Hoʻopiliʻia ma nā pale: nā'ōnaehana o ke keʻena kamepiula a me kahi pāʻani e hoʻohana nei i ka'ōpiopio iʻikeʻia i loko o kahi keʻena maʻi psychiatric (2011)

J Hiki i ke keiki o ke keiki opio i ke keiki. 2011 May;20(2):86-94.

Baer S1, Bogusz E, Green DA.

Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo

KANAWAI:

Hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kamepiula a me ke kahua pāʻani i ka moʻomeheu o ko mākou ʻōpio. Hōʻike ka makua o nā keiki me nā maʻi psychiatric i nā hopohopo e pili ana i ka hōʻiliʻili hewa, akā ua palena ʻia ka noiʻi ma kēia wahi. ʻO ka pahuhopu o kēia noiʻi e loiloi ai i ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka kamepiula / pāʻani-station i ke keiki ʻōpio i loko o kahi kalepa psychiatric psychic a me ka nānā ʻana i ka pilina ma waena o ka hoʻohana a me ka hana hoʻoluhi.

KANAKA:

ʻO nā wā'ōpiopio 102, nā makahiki 11-17, mai nā maʻi psychiatric out-sabar i komo. Ka helu o nā kamepiula / gaming-station use, ke ʻano o ka hoʻohana ʻana (ma ka pāʻani a i ʻole nā ​​mea pāʻani ʻole), a me ke ʻano o nā hiʻohiʻona addictive i ʻike pū ʻia me ka puʻuwai naʻauao / hana. Ua hoʻohana ʻia Multivariate linerrr e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i nā correlations ma waena o nā papa hana a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa.

Nā hopena:

Ka manawa poʻomanaʻo maka iā 6.7 ± 4.2 mau hola / lā. ʻO ka helehelena o nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻohui e hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻia me ka hoʻonaninani / hana i ke ʻano. ʻO ka manawa i hoʻolilo ʻia ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka kamepiula / gaming-station ʻaʻole i hoʻoponopono ʻia me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ma hope o ka pale ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona addictive, akā ua hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻia ka wā pāʻani ʻole me ke ʻano pōʻino.

NĀ KUMU:

ʻO ka poʻe ʻōpio me nā maʻi psychiatric ke hoʻohana nui nei i ko lākou manawa leʻa i ka kamepiula / kahua pāʻani a me kahi subset i hōʻike nui i nā hiʻohiʻona o ka hoʻohana i pili me ka hoʻopiʻi. Pono hou noiʻi e hoʻomohala i nā hana a e loiloi i ka hopena e pono ai e ʻike i ka hopena o kēia pilikia.

KEYWORDS:

opiopio; komohana kamepiula; palapala hoʻoili pūnaewele; pāʻani wikiō

Introduction

I nā makahiki i hala aku nei ʻo 20, ua hoʻonui nui ka kamepiula a me ka pā pahū-hoʻonaʻauao ma ke ʻano o nā keiki a me nā ʻōpio i kēlā me kēia lā (Pūnaewele Hoʻohui Media, 2005; Smith, et al., 2009).). ʻO nā ʻano hou o ka kamaʻilio kaiāulu hou e pili ana i ka hoʻolaho koke a me nā launa pūnaewele pili i ka pūnaewele i mea nui i nā lā o kēlā me kēia lā o nā ola he nui. Ua hūnā ka pāʻani uila i ke kaulana a no kekahi mau keiki ua lilo i hana ʻenehana mua punahele lākou (Olson, et al., 2007).). E like me ka mea e ʻike hou ʻia ai ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka kamepiula / gaming-station e pili ana i ka hopena o ka hoʻohana ʻana ma ka hoʻomohala keiki nui a me ka hana ʻana ʻana a ʻoihana hana. ʻO kēia aʻo mua he hana mua i ka nānā ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka kamepiula a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka keena pāʻani i nā keiki me nā maʻi psychiatric, he iwi hopohopo e pili pū ana i ka ʻike.

Hoʻomaʻamaʻa pinepine nā keiki a me nā ʻōpio i nā hiʻohiʻona kūpono o ka hoʻohana ʻana me ke ʻano hoʻonaninani a me ka naʻauao ʻana (Campbell, et al., 2006) a aia kekahi mea noiʻi e hōʻike ana i ka wikiō e hiki ke kūkulu i ka ʻike spatial a me nā ʻike maka (Green & Bavelier, 2003).). Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻāla ʻia nā hopohopo e pili ana i nā hopena o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hana ma ke kula a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana ma ke ʻano, no ka pae kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka palena o ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka hoʻopulapula kūloko, haʻuki, hoʻokani hakaolaʻa, mele, a me nā ʻano like ʻole o ka hana hana-extracurricular hana (Allison, et al., 2006; Ioredane, 2006).

ʻO ke hoʻohana ʻana i nā hana ʻoihana kamepiula / kāpili ua alakaʻi ʻia nā manaʻo e manaʻo ʻia he ʻano mea e hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ke ʻano (ʻO Young, 1998b).). Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hoʻohālikelike lahilahi like me kēlā me kēia e pili ana i ka maʻi haki, impulse gaming, a me ka hilinaʻi waiwai.ʻOʻumi, 2005; Byun, et al., 2009; Shapira, et al., 2003; ʻO Young, 1998b).). ʻAʻole hoʻokomo ka hoʻohui ʻana pūnaewele i ka DSM-IV-TR, (APA, 2000) akā ua manaʻo kekahi e hoʻohui ʻia ma ke ʻano he DSM-V (Poraka, 2008).). Ua ʻike nā haʻawina o nā lehulehu o nā kula kula kiʻekiʻe a me ke kulanui i nā helu o ka pilikia a i ʻole ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pili "addictive" mai 2.4% –20% (Cao & Su, 2006; Grusser, et al., 2005; Ha, et al., 2006; Kauia, et al., 2008; Niemz, et al., 2005) ʻoiai, he paʻakikī nā mea hoʻohālikelike aʻoi aku ka paʻakikī ma ke ʻano ʻole o ka wehewehe ʻana ma ka pili honua.Byun, et al., 2009; Weinstein & Lejoyeux, 2010).

Ke hoʻomohala nei ka ʻatikala ma kēia wahi. Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano huaʻōlelo like me ka "addiction pūnaewele" (Byun, et al., 2009), "Pilikia pilikia pūnaewele" (Ceyhan, 2008), "Hoʻohana paʻa pūnaewele" (van Rooij, et al., 2010) a me ka "cyberaddiction" (Vaugeois, 2006). Hōʻea ka hapanui o nā haʻawina ma ka hoʻohana pūnaewele.Byun, et al., 2009), ʻoiai ke nānā aku nei kekahi i nā wikiō (i ʻole a i ʻole kau palena)Kamahele, 2009; Rehbein, et al., 2010; ʻO Tejeiro Salguero & Bersabe Moran, 2002). ʻO kēia ʻano hana kū hoʻokahi i ka hana ʻenehana a i ʻole kekahi i kūlike me ka ʻano o ka hapanui o nā ʻōpiopio, i ko mākou ʻike, e hana i nā ʻano o ka hana ʻula a me nā hana ʻē aʻe, i kekahi manawa ka manawa. Ma kēia noiʻi, ua hoʻohana mākou i ka huaʻōlelo "hana kamepiula / hana ʻenehana" e hui ai i nā hana ʻoluʻolu (ʻo ia hoʻi ʻole ke kula a i ʻole nā ​​hana hana) ma nā kamepiula a me nā kahua pāʻani (me nā pūnaehana pāʻani lima lima). Wehewehe mākou i "manawa manawa" e hoʻopili i ka manawa i pau i ke kamepiula / palani-pāʻani me ka manawa i pau e nānā ai i ke kīwī. Hoʻohana ʻia ka huaʻōlelo "overuse" i ka manawa e hoʻopili ai ka hana i ka manawa he nui, akā ʻaʻole pono nā hiʻohiʻona. Hoʻohana mākou i ka huaʻōlelo "addiction" e pili ai i nā haʻawina ma kahi ana e kū ana i nā hiʻohiʻona qualitative o ka addiction e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma luna nei.

ʻO ka hoʻoponopono ma waena o ka hana kaumaha a me ka hele ʻana o nā hōʻailona psychiatric e like me ke kaumaha, ADHD, a me ka hopohopo i ka lehulehu ma nā lehulehu ākea ua ʻike ʻia (Cao & Su, 2006; Chan & Rabinowitz, 2006; Jang, et al., 2008; Kim, et al., 2006; Ko, et al., 2008; Niemz, et al., 2005; Rehbein, et al., 2010; Weinstein & Lejoyeux, 2010; Weinstein, 2010; Yang, et al., 2005; Yoo, et al., 2004). Nānā kekahi mau haʻawina i nā hiʻohiʻona psychiatric o nā mea hoʻohana pūnaewele kaumaha a loaʻa nā hualoaʻa i ka hapanui e ʻōlelo nei he nui nā kiʻekiʻe o nā mea hoʻohana e piʻi nei i nā kiʻekiʻe o nā maʻi psychiatric e pili ana i ka hopohopo a me nā hōʻailona naʻau (Cao, et al., 2007; Chak & Leung, 2004; Lo, et al., 2005; Shapira, et al., 2000; Yen, et al., 2008), me ka cognitive deficits (Aliʻi, et al., 2009; Aliʻi, et al., 2008).

Hoʻohālikelike kēia mau hoʻoponopono ma waena o ka hoʻohana nui a me nā hōʻailona psychiatric i nā hōʻike anecdotal mai nā kauka a me nā mākua i pili pū me nā keiki a me nā ʻōpio me nā hopohopo olakino. ʻOiai ke kāpili ʻana i ka leʻa ʻana o ka kamepiula / gaming-station ke ʻano he "addictive" e kū'ē i ka honua noiʻi (Shaffer, et al., 2000), ma ka hana lapaau he nui nā mākua e hōʻike i nā hopohopo koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka "addictive" i kā lākou keiki, a ʻo nā keʻena mālama lapaʻau no "addiction pūnaewele" e māhuahua ana (Ahn, 2007; Khaleej Times Online, 2009). ʻAʻole maopopo e pili ana paha ka nui o nā kamepiula a me kahi mea pāʻani i ke pilikia i ka pilikia, inā he hopena no ka paʻakikī (e like me ka mea i kaʻawale ʻia ai ka lehulehu), a i ʻole ka hui pū ʻana o nā mea ʻelua. I kēia manawa, ʻike ka nui o nā ʻike e pili ana i nā hiʻohiʻona o ka kamepiula / gaming-station i ka wā ʻōpiopio me nā maʻi psychiatric.

ʻO kēia aʻo ʻana ka mea mua e nānā pono i ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka kamepiula / pāʻani-station i ka ʻōpio i loko o ka heluna kanaka lapaʻau psychiatric. ʻO nā pahuhopu ke koho i ka manawa o ka wā ʻōpio me nā maʻi psychiatric e hele nei i mua o nā "nā kiʻi" (televise, kamepiula, a me nā papa pāʻani) a pehea lākou e hoʻokaʻawale ai i ko lākou manawa ma waena o ka videogaming a me nā hana pāʻani leʻaleʻa pāʻani ʻole (like, Facebook) . ^ E Ha yM. ʻO nā pahuhopu hou aku no ka hoʻoholo ʻana aia i ka pilina ma waena o ka nui o ke hoʻohana ʻana i kahi kamepiula a me ka lehulehu, a me ka nui o ka manaʻo a me ka hōʻino o ka hana. ʻO ka mea hope loa, ʻoiai ʻo ka "hoʻomake i ka pūnaewele" e like me ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka maʻi, ua makemake mākou e hoʻoholo inā he hiki ke ʻike i ka hiki ʻana o nā hiʻohiʻona o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā hoʻohālikelike pūnaewele no ka mea e pili ana i ka pili ʻana ma ka pūnaewele. ke hana ana.

hana

i komo

Ke ʻike ʻia nei nā keiki a me kā lākou ʻohana ma nā hale maʻi psychiatric out-sabar ma ke haukapila kamaliʻi keiki ma Kanada a me nā kahua kaiāulu o 2 ma kahi mahina ʻo 4 ma 2008 a ua kiʻi ʻia a noi ʻia e komo i ke aʻo ʻana. He hui heterogeneous ka mea i komo i nā poʻe maʻi e hele ana i nā haukapila psychiatry a me nā keʻena subspecialty a he hui ia o nā hihia ma ka lua a me ka pae. ʻAʻohe o mākou ʻike i ke kūlana socioeconomic o nā poʻe komo. Ke koi nei ka pili ʻana me ka makahiki ma waena o 11 – 17, akamai i ka ʻōlelo Pelekania, a hiki iā ʻoe ke heluhelu i ka ʻōlelo Pelekania. Ua hōʻike mākou i nā loiloi ∼160 o kēia 112 i hoʻopau ʻia e ke keiki a me ko lākou makua. Ua hōʻole mākou i nā hui 8 ma muli o ka ʻae piha ʻole a me / a i ʻole nā ​​ʻāpono i hāpai ʻia, hoʻokahi mea like me ka mea ma lalo o ka ʻoki ʻana o ka makahiki, a hoʻokahi mea komo no ka haʻi hewa ʻana i nā nīnau nīnau nīnau. No laila ʻo ka ʻaoʻao hope loa he mau kumuhana 102. Ua apono ʻia kēia haʻawina e ka University of British Columbia Research Ethics Board a me nā kumuhana a pau i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a ʻae paha i nā palapala manaʻo.

Nā wehewehe

Ua ʻike ʻia ka ʻike Demographic e pili ana i ka makahiki, ka wahine, ka nui o nā kamepiula, a me ka ʻike pūnaewele ma o ka nīnau ninaninau a me nā keiki. Manaʻo nā keiki a me nā mākua i ka manawa i hoʻolilo ʻia i ka pāʻani, nā hana ʻakoleka ʻole e pāʻani ai ʻikepā, a me ka TV ma nā lā heʻina (nā lā kula) a i nā hopena pule (ʻaʻole lā he kula), e ʻae ʻia ana ke kaupaona nui o kēlā me kēia lā i helu ʻia no kēlā me kēia hana. ʻAʻole loiloi ka nīnau nīnau i ka paʻi ʻana, a ʻaʻole i hoʻokaʻawale i waena o ka pāʻani pūnaewele a i ʻole ke kala pāʻani. Ua ʻike ʻia ka ʻike ʻana o ka lula, nā palena manawa a me kahi ʻōnaehana kamepiula / pāʻani.

Pākuhi

ʻAʻohe mea iʻike i ka nānā ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻohui o nā kamepiula a me nā hana ʻenehana e kūpono i nā ʻōpio. Ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā ʻano ʻē aʻe e nānā pono ai i nā hana ma ka pūnaewele.ʻOʻumi, 2005; Beranuy Fargues, et al., 2009; Ko, et al., 2005a; Nichols & Nicki, 2004; Kūpono, 2005; ʻO Young, 1998a, 1998b) a ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā mea e nānā kūlohelohe wale i nā wikiō (Kamahele, 2009; ʻO Tejeiro Salguero & Bersabe Moran, 2002). ʻO ka hapa nui o ka noiʻi ma ka pili ʻana ma ka pūnaewele e hana nei ma Asia me kekahi o nā hana maʻamau e hoʻohana ʻia nei ʻo ka Chen Internet Addiction Scale (Ko, et al., 2005a), aia i ka loaʻa ʻole ma ka ʻōlelo Pelekania. ʻO kekahi o nā hana ʻōlelo Pelekane e hoʻohana nui nei a nānā i nā hana pūnaewele, ka Pūnaewele Hoʻomau Pūnaewele (IAT) (ʻO Young, 1998a, 1998b) ua hōʻoia i ka pakeke (Chang & Law, 2008; ʻO Widyanto & McMurran, 2004) a hui pū kekahi i nā nīnau i kūpono ʻole i nā keiki, e like me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka pūnaewele me ka launa pū kekahi. ") ʻO kekahi noi i hōʻoia ʻia me kekahi mau'ōpiopio akā ʻoi aku ka nui o nā makahiki o ka hoʻohālike ma mua o 25 (ʻO Widyanto & McMurran, 2004). ʻAʻole i nā uniona ʻōlelo Pelekane e loiloi i ka hoʻohui ʻana pūnaewele ma nā keiki. Eia nō naʻe, ke hilinaʻi pono nei nā hana āpau i ka hōʻike ponoʻī ʻana iho a ʻaʻole i hoʻokomo i ka ʻike koleta mai kahi makua, ma laila ke hoʻololi ʻia ʻana o nā pilikia.

Palapala Kahiko Uila Pūnaewele / Ke Ana Hoʻohā (CGAS)

I ka nele ʻole o kahi kūpono kūpono a kūpono i nā keiki a me nā ʻōpio, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma luna nei, ua hoʻomohala mākou i kahi nīnau e hoʻopio ai i ka hōʻike o ke keiki a me ka makua, nā ʻano ka lehulehu o nā kamepiula a me nā papa hana pāʻani, a e ʻike i kēlā mau keiki i kū i nā pono koho. no ka Hoʻopuka pūnaewele no nā makahiki liʻiliʻi (Ko, et al., 2005b). Loaʻa nā kumukūʻai i loko o ka pepa Ko mai nā huaʻōlelo hoʻonaninani moho i pili i ka maʻi ʻeha hoʻokaumaha a me nā pilikia hoʻonaninani i ka DSM-IV TR a me nā palapala hoʻokolohua i ʻōlelo ʻia mai nā haʻawina ʻē aʻe a i hōʻoia ʻia i loko o kahi hōʻike kaiaulu o nā ʻōpio. ʻO ka hōʻike ponoʻī CGAS he helu 8-item Likert ma kahi paona 1-5 e loiloi ana i ka 1) i ka holo ʻana me ka hana o ka kamepiula / gaming-station; 2) hikiʻole i ke pale i ka kolohe e hoʻohana; 3) hoʻomanawanui (ka hoʻohana nui ʻana e pono ai ke ʻoluʻolu); ʻO ka 4) haʻalele (hōʻeha i ka wā ʻaʻole e hoʻohana, hoʻonā a me ka hoʻohana ʻana); 5) ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻia; 6) me nā hana holomua ʻole e hōʻoki; 7) nui nā hana e kau ʻia ma ke ho'āʻo ʻana e hoʻohana; a ua hoʻomau ʻo 8 i ka hoʻohana ʻana me ka ʻike o ka mea e loaʻa ai nā pilikia. Ua hōʻuluʻulu nā pane ma nā nīnau ma 8 e hana i kahi ʻikena Addiction i hoʻokumu ʻia ma waena o 8 (ʻaʻohe hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona) i 40 (nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻohui hoʻohui). I mea e hōʻemi ai i ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole o ka pālākiō, ua loaʻa nā nīnau e pili ana i nā hiʻohiʻona waiwai i loko o 16 i nā nīnau ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka ʻike ʻana o ka ʻōpio i nā ʻano maikaʻi a maikaʻi ʻole o ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka kamepiula / gaming-station.

ʻO ke koina o kēia mau hiʻohiʻona hoʻohui i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka ʻike pili ʻana o ka ʻōpio i noi ʻia lākou, ʻaʻole i nīnau ʻia nā mākua. Eia, pane mai nā mākua i nā nīnau a 4 o nā hōʻailona laka i hāpai ʻia no ka hoʻohui ʻana, e komo pū me: 1) ua haʻalele ka keiki i nā mea ʻē aʻe mai ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka kamepiula / kahua pāʻani; ʻO 2) kaumaha paha ke keiki i ka wā ʻaʻole i ʻae ʻia e hoʻohana; ʻO 3) hauʻoli wale paha ke keiki i ka wā e hoʻohana ai; a ʻo 4) keiki kau i kahi nui o ka hana e hoʻohana ai. Ka helu makua no ka hōʻike ʻana i nā hōʻailona e pili ana i ka hoʻohui mea mai nā nīnau ʻehā a no laila ua helu ʻia ka helu mai 4 - 20.

Ua komo nā ka loiloi o CGAS i ka loiloi kumu ʻike exploratory a me ka paʻa kū o ka naʻau. Kūkulu ʻia ka hana pono ma o ka correlations me ka manawa i hoʻopau ʻia ma ka kamepiula / hale waihona-kahi ma ka ʻona a me nā hōʻailona psychopathology e hoʻohana ana i nā nīnau ikaika a me nā pilikia, a me ka mākaukau me nā ʻōlelo a ka makua i hōʻike ʻia e pili ana i ka hoʻohui.

Nā ikaika a me nā pilikia paʻakikī (SDQ)

ʻO ka SDQ kahi mea 25, pālahalaha nui i hōʻoia ʻia i ke alo o ke keiki a me nā ʻōpio psychopathology, i loaʻa i ka www.sdqinfo.org. ^ E Ha yM. Kuhi ʻia ka nui ma mua o nā keiki 10,000 a unuhi ʻia i nā ʻōlelo 50 me nā psychometrics maikaʻi loa (Goodman, 1997, 2001; Goodman, et al., 2000). Ua loiloi mākou i ʻelua SDU hōʻike pono (a SDQ keiki) a me ka makua SDQ no nā makahiki 11-17, ke nānā nei i ka helu holoʻokoʻa, a me nā ʻelima ʻelima (pilikia pilikia, hana i nā pilikia, hyperactivity, nā pilikia ʻōpio, a me nā ʻano prosocial).

Weiss Functional Hoʻopau Ka Leʻaleʻa Scale-makua (WFIRS-P)

ʻO ka WFIRS-P kahi nīnau makua makua manaʻoʻiʻo i ka nānā ʻana i ka hana hōʻeuʻeu i nā keiki me nā pilikia pilikia, aia i ka www.hiakka.ca. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ia nā nīnau nīnau a 50 Likert e nānā ana i ka hana o ka hana ma ke ʻano o ka hana ma 6: ʻohana, ka aʻo, ke kula a me ke kula, nā hana ola, hoʻonaninani keiki, hana pilikino, a me ka hana pilikia, me nā haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe e hōʻike ana i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka hana hōʻino (Weiss, 2008). He kūlana psychometric maikaʻi loa ka WFIRS me ka alpha Cronbach> 0.9 holoʻokoʻa, a me ka subcale domain Cronbach's alphas mai ka 0.75- 0.93, a me ka hōʻoia i nā pediatric, psychiatric, a me nā laʻana kaiāulu (Weiss, 2008). Hoʻokomo ʻia ka ʻatikala ola i kahi nīnau ma ka kamepiula nui a me ka hoʻohana ʻana o TV i haʻalele ʻia mai ka helu helu helu.

ʻIkeʻIke Heluhelu

Hana ʻia nā helu helu wehewehe ma nā ʻano like ʻole. Ua hana ʻia nā helu linear Multivariate i nā helu me ka helu o ka WFIRS-P, ke keiki SDQ, a me ka makua SDQ, ʻo ia nā ʻano like ʻole. Hoʻokomo i nā ʻano kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa e pili ana i ka wahine, ka manawa pāʻani, ka manawa ʻole i ke pāʻani a me ka helu addiction. Hana ʻia nā waiwai ma ka SDQ e like me ka protocol scoring SDQ (www.sdqinfo.com). Ua mālama ʻia nā helu helu WFIRS e nalowale ana a me nā helu like i ka ala like. Ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā kumuhana no kahi regression kikoʻī inā e nalo ana lākou> 2 mau ʻāpana subscale, koe wale no ka subscale WFIRS "self" i loaʻa nā mea he 3 wale nō a no laila koi ʻia nā pane āpau. Ua hopena kēia protocol i ka waiho ʻana i 1 kumuhana i kēlā me kēia no ke keiki a me ka makua SDQ regressions, a me 2 mau kumuhana no ka WFIRS. Ua wehewehe ʻia ka manaʻo nui o ka helu helu ma p <0.05. Ua helu ʻia ka ʻikepili helu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polokalamu STATA (mana 9.1, Statacorp, 2005).

Results

Nā hana wehewehe

ʻO ka nui o ka huina helu 102, me nā wahine 41 (40.2%) a me nā kāne 61 (59.8%). ʻO ka makahiki makahiki ʻo 13.7 ± 1.9. Ma aneane ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻohana āpau (99.0%) i kamepiula a ʻo ka hapa nui o lākou i loaʻa ka pūnaewele (94.1%). ʻO ke ʻano nui o nā kamepiula i ka home ka 2.3 ± 1.3. Hoʻokahi ʻekahi (24.5%) o nā keiki he kamepiula i ko lākou lumi moe. ʻO ka hapalua o nā hale (50.0%) i mau lula e kaupalena ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka kamepiula a me ke kahua pāʻani. Ua hōʻike nā mākua i kā lākou keiki i nā lula 67 (± 31)% o ka manawa.

Ua hōʻike nā kamaliʻi e hoʻolilo ana iā 2.3 (± 2.2) mau hola / lā ma ke pāʻani, 2.0 (± 2.1) mau hola / lā ma nā hana kīwī-hoʻolimalima ʻole kamepiula, a me 2.4 (± 2.0) hrs / lā e nānā ana i ka televise. Ka manawa manawa i hōʻike ʻia e ke keiki helehelena, ʻo 6.7 ± 4.2 mau hola / lā. Nui nā makemake o nā keikikāne e hana i nā pāʻani ma mua o nā kaikamahine: 2.8 vs1.4 mau hola / lā (p = 0.002). Kūlike ʻole i kā mākou hypothesis e haʻahaʻa ai ka poʻe i ka manawa, hōʻike ʻia nā mākua i ka hoʻohana ʻole ʻana o nā pāpā āpau i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me kā lākou poʻe keiki. ʻO kēia mau ʻokoʻa ua nui nā kuhihewa no ka manawa pāʻani ʻole a me ka manawa TV ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi hōʻike ʻano pālua (ʻoi aku nā ʻano = 0.35 ± 0.14 mau hola a me 0.33 ± 0.15 mau hola, t = 2.5 a me 2.2, p = 0.02 a me 0.03, no laila) o nā ʻokoʻa ʻē he nui maoli i pili i ka hoʻohana. No ka loiloi regression, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka manaʻo o nā keiki i nā manawa, ʻoiai ua manaʻo ʻia ka ʻike ʻana o nā keiki i ka haʻi ʻana o ka wā i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ai ko lākou manawa ma waena o nā pāʻani a me nā hana pāʻani ʻole.

Hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻohele ʻia ma waena o nā ʻano hana like ʻole 1 Pūnaewele. ^ E Ha yM. ʻOiai ʻoi like ka nui o ka manawa i hana ʻia no kēlā me kēia pāhana media, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka manawa ma ke ʻano he ʻelua, a ʻelua hoʻi mau keiki e hōʻike ana i nā 6 hr / lā i ke pāʻani ma ka like ʻole me ka pāʻani ʻole a me ka televise.

1 Pūnaewele. 

ʻO ka koho ʻana o ka manawa maʻamau e kau ʻia ma nā hana media (hōʻike ʻo ke keiki). N = 102

Ka waiwai nui o ka Addiction Score ʻo 17.2 ± 7.7. ʻAʻole loli like ka helu i ka mea i pili i ka male ʻana, a ʻaʻole ia e hilinaʻi i ka manawa i hana pinepine ʻia nā mea pāʻani a i ʻole nā ​​hana pāʻani ʻole, ʻo ia nā keiki nā poʻe pāʻani e like me ke hōʻike i nā hiʻohiʻona pili i ka hana i nā mea i hana pinepine ʻia i nā hana ʻē aʻe. e like me ka launa pūnaewele.

Nā waiwai psychometric o CGAS

He mea maikaʻi loa ia kūloko ʻana me Cronbach α = 0.89. ʻO nā mea nui e ʻike i ka loiloi mea kumu o ka CGAS i kū pū me ka hopena unidimensional e kau nei i nā hoʻokolohua ʻelua o ka Scree.ʻO Cattell, 1978) a me ka pae hoʻohālikelike Kaiser. Ua wehewehe hoʻokahi mea i ka 56% o ka like ʻole a me nā nīnau ʻelua a pau i hoʻouka ʻia me nā kaupaona like (8-0.66). ʻO ke kaulike ma waena o ka heluʻai mea hōʻalo a me nā manawa o kēlā me kēia lā ma ke kamepiula he kaulike (r = 0.80, p <0.42) kūlike me ke kuhiakau e hoʻopili ana ka manawa o ka hoʻohana a me ka hoʻōla, akā he mau mea ʻokoʻa. ʻO nā pilina ma waena o nā mākia hōʻino a me nā helu SDQ i loko o ka pae waena (r = 0.001, p <0.55 a me 0.001, p <0.41 no ke keiki a me nā mākua SDQ, i kūlike hou me nā ʻōpala i hoʻopili ʻia me nā ʻōuli psychopathology āpau. Ua hoʻopili kaulike ʻia ka heluʻai addicts me nā hōʻailona hōʻailona makua o ka hōʻā (r = 0.001, p <0.47).

ʻOiai ka hapanui o nā kumuhana me nā haʻahaʻa hoʻokūkū kiʻekiʻe he mau kamepiula / mākeke-pahu mea hoʻohana, ʻaʻole kahi kahi kahi. Hōʻike 1 hōʻike i ka pilina ma waena o ka helu addiction a me ka manawa, kahi i hoʻohālikelike ʻia ai nā papa kiʻekiʻe, waena a waena a me nā haʻalulu ma nā kumu kiʻekiʻe, waena, a me nā haʻahaʻa. Ke hāʻule ka hapanui o nā kumuhana i nā kumulāi e manaʻo ai (eg eg addiction / high use), akā naʻe he nui nā kumuhana e hāʻule ma waho o kēia mau māhele. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka 30% o nā kumuhana me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e hoʻohana ana i ka nui o nā manawa kiʻekiʻe a me kahi haʻahaʻa 10% o nā kumuhana me ka helu haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe e hoʻohana ana i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka manawa. Pēlā ke kūpaʻa nei ka pae i loko, hiki iā ia ke hoʻokaʻawale i waena o nā manawa a me nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻohui.

Hōʻike 1. 

ʻO ka manawa o ka kamepiula / pāʻani-station hoʻohana (haʻahaʻa, hōʻemi, a kiʻekiʻe paha) i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā pae like ʻole o ka addiction score

Nā hopena hopena

ʻO ka helu anak SDQ no ka laʻana ʻo 14.6 ± 6.4, aia ma ka 82nd pālua a hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka ʻike kumu (Meltzer, et al., 2000). Nā hale haʻahaʻa kōkuhi i ka SDQ o ke keiki a ua hoʻokiikahi like ʻia a mai ka 77th a 85th percentile. ʻO ka helu Parent SDQ pākuʻi ʻo 15.4 ± 6.5, aia ma ka 89th pākuʻi like pākuʻi me ka nui o nā kānaka i wae ʻia. Nā hale kūʻai haʻahaʻa ma nā makua SDQ i like like me ke kiʻekiʻe a ua kū aʻe mai ka 83rd a i 92nd percentile. Kūpono loa kēia mau waiwai i loko o ka pae lapaʻau e like me ka mea e kali ʻia i ka lawe ʻia mai ana mai ka heluna kanaka. ʻO ka helu WFIRS ʻo 40.3 ± 24.2, aia ma ka 27th pālua a hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka heluna o nā keiki 200 me ADHD i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻole ʻia, nā makahiki 6-11 (Weiss, 2008). Nā kūmole helu kālā i hoʻohālikelike ʻia mai ka 20th a i ka keneta 60th e hoʻohālikelike i ka hoʻohālikelike ADHD like.

Ua loiloi nā pilina ma waena o ka manawa i kau ʻia ma kahi kamepiula / kahua pāʻani, ʻike ʻia i nā hiʻohiʻona addictive a me ka holo ʻana o ka naʻau a me ka hana e like me ke ana a ka makua SDQ, keiki SDQ, a me nā WFIRS e loiloi ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mana linear multivariate. Ua nānā ʻia ka manawa TV e ʻike inā he hopena paha kona i nā hualoaʻa, akā ua waiho iki ʻia me ka mea ʻaʻole i hāʻawi i ka helu ʻana o kekahi o nā loina ʻekolu. Hoʻopili nā hopena hopena i nā pilina ma waena o ka manawa, a me nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻohui, a me ka hana.

2 Pūnaewele ke hōʻike nei i nā hopena o kahi regression linear multivariate e nānā ana pehea e ʻokoʻa ai nā helu SDQ o ke keiki me ka wahine, ka manawa pāʻani, ka wā pāʻani ʻole, a me ka helu addiction. I ka ʻike, ua ʻike nui ʻia ka helu addiction me ka helu SDQ āpau a me nā helu subcale āpau, ʻo ia hoʻi nā kumuhana me nā haʻahaʻa hoʻokūkū kiʻekiʻe e hōʻike ana i nā pilikia i nā pilikia paʻakikī a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana. Ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻaʻole i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka manawa pāʻani me kekahi mau kālā SDQ a ʻoiai, ʻo ka mana o ka regression no ke keiki holoʻokoʻa SDQ ua kokoke ia i zero (0.04) e ʻōlelo nei ʻaʻole i pili ka pilina o ka ʻelua. Pēlā nō, ʻaʻole hoʻonaninani ʻia ka manawa pāʻani ʻole me ka helu SDQ a i ʻole nā ​​helu subscale, me nā koina o ka hoʻoponopono maikaʻi ʻana me ka pilikia e pili ana i nā pilikia a me nā pilikia maikaʻi ʻole i kā nā pilikia hoa. ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia kekahi ʻano ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā keikikāne a me nā kaikamahine i nā hopena o ka manawa pāʻani, ʻaʻohe manawa pāʻani ʻole a me ka helu addiction ma nā pae SDQ keiki.

2 Pūnaewele. 

Nā papahana i helu ʻia no ka SD SD subscales a me ka helu helu.

3 Pūnaewele ke hōʻike nei i nā hopena o kahi regression linear multivariate e nānā ana pehea ke ʻano ʻana o nā helu SDQ makua me ka wahine, ka manawa pāʻani, ka wā pāʻani ʻole, a me ka helu addiction. Eia hou, ʻike nui ʻia ka addiction me ka helu SDQ makua. E like me ke keiki SDQ, ʻaʻole nui ka manawa o ka pāʻani me ka makua SDQ subscale a i ʻole ka helu helu. Pēlā nō, ʻike ʻole ʻia ka manawa no ka pāʻani ʻana me ka makua SDQ me ka ʻole o ka ʻae ʻana i ka hopena me nā pilikia e pili ana i nā mākua. ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia kekahi ʻano ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā keikikāne a me nā kaikamahine i nā hopena o ka manawa pāʻani, ʻaʻohe manawa pāʻani ʻole a me ka helu addiction ma nā helu SDQ makua.

3 Pūnaewele. 

Nā kiniʻikepili helu kōkuhi helu helu (t-helu) no nā waihona SDQ makua a me nā helu he nui.

4 Pūnaewele ke hōʻike nei i nā hualoaʻa o ka regression linear multivariate e nānā ana pehea i hoʻololi ʻia ai nā helu WFIRS me ka wahine, ka manawa pāʻani, ka wā pāʻani ʻole, a me ka helu addiction. E like me nā hualoaʻa no ka SDQ ʻelua, ʻike nui ʻia ka nui o ka addiction me ka helu WFIRS a me nā helu subscale (me ka ʻokoʻa ʻole e hoʻonaninani ʻia); ʻo ia hoʻi, ua hoʻonui nui ʻia nā kumumanaʻo me ka piʻi ʻana me ka ʻike hana kiʻekiʻe ma luna o ka hapa nui o nā waihona. ʻO ka manawa o ka pāʻani, e like me nā mea ʻelua o ka SDQ, ʻaʻole i hoʻoponopono ʻia me kekahi WFIRS subscale a i ʻole ka helu helu. Pēlā nō, ʻaʻohe manawa pāʻani, ʻaʻole i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia me ka helu WFIRS a me nā helu subcale (me ka ʻole o ka maikaʻi o ka Hōʻailona). ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia kekahi ʻokoʻa i waena o nā keikikāne a me nā kaikamahine i nā hopena o ka manawa pāʻani, ʻo ka manawa ʻole ke pāʻani ʻana a me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka addiction ma WFIRS, me ka ʻokoʻa ʻole o kahi ʻano hoʻohālikelike, kahi i hōʻike ʻia ai ka hōʻike loiloi wahine i ka manawa pāʻani ʻole e hoʻopololi ʻia me ka manaʻo ʻole ʻia no ke keikikāne ʻaʻole like mau kaikamahine (coefficient coefficient = 0.46, p = 0.001 a me ka coefficient reggee = 0.02, p = 0.93, totika). No laila he mea nui ka pilina ma waena o ka hanana kūleʻa a me ka manawa ʻole ke pāʻani nei 4 Pūnaewele ua helu nui ʻia e nā keikikāne.

4 Pūnaewele. 

Aiiiaeieeeaeeaeaeeaeaeeaeaeeaeaeaiea (aiieaeao) aeaanoa o WFIRS.

kūkākūkā

Ke hoʻolōʻihi nei ka poʻe ʻōpio i kā mākou papa noiʻi i nā hola he nui i kēlā me kēia lā ma ke alo o nā papa me 94% e hoʻopau ai ma ka palena manawa ʻo 2 i kau manawa i ʻōlelo ʻia e ka American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP, 2001). ʻO ka manawa o kā lākou māka ('ōlelo = 6.7 hrs / lā) he ʻelua ma mua o ka ʻelua i hōʻike ʻia ma ka nui o nā loiloi epidemiologic nui o nā mea ʻōpiopio ma ke kaila like pū (ʻO Mark & ​​Janssen, 2008; Smith, et al., 2009), e kuhikuhi ana i ka wā ʻōpio me nā maʻi psychiatric ke hoʻolōʻihi nui nei i ka manawa ma ke kamepiula / gaming-station ma mua o ka lehulehu.

Ua hoʻomohala kēia noiʻi a hoʻopaʻa ʻia kahi hōʻike o kahi keiki a me nā mākua e ana i ke ʻano o nā hiʻohiʻona pono o ka kamepiula a me ka hale pā pāʻani e pili ana i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ka Koʻolima Hoʻohui Pūnaewele.Ko, et al., 2005b).). Ua hōʻike ʻia ka CGAS i ke ʻano ākea no ka nānā ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona addictive i hōʻike ʻia e pili ana i ka kamepiula / kikowaena-ʻoihana me ka hoʻokō maikaʻi ʻana. Nā kākoʻo o ka hoʻoponopono me ka manawa i pau i ka kamepiula, nā helu SDQ, a me nā hōʻailona hōʻailona makua e pili ana i ka hoʻohui i mea e pono ai. ʻOiai ke kūpaʻa mau nei ka manaʻo o ka pili ʻana i ka kamepiula, e hoʻohana ana i kēia ana, ua hiki iā mākou ke hoʻomaopopo i kahi subset o ka ʻōpio me nā maʻi psychiatric e hōʻike ana i nā hiʻohiʻona o nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻohui o ka hoʻohana.

ʻO ka hopena maikaʻi loa ʻo ka hoʻoponopono maikaʻi loa ma waena o ke ʻano o nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻohui a me nā pilikia i hōʻike ʻia i loko o nā ʻāina āpau o ke ola o ke keiki. He hopena a koʻikoʻi ke hopena a hiki i nā koina makua a me nā keiki me ka ʻike ʻana o ka psychopathology a me ka hana hōʻino.

ʻOiai e manaʻo paha kekahi i ka hoʻolilo ʻana i ka manawa i hoʻolilo ʻia ma ka kamepiula / palani-ʻoihana hoʻi e hoʻoponopono ʻia me ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā pilikia, ʻaʻole kēia ka hihia i loko o kā mākou ʻike ʻana i kahi hiʻohiʻona hoʻohui. No kēlā me kēia mau hopena hopena ʻekolu, ʻo ka manawa i hoʻolilo ʻia ma ka kamepiula / palani-ʻoihana ka mea maʻamau ʻaʻole i hoʻoponopono ʻia me nā pilikia (me ka manaʻo ʻole o ka ʻano hoʻokūkū i kūkākūkā ʻia ma lalo nei) a, inā no ka manawa pāʻani, ua kokoke nā coefficient pili i ka zero. alakaʻi ka manawa i kahi hoʻololi ʻole i nā pilikia i hōʻike ʻia.

Hōʻike kēia hopena aia kekahi ʻokoʻa qualitative ma waena o ka poʻe ʻōpio e "hoʻopiha" i nā manawa he nui i ka manawa o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka kamepiula a me ka wā ʻōpio ʻoi aku ka puʻuwai a me nā pilikia. Hōʻike ʻia kēia kaha kikoʻī ma ke aniani i Hōʻike 1 kahi i hōʻike ʻia ai ka "kau manawa piha" e ka hoʻohana helu kiʻekiʻe / haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa helu pūʻulu. Hiki i kekahi ke ʻike i ka helu haʻahaʻa a me ka helu haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa he mea ʻōpio nāna i kau nā mākua i ka mana o kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana. ʻOiai, ʻo ke ʻano o ka "addict computer" e hoʻomau ke kūweʻe, eia kēia ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ma waena o ka manawa a me nā hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona e hōʻike ana i nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻohui i nā hiʻohiʻona like ʻole a me nā kumu hoʻohālikelike.

ʻOiai ka manawa i pau ka manawa ma ka kamepiula / palani-puni i ʻole pili i nā pilikia, ʻo ka mea ʻē aʻe o ka hui ʻana ma waena o ka manawa i hoʻolilo ʻia me nā hana ʻolua no ka pāʻani ʻole a me ka hanana pio (ma ka WFIRS) a hana i nā pilikia (ma ka SDQ). Ua hōʻike i ka nānā ʻana o ka kāne like me kēia mau kāne no nā keiki kāne, ʻaʻole naʻe he mau kaikamahine ma ka WFIRS, a no ka hui āpau (kāne a me nā kaikamahine) ma ka SDQ. ʻO ka SDQ ka hana i ka subscale a me ka WFIRS a me ke ʻano he mea pili i ka pilikia ma mua o nā pilikia like (e laʻa ke kahakaha ʻana, aihue a me ka hoʻonāukiuki ma ka SDQ; nā pilikia pilikia, hana kino, a me ka hanana hewa o ka WFIRS). Ke hoʻohana nei nā kamepiula ʻoluʻolu ʻole i ka pāʻani i ka nui o nā hana me ka pūnaehana ʻoihana pūnaewele, a ʻo nā ʻano hana riskier e like me ka palaka a me nā kiʻi paha. Hoʻonui ʻia ka manawa i hala no kēia mau hana riskier no kēia ʻoihana e ʻike ʻia. He mea nui e hoʻomanaʻo e pili ana ka ʻike kā mākou ʻikepili, a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i waena o ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka kamepiula i ka hoʻohewa ʻia ʻana, a i ʻole nā ​​ʻōpio me nā pilikia e pili hou ana i kēia mau hana ʻoihana kamepiula.

Ua loaʻa i kēia noiʻi nā hopena maʻi like ʻole. ʻO ka mea mua, hoʻolōʻihi ʻia ka ʻōpio me nā maʻi psychiatric i nā hola he nui i kēlā me kēia lā ma ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka kamepiula / gaming-station a noi aku i ka nui a me ke ʻano o ka hoʻohana ʻana ma ke ʻano he loiloi psychiatric maʻamau. Ke hoʻomaka nei nā hopohopo e pili ana i ka hoʻohana nui ʻana, pono e hoʻokaʻawale nā ​​mākua a me nā kauka ma waena o nā keiki e hoʻopiha wale nei i kā lākou manawa maʻamau me ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka kamepiula a me nā keiki nona ka hana a me ka pilikia. Hōʻailona i nā hōʻailona ʻōpiopio no nā hiʻohiʻona addictive o ka hoʻohana ʻana (i hōʻike ʻia ma luna nei) me nā hōʻike ʻōpio o nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻohui a pono e hoʻokau hou i nā noiʻi hou aku. ʻO kahi manaʻo hou aʻe ka pono o nā mākua e nānā i nā mea a kā lākou keiki e hana ai ma ka kamepiula, ʻoiai e pili ana kekahi mau hana i nā pilikia nui. Ua kūpono kēia i nā mea kiʻekiʻe o nā ʻōpio i loaʻa iā lākou iho kamepiula i ko lākou mau lumi moe, kahi nui o kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana i mālama ʻole ʻia.

He nui nā palena a kēia noiʻi, akā e hoʻomaka ana e hoʻokūkū i kahi i kūpono i nā mea noiʻi hou aʻe i hāʻawi ʻia i kona hopena i ko mākou ʻōpio. ʻAʻole hiki i kēia mau hopena i nā keiki me ka psychopathology i loaʻa ʻole i ka laulā nui i ka heluna kanaka. ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia ka ʻike diagnostic i loko o kēia noiʻi ʻana a no laila ʻaʻole nā ​​pilina i waena o ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka kamepiula a me kahi ʻoihana hoʻonaninani a me nā pilikia psychiatric i hiki. ʻAʻole i loaʻa nā ʻikepili socioeconomic a no laila ʻaʻole hiki i nā ʻatikala demografie ke hana. Kahi ʻia kēia haʻawina ma ke ʻano kūlohelohe a nānā wale ʻia nā hoʻoponopono ma waena o ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka kamepiula a me ka hana ʻana a no laila ʻaʻole hiki ke pane i nā nīnau kumu.

ʻOiai ʻo ka manaʻo no ka hiki ke "ʻili" i ka kamepiula ke hoʻomau wale ʻia nei, ʻike ʻia kā mākou ʻike i kahi pūʻulu nui o nā keiki nona ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka kamepiula / palaka-ʻoihana ka mea a ʻoi loa ka paʻakikī o ka mālama ʻana i ka mea e pili ana. me ka nui o ka psychopathology a me ka hoʻopiʻi hana. Pono nā haʻawina hou e hoʻomohala i ka ʻano hana e loiloi ai i ka hopena o ka hoʻohana ʻana o ke kamepiula a me ke kahua pāʻani ma luna o ko mākou ʻōpio.

Mahalo / ʻĀina E Loaʻa ʻia

Mahalo nui iā Kauka MD Weiss, a me Kauka EJ Garland no nā ʻōlelo kōkua. Mahalo nui iā Adrian Lee Chuy no ke kākoʻo noiʻi noiʻi. Ua aʻo ʻia kēia aʻo e ka Psychiatry Research Fund o ka māhele o ke keiki a me ka ʻĀpō ʻĀpekema o ka ʻĀina ʻĀina ma ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻAmelika keiki o British Columbia, a ʻo ka papahana haumāna haumāna o ke kauwela a ka University of British Columbia. ʻAʻohe mea pili kālā nā mea kākau e hōʻike.

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