i nā hoa wahine. A pēlā e pono ai nā noiʻi e loiloi i ka hoʻoholo ʻana no ka hoʻoholo a me nā nalowale i waena o nā wahine me ka IGD. ʻO ka lua, ʻo kā mākou wehe ʻana i nā haumāna kula puka wale nō e palena i ka laulā nui o kā mākou ʻike. ʻOiai nā haumāna o ke kulanui kekahi o nā mea i maʻalahi loa ka lehulehu i ka IGD5,33], pono e pili ana i nā haʻawina e hiki mai ana e ʻimi i ka hui ma waena o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hopena no ka loaʻa o nā lanakila a me nā nalowale a me ka IGD i loko o nā hōʻike lāʻau lapaʻau. ʻO ka mea hope loa, e pono ai nā haʻawina me nā hoʻolālā lōʻihi e noiʻi ai i ka hopena inā he hopena a maikaʻi paha paha ia o ka IGD.

I ka hopena, ʻo kēia noiʻi ka mea mua e loiloi i nā hoʻoholo ʻana i nā waihona i loaʻa a me ka nalowale i nā ʻāina hoʻokaʻawale ma waena o nā haumāna haumāna me IGA e hoʻohana ana i ka hana Cups. Ua hōʻike mai nā kumuhana IGD i ka nui o ka lawe ʻana i nā hopi ma mua o ka HC. Eia nō naʻe, ua hana nui ʻia nā kumumanaʻo IGD e pili ana i nā koho ma mua o ka HC ma nā ho'āʻo o ka RD ma ka lilo ʻana akā ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka ʻāina, a ua hoʻopili ʻia ka like ʻole o ka hōʻino e pili ana i ka hopena o ka nui a me ka pae kiʻekiʻe e pili ana i nā poho ʻeha. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hōʻeha pili i ka pūnaewele i pili i nā koho ʻoi loa e pili ana i ka waiho ʻia ʻana o ka puʻuwai huna i hoʻoweliweli ʻia. Lawe pū ʻia, ʻike ʻia kēia mau ʻike e lilo i ka pau ʻana o ka loli.

Ke kākoʻo mea

Faila S1. Hōʻuluʻulu ka ʻikepili.

hana: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0116471.s001

(XLSX)

Faila S2. ʻIkepili no ka hoʻokolokolo hoʻokolokolo.

hana: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0116471.s002

(XLSX)

mau hoomaikai ana

Mahalo ka mea kākau i ka Kauka Elaine Bossard no ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka demo o ka hana maoli o nā hana a Cups, a ʻo Dr. Shan Luo no ke kōkua me ka ʻike ʻana i ka ʻike.

Nā mea kōkua i kākau

Hoʻonohonoho ʻia a hoʻolālā i nā hoʻokolohua: YWY PRC JTZ LYD QXL XYF. Hana ʻia nā hoʻokolohua: YWY PRC SL LJW JTZ. Hoomili i ka ikepili: YWY SL JTZ GC. Hāʻawi i nā reagents / mea hana / pono hana: JTZ XYF. Kākau i ka pepa: YWY JTZ SWY XYF.

E hoʻomaopopo '

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