Nā papa hana pāʻani maʻamau a Massively multiplayer e hoʻohālike ana i nāʻano o ka mea hōʻai'ē me ka meaʻole i kālepa ma ka pūnaewele i hoʻokomoʻia nā kalea ma kahi helu kanakaʻAmelika (2011)

ʻO ka BMC Psychiatry. 2011; 11: 144.

Hoʻouna ʻia ka pūnaewele 2011 Aukake 26. hana: 10.1186/1471-244X-11-144

PMCID: PMC3176476

Kuleana kope© 2011 Achab et al; laikini BioMed Central Ltd.

Sophia Achab,1,2,3 Magali Nicolier,1 Frédéric Mauny,4,5 ʻO Julie Monnin,1,6 Benoit Trojak,7 Pierre Vandel,1,2 Daniel Sechter,1,2 Philippe Gorwood,8,9 a me Emmanuel Haffenka mea kākau kākau1,2,6

1Ke Keʻena Kūlana Ola Laulau, ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa Besançon, 25030 Besançon Cedex, Palani

2EA 481 "Laboratory Neurosciences" - Ke Kulanui ʻo Franche-Comté, 1 wahi du maréchal Leclerc, 25030 Besançon Cedex, Palani

3Ke Keʻena Kūlana Kūʻai Kūlau, Mahele ʻĀpana o Geneva University Hospital, 70C rue du Grand-Pré Geneva, Switzerland

4Oihana keʻena olakino, Ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Besançon University, 25030 Besançon Cedex, Palani

5UMR CNRS 6249 «Makahiki Chrono» -Franche-Comté University, 16 route de Grey, 25030 Besançon Cedex, Palani

6INSERM Technological Innovation Clinical Investigation Center (INSERM CIC-IT 808), Halemai Besançon University, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France

7ʻOihana Psychiatry Clinical, Halemai Kula ʻo Dijon, 1 Bd Jeanne dʻArc, BP 77908 21079 Dijon Cedex, Palani

8ʻO ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Saint-Anne (Paris Descartes), 100 rue de la santé, 75674 Paris Cedex 14, Palani

9INSERM U894, Kulanui Descartes Paris, Paul Broca Center, 2 ter rue dʻAlésia, 75014 Paris, Palani

Sophia Achab: [pale ʻia ka leka uila] ; Magali Nicolier: [pale ʻia ka leka uila] ; Frédéric Mauny: [pale ʻia ka leka uila] ; ʻO Julie Monnin: [pale ʻia ka leka uila] ; Benoit Trojak: [pale ʻia ka leka uila] ; Pierre Vandel: [pale ʻia ka leka uila] ; Daniel Sechter: [pale ʻia ka leka uila] ; Philippe Gorwood: [pale ʻia ka leka uila] ; Emmanuel Haffen: [pale ʻia ka leka uila]

Loaa ʻOkakopa 7, 2010; ʻAe ʻia ʻo ʻAukake 26, 2011.

ʻO kēia kahi ʻatikala Open Open i hoʻoili ʻia ma lalo o nā huaʻōlelo o ka ʻAha Kuhi Hoʻohui Kūʻē Kūkākūkā (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), e ʻae ana i ka hoʻohana ʻole ʻia, ka hoʻoili ʻana, a me ka hoʻouluulu ʻana i kekahi ʻano hana, i hoʻolako pono ʻia o ka hana kumu.

Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo

kāʻei kua

He manawa kaulana loa a leʻaleʻa ʻo Mass Mass Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games (MMORPGs) i ia manawa no ka hana leʻaleʻa holoʻokoʻa, a aia hoʻi ka hemahema o nā mea hana a ka honua e hōʻoia ai i ka pāʻani nui ʻana. Me ka nui o nā mea pāʻani e pili ana i ka honua holoʻokoʻa, ʻoi aku ka hopena maikaʻi (ka hoʻokaʻawale, ka hale hoʻokipa, nui ka hoʻohana ʻana, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe). I kēia aʻo nei, ua noʻonoʻo mākou i nā mea pāʻani screening i hiki i ka makaʻī o ka addiction MMORPG.

Nā Papahana

Ma kēia noiʻi noiʻi, ua ʻimi mākou i nā hiʻohiʻona, nā hana maʻamau a me ka hoʻonāukiuki pilikia i nā mea pāʻani ma ka makua MMORPG. Hoʻohui ʻia i ka ʻike socio-demographical a me ka mana hoʻohālike, ka hoʻohana ʻana o 3 i nā mea kikoʻī no ka addoy screening i hoʻohana ʻia i nā mea pāʻani Farani MMORPG i hōʻili ʻia i ka pūnaewele ma luna o nā mahina i hala a 10: ka waiwai kūpaʻa i ka waiwai no ka Diagnostic a me ka Kūlana Kūlohelohe o Mental Disorder, ʻehā i hoʻoponopono ʻia ma ka ʻehā. -IV-TR) i hana ia no MMORPG (DAS), ka qualitative Goldberg Internet Addiction Disorder scale (GIAD) a me ka quantitative Orman Internet Stress Scale (ISS). No nā mea unahi āpau, kahi māka ma luna o ka paepae i hōʻike ʻia.

Results

ʻO 448 ka nui o nā mea pāʻani hana poʻokela i hana ʻia no nā haumāna pākeke makua kāne ʻōpio e noho wale ana i nā kūlanakauhale. Ua hōʻike nā mea komo i nā helu kiʻekiʻe o nā hoʻohuiʻikepili pūnaewele (44.2% no GIAD, 32.6% no ka ISS) a me DIM positivity (27.5%). ^ E Ha yM. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia i kahi pūʻulu maikaʻi o DAS, hōʻike nā mea pāʻani maikaʻi o DAS i ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka maʻi tolerance (ʻoi aku ka nui o ka manawa ma ka pāʻani pūnaewele e loaʻa ai ka hopena i makemake ʻia) a hōʻike nui loa i ka ʻoihana, ʻoihana (OR: 4.85), male male (OR: 4.61) , ʻohana (OR: 4.69) a me / a i ʻole nā ​​pilikia olakino (OR: 4.42) mai ka wā i hoʻomaka ai lākou ma ka pāʻani pūnaewele. Eia kekahi, hōʻike ponoi kēia mau mea pāʻani i nā helu kiʻekiʻe loa (3 mau manawa nui) o ka huhū, ka wā hiamoe, ke hiamoe ʻana, ka hiamoe ʻana ma muli o ka pāʻani, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me nā hoʻololi ʻana mai ka pāʻani ma ka pāʻani pūnaewele.

hopena a

ʻIke ʻia ka DAS maikaʻi maikaʻi i ka lima laina e pale i ka hoʻohui ʻana MMORPG i nā mea pāʻani ma ka pūnaewele. ^ E Ha yM. Loaʻa kēia noiʻi i nā helu hoʻonaninani MMORPG kiʻekiʻe, a me ka hōʻike ponoʻī ʻana i nā hōʻike pilikino i nā mea nui o ke ola, ʻo ka ʻano o ke ʻano a me ka hiamoe. Hoʻomaopopo kēia i ka pono e hoʻonohonoho i nā polokalamu e pale aku ai e kūʻē i ka pāʻani pūnaewele ma luna o ka nui.

  •  

kāʻei kua

E pili ana i ka paulele ʻana kahi ʻoihana paʻakikī o nā mea bio psychosocial pā e pili ana i nā mea liʻiliʻi, kā lākou hana a me kā lākou moʻomeheu, a ua kapa ʻia kekahi maʻi me nā kīʻaha he nui.1]. Ma 1964 ka World Health Organization (WHO) i hoʻolauna i ka manaʻo o ka hilinaʻi e hoʻololi i ka hoʻohui a me ka habituation. Hiki ke hoʻohana nui ʻia ka hua hilinaʻi me ka ʻōlelo ʻana i ka nui o nā lāʻau psychoactive (lāʻau lapaʻau, ka ʻona a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka waiwai) a i ʻole e pili ana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau a i ʻole kekahi ʻano o nā lāʻau (ka wai a i ʻole ka opioid hilinaʻi) a e pili ana i ke kino a me ke kino. nā huakaʻi [2]. Wahi a ka Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, ʻehā ʻOihana Hoʻohālikelike-Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR), he hilinaʻi i ka waiwai he mau mea e pili ana i ka maʻi (ka ʻae ʻana, ke hoʻoneʻe ʻana, a me ka hoʻopiʻi e pili ana i nā wahi a me ka poʻe loea. a ʻo ka hoʻomau me ka hoʻomau ʻia o nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole) Ua hoʻāla ʻia ka manaʻo ma ka loiloi nui me ka hiʻohiʻona o nā ʻano mea hou, i loaʻa ka mea ʻole kaona (ie. ^ E Ha yM. hāmeʻa) hoʻohui i nā mea like me ka ʻai ʻole e ʻai, ke kūʻai ʻana mai, hoʻokaumaha hoʻowahāwahā.3] a me ka pāʻani kūkala. Kūlike nā mea lapaʻau ma waena o ka hōʻino, ka hilinaʻi a me ka hoʻohui, e ʻōlelo ana i kekahi mea ʻole a ʻano paha. Mālama ʻia kēia ʻokoʻa e nā ʻike neʻepekema neʻe hou e pili ana i nā kaʻina like ʻole o ka neuronal i komo i ka hilinaʻi a i ʻole ka addiction.4]. Hiki ke wehewehe ʻia ke kaukaʻi me he pane neural adaptive i ka hopena lāʻau o ka hōʻino ʻana i nā lāʻau, a pili pū me ka haʻalele ʻana ke hiki ʻole ke kiʻi. Kūlike kēia wehewehe me ka mea i kapa ʻia ma mua "ka hilinaʻi ʻana o ke kino", ʻaʻole lawa ia e wehewehe ai i ka lāʻau a me ka mea ʻaʻa ʻole. ʻO ka "dependant psychological" ma mua he "maʻi koho" i loko o ka maʻi hōʻino, kahi o ka nalowale o ka kaohi a me ka lawa ʻole o ka hoʻoholo ʻana e alakaʻi ai i kahi ʻano pilikino a koʻikoʻi hoʻi e alualu ʻia me ka hopena o ka hopena psychological, kino a me / a i ʻole nā ​​hopena kaiaulu. [5]. ʻO kekahi mau ʻano hana, ʻokoʻa ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka lāʻau psychoactive, hana i kahi uku pōkole e hoʻoulu ai i ka hana hoʻomau, ʻoiai ka ʻike o nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole. Ua noʻonoʻo ʻia kēia mau maʻi e like me ka moe ʻana ma kahi pae ākea impulsive-compulsive a i ʻole kahi pae hoʻokalakupua e like me nā ʻāpana "behavioral". I ke kākoʻo ʻana o ka kuhiakau ʻelua, ke hōʻike nei nā hōʻike ulu e hōʻike nei i nā ʻano mea pili i ke ʻano like ʻole me nā lāʻau addicts i nā wahi he nui, e like me ka mōʻaukala kūlohelohe, phenomenology, tolerance, and comorbidity, overlapping genetical contribution, neurobiological mekanism, a me ka pane ʻana i ka lapaʻau [6]. ʻO ka press press a ka American Psychiatric Association (APA) i ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo O'Brien, ka luna o ka Group Work-Disorder Work Disorder, e ʻōlelo ana: "Ua kākoʻo nā noiʻi lāʻau i ka piliwaiwai pathological a me nā maʻi hoʻohana i nā lāʻau no ka mea ua pili nā mea ʻelua i ka kaohi impulse maikaʻi ʻole a ʻōnaehana o ka lolo o ka uku a me ka huhū ”[7]. Kākoʻo kēia mau ʻike i ka puka lima DSM e hiki mai ana (DSM-V) i manaʻo e pili ana i kahi māhele hou o Addiction a me Pāʻuku e pili ana i ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i nā maʻi āpau a me nā mea pono ʻole. Hōʻike ka ʻikepili o kēia manawa i kūpono i kēia māhele i hoʻohui ʻia no ka pāʻani patological a me kekahi mau mea pili i nā hoʻomaʻamaʻa pili pono ʻole. e like me. ^ E Ha yM. Hoʻohālikelike pūnaewele (IA) a me ke wikiō wikiō / hoʻoili pāʻani kamepiula [6]. Ua wehewehe ʻia ʻo IA he mea hoʻowahāwahā a Goldberg ma 1994 ma ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i nā koina DSM-IV no ka waihona dependence [8]. Mai ia manawa, ua lilo kēia "maʻi hou" i kumuhana o ka ʻepekema hoihoi a hiki i ke kāhea hou ʻana e komo i nā kūlana o ka hoʻohālikelike DSM V. Hoʻohālikelike ke ʻano hoʻohālikelike a Davis i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Pūnaewele Pilikia (PIU) i ʻelua mau mea ʻokoʻa: i) PIU kikoʻī, pili i kekahi ʻike a hiki ke kū kaʻawale mai ka poloka Pūnaewele, e like me ka piliwaiwai a me nā wikiō wikiō a me ii) PIU laulā e pili ana i kahi kikoʻī. ʻO ka ʻike pūnaewele e like me nā kamaʻilio, nā leka uila a me nā pūnaewele kaiaulu [9]. Hāʻawi ka Pūnaewele i kahi nui o nā hiki i nā pāʻani wikiō kūlohelohe a ua ʻike maoli ʻia ka mea hoihoi i ka honua holoʻokoʻa, ākea me ka Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games (MMORPGs). ʻO kahi hoʻohālike o kēia kaulana i ka World of Warcraft© (WoW), aia ia ma luna o 11.5 miliona mau mea kākau inoa ikaika.10] a me nā mooolelo no 62% manaʻo o ka mākeke wikiō wikiō [11]. ʻO kēia mau pāʻani ka mea pāʻani punaewele hou wale nō ma ka Pūnaewele, a ʻike ʻia e nā honua makana nui, ʻike nui a hoʻomohala ma nā ʻano like ʻole.12]. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka ulu ʻana o ka mea kaulana o MMORPG, ua hāpai ʻia nā nīnau e pili ana i ko lākou hiki ke hoʻonui i ka hoʻohana. Pāʻani ʻia ʻo MMORPG i nā manawa lōʻihi ʻē aʻe ma mua o nā pāʻani ʻē aʻe.13], hiki no i ke kuhikuhi ke hiki i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole aʻe loa i nā poʻe pāʻani.14].

A i kēia manawa, ua lawe ʻia kahi noiʻi iki ma nā pāʻani wikiō pūnaewele, keu hoʻi i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa o ka pāʻani pūnaewele, nā ʻano o nā mea pāʻani makua a me kā lākou pae hōʻalo. ʻO nā loiloi mua i nānā nui ʻia i ka heluna kanaka o nā mea pāʻani MMORPG. Kakaʻikahi nā noiʻi i nānā i nā hopena o MMORPG. Ua loiloi ʻo Kim i ka hana pāʻani ma ka pūnaewele me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi mana i hoʻoponopono ʻia o ka Pūnaewele ʻAno Pūnaewele ʻo Young a ua ʻike ʻo ia i ka hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻana ma waena o ka pāʻani ʻana ma ka pūnaewele a me ka huhū a me nā ʻano pilikino narcissistic, a me ka hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻole ma waena o ka pāʻani ʻana ma ka pūnaewele a me ka kaohi iho.15]. Ma kahi noiʻi noiʻi, ua nānā ʻo Hussain i ka uluʻana i ka wahine.16] a ma ka hōkeo ʻokoʻa i ka hoʻohana ʻana o 71 pūnaewele ninaninau, ua hōʻike pehea ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā mea pāʻani iā ​​MMORPG e hōʻoluʻolu i nā manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole, e hāʻawi ana i nā wehewehe kikoʻī o nā pilikia pilikino e kū mai ma o ka hoʻokani MMORPG ma kahi hapakolu o nā kumuhana.17]. Ma kahi noiʻi noiʻi hou, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻo Longman iā 206 i mea e komo ai i loko o ka hui ma 2 e like me ka manawa e pāʻani ai i ka MMORPG i kēlā me kēia pule, a ʻike ia ua hōʻike ʻia ke koina kiʻekiʻe i nā pae haʻahaʻa o nā kākoʻo pilikino ma waho a me nā kiʻekiʻe o nā hōʻailona noʻonoʻo kino ʻino.18]. ʻO kekahi ala ʻē i pili i ka pilina ma waena o ka hoʻohui a me ka avatar, ka pā pāʻani14]. Ma kēia noiʻi honua, ʻo 15.4% o nā mea pāʻani ke wahine a he aneane 40% o nā mea pāʻani 548 MMORPG i manaʻo ʻia lākou iho. Eia kekahi, Mentzoni ¶ AL. ^ E Ha yM. nānā ʻo ka pilikia ʻana o nā pāʻani wikiō i pili me nā helu haʻahaʻa no ka hauʻoli o ke ola a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hopohopo a me ke kaumaha.19].

ʻO nā pāʻani wikiō he hana leʻaleʻa maikaʻi loa ia, a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i nā lāʻau lapaʻau (ʻeha, hōʻoluʻolu hou ka naʻau, hōʻeuʻeu ʻana a me nā mea ʻē aʻe,).20], akā hiki nō iā lākou ke hōʻeha i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole e like me ka mea hoʻomake. No ka pane ʻana i kēia hanana e ulu ana, ua hoʻoholo ke aupuni o South Korea, he ʻāina pelekikena no ka hoʻolālā MMORPG, ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka hoʻolaha ʻana i kahi papa hōʻea i kahi pō manawa pōkole no nā mea pāʻani ʻōpio me kahi laka o nā hola 6. Eia kekahi, e loli mau kā lākou pūnaewele pūnaewele Via spyware no nā mea pāʻani e pāʻani ana ma mua o nā hola 6 (http://www.mmorpg.com/newsroom.cfm/read/16704).). Ke like pū me a me kahi manaʻo 10 miliona i hoʻohui ʻia i ka ʻenemi, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Kina i ke kaupalena ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pāʻani kamepiula: ua ʻalo nā kānāwai i kēia manawa ma mua o nā hola 3 o ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēlā me kēia lā.21]. ʻO MMORPG ka mea hōʻalo kahi hanana hou (i ʻae ʻia no nā makahiki he ʻumi) i loko o kahi ʻano o nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa e pili ana i nā kumumanaʻo e pili ana i nā hana lawena a me nā "chaos conceptual" i ke kahua o nā mea hōʻalo.22]. I kēia manawa, ʻaʻohe ʻepekema a hoʻonohonoho pū ʻia a ʻike pū kekahi no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka pāʻani wikiō ma ka pūnaewele.23].

Ma ka haʻalele ʻana o nā mea maʻi maʻamau maʻamau no ke koʻo a me ka pili ʻana o ka pāʻani pūnaewele, ua kuhikuhi mākou i nā kulekele DSM-IV-TR no ka hilinaʻi waiwai. Nui nā haʻawina i kēia mau ʻāina i hoʻokaʻawale i nā kuleana mai DSM-IV-TR e like me ka hoʻāhewa kālā ʻana no ka Internet Addiction Test (IAT) [24], ka hilinaʻi o ka waiwai a me nā loiloi pāpaʻi no ka pilikia Videogame Playing (PVP) [25]. Ke kuhi nei ʻo ka ʻikepili e pili ana i nā mea like a me nā mea like me ka neurobiological ma waena o ka hoʻohana kino ʻana i nā maʻi a me nā mea e pili ana i ka pono.26,27]. Hoʻoholo mākou i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka waiwai dependence DSM-IV-TR i ka pā no ka mea pili no ka pāʻani pili pūnaewele.

I kēia pōʻaiapili, ʻo kēia noiʻi, ka mea exploratory ka hapanui, ka nānā ʻana i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka hana MMORPG mai IA (e like me ke ʻano hoʻohālikelike a Davis) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pono hana ʻokoʻa no ka ʻāpiki ma ka laʻana like. No ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka hoʻoponopono MMORPG, ua hoʻohana mākou i nā pae hoʻohālikelike DSM-IV-TR no ka hilinaʻi ʻana i ka lāʻau [28,29] a mākou i hoʻopili ai no ka pāʻani wikiō wikiō (e hoʻololi ana i ka huaʻōlelo "mea" e ka huaʻōlelo "pāʻani wikiō pūnaewele"). No ka kamaʻilio ʻana iā IA, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā unahi ʻelua: ʻo ka qualitative Goldberg Internet Addiction Disorder (GIAD) [8] (komo me ke ahonui a me ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana i nā mana i ka hilinaʻi) a me ka nui o ka Orman Internet Stress Scale (ISS) [30] (ka wehe ʻana i ka ʻae a me ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana i nā kumu hilinaʻi me ka nānā ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona like e like me ka nalowale o ka kaohi a me nā hopena pōʻino o ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i ka pūnaewele). Ua noʻonoʻo pū kēia noiʻi i nā mea pāʻani o MMORPG pākeke me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi hoʻolālā hana ma ka pūnaewele.

Nā Papahana

Ka hoʻolālā aʻo

ʻO ka mea i loaʻa i kā mākou aʻo ʻana nā ka poʻe Pelekikena MMORPG Farani i ʻoi aku ma mua o 18 a ua kiʻi hou ʻia i ka pūnaewele ma ka kūkākūkā kūkākūkā kūkākūkā pinepine e nā poʻe pāʻani. ʻO kēia mau hui kūkākūkā he mau mea i hana ʻia e nā hui o nā mea pāʻani e ʻimi i nā pahuhopu like ʻole ma ka pāʻani kaulana loa, World of Warcraft (WoW). ʻO ke ʻano o ka lawelawe i ka hoʻopiʻi ʻia, ʻaʻole naʻe i maʻa mau mai ka nīnau ninaninau. Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā nīnau nīnau pūnaewele me ia i loko o nā ʻikepili ʻē aʻe i kēia mau kahua a ua wehewehe ʻia kahi ʻano kūpono.31].

Ua ʻae ʻia ka protocol aʻo e ke Komite Ethical o Besançon University Hospital (ʻae ʻia e ka General Health Administration: DGS2007-0382). No ka hōʻoia i ka hōʻoia ʻana, ua hoʻouna mākou i kahi kono e hōʻuluʻulu ana i kā mākou aʻo ʻana, me ka loulou i ka pūnaewele aʻo pilikino, i nā hui 234 o nā pāʻani WoW ma waena o Mei 2009 a me Malaki 2010. I ka manawa e pili ana i nā mea pāʻani i ka pūnaewele, loaʻa iā lākou ka ʻike e pili ana i ka poʻe noiʻi, manaʻo o ka noiʻi ʻana a me nā ʻōlelo kuhikuhi i ka nīnau nīnau ʻana, hūnā ʻia a me kā lākou kuleana e hoʻi i kēlā me kēia manawa mai ke aʻo. Ua hoʻopili hewa ʻole nā ​​nīnau nīnau me ka hūnā ʻole, a ʻaʻohe data e hiki ke hoʻomaopopo i nā mea pāʻani.e like me. Pūnaewele Pūnaewele (IP) kahi lepili helu i hāʻawi ʻia i kēlā me kēia kamepiula e komo nei i kahi pūnaewele kamepiula] e like me nā kūlana moʻomeheu Palani. He poʻe manawaleʻa nā mea āpau a haʻi ʻia he makahiki 18 a ʻoi paha. Ua ʻae nā mea pane āpau i ke komo ʻana i ka noiʻi pūnaewele a me ka ʻae ʻana i nā mea noiʻi e hoʻohana i kā lākou ʻike piha ʻole inā pono. He 45 mau minuke ka nīnau nīnau pūnaewele. ʻO ka ʻāpana mua o ka nīnau nīnau, ʻo ia ka papa inoa ponoʻī o nā nīnau e nānā ana i ka ʻike kaiaulu a me ka nohona kanaka, ka pilina ma waena o nā pāʻani a me nā olakino, nā pāʻani a me nā hopena o ka ʻoihana a me nā loiloi no ka IA a me ka pīpī pāʻani pūnaewele. Loaʻa i kahi nīnau nīnau i kahi kumu kūlike a me nā mea i pane ʻia e pane i kēlā me kēia nīnau e kiʻi ai i ka mea aʻe. Ua pane ka poʻe i komo a ʻae ʻaʻole paha i nā nīnau āpau a koe wale nō kēia: i) no ka nīnau “He aha kāu hōʻailona? Ua koho nā mea pāʻani i kahi koho maʻalahi ma waena o 63 mau mea hiki: ma lalo o ke kula kiʻekiʻe, ma waena o ke kula kiʻekiʻe a me ke kula kiʻekiʻe a ʻoi loa ke kekelē laeoʻo a i ʻoi paha: ii) no ka nīnau "He aha kāu e ʻimi nei ma MMORPG?" Ua koho ʻia nā mea pāʻani ma waena o 3 mau mea hiki a mākou i hōʻuluʻulu ʻia i nā ʻāpana 6 e like me kā Bartle taxonomy (4) [32]: "ʻImi Loa"No ka" loaʻa "a i ʻole" ʻimi "o ka nohona pāʻani,"Loaʻa"No ka" hoʻopiʻi "a" me ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi avatar ikaika ","Pāʻani pāʻani"No" ke pāʻani ʻana i ka hana ma ka honua ʻē aʻe ", a me"Socializer"No" ka launa pū ʻana me nā mea pāʻani ʻē aʻe "; iii) no ka nīnau "Pehea e hoʻokani ai iā ʻoe i ke pāʻani ʻana?" ua koho nā mea pāʻani i kahi koho ma waena o 3 mau mea hiki ke loaʻa: "ka hōʻoluʻolu pilikino ʻoi aku", "mana o ka mana" a me / a i ʻole "ʻano o ka hui"; iv) no ka nīnau "Mai ka wā i hoʻomaka ai i ka pāʻani ʻana, manaʻo ʻoe" ua hana nā mea pāʻani i kahi koho maʻalahi ma waena o 5 mau mea hiki ke ʻoliʻoli: ʻoi aku ka hauʻoli, ʻoi aku ka pīhoihoi, ʻoi aku ka hopohopo, hoʻomaha ʻole a kaumaha hou paha; v) no ka nīnau "I ka makahiki hea ʻoe i hoʻomaka ai e pāʻani?" Ua hāʻawi nā mea pāʻani i kahi pane hāmama a me vi) no ka nīnau "He aha ke ʻano o nā hopena āu e manaʻo ai e pāʻani nei kāu pāʻani?" ua hāʻawi ka poʻe komo i kahi pane hāmama a mākou i hoʻopili hou ʻia i 5 mau ʻāpana (i) ʻaʻohe hopena, ii) nā hopena o ke kino e like me nā maʻi ʻike a musculoskeletal paha, iii) nā hopena psychological e like me ka hopohopo, iv) ka luhi a i ʻole ka hiamoe a me v) nā kino a me nā noʻonoʻo nā hopena).

Nā mea ʻona ʻē aʻe

ʻO ka hapa mua o ka nīnau ninaninau pūnaewele i loaʻa i nā mea 63 me ʻekolu o ka Pūnaewele a me nā mea pāʻani screening gaming pūnaewele. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia pākahi i kāna mau lako kūʻokoʻa. i) No ka loiloi i ka pili ʻana i ka pāʻani pāʻani pūnaewele, ua hana mākou i ka DSM-IV-TR no ka hilinaʻi nui o ka waiwai me ka ʻoki poʻokela like ʻole (3 a i ʻole nā ​​kikoʻī hou aku) me ka mea mua i ke aloha ʻana i kahi hōʻike pilikino no ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka pāʻani wikiō pūnaewele. Ua kāhea mākou i kēia helu ʻo ka DSM-IV-TR waiwai hilinaʻi Adapted Scale (DAS) i kēia pepa. Loaʻa iā ia nā mea 7 (e like me ka paona mua) i pili me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pāʻani pūnaewele. No ka loiloi IA, ii) ʻo ke kāʻei ʻo Goldberg Internet Addiction Disorder (GIAD) ka helu qualitative me nā mea 11 a ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia mai ka waihona waiwai DSM-IV e Goldberg me ka ʻoki like like me ka DSM-IV waiwai hilinaʻi (3 a i ʻole mea hou aku) e kuhikuhi ana i ka hoʻohui honua.8]. ʻO nā hōʻailona haʻalele no kēia mea hana he "hoʻonāukiuki", "mau manaʻo hoʻomau o ka Pūnaewele" a me "nā neʻe lima lima ʻole". iii) Pālākiō Stress Pūnaewele ʻo Orman (ISS) [30] kahi pālākiō helu me 9 mau mea i hoʻolaʻa ʻia no ka ʻaʻa pūnaewele ʻana o ka Pūnaewele. ʻO ka helu ma waena o 0 a me 3 e pili ana i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i ka hoʻōla ma ke ʻano he helu ma waena o 4 a me 9 e kūlike ana i kahi pilikia hoʻoweliweli ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi o kēia mea hana ʻo ia ka nānā paʻakikī IA, ka loaʻa ʻole o ka "ahonui" a i ʻole "haʻalele" ʻana i nā ʻōuli, ka nānā ʻana i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole o ka hana hoʻomāinoino pūnaewele, ka hōʻike pilikino pono ʻole a me ka lilo o ka kaohi. Ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kēia mea hana i ka kānana ʻana no ka mea maʻa ma mua o ka hilinaʻi.

No nā mea a pau o nā pālākiō 3, pane nā poʻe ʻae a i ʻole. No kēlā me kēia pākahi, ua manaʻo ʻia nā kumuhana nāna i hōʻoki ʻia i ke kuhi ʻoki.

ʻIkepili helu

Ua hana ʻia kahi loiloi univariate me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻāʻo lua-sample (mau hoʻololi mau) a me ka hoʻokolohua chi-square a Pearson (nā loli hoʻokaʻawale lua ʻole). E loiloi i nā mea kūʻokoʻa e pili ana i ka helu DAS (recoded as positive or negative), ua mālama ʻia kahi loiloi multivariate e hoʻohana ana i kahi hoʻohālikelike loiloi logistic. Ua manaʻo ʻia ka pae, ka wahine a me ka pae aʻo e like me nā mea hilahila hiki ke hiki [14,15,17,33,34] a hoʻolauna ʻōnaehana i ke ʻano loiloi (nā hopena i hoʻoponopono ʻia). Hoʻokomo ʻokoʻa ʻia nā kumu kūʻokoʻa i pili me ka helu DAS ma ka loiloi univariate ma p <0.2 i ka hoʻohālikelike loiloi. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka hana a Benjamini a me Hochberg e kaohi ai i ka hopena o nā hoʻohālikelike he nui [35,36]. Ua hoʻopili ʻia ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā pūʻulu o nā hoʻokolohua like ʻole o nā hypotheses null. Ua manaʻo ʻia nā ʻano noiʻi like i ka wā i wehewehe ʻia ai nā mea kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa e like me kahi ʻohana like (addiction scales, baseline demograpics, social impairment, etc.). Ua koho ʻia nā p-moʻo a i hoʻoponopono ʻia i nā Conferv Intervals i mea e kāohi ai i ka Falc Discovery Rate. Ua kau ʻia ka paepae koʻikoʻi i 0.05. Ua hana ʻia nā ʻōkuhi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i SYSTAT lako polokalamu (v 12).

Results

i komo

ʻO nā malihini kipa 861 i ka pūnaewele pūnaewele i hoʻolaʻa ʻia ma kēia pāhana, ua hoʻopau ʻo 516 i ka nīnau nīnau pūnaewele (59.9%). Ua ʻeono ʻia nā ʻekolu ʻekolu mau moʻolelo: ua hōʻike ʻia nā kumuhana 56 ʻaʻole lākou e ʻae i ka ʻikepili i hoʻohana ʻia inā ʻaʻole kīnā ʻia ko lākou mau moʻolelo. Ua oi aku ma mua o ka 10% o nā ʻike no ka poʻe 5 poʻe a me nā nīnau a 2 i hōʻike i nā ʻike kikoʻī i ko mākou hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā ʻano demographic (makahiki / nui o nā keiki / kūlana a me nā makahiki / pae kula. No laila ʻehā mau haneri a me kanahākumamāwalu mau mea i hoʻopili ʻia ma kēia noiʻi ikepili (52.6%).

Nā hiʻohiʻona o nā mea pāʻani MMORPG

Hoʻokomo ʻia ka pāʻani pāʻani pūnaewele i nā mea e komo ai (n = 448) i ka Papa Table1.1. ^ E Ha yM. Wahi a ka DAS Scale, ʻo 27.5% o nā mea i hōʻike ʻia i nā koina i hoʻohui ʻia no ka MMORPG (i kapa ʻia mākou DAS+) [95% Hōʻike Interval (95% CI): 23.3-31.6] (Puka (Table2) .2).). Me nā ISS a me GIAD mau unahi i ana ʻo IA, nā hui kūpono (i kapa ʻia mākou ISS+ a GIAD+) hōʻea i ka 32.6% [95% CI: 28.2-36.9] a me 44.2% [95% CI: 39.6-48.8] ma kēlā me kēia. Ua hoʻāʻo mākou i ka pilina ma waena o nā DAS a me IA scales (n = 448) (Papa (Table2) .2). Ua pili pili helu ʻia DAS me GIAD a me ISS (ʻo lāua ʻelua i hoʻoponopono ʻia <10-3): ʻOiai ʻo 77.5% o nā pane (n = 84 ISS+/ DAS+, a n = 263 ISS-/ DAS-) he pilina waena o DAS a me ISS, a ʻo 72.5% ma waena o DAS a me GIAD (n = 99 GIAD+/ DAS+ a n = 226 GIAD-/ DAS-), ke nānā ʻia i nā divergences: 42% o ISS+ ao DAS- a me 50% o GIAD+ nā mea pāʻani ma ka DAS-.

1 Pūnaewele1 Pūnaewele

ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona demeline baseline o kahi hoʻohālike o nā French Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing (MMORPG) Gamers

2 Pūnaewele2 Pūnaewele

Hoʻohālikelike nā mea pāʻani MMORPG me (vs me ka leai o) me ka mea e like me ka 3 screening addiction scales (n = 448)

Ke kau nei i ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka concordance ma waena o nā unuhi o scayening IA a me ka ʻōnaehana screening MMORPG, ʻike mākou ma ʻaneʻi wale nō nā hopena e like me DAS.

ʻO ka mahele ma waena o nā kulekele addiction DSM-IV TR

ʻAʻohe hopena i loaʻa i waena o nā mea pāʻani mai ka hui kūpono (ma luna o ka paepae: DAS+) i nā huaʻōlelo (25.7 mau makahiki he nui, mai ka 18 a i 46) a me nā poʻe mai ka pūʻulu maikaʻi (ma lalo o ka paepae: DAS-, He 27 mau makahiki, e kū ana mai 18 a i 54); a i ʻole i nā manaʻo o ke kāne male (28.8% vs 20.8% o nā wahine) (Papa (Table3) .3).). DAS+ nā mea pāʻani i emi iki no ke kolamu o ke Kulanui ma mua o DAS- (Papa (Table33).

3 Pūnaewele3 Pūnaewele

ʻO nā mana kaiāulu Baseline e hōʻike ana i nā mea pāʻani Farani MMORPG a me kā lākou pane DAS

Me ka hoʻoponopono no ka makahiki, ka wahine a me ka pae hoʻonaʻauao pae [14,15,17,33,34], ʻo ka nui o ka DAS pili me ka nui o nā loli like ʻole. ʻO ka mea mua, ke noʻonoʻo nei i ka nohona olakino mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana i ka pāʻani pūnaewele (Lākia4), 4), DAS+ Ua hōʻike pono nā mea pāʻani iā ​​lākou i nā helu ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka "nele o nā hana leʻaleʻa ʻē aʻe" (p <10-3, OR: 0.22, 95% CI: 0.13-0.36), o "ka hele ʻana i waho liʻiliʻi" (p <10-3, OR: 4.79, 95% CI: 3.05-7.53), o ka "ʻike ʻana i nā hoa liʻiliʻi" (p <10-3, OR: 5.78, 95% CI: 3.58-9.32) a me ka ʻike ʻana i ka male (p <10-3, OR: 4.61, 95% CI: 2.66-7.99), ʻohana (p <10-3, OR: 4.69, 95% CI: 2.80-7.86), hana (p <10-3, OR: 4.42, 95% CI: 2.56-7.64) a me / a i ʻole kālā (p <10-2, A ʻU: 4.85, 95% CI: 1.18-19.97) mau pilikia i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me DAS- nā mea pāʻani. ʻO kahi mahele kiʻekiʻe loa (p <10-3) o kēia DAS+ Ua hōʻike pū ka poʻe pāʻani me ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana iā lākou iho i nā kūʻai e pono ai e pāʻani ai MMORPG (KOʻI: 6.05, 95% CI: 2.48-14.74). Ma ka like like, ua hoʻonui lākou i ka nui o ka manawa i loaʻa ma ka Pūnaewele e loaʻa ai ka hauʻoli no ka liʻiliʻi 12 mau mahina (KO ʻĀ: 2.99, 95% CI: 1.84-4.87) (Pepa (Loha5) 5) hoʻohālikelike me nā mea pāʻani ma ka DAS- hui.

4 Pūnaewele4 Pūnaewele

Hoʻopilikia i ka hopena a me nā pane DAS

5 Pūnaewele5 Pūnaewele

Hoʻonohonoho aku i ka Pūnaewele a me nā pāʻani a me nā pane DAS

ʻO ka lua, ke nānā pono nei i nā hiʻohiʻona gamer (Papa (Lākia5), 5), nā DAS+ ua lilo ka hui me ka nui (p <10-3) ʻoi aku ka manawa ma ka Pūnaewele a i ʻole ka pāʻani ma mua o ka DAS- hui (OR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.08-1.29 a me OR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.14-1.44 pākahi). ʻO nā helu kaulike e like me DAS kaulike kaulike (p <10-3) pili me ka hoʻoliʻike pono ʻana o ka nui o ka pāʻani pāʻani i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā mea pāʻani manuahi (KO ʻU: 1.70, 95% CI: 1.07-2.71) no nā mea pāʻani hardcore a (OR: 9.14, 95% CI: 3.69-22.64) no ka mea ʻole ola.

I nā ʻōlelo o ka pilina ma waena o nā loli lula a me ka pāʻani (Pepa (Lākia6), 6), nā DAS+ Ua manaʻo ka hui i kahi manaʻo nui (p <10-3) ʻoi aku ka nui o ka mana o ka pāʻani i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me DAS- hui (OR: 3.21, 95% CI: 1.62-6.36). Ka DAS+ ʻimi nui ʻia ka hui i ka ʻoliʻoli pilikino pilikino (p = 0.008, a i ʻole: 1.78, 95% CI: 1.16-2.73) mai nā pāʻani mai ka DAS- hui. Ma ka like like, ʻo ka poʻe i manaʻo e like me ke kulana o ka hui i loko o ka pāʻani, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka DAS+ hui (p = 0.026, a ʻole: 1.63, 95% CI: 1.06-2.50).

6 Pūnaewele6 Pūnaewele

ʻO nā loli pilikino i hōʻike ʻia a me nā pane DAS

Hoʻomaopopo mākou i nā mea pili i ka pāʻani (Table (Table7) .7). Ka DAS+ hiamoe iki a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka DAS- hui (p = 0.004, OR: 0.78, 95% CI: 0.66-0.93) a me ka helu o ka poʻe i hiamoe ʻole ka kiʻekiʻe loa (p <10-3, OR: 0.23, 95% CI: 0.14-0.38). ʻO ka hiamoe hiamoe ma muli o ka pāʻani (OR: 2.83, 95% CI: 1.83-4.38) a me ka hiamoe hiamoe (OR: 3.10, 95% CI: 1.92-5.00) ʻoi loa (p <10-3) pili me nā helu kiʻekiʻe o ka DAS positivity. No ka nīnau "pehea kou manaʻo mai kou hoʻomaka ʻana i ka pāʻani?", A hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā mea pāʻani i ʻoi aku ka hauʻoli o ko lākou hoʻomaka ʻana e pāʻani, DAS+ Ua haʻi pinepine aku nā mea pāʻani (p <10-3) ʻoi aku ka huhū o lākou (OR: 2.56, 95% CI: 1.19-5.48), ʻoi aku ka mālie (OR no "ʻoi aku ka mālie": 0.39, 95% CI: 0.22-0. 69) a i ʻole kaumaha hou (OR: 12.48, 95% CI: 2.64-59.06). Eia kekahi, ua hoʻolaha nui kēia mau mea pāʻani (p <10-3) ʻoi pinepine ka hilahila i ke ola maoli me nā vires ma mua o ka DAS- hui (OR: 5.01, 95% CI: 2.21-11.34). Ua aʻo pū mākou i nā hopena o ka pāʻani ma ke olakino (Papa (Table7) .7).). DAS+ ua hōʻike pinepine ʻia e nā mea pāʻani ponoʻī ma mua o DAS- nā mea pāʻani (p <10-3) mai psychological (OR: 3.21, 95% CI: 1.86-5.56) a i ʻole (OR: 3.23, 95% CI: 1.44-7.22) a i ʻole nā ​​hopena noʻonoʻo a me ke kino (OR: 14.09, 95% CI: 2.89-68.61) ma muli o ke pāʻani.

7 Pūnaewele7 Pūnaewele

Ke pāʻani nei a me ka hōʻike ʻana i ka olakino e pili pono ana i ka olakino

ʻO ka hope loa, e pili ana i nā manaʻo gamer o nā guilds (Papa (Lākia8), 8), nā DAS+ ua manaʻo ka hui e koi aku kā lākou ʻōpio e hoʻolilo i kekahi mau manawa o ka pāʻani a ua kau ʻia lākou ma luna o lākou (OR: 2.55, 95% CI: 1.63-3.99 a me OR: 5.19, 95% CI: 2.09-12.91). E pili ana i ka hana o nā guilds, nā mea pāʻani i manaʻo i ko lākou guild i koi i nā koi i ko lākou manawa ua hōʻike ʻia ke kiʻekiʻe o ka DAS positivity (3.7 mau manawa hou aku), a me nā mea pāʻani i ʻike i kā lākou mau guilds me ka hoʻokaumaha e hōʻike ana i ka helu positivity DAS 2.6 mau manawa ma mua o nā mea pāʻani ʻaʻole i manaʻo i kēia (ʻaʻole hōʻike ʻia nā hōʻike).

8 Pūnaewele8 Pūnaewele

Nā hopena o nā guilds a me nā pane DAS

kūkākūkā

Ma kēia noiʻi noiʻi, ua noʻonoʻo mākou i nā ʻano pāʻani pāʻani pūnaewele a me ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i nā pilikia ma nā poʻe pāʻani ʻōpio MMORPG, ke hoʻohālikelike nei i nā mea hana like ʻekolu e hiki ai ke kōkua i ka pākuhi i nā kumuhana me ka pilikia kīʻaha MMORPG. E pili ana i nā unahi IA, ʻike mākou i kahi kiʻekiʻe positivity i nānā ʻia me GIAD ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka nānā ʻana me ISS a ua hōʻoia kēia ua nānā ʻia kēia mau pākuʻi 2 i nā ʻokoʻa like ʻole (ʻo GIAD koho ka hilinaʻi a me ka mea no ka mea i manaʻo ʻia ka addiction ISS wale nō). ʻO nā kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe i loaʻa me GIAD ka mea i loko o ka hana hoʻonaninani o ke kinona, ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aku o ka hilinaʻi ma mua o ka hoʻohui.37]. Eia kekahi, no ka mea hoʻohana ʻia nā mea hana 3, ʻaʻole like ke ʻano o ke ʻano akā ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia nā koina holoʻokoʻa. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole koho ka mea hana 3 i nā mea like like, e hōʻike ana i ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka IA a me ka papa inoa pāʻani ma ka pūnaewele. Hoʻomaopopo kēia i kā mākou hana hana hoʻonaninani no ka pono o nā pono hana no ka Pūnaewele a me nā pono hana ʻē aʻe no MMORPG. Hōʻike mākou i ke ʻano o ka adapted DSM-IV-TR (i kapa ʻia DAS) i lilo i mea hana maikaʻi mua pono e loiloi i ka make nui MMORPG.

ʻOiai ua kākau ʻia ka puke i ka piʻi nui o MMORPG, ʻaʻohe kuikahi i kēia manawa e pili ana i kahi ʻāpana i hōʻoia ʻia no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka hoʻohui MMORPG. Nānā ka hapa nui o nā noiʻi ma mua i ka nui o nā kānaka ʻōpio e pili ana i ka Pūnaewele ma ka maʻamau, a ʻaʻole hoʻi i noʻonoʻo ma nā pāʻani wikiō [38]. Ke hoʻohiki nei nā ʻona psychometric o IA scales [15,39,40], ʻoiai ua hoʻokumu kekahi i kā lākou noiʻi e pili ana i nā nīnau gamer [.14,17,38]. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa nā haʻawina mua ma waena o ka Pūnaewele a me nā pāʻani wikiō pūnaewele, ʻaʻole hoʻi ma waena o nā ʻano ʻenehana wikiō kūloko [41]. Hiki i nā MMORPG ka pilina me ka pilikia pilikia.33] ma mua o nā pāʻani non-MMORPG no ka mea ua nui nā mea pāʻani a ka poʻe MMORPG e hoʻolōʻihi i ka manawa.13].

Ke loaʻa nei kā mākou noi ʻana i nā palena mau. ʻO ka mea mua, he pilikia paha ka representativeness o ka ʻikepili i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma aneʻi. ʻAʻole i koho lima ʻia nā poʻe komo, a ua haʻalele ʻia ke komo ʻana (e ʻae ʻia nā kumuhana e komo i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻana e hiki ai i ka wana pūnaewele no ka nīnau nīnau pūnaewele). ʻAʻole like paha nā ʻano mea pāʻani a ka poʻe MMORPG i kēia noiʻi, ʻoi loa ka hardcore (no ka mea, e hoʻonāukiuki nā pane i ka manawa i hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia i nā pāʻani) a i ʻole nā ​​mea pāʻani manuahi (no ka mea ʻaʻole lākou manaʻo i ka manaʻo o ka aʻo ʻana). Ma kahi ʻē aʻe, aia nā mea pāʻani pūnaewele ma ka wehewehe ʻana i ka paʻakikī o ka hōʻea i kekahi ala ʻē aʻe ma kahi o ka pūnaewele. ʻO ka lua, ua noʻonoʻo mākou i kahi kikoʻī kikoʻī (ʻo ka mea pāʻani pākeke MMORPG ʻAmelika makua wale nō). Hoʻohālikelike kā mākou mau hopena i nā haʻawina ʻAmelika a me ʻAmelika e pili ana i ka wā o ka makahiki, ka wahine, a me ka ʻohana a me ke kūlana male.14,33,34]. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka manawa maʻamau i hala i ka pāʻani e nānā ʻia ma aneʻi me nā haʻawina ʻē aʻe [33]. ʻO ke kolu, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā loiloi ʻana i nā hōʻike ponoʻī. ʻO nā mea pane aku paha ua pale ʻia i kā lākou pane. ie. ^ E Ha yM. ka hoʻāʻo e hōʻike i nā kūlohelohe maʻamau, ʻo ia ka mea hiki ʻole ke loaʻa kahi noiʻi e pili ana i ka hōʻike ʻana iho. Eia naʻe, ʻo ka hōʻoia o ka ʻike ʻole ʻia o ka ʻikepili, ua hoʻoikaika paha i nā mea pāʻani e hāʻawi i nā pane pololei. ʻEhā, ʻaʻole like ka pane o ka mea pāʻani like ʻole e pane i ka nīnau nīnau ma mua o ka manawa ma muli o kona lōʻihi (45 min). Eia kekahi, e like me ka mea i wehewehe ʻia ma ka māhele Hualoaʻa, ka mālama o ka maikaʻi o nā hōkeo i hoʻopau i nā nīnau nīnau ʻole. ʻO ka Pōʻalima, ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka hoʻonaninani hoʻākāka pono ʻana o ka pāʻani pāʻani (Casual, Hardcore gamer a ʻAʻohe ola) a me ka DIM positivity, a me nā ʻano ʻokoʻa like ʻole i hōʻike ʻia i nā pane kū pololei mai kahi kaiāulu e makaʻala nei e pili ana i ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka ʻike e hōʻino i ka kiʻi ākea. o nā pāʻani pūnaewele.

Ma nā ʻōlelo o nā hiʻohiʻona baseline, hōʻike kā kā mākou aʻo ʻana i nā mea pāʻani o ka wā makua ʻo French MMORPG i ka wā ʻōpio, nā limahana, nā haumāna puka o ke kula makua, a ke makemake e noho wale i nā kūlanakauhale. ʻO nā kamaʻilio Interpersonal (77.5%) ka mea nui i hoʻohālikelike ai i kēia MMORPG e like me kā lākou hōʻike ʻana iā lākou iho, ʻaʻole ka hoʻokō no kēlā me kēia (30.9%). ʻO nā makahiki ʻōpio o ka pāʻani pūnaewele hoʻolilo i kahi hoʻololi ikaika loa e pili ana i ka mana DAS i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka nui o nā makahiki o ka pāʻani. Ua nānā mākou i ka helu like o nā makahiki e pāʻani ana i nā pāʻani wikiō pūnaewele no nā makahiki ʻelua [8.54 (Standard Deviation (SD): 6.66; 95% CI: 7.81-9.26 no ka DAS- hui versus ʻO 8.41 mau makahiki (SD: 5.93; 95% CI: 7.35-9.46) no ka DAS+] ((hōʻike ʻole hōʻike ʻia).

Ua koho mākou e hoʻopili i ka pālākiō hilinaʻi DSM-IV-TR no nā pāʻani wikiō pūnaewele no ka mea ʻo ke komo nui ʻana i nā pāʻani pūnaewele hiki ke wehewehe ʻia ma ke ʻano he ʻano hoʻopono i ka lawena e wehewehe ʻia ai ka lawena e ka hana pāʻani. Ua hoʻokūpaʻa ʻia kēia kūlana e ka APA kūkā kamaʻilio hou ʻana a me ke kūlana e pili ana i ka pilikia [7,21,42], ua hana nui ia i ka wā a mākou e hoʻomākaukau nei i kēia palapala. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā loiloi no ka pāʻani wikiō pilikia e pili ana i ka hoʻomanawanui, loaʻa mai nā pono diagnostic o ka waiwai hilinaʻi.25]. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻokiʻekiʻe ka ʻaoʻao o ka panakona DSM-IV i ka pili pono ma muli o nā ʻano kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa ma waena o ka pā pāʻani a me ka pāʻani.23]. Maanei, ua ʻike mākou no nā kaulike 3, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka addiction hoʻohālikelike i nā haʻawina ʻē aʻe [14,17]. ʻO nā pono hana kānana i hoʻohana ʻia i loko o kā mākou noi ʻana i hōʻike kiʻekiʻe a koʻikoʻi (p <10-3) concordance i ka wā e nānā ana i ka hopena a maikaʻi ʻole paha: hōʻike ʻo DAS a me ISS i 77.5% o nā huakaʻi concordant, a ua hōʻike ʻo DAS a me GIAD ʻo 72.5% o nā huina concordant. ʻO nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe loa no ka IA i kā mākou papa noiʻi (32.5% o ISS+ a me 44.3% o GIAD+) ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka moʻolelo e hiki ke wehewehe ʻia e nā ʻano hoʻohālike: ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea pāʻani ma luna o ka pūnaewele ke kau i ka vector pūnaewele no ka pāʻani ʻana a me nā mea ʻē aʻe o ka pūnaewele. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole i hoʻohālikelike ʻia kēia mau ʻaoʻao ʻelua. Hūlū ʻo ISS i ka hoʻohui me ka nalowale o ka kaohi a me ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka hana a me nā hopena pōʻino i nā wahi nui; ʻoiai ua loiloi ʻia ʻo GIAD i ka pale a me ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i nā hōʻailona pili i ka hilinaʻi.

ʻO ka ʻokoʻa o ka pae positivity i nānā ʻia no nā mea kani 3 i kahakiʻi i ka ʻokoʻa maoli ma waena o ka pāʻani ʻana a me ka PIU maʻamau, a koi i nā pono hana kikoʻī no kēlā me kēia kahua o IA. Ua hōʻike mākou, o kēia mau mea kani like ʻekolu, ua like ka DAS he mea pono e nānā pono no ka hana ʻino MMORPG. Ua ʻike ʻia ka DAS ka mea i pili loa me nā mea ʻē aʻe i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. Ua wehewehe mua ʻia kēia e ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ua hoʻolaʻa ʻia nā unahi o ISS a me GIAD i ka Pūnaewele, no laila ua hoʻohui lākou i nā mea ʻē aʻe ma ka ʻaoʻao o nā pāʻani, akā he kikoʻī ʻo DAS i nā pāʻani wikiō pūnaewele. ʻO ka lua, ua ʻike mākou i kekahi mau mea hoʻohālikelike ma waena o ka DAS positivity a me nā mea ʻaloʻalo ʻē aʻe i hōʻoia ʻia ai nā unahi maʻamau, e like me ka ʻāpala ʻona ʻO kahi laʻana, pili ka pānaʻi kaulike me ka pane maikaʻi i ka nīnau "Hoʻonui i ka manawa i hoʻohana ʻia ma ka Pūnaewele e loaʻa ai ka ʻoluʻolu" kiʻekiʻe (OR: 2.99); hiki ke ho'ākāka ʻia kēia hopena ma ke ʻano he ahonui, kahi i ʻike ʻia i loko o ka hoʻowalewale lāʻau.28]. Ua hoʻopaʻa paʻa ʻia nā mea hoʻohui me nā mea like me ka waiʻona e pili ana i ka olakino a me nā pilikia e like me ka ʻohana a me nā pilikia hana.43]. ʻO ka hoʻokolokolo ʻana i nā hana e pili ana i ka hana maʻa MMORPG i ʻae iā mākou e wehewehe i kahi "pāʻani kanaka makua i ka makaʻu o ka hōʻalo" me nā hopena he nui no ke olakino a me ka hana pilikino, e like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia i ka wā e hoʻomākaukau ai kēia palapala na Billieux. et coll. [44]. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻo nā mea pāʻani mai nā hui maikaʻi a pau i ʻōpio ma mua o nā poʻe i hōʻino ʻia a ua emi iho hoʻi i ke kēkelē Ke Kulanui (48.2% ma kahi o ka puka kula kiʻekiʻe) i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka heluna kanaka o kā mākou noiʻi, e kū like ana me ka wā ʻoi aʻe ka ʻōpio ua manaʻo ʻia nā mea pāʻani iā ​​lākou iho14,45]. No nā mea e like me nā hana ma mua.14,15,17,33,34], he loiloi loiloi multivariate loea i mālama ʻia me nā hoʻoponopono pilikino. Nā ʻano nui ʻē aʻe i aʻo ʻia ma ʻaneʻi (25 / 25) i noho nui ma ka hoʻohālike hope ma hope o ka hoʻoponopono. Ma nā huaʻōlelo o ka mea pāʻani, ua hoʻopau ʻia nā mea pāʻani pūʻulu maikaʻi i ka manawa ma ka Pūnaewele i ka hebedoma ma mua o ka poʻe i hōʻino ʻia a ʻoi aku ka manawa pāʻani ma mua o ka heluna kanaka ma ke ʻano. Eia kekahi, he pilina ikaika ma waena o ka wehewehe i hāʻawi ʻia e nā poʻe komo (ʻo Casual, Hardcore gamer a ʻAʻohe ola) a me ka pae addiction: ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻākāka mākaʻi, ʻoi aku ka hilinaʻi nui ʻana i ka mea kani me ka heluna holoʻokoʻa. ʻO nā mea pāʻani i manaʻo nui aku i ka ʻoluʻolu ʻē aʻe, ka manaʻo o ka mana a i ʻole ka ʻohana a lākou i hiamoe ʻole a me ka hiamoe i ka DAS.+ hui. DAS+ ua hiamoe pū paha nā mea pāʻani pāʻani ma kahi o nā hola he pō ma mua o DAS- kekahi a ua hiamoe ka hiamoe a i ʻole ka hiamoe hiamoe. E like me kā Hussain hoʻopaʻa haʻawina [46], nā mea hoʻoheʻe e hōʻike ana i ka nui o ka huhū a me ka hopohopo hou aku nā mea hou aʻe ma mua o ka poʻe i ʻōlelo he hauʻoli lākou. ʻO ka ʻimi a loaʻa ʻana i ka leʻaleʻa mai nā pāʻani ke lilo i mea pale i ke pāʻani ʻana. ʻO ka pīhoihoi, ka poʻe pāʻani e hoʻopiʻi ana i ke kaumaha, ʻo 12 nā manawa e pili ana i ka pilina me ka DAS+ he hui ma mua o ka poʻe i ʻōlelo he hauʻoli lākou. Hiki paha kēia ma muli o ka holomua o ka ʻimi i ʻimi ʻia i ka pāʻani, a i ʻole kahi hopena o nā hopena maikaʻi loa e pili ana i ka pāʻani pili ʻana. I nā ʻōlelo olakino, ʻo nā mea pāʻani me nā hopena pilikino a pilikino paha e pili ana i ka pāʻani pili i ka pinepine ma DAS+ hui pū, a me kēia hui mea ʻo 14 mau manawa i loaʻa i ka wā i hōʻike ai nā mea pāʻani i nā ʻano hopena like ʻole. ʻIke mākou i ka pilina like ma waena o DAS positivity a me ka hilahila i ke ola maoli me ka hana pono. Ma ka like like, nā mea pāʻani i manaʻo e pono ana i nā guilds ka manawa a me ka hoʻoulu ʻia ʻana e ʻoi aku ka nui ma ka DAS+ hui. Hiki ke wehewehe ʻia kēia mau manaʻo e ka pono nona ke kime i ka holomua i ka pāʻani, e hōʻea i nā pae kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻolālā pinepine nā Guilds i nā hoʻouka a me nā hanana ʻē aʻe e koi ai i ka hoʻolālā ʻana, i hiki ai ke hana i kahi manaʻo no nā lālā [47]. Ua koho kekahi poʻe guilds i nā lālā e loaʻa ana a ua pāʻani i nā mea lōʻihi loa, me ka pahuhopu e hoʻokūkū me nā ʻenehana ʻē aʻe. Eia kekahi, ʻike mākou ua pale nā ​​guilds i nā mea pāʻani, e like me ka piʻi nui o ka positivity DAS i loko o nā mea pāʻani i manaʻo ua hana nā guilds i nā koi i kā lākou manawa hoʻohālikelike i nā mea pāʻani ʻaʻole i manaʻo kēia. ʻO ka mea hope loa, e like me ka hopena o ka piliʻana i ke kanaka, DAS+ ʻike kino ʻia nā mea pāʻani i ka hele liʻiliʻi, e ʻike i nā hoa liʻiliʻi, ka mare, ʻohana, nā hana a me nā pilikia kālā a hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou iho i nā kūʻai e pono ai e pāʻani, e like me ka mālama ʻia.

I ka nānā ʻana o kēia mau hopena, i lalo nei kēia haʻawina ʻoiai ua like ʻo DAS i kahi mea hana mua maikaʻi no ka hōʻike ʻana i nā mea pāʻani e hiki ke pilikia i ka pāʻani pāʻani online. ʻO nā mea pāʻani me kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna nei ʻaʻole ia he addict akā ʻike ʻia me ka nui o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hoʻohui. Mai ka maka o ke olakino olakino, koʻikoʻi no ia e ʻike i kēia heluna kanaka i mea e wehewehe i ka hanana ʻana i ka kikoʻī kikoʻī.

hopena a

Ua hāʻawi kēia haʻawina i ka ʻikepili socio-demographic i ka nui o ka pākeke o ka pūnaewele makua i kiʻi ʻia e ka poʻe MMORPG, a hoʻāʻo i kahi mea hana no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā mea pilikia no ka pili ʻana i ka pāʻani wikiō. Hōʻoiaʻiʻo kā mākou hopena i ka pono e hoʻokumu i nā polokalamu pale olakino e like me ka pale pūnaewele ma luna o ka hōʻino ʻana i ka MMORPG a me kahi Center for Online Addiction, e hoʻomaka ʻia e Young, me nā kūkākūkā pūnaewele.http://www.netaddiction.com) a me ka hoʻōla e like me ke ʻano hoʻomohala cognitive therapy [48].

Kahi papa inoa o nā pōkole

APA: ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ʻAmelika; CI: Ka hilinaʻi kūwaho; DAS: DSM-IV-TR mea hilinaʻi kūlike i hana ʻia no ka MMORPG; DSM-IV-TR: Diagnostic a me ka helu Manual a na pilikia noʻonoʻo, ʻehā-Edition Edition; GIAD: Hoʻohālikelike Pūnaewele Hoʻohālikelike Pūnaewele ʻAmelika Pūnaewele; IA: Pāʻālua pūnaewele; IAT: Hoʻohāleʻa hoʻoliʻiliʻi Pūnaewele; IP: Pūnaewele Pūnaewele; ISS: Pūnaewele Stress Pūnaewele: ʻO Orman; MMORPG: Hoʻolaha Nui i ka pāʻani Role-Play Game; PIU: Hoʻoponopono ka Pūnaewele Pūnaewele; PVP: pilikia Videogame pāʻani; KO ʻU: Odds Ratio; SD: Palapala Hoʻohālikelike; WHO: World Health Organization; WoW: Ka Moku Kauaʻi®

Nā mea hoʻolimalima

'Ōlelo nā mea kākau i ka loaʻaʻole o lākou pāʻani holoʻokoʻa.

Nā papa inoa o nā mea hoʻohana

SA, FM a me EH i hoʻolālā, hoʻolālā i ka noiʻi a kākau i ka protocol. SA, MN a me BT ke hana i ka loaʻa o ka ʻikepili. Ua noiʻi ʻo JM, PV a me DS i ka puke. ʻO MN, FM, EH, ua hoʻokele PG i nā loiloi a me ka wehewehe ʻana i ka ʻike. Ua hana ʻo FM i nā helu moʻoheluhelu helu. Ua kākau ʻo SA me MN i ka papa kiʻi mua o ka ʻatikala. Na EH a me PG i kāohi i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana. Ua pili ka mea kākau a pau i ka loiloi koʻikoʻi o ka kākau a ʻae ua apono i ka palapala hope.

Ka mōʻaukala i hoʻopuka muaʻia

Hiki ke komo i ka moʻolelo kūkala mua no kēia pepa maʻaneʻi:

http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-244X/11/144/prepub

Mahalo a me ka loaʻa kālā

Mahalo mākou i ke kaiāulu MMORPG gamale a me ke kākoʻo ikaika o nā guilds, me ka ʻole o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻana o kēia noiʻi. Makemake nui mākou e hoʻomaikaʻi ʻē iā Alexandra Gosse, ka luna o ka hui (server Illidan) a me ka webdesigner o kēia papahana, a ʻo Frances Sheppard (INSERM CIC, Besançon) no kāna kōkua ma ke kākau ʻana i ka ʻatikala. ʻAʻole hōʻiliʻili ʻia kēia haʻawina a kākoʻo ʻia e ka University Hospital o Besançon (Farani) me ke kākoʻo o ka pūnaewele mai ka Besançon Clinical Investigation Center.

E hoʻomaopopo '

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