o ka Naauao
He pilina maikaʻi ko PPU, kaulike kaulike i nā pilikia o ka moekolohe ma nā kāne a me nā wahine.
Loaʻa nā FPU maikaʻi ʻole, nāwaliwali nāwaliwali i nā pilikia o ka moekolohe ma nā kāne a me nā wahine.
Pono e kūkākūkā ʻokoʻa ʻo FPU a me PPU e pili ana i nā loulou i nā hopena moekolohe.
Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo
Nui nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā ponokala kiʻi i nā hui maikaʻi a maikaʻi ʻole paha me nā ana pili i ka moekolohe e like me nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe. Hoʻolālā ka noiʻi i kēia manawa e nānā i nā pilina ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka nui (ka pinepine o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ponokala kiʻi) Ua alakaʻi ʻia ka hoʻohālikelike hoʻohālikelike hanana nunui e noiʻi i nā hui kuhiakau i waena o PPU, FPU, a me nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe ma waena o nā kāne a me nā wahine (N = 14,581 i komo; wahine = 4,352; 29.8%; Mmakahiki =33.6 makahiki, SDmakahiki =11.0), ke kaohi ʻana no ka makahiki, ka moekolohe, ke kūlana pili, a me ke alapine pinepine. ʻO ke k modelkohu i kuhiakau ʻia he kūpono maikaʻi loa i ka ʻikepili (CFI = .962, TLI = .961, RMSEA = .057 [95% CI = .056-.057]). Ua ʻike ʻia nā hui like i nā kāne ʻelua, me nā ala āpau he helu helu nui (p <.001). He mau hui maikaʻi a PPU (βkāne =.37, βwahine =.38), ʻoiai he maikaʻi ʻole ka FPU, nā hui nāwaliwali me nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe.βkāne =-.17, βwahine =-.17). ʻOiai ʻo FPU a me PPU kahi hui maikaʻi, kaulike, pono lākou e loiloi a kūkākūkā ʻokoʻa ʻia i ka wā e nānā ana i nā hui kūpono me nā hopena pili i ka moekolohe. e noʻonoʻo i nā PPU a me FPU e pili ana i nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe.
ʻOiai ua mālama ʻia nā noiʻi he nui e pili ana i ka maikaʻi a me ka maikaʻi ʻole o ka hoʻopili pono ʻana o nā kiʻi pono.Miller et al.,, ʻO Hald lāua ʻo Mulya, 2013, Hook et al., 2015, Bőthe et al., 2017), koe kekahi mau nīnau pane ʻole a pane ʻole e pono ana e hoʻokolokolo hou. Hōʻike kekahi o nā hōʻike pāpāho makemake nui ʻia ka maikaʻi o ka moekolohe a me nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe ma waena o nā poʻe ʻōpio (ʻo ia hoʻi nā kāne) ma muli o ka hoʻohana ponokala.Ley et al., 2014, ʻO Zimbardo lāua ʻo Coulombe, 2012, Montgomery-Graham et al., 2015). Hōʻike nā moʻolelo pilikino, nā hōʻike hōʻike maʻi, a me nā ʻikepili ʻē aʻe i nā kāne ʻōpio he nui e ʻike i nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe.Papu, 2016, Lahui, 2019, NoFap, 2019). Eia nō naʻe, ua hōʻike nā noiʻi ʻepekema i nā hui kūlike ʻole ma waena o ka hoʻohana pono ʻana i nā ponokala kiʻi a me nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe ke noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā ponokala kiʻi. (E like me ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā ponokala kiʻi.ʻO Grubbs a me Gola, 2019, Vaillancourt-Morel et al., 2019). No laila, he mea nui e nānā inā pili ʻokoʻa nā hiʻohiʻona o nā ponokala kiʻi (ie, FPU a me PPU) i nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe a e ʻike ai inā pili like kēlā mau pilikia ma waena o nā kāne a me nā wahine.
1. Ka nui me ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā ponokala kiʻi
ʻOiai ka hapanui o nā kānaka i nā ʻoihana hana i nānā i nā mea ponokala kiʻi, kahi helu liʻiliʻi e ʻike ai iā PPU (Bőthe et al., 2018, Bőthe et al., 2020, Rissel et al., 2017, Wéry et al., 2016, ʻO Grubbs et al., 2019). I nā noi na nā lunamakaʻāinana o ʻAukekulia, US, a me nā mea i komo Polani (Rissel et al., 2017, ʻO Grubbs et al., 2019, Lewczuk et al., 2020), 70% a 85% o nā mea i komo i hoʻohana i nā ponokala kiʻi i ko lākou ola. No nā ʻokoʻa e pili ana i ka wahine, 84% a 85% o nā kāne a me 54% a 57% o nā wahine i hōʻike i ka hoʻohana pono ʻana i nā kiʻi pono ʻole. Eia naʻe, ʻo 3% wale nō i ka 4.4% o nā kāne a me 1% i ka 1.2% o nā wahine i manaʻo iā lākou iho i ka hoʻomana kiʻi.Rissel et al., 2017, ʻO Grubbs et al., 2019, Lewczuk et al., 2020). ʻOiai nā pilina ma waena o FPU a me PPU (Bőthe et al., 2020, ʻO Grubbs et al., 2019), he mea nui e hoʻokaʻawale i waena o ka nui (FPU) a me ka maikaʻi / koʻikoʻi (PPU) o nā kiʻi ponokala kiʻi (Gola et al., 2016) ke nānā ʻana i nā hui me ka hana moekolohe.
I ka PPU, hiki i nā ponokala kiʻi ke hoʻopili i ka nohona o nā kānaka a koʻikoʻi i ko lākou noʻonoʻo, manaʻo, a me nā lawena.Wéry et al., 2019). Hiki i nā poʻe me PPU ke hoʻohana i nā ponokala kiʻi e hōʻemi a hoʻopau ai i ke kaumaha a i ʻole nā manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole (Wéry et al., 2019, Wéry lāua ʻo Billieux, 2016). Hiki paha iā lākou ke hoʻonui i ka manawa i hoʻohana ʻia i nā ponokala kiʻi, hoʻopau i nā kiʻi pono ʻole loa a hoʻokomo i nā kiʻi ponokala kiʻi me nā hakakā intrapersonal a me interpersonal e pili ana i kā lākou hoʻohana. ʻOiai paha e hoʻāʻo pinepine ka poʻe me PPU e kaohi a hōʻemi paha i kā lākou hoʻohana (Wéry et al., 2019), ʻike paha lākou i ka pilikia o ka noʻonoʻo a me / a i ʻole ka haʻalele ʻana i nā ʻōuli e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻihoʻi o nā kiʻi ponokala kiʻi ma mua.Grov et al., 2008).
Pili ʻia ʻo FPU me PPU, ʻoiai he mau liʻiliʻi ka nui o ka nui i ka laʻana o nā kaiāulu a ʻoi aku ka ikaika, nā hui kūlike i hōʻike ʻia i ka ʻimi noiʻi a me nā laʻana maʻi.Bőthe et al., 2018, Bőthe et al., 2020, ʻO Grubbs et al., 2019, ʻO Grubbs et al., 2015, Gola et al., 2016, Gola et al., 2017, Brand et al., 2011, Twohig et al., 2009, Lewczuk et al., 2017, Voon et al.,). Hiki i nā poʻe noho kaiāulu ke hoʻohana i nā ponokala kiʻi me ka ʻike ʻole i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole a hiki ke kaohi a hoʻopau paha i ka hoʻohana ke pono (Kor et al., 2014). Hiki paha i kekahi poʻe ke ʻike iā PPU me ka hoʻohana pū ʻana o nā kiʻi ponokala kiʻi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, no ka pono ʻole paha o ka pono a i ʻole nā kumu ʻē aʻe (Brand et al., 2019, ʻO Kraus lāua ʻo Sweeney, 2019).
ʻIkepili lonikū me nā ukali hoʻokahi makahiki a hoʻokahi a ʻelua paha helu ana (Grubbs et al., 2018aa, Grubbs et al., 2018bb) manaʻo iā PPU a me FPU ʻaʻole pili paha kekahi i kekahi ma ka holo manawa. Eia nō naʻe, pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia nā palena hoʻopaʻa hoʻopaʻa haʻawina (e laʻa me ke ana ʻana ma nā wā pōkole). ʻO nā ʻike loihi e pili ana i nā hiʻohiʻona piʻo ulu me nā helu manawa ʻehā ma mua o hoʻokahi makahiki hoʻokahi e hōʻike ana ua pili ka laina kumu nui ʻo FPU me ka nui o ka PPU laina, akā pili pili ʻole ʻia i ka manawa (ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo ka FPU ka nui o nā helu i hōʻike mua ʻia i ka helu. kahakaha helu PPU i hōʻike wānana e hōʻemi ʻia i FPU ma mua o ka manawa) (ʻO Grubbs et al.). I ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, aia paha nā hui paʻakikī ma waena o FPU a me PPU, keu hoʻi ke nānā lōʻihi ʻia nā hui, e hōʻike ana i kahi pono no ka ʻike kikoʻī.
2. Nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe a me kā lākou hui pū ʻana me FPU a me PPU i waena o nā kāne a me nā wahine
ʻOiai nā ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o FPU a me PPU, ua kāpae pinepine ʻia kā lākou ana like a i ʻole ʻaʻole i noʻonoʻo piha ʻia, e alakaʻi ana paha i nā ʻokoʻa i nā loaʻa ma nā noiʻi (Kohut et al., 2020). ʻAʻole hōʻike nā noiʻi he nui i nā hui nui ma waena o FPU a me ka hana moekolohe ma nā kāne (ʻO Grubbs a me Gola, 2019, Landripet a me Štulhofer, 2015, Hoʻolaha a me Pfaus, 2015), ʻoiai i loko o nā wahine FPU i pili me ka maikaʻi o ka moekolohe (Blais-Lecours et al., 2016).
ʻO kahi kikoʻī, i kahi mahele nui nui o nā kāne Pukiki, Croatian, a me nā kāne Norewai (Landripet a me Štulhofer, 2015), ʻike ʻia nā hui like ʻole ma waena o FPU a me nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe (i loiloi ʻia e ka pae o ka ejaculation lohi, hana ʻole o erectile, a me ka makemake wahine). ʻAʻohe hui nui ma waena o FPU a hoʻolohi ʻia ka ejaculation, hana erectile, a me ka makemake wahine me hoʻokahi mea ʻē aʻe. Ma hope o ka kaohi ʻana no ka makahiki a me ka pae o ka ʻike, pili ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā kiʻi ponokala kiʻi me nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka ʻike ʻana i ka hana erectile, a ma waena wale nō o nā poʻe Croatia. Ma waena o nā kāne ʻAmelika, pili ka FPU i ka makemake kiʻekiʻe i ka moekolohe a me ka hana ʻole o erectile (Hoʻolaha a me Pfaus, 2015). ʻO nā haʻawina ʻāpana āpau a me nā hoʻokolohua lōʻihi o nā kāne o US i ʻōlelo ʻia ʻaʻole pili ka FPU i ka hana ʻana o erectile (ʻO Grubbs a me Gola, 2019). Hōʻike kēia mau hopena iā FPU no kēlā me kēia ʻaʻohe paha pili a pili paha i nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe ma nā kāne ma nā laʻana kaiāulu.
Kakaʻikahi nā noiʻi i noiʻi pololei i nā hui ma waena o PPU a me nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe.ʻO Grubbs a me Gola, 2019, Wéry lāua ʻo Billieux, 2016). I loko o kahi noi noiʻi noiʻi e pili ana i nā kāne (Wéry lāua ʻo Billieux, 2016), pili pono a nāwaliwali nā hana hoʻoweliweli pūnaewele e pili ana i ka hana erectile a me nā pae o ka moekolohe, a ʻaʻohe hui nui i ʻike ʻia ma waena o ka hoʻopili pilikia ʻana i nā hana moekolohe a me ka hana ʻole orgasmic. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka ʻikepili o ka ʻāpana a me ka lōʻihi lōʻihi mai nā kāne o ʻAmelika i ka maikaʻi o ka hui ʻana o ka PPU a me ka erectile i nā ʻāpana ʻāpana, ʻoiai ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena āpau.ʻO Grubbs a me Gola, 2019).
Ua kaupalena ʻia nā noiʻi e kū nei i kēlā mau mea i nānā i nā kuleana kūpono o nā ponokala kiʻi e hoʻohana ai i nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe ma waena o nā wahine (ʻO Dwulit lāua ʻo Rzymski,). I ka manawa i loiloi ʻia ai ʻo FPU a me PPU i ka manawa hoʻokahi, ua loaʻa i hoʻokahi noiʻi kahi pilina nāwaliwali a maikaʻi ʻole hoʻi me nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe ma waena o nā wahine (a me nā kāne) (Blais-Lecours et al., 2016). ʻO Counterintuitively, nā poʻe i ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe FPU a me PPU i ʻike i nā pae haʻahaʻa o nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe. ʻO nā hui maikaʻi ma waena o FPU, PPU, a me ka hana moekolohe hiki ke unuhi ʻia e like me ka hoʻohana pinepine ʻana o nā kiʻi ponokala kiʻi i kahi hana pale e kūʻē iā ia iho i waena o nā poʻe me PPU, a i ʻole nā poʻe me nā moe kolohe e komo i ka FPU a i ʻole PPU. ʻO ke kaumaha i hoʻokomo ʻia e ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ponokala kiʻi e pili maikaʻi a nāwaliwali hoʻi me nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe, ʻoiai ʻo nā hana e kiʻi i nā kiʻi pono ʻole e pili ʻole.Blais-Lecours et al., 2016).
3. Ka pahuhopu o ka hoʻopaʻa haʻawina o kēia manawa
ʻO ka pahuhopu o kēia noi ʻana e nānā i ka nui o ka PPU a me ka FPU e pili like ai a like ʻole paha i nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe ma waena o nā kāne a me nā wahine i kahi laʻana nui ʻole. Ma muli o nā palapala e mau nei, ua kuhi mākou i nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe e pili pono i ka PPU akā ʻaʻole i ka FPU, i waena o nā kāne. Hāʻawi ʻia i ka hoʻohana pū ʻana i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni me ka masturbation, ua manaʻo ʻia ka masturbation i nā kālailai.Hoʻolaha, 2019, Perry, 2020), me ka makahiki (Lewczuk et al., 2017, Grubbs et al., 2018bb), kūlana pili (Gola et al., 2016, Lewczuk et al., 2017), a me ka moe kolohe (Bőthe et al., 2018, Peter a me Valkenburg, 2011).
4. Keʻano
4.1. Nā mea komo a me nā kaʻina hana
Ua mālama ʻia kēia aʻo ʻana ma hope o ka Hōʻike Helsinki a ʻae ʻia e ka Papa Hoʻohālikelike Ethical Institution o ke koleke noiʻi. Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia ka ʻikepili ma Ianuali 2017 ma kahi nūhou nūhou Hungarian ma o kahi ana pūnaewele. ʻO ka haʻawina kekahi ʻāpana o kahi papahana nui. Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā laulā ʻokoʻa mai kēia waihona i nā noiʻi i paʻi ʻia ma mua. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā noiʻi a pau i paʻi ʻia ma mua ma OSF (https://osf.io/dzxrw/?view_only=7139da46cef44c4a9177f711a249a7a4). Ma muli o nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo mua no ka hoʻopaʻa haʻawina nui (Keith, 2015, Kline, 2015), ua pahuhopu mākou e hōʻuluʻulu ma kahi o 1000 mau mea komo e hōʻoia i ka mana kūpono. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole mākou i kau i kahi palena kiʻekiʻe no ke komo ʻana. Ua loaʻa ka ʻae hoʻomaopopo ma mua o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻikepili. Ma kahi o 30 mau minuke ka hoʻopau ʻana o ka ana ʻana. Kono ʻia nā kānaka nona ka makahiki 18 a ʻoi paha e komo. Ma mua o ka pane ʻana i nā nīnau e pili ana i nā kiʻi pono ʻole: "Ua wehewehe ʻia nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ma ke ʻano he mea (eg, kikokikona, kiʻi, wikiō) i hana ʻia (1) a hoʻoulu ʻia paha i nā manaʻo moekolohe a i ʻole nā manaʻo a (2) i hōʻike ākea a wehewehe ʻia paha o nā hana moekolohe e pili ana i nā genital, e like me ka moekolohe a me ka wahine, ke kāne waha. , a i ʻole masturbation."(Bőthe et al., 2018).
ʻIke ʻia nā ʻikepili mai nā poʻe komo he 14,581 (wahine = 4,352, 29.8%) e like me ka poʻe i hoʻohana i nā ponokala kiʻi i ka makahiki i hala a ua pili ka moekolohe ma mua. ʻO nā mea i komo ma waena o 18 a 76 mau makahiki (Mmakahiki = Nā makahiki 33.58, SDmakahiki = 10.95). E pili ana i ka moekolohe, 12,063 he heterosexual (82.7%), 1,470 he heterosexual me ka homosexual i kekahi nui (10.1%), 268 i bisexual (2.5%), 60 he homosexual me heterosexual i kekahi nui (0.6%), 414 homosexual ( 2.8%), 15 mau mea moekolohe (0.1%), 73 ʻaʻole maopopo e pili ana i kā lākou moekolohe (0.5%), a 40 hōʻike i ka 'ʻē aʻe' koho (0.3%). E pili ana i kahi noho, 7,882 i noho i ke kapitala nui (54.1%), 2,267 i nā kaona kalana (15.5%), 3,082 i nā kaona (21.1%), a me 1,350 i nā kauhale (9.3%). E pili ana i ka pae o ka hoʻonaʻauao, 364 i kekelē kula mua a i ʻole emi (2.5%), 597 kēkelē hana (4.1%), 4,649 i loaʻa nā kekelē kula kiʻekiʻe (31.9%), a me 8,971 i loaʻa nā kekelē kula kiʻekiʻe (ʻo ia hoʻi, kekele haku a kauka paha) (61.5%). E pili ana i ke kūlana pilina, 3,802 hoʻokahi (26.1%), 6,316 i loko o kahi pilina (43.3%), 590 i hoʻopaʻa ʻia (4.0%), 3,651 i male (25.0%), 409 i hemo ʻia (2.8%), 71 mau wahine kāne make / wahine kāne make (0.5%), a 222 i koho ʻia i ke koho 'ʻē aʻe' (1.5%). ʻO kēlā me kēia kanaka ma ka awelika e nānā i nā ponokala kiʻi pūnaewele i kēlā me kēia pule.
5. Pākuʻi
Kapu
Pālākiō ponokala kiʻi atic (PPCS; Bőthe, (ʻO Tóth-Király et al., 2018). Ua hoʻomohala ʻia ka PPCS ma muli o kahi hiʻohiʻona ʻeono mea hoʻohui (Griffiths, 2005). Pākuʻi ʻia ka pālākiō i ʻeono mau kumu (salience, tolerance, mood modification, conflict, withdrawal, and relaps), kēlā me kēia me nā mea ʻekolu e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni i ʻeono mahina i hala. Hōʻike nā mea pane i nā pane ma kahi pālau helu ʻehiku (1 = "ʻaʻole loa"; 7 = "i nā manawa āpau"). Ua kiʻekiʻe ke kūlike o ka pālākiō (α = .94), e like me nā haʻawina ma mua (Bőthe et al., 2017, Bőthe et al., 2019, Bőthe et al., 2019, ʻO Tóth-Király et al., 2019).
Nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe (Nānā Hana Launa (SFS); (Burwell et al., 2006, Sherbourne, 1992). Ua nānā ʻia nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe me nā nīnau ʻehā e pili ana i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa o ka hana moekolohe: nele i ka hoihoi i nā hana moekolohe, paʻakikī i ka hoʻāla ʻana i ka moekolohe, paʻakikī i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka orgasm, a me ka paʻakikī i ka leʻaleʻa i ka moekolohe. Ua hōʻike nā mea pane i ko lākou pae o nā pilikia ma kēlā me kēia ana ma ka pālākiō ʻehā (1 = "ʻaʻole pilikia"; 4 = "ka nui o ka pilikia"). Uhi kēia mau ana i nā ʻaoʻao nui o nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe ma waena o nā kāne a me nā wahine, a ua hoʻohana ākea ʻia ka pālākiō (Broeckel et al., 2002, Kuppermann et al., 2005, Zebrack et al., 2010, Lerman et al., 1996, Thompson et al., 2005, ʻO Addis et al., 2006).1 ʻO ke kaulike kūloko o ka pālākiō he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ia i ke aʻo ʻana o kēia manawa (α = .56) akā hōʻike i ka hilinaʻi kūpono i nā noi i hala (Broeckel et al., 2002, Zebrack et al., 2010, Lerman et al., 1996). Hiki ke loli ka hilinaʻi ma muli o ka helu o nā mea (ʻo ia hoʻi, ke loaʻa i kahi helu liʻiliʻi o nā mea i hopena i ka hilinaʻi haʻahaʻa.Cortina, 1993), ʻoiai ke uhi nā mea i nā kūkulu ākea, ʻo ia ka hihia no ka SFS. No laila, ua helu ʻia ka hilinaʻi lua (CR) no ka mea ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka hana (ʻo ia hoʻi, lawe i nā helu helu me nā hewa o ke ana ʻana).ʻO Bagozzi lāua ʻo Yi, 1988, Dunn et al., 2014, ʻO McNeish,). Hōʻike ka pālākiō i ka hilinaʻi kūpono ma nā ʻōlelo CR (.74).
ʻO ka pinepine o ka hoʻohana ponokala kiʻi (Bőthe et al., 2018). Ua hōʻike nā mea pane i kā lākou pinepine o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ponokala pūnaewele ma luna o ka makahiki i hala ma kahi pālākiō he 10 (1 = "ʻaʻole loa", 10 = "6 a 7 mau manawa i ka pule").
Hoʻololi i nā loli. Loiloi ʻia ka makahiki ma ke ʻano he loli mau. Loiloi ʻia ke ʻano moekolohe me hoʻokahi nīnau ("He aha kou moekolohe?", Nā koho pane: heterosexual; heterosexual me ka moekolohe ma kekahi ʻano; bisexual; homosexual with heterosexual i kekahi ʻano; homosexual; asexual; unsure e pili ana i ka orientation sex; a me "kekahi. ') (Træen et al., 2006). Ua loiloi ʻia ke kūlana pilina me hoʻokahi nīnau ("He aha kou kūlana pili i kēia manawa?", Nā koho pane: hoʻokahi; i ka pilina; pili; male; hemo; wahine kāne make / wahine kāne make; a me 'kekahi'). Loiloi ʻia ka pinepine o ka masturbation me hoʻokahi nīnau. Ua hōʻike nā mea pane i ko lākou pinepine o ka masturbation ma luna o ka makahiki i hala ma kahi pālākiō 10 (1 = "ʻaʻole loa", 10 = "6 a 7 mau manawa i ka pule") (Bőthe et al., 2018).
5.1. NānāʻIke Heluhelu
Ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo SPSS 21 a me Mplus 7.3 no nā loiloi helu. I mea e loiloi ai i nā kūlike o loko, ua helu ʻia nā alphas a Cronbach (Kāhea ʻia, 1978). Ua helu ʻia ʻo CR ma hope o kā Raykov papa hana (Raykov, 1997), no ka mea ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ke kūkulu ʻana e like me ka mea e noʻonoʻo ai i nā mea hoʻoili me kā lākou mau hewa ana (> .60 ʻae,> .70 maikaʻi (ʻO Bagozzi lāua ʻo Yi, 1988, Dunn et al., 2014, ʻO McNeish,).
Ma mua o ke alakaʻi ʻana i ka hoʻohālikelike hoʻohālikelike (SEM), ua nānā ʻia ka ʻikepili no nā manaʻo o nā loiloi multivariate e pili ana i nā alakaʻi kikoʻī (Māla, 2009). Kekahi kikoʻī, univariate maʻamau (ie, ka nānā ʻana i nā skewness a me nā waiwai kurtosis) ʻaʻole i hoʻokō ʻia ma muli o nā kulekele i hoʻokumu mua ʻia (ʻO Muthén lāua ʻo Kaplan, 1985). He mea nui nā hoʻokolohua ʻelua ʻaoʻao a Mardia no ka maʻamau multivariate (āpau p <.001), e kākoʻo ana i ka hōʻino ʻia o ka maʻamau multivariate (Waiwai a Wang, 2012). Eia naʻe, ua hōʻike ka hōʻike Durbin-Watson i ke kūʻokoʻa o nā koena (1.16) (Māla, 2009), a me ka linearity a me ka homoscedasticity i hōʻoia ʻia e ke ninaninau ʻana i nā mea hoʻopuehu, nā histograms, a me nā plots PP o nā koena. I ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, ma kahi o ka maʻamau, ua hoʻokō ʻia nā manaʻo ʻē aʻe āpau.
Ua hana ʻia ʻo SEM e noiʻi i nā hui ma waena o PPU, FPU, a me nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe. No ka hoʻowalewale inā pili like nā PPU a me FPU me nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe ma waena o nā kāne a me nā wahine, ua nānā mua mākou i ke k modelkohu i ka laʻana holoʻokoʻa (Model 1). A laila, ua nānā inā ʻano ʻokoʻa ke ʻano hoʻohālikelike ma waena o nā kāne āpau me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hui SEM he nui (Model 2). E hōʻoia i ka ʻokoʻa o nā coefficients o ke ala no nā kāne a me nā wahine, ʻo nā ala ma waena o FPU a me nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe a me PPU a me nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe i kaohi ʻia e like i nā hui ʻelua (Model 3) I ka hopena hope loa, ua hoʻokomo mākou i nā loli mana pili pili i ke kaulike i ke k modelkohu: makahiki, ke ʻano moekolohe (dummy coded), ke kūlana pili (dummy coded), a me ke alapine o ka masturbation. E hoʻomaʻalahi i nā anamanaʻo, ua hana mākou i ʻelua mau pūʻulu e pili ana i ka moekolohe: ka hui heterosexual (n = 13,533) a me ka hui liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi (n = 1,048), a ʻelua mau pūʻulu e pili ana i ke kūlana pili: hoʻokahi pūʻulu (n = 3,802) a me ka-a- pūʻulu pilina (n = 10,557). Ua mālama ʻia nā huahana ma ke ʻano he mau mea hoʻokaʻawale a me ka mean- a me ka variance i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka helu liʻiliʻi (WLSMV) no ka mea ʻaʻole i hoʻokō ʻia nā manaʻo o ka maʻamau (ʻO Finney lāua ʻo DiStefano, 2006). ʻO nā kaha ʻike maikaʻi maikaʻi loa (Papu, 2016) i hoʻohana ʻia e loiloi i ka ʻae o nā ana hoʻohālike i nānā ʻia. ʻO ia hoʻi, Comparative Fit Index (CFI; ≥.90 no ka ʻae ʻia; ≥.95 no ka maikaʻi), papa kuhikuhi ʻo Tucker – Lewis (TLI; ≥ .90 no ka ʻae ʻia; ≥.95 no ka maikaʻi loa), a me ka Hōʻā Root-mean-Square o ka hoʻokokoke ʻana (RMSEA; ≤. 08 no ka ʻoluʻolu; ≤..06 no ka maikaʻi) me 90% mau manawa hilinaʻi i nānā ʻia (Browne lāua ʻo Cudeck, 1993, Hu a me Bentler, 1999, Schermelleh-Engel et al., 2003, ʻO Brown, 2015, Bentler,, Kline, 2011). Ua hoʻoliʻiliʻi nui i CFI a me TLI (ΔCFI≤.010; ΔTLI≤.010) a me nā piʻi nui ʻana o RMSEA (ΔRMSEA≤.015) i hōʻike inā ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke k modelkohu ma mua o nā mea i ka wā i hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona ʻehā (Chen, 2007, ʻO Cheung lāua ʻo Rensvold, 2002). I mea e hōʻemi ai i ka hewa o ka hewa I ʻAno I ke hoʻokolohua ʻana i ke kuhiakau, ua hoʻopili ʻia ka hoʻoponopono ʻana ʻo Bonferroni (α = .05; m = 2)2. No laila, ua manaʻo nui ʻia nā hui i nā ʻanalike ala p <.025.
6. Nā hualoaʻa
Hōʻike wehewehe, ʻike pono ʻike, a me nā hui ma waena o PPU, FPU, nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe, a me nā loli kaohi (ʻo ia hoʻi, ka makahiki, ke ʻano moekolohe [dummy coded], ke kūlana pili [dummy coded], ke alapine (frequency) o ka masturbation) e ke kāne ke hōʻike ʻia (1 Pūnaewele). Hōʻike ʻia nā hoʻohālikelike o nā helu ma ke kāne (2 Pūnaewele). Ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻokoʻa nui, waena-a-ikaika ma waena o nā kāne a me nā wahine no nā loli āpau, koe wale no ka moe kolohe, kahi i hōʻike i kahi ʻāwaliwali ʻokoʻa. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā wahine, hōʻike nā kāne i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o PPU, FPU, a me nā manawa o ka masturbation, a me nā pae haʻahaʻa o nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe. ua ʻelemakule lākou, a ʻo ka hapa haʻahaʻa i pili i ka hui moekolohe liʻiliʻi. ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa nā kāne a me nā wahine i ke kūlana pilina.
1 Pūnaewele. ʻO nā helu helu wehewehe, nā helu pono, a me nā hoʻopili ʻana ma waena o nā ponokala kiʻi, nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe, a me nā loli kaohi ma waena o nā kāne a me nā wahine.
| Pā'ālua | skewness (SE) | Kurtosis (SE) | huahelu | Mean (SD) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ponokala pilikia | 1.61 (0.02) | 2.57 (0.04) | 18-126 | 34.67 (18.17) | - | .48 ** | .10 ** | .29 ** | -09 ** | .12 ** | -07 ** |
| 2. Ka hoʻohana pinepine ʻana o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kiʻi ma nā ʻano a | -0.52 (0.02) | -0.69 (0.04) | 1-10 | 6.55 (2.47) | .43 ** | - | <.01 | .52 ** | -18 ** | .13 ** | -12 ** |
| 3. Nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe | 1.25 (0.02) | 1.66 (0.04) | 4-16 | 6.16 (2.19) | .23 ** | .06 ** | - | -O04 * | -O03 * | .07 ** | -O04 * |
| 4. ʻO ka pinepine o ka masturbation a | -0.78 (0.02) | 0.21 (0.04) | 1-10 | 7.14 (2.13) | .37 ** | .61 ** | .05 ** | - | -09 ** | .14 ** | -27 ** |
| 5. Makahiki | 0.97 (0.02) | 0.58 (0.04) | 18-76 | 33.58 (10.95) | -17 ** | -26 ** | .07 ** | -37 ** | - | -O04 * | <-. 01 |
| 6. Kahi hoʻoliʻiliʻi (dummy coded) b | 3.33 (0.02) | 9.10 (0.04) | 0-1 | 0.07 (0.26) | .08 ** | .10 ** | .05 ** | .12 ** | -05 ** | - | -05 ** |
| 7. Kūlana pilina (dummy coded) c | -1.07 (0.02) | -0.09 (0.04) | 0-1 | 0.74 (0.44) | -13 ** | -18 ** | -13 ** | -26 ** | .19 ** | -11 ** | - |
Kākau. SE = hewa maʻamau; SD = hoʻolika kūlike. a = 1: ʻaʻole loa; 2: hoʻokahi manawa i ka makahiki i hala; 3: 1-6 manawa i ka makahiki i hala; 4: 7-11 mau manawa i ka makahiki i hala; 5: mahina; 6: ʻelua a ʻekolu paha manawa o ka mahina; 7: hebedoma; 8: ʻelua a ʻekolu paha manawa o ka pule; 9: ʻehā a ʻelima paha manawa o ka pule; 10: ʻeono a ʻehiku paha manawa o ka pule. b = 0: heterosexual; 1: hapa iki o ka moekolohe. c = 0: hoʻokahi; 1: i kahi pilina. Hōʻike nā pilina i lalo o ka diagonal i nā hui i waena o nā kāne, nā pilina i hōʻike ʻia ma luna aʻe o nā diagonal e hōʻike i nā hui i waena o nā wahine. *p<.05; **p<.01
2 Pūnaewele. ʻO nā helu helu wehewehe no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ponokala kiʻi, nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe, a me nā loli a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o nā kāne a me nā wahine
| huahelu | Kāne ' M (SD)(n = 10,028-10,148) | Wahine ' M (SD)(n = 4,256-4,352) | t (df) | p | d | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ponokala pilikia | 18-126 | 38.56 (19.30) | 25.61 (10.71) | 51.56 (13602.24) | <.001 | 0.83 |
| 2. Ka hoʻohana pinepine ʻana o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kiʻi ma nā ʻano a | 1-10 | 7.33 (2.19) | 4.72 (2.10) | 2.61 (8565.01) | <.001 | 1.22 |
| 3. Nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe | 4-16 | 5.81 (1.99) | 6.98 (2.40) | -28.14 (7039.58) | <.001 | 0.53 |
| 4. ʻO ka pinepine o ka masturbation a | 1-10 | 7.59 (2.02) | 6.07 (2.00) | 41.36 (14410) | <.001 | 0.76 |
| 5. Makahiki | 18-76 | 35.31 (11.33) | 29.53 (8.76) | 33.21 (10510.53) | <.001 | 0.57 |
| 6. Kahi hoʻoliʻiliʻi (dummy coded) b | 0-1 | 0.06 (0.25) | 0.09 (0.28) | -4.52 (7324.96) | <.001 | 0.11 |
| 7. Kūlana pilina (dummy coded) c | 0-1 | 0.74 (0.44) | 0.73 (0.44) | 0.95 (14282) | .344 | 0.02 |
Kaha. M = manaʻo; SD = hoʻolika kūlike. a = 1: ʻaʻole loa; 2: hoʻokahi manawa i ka makahiki i hala; 3: 1-6 manawa i ka makahiki i hala; 4: 7-11 mau manawa i ka makahiki i hala; 5: mahina; 6: ʻelua a ʻekolu paha manawa o ka mahina; 7: hebedoma; 8: ʻelua a ʻekolu paha manawa o ka pule; 9: ʻehā a ʻelima paha manawa o ka pule; 10: ʻeono a ʻehiku paha manawa o ka pule. b = 0: heterosexual; 1: hapa iki o ka moekolohe. c = 0: hoʻokahi; 1: i kahi pilina. df = kekelē o ke kūʻokoʻa.
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā SEM a pau i koho ʻia he maikaʻi a maikaʻi loa (3 Pūnaewele). ʻO ka mea mua, ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia kahi hiʻohiʻona laina i ka nui o nā laʻana a FPU a me PPU i wānana ai i nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe. (Model 1). ʻO ka mea aʻe, ua hoʻāʻo ʻia ke ʻano like e hoʻohana ana i ka wahine ma ke ʻano he loli hoʻonohonoho (Model 2). E hoʻāʻo inā ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa ka nui o nā coefficients no nā kāne a me nā wahine, ʻo nā ala ma waena o FPU a me nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe a me PPU a me nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe ua koi ʻia e like me nā hui (Model 3). Ua waiho nā loli i nā hōʻike kuhi pono i ka pae i ʻae ʻia (Model 3 i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me Model 2), e hōʻike ana ʻaʻole i ʻokoʻa nā hui ma waena o FPU a me nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe, a me nā pilikia o ka moe kolohe ma waena o nā kāne. I ke kaʻina hope loa (Model 4), ua nānā mākou i ke kumu hoʻohālike e like me ke Model 3, me nā loli kaohi (ie, ka makahiki, ke ʻano moekolohe [dummy coded], ke kūlana pili [dummy coded], ke alapine (frequency) o ka masturbation). ʻO nā loli i nā ʻikepili pono kuhi i koe i ka pae i ʻae ʻia (Model 4 i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me Model 3), e ʻōlelo ana ʻaʻole i loli nā hui ma waena o FPU a me nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe, a me nā pilikia o ka moe kolohe a me ka PPU ma hope o ka kaohi ʻana i nā mea pili pono i ka theoretically. Ma muli o nā hopena o Model 4, pili iki a pili pono ʻo PPU i nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe.βkane a pau= .37 [95% CI .34 a .39], p<.001; βwahine= .38 [95% CI .35 a .40], p<.001) a me FPU piliwaliwali a pili ʻino hoʻi (βkane a pau= -. 17 [95% CI -.20 a -.14], p<.001; βwahine= -. 17 [95% CI -.20 a -.13], p<.001) (Hōʻike 1).3
3 Pūnaewele. Hoʻohālikelike o nā hui ma waena o nā kiʻi pono ʻole a me nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe ma waena o nā kāne a me nā wahine
| kükohu | WLSMV χ2 (df) | CFI | TLI | RMSEA | 90% CI | Hoʻohālikelike | ΔCFI | TLI | RMSEA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M1: Huina laʻana (laina) | 12436.407 * (222) | .973 | .969 | .062 | .061-.063 | - | - | - | - |
| M2: Hoʻohui ʻia e ka kāne kāne (kāne vs. wahine) | 14731.008 * (535) | .964 | .966 | .060 | .060-.061 | M2-M1 | -.009 | -.003 | -.002 |
| M3: Nā alanui i kāohi ʻia e kaulike ma waena o nā kāne a me nā wahine | 13956.587 * (537) | .966 | .968 | .059 | .058-.060 | M3-M2 | +.002 | +.002 | -.001 |
| M4: Nā alanui i kāohi ʻia e kaulike ma waena o nā kāne a me nā wahine a me nā loli kaohi i hoʻopili ʻia | 16867.120 * (697) | .962 | .961 | .057 | .056-.057 | M4-M3 | -.004 | -.007 | -.002 |
palapala aie. WLSMV = kaupaona kaulike kaulike mean- a me ka mea hoʻohālikelike i hoʻololi ʻia i hoʻololi ʻia; χ2 = Chi-square; df = kekelē o ke kūʻokoʻa; CFI = helu helu kūpono hoʻohālikelike; TLI = Papa kuhikuhi Tucker-Lewis; RMSEA = kumu-kumu-hewa kuʻina o ka hoʻokokoke ʻana; 90% CI = 90% wā hilinaʻi o ka RMSEA; ΔCFI = hoʻololi i ka waiwai CFI i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka hoʻohālike o mua; ΔTLI = hoʻololi i ka waiwai TLI i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke kumu hoʻohālike o mua; ΔRMSEA = hoʻololi i ka waiwai RMSEA i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ke k modelkohu mua. *p <.001
Hōʻike 1. ʻO nā hui ma waena o nā ponokala kiʻi e hoʻohana pinepine ana, hoʻohana i nā ponokala pilikia, a me nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe ma waena o nā kāne a me nā wahine, ke kaohi ʻana no ka makahiki, ke kūlana pili, ka moekolohe a me ka pinepine o ka masturbation (Model 4) palapala aie. Hoʻohālike nā pua hoʻokahi poʻo i nā kaupaona hoʻoponopono kaulike a me nā pua ʻelua poʻo e hōʻike i nā hoʻopili. Hōʻike ʻo Ellipses i nā loli latent a ʻo nā huinahā e hōʻike ana i nā loli i ʻike ʻia. No ka maopopo, ua ʻike ʻia nā loli i pili i nā loli latent, a me nā pilina ma waena o nā loli kaohi. Hōʻike ʻia nā loli kāohi a me kā lākou mau hui me ka hina. ʻO nā helu mua ma nā pua e hōʻike ana i nā coefficients ala no nā kāne, a ʻo nā helu ʻelua e hōʻike ana i nā coefficients ala no nā wahine. ʻO ka moe kolohe a me ke kūlana pili i dummy coded (moe kolohe: 0 = heterosexual; 1 = moekolohe liʻiliʻi a me ke kūlana pili: 0 = hoʻokahi; 1 = i kahi pilina). Nui nā ala i hōʻike ʻia ma p<.001.
7. Kōkua
Hāʻawi ʻia i nā hopena kūlike ʻole e pili ana i nā hui ma waena o nā kiʻi pono a me nā hopena moekolohe.ʻO Grubbs a me Gola, 2019, Vaillancourt-Morel et al., 2019), ʻo ka pahuhopu o kēia noi ʻana e nānā i nā kuleana ʻokoʻa no FPU a me PPU e pili ana i nā pilina me nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe ma waena o nā kāne a me nā wahine. He hui nāwaliwali, maikaʻi ʻole ʻo FPU me nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe, a he hui kaulike ko PPU me nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe. ʻOiai ka hapanui o nā noiʻi o PPU i noiʻi kāne (Bőthe et al., 2020, Gola et al., 2016, ʻO Dwulit lāua ʻo Rzymski,, ʻO Kraus lāua ʻo Rosenberg, 2014) -Leʻa ke nānā ʻia nā hui ma waena o PPU a me nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe.ʻO Grubbs a me Gola, 2019, Wéry lāua ʻo Billieux, 2016, Landripet a me Štulhofer, 2015, Hoʻolaha a me Pfaus, 2015) -O nā hopena i hōʻike ʻia e ʻike ʻia nā hui like i waena o nā wahine e pili ana i nā hui ma waena o PPU, FPU, a me nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe. Kūkākūkā ʻia nā hopena ma lalo.
8. Nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka nui a me ke koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻohana ponokala kiʻi
ʻO nā mea like a me nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o FPU a me PPU kahi māla i aʻo ʻia ma waena o nā ʻano lawena a me nā hana moekolohe pilikia.Gola et al., 2016, Grubbs et al., 2018aa, Grubbs et al., 2018bb, ʻO Tóth-Király et al., 2018). ʻO nā hopena o ka noi i kēia manawa e hōʻoia i nā hopena hou (Bőthe et al., 2020, Gola et al., 2016, Grubbs et al., 2018aa, Grubbs et al., 2018bb) e ʻōlelo nei he ʻano ʻokoʻa nā FPU a me PPU akā pili i nā hiʻohiʻona o nā kiʻi ponokala kiʻi. I ke aʻo ʻana o nā ʻāpana ʻāpana largescale i kēia manawa, ʻoiai ʻo FPU a me PPU i pili a pili pono hoʻi, ʻo kā lākou mau hui me nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe. No laila, hōʻike nā hualoaʻa e hōʻike ana ʻo FPU a me PPU i kekahi ʻano pili ʻē aʻe o nā ponokala kiʻi e hoʻohana ai ʻaʻole wale ma ka hihia o nā lāhui e ʻimi nei i ka lāʻau.Gola et al., 2016) akā i loko o nā laʻana kaiāulu, ʻoiai e pili ana i nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe.
Hoʻonani kēia mau hopena me ke ʻano "kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe me ka hoʻopili pilikia" i ke ʻano o nā ʻano mea hiki ke hoʻohua (Billieux et al., 2019, ʻO Charlton, 2002, Charlton a me Danforth, 2007). Wahi a kēia k modelkohu, pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia kekahi mau ʻano ma ke ʻano he “kumu” o nā hana pilikia, ʻoiai kekahi e hōʻike ana i nā hōʻailona “peripheral” i loaʻa i loko o ka hoʻohana pinepine akā pilikia ʻole a me ka hoʻohana pilikia ʻana, e like me FPU (Bőthe et al., 2020, Billieux et al., 2019, ʻO Charlton, 2002, Charlton a me Danforth, 2007). I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, ʻike paha kekahi i ka FPU akā ʻaʻole pono iā PPU. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, hiki i nā poʻe me PPU ke hōʻike pū i nā ʻōuli a me nā hōʻailona peripheral (me FPU) (Bőthe et al., 2020). E like me ka mea i loaʻa ma aneʻi a ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe (Billieux et al., 2019, ʻO Charlton, 2002, Charlton a me Danforth, 2007), ke loaʻa ʻo FPU wale nō (ie, kahi ʻōuli peripheral), ʻaʻohe hopena maikaʻi ʻole e ʻike ʻia. Eia nō naʻe, ke loaʻa ʻo PPU (ʻo ia hoʻi, nā ʻōuli a me nā ʻōuli āpau), ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻike ʻia o nā hopena maikaʻi a pōʻino hoʻi. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻike like e pili ana i nā hana pūnaewele ʻē aʻe e pili ana i nā ana o ka nui / alapine a me ka hoʻohana pilikia ʻana, e like me ka hoʻohana pūnaewele ʻana (Chak a me Leung, 2004), Hoʻohana Facebook (ʻO Koc lāua ʻo Gulyagci, 2013), pāʻani pāʻani pūnaewele (ʻO Király et al.,, Orosz et al., 2018), a me nā papahana kīwī pilikia e nānā nei (ʻO Tóth-Király et al., 2017, ʻO Tóth Kir Király et al., 2019).
Ke lawe pū nei i nā mea i ʻike ʻia, ʻoiai ka nui o nā hana i hōʻike ʻia ma luna i pili pinepine ʻole ʻia me nā kūlana maladaptive a me nā kūlana, pili pili pilikia i kēia ʻano hana pūnaewele e pili ana i nā hana maladaptive a ʻino paha. No laila, pono nā hoʻokolohua piha ke nānā ʻia nā hopena o nā lawena pilikia pilikia ma ka pūnaewele, me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana ʻaʻole wale i ka nui o nā lawena akā i nā pae maikaʻi o ka hoʻopili ʻana.
8.1. Nā kūlana ʻokoʻa no ka nui a me ke koʻikoʻi o nā ponokala kiʻi e hoʻohana ai i nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe ma waena o nā kāne a me nā wahine
ʻOiai ʻo FPU kahi nāwaliwali, pili maikaʻi ʻole me nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe, he hui maikaʻi a me ke akahai ʻo PPU, e ʻōlelo ana e pili ana paha ʻo FPU me nā pilikia liʻiliʻi o ka moekolohe ma kekahi mau hihia.Landripet a me Štulhofer, 2015). Eia nō naʻe, hōʻike nā kāne i ka hoʻohana pinepine ʻana i nā ponokala kiʻi, a hōʻike i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o PPU, hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā wahine. Eia naʻe, ua hōʻike nā wahine i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe ma mua o nā kāne.
Pili paha nā pilina ʻokoʻa me FPU a me PPU i kekahi mau kumuhana biopsychosocial. Kūpono paha, hiki i ka FPU ke kumu mai ka makemake nui i ka moekolohe a pili i nā pae haʻahaʻa o nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe, ma muli paha o ka ʻokoʻa o nā mea ponokala kiʻi i hiki ke alakaʻi i nā pane maʻalahi a wikiwiki hoʻi i nā mea hoʻoweliweli wahine ʻē aʻe.Hoʻolaha a me Pfaus, 2015). Hiki i ka PFU ke kōkua i nā manaʻo moekolohe, a ma ka huli ʻana, e alakaʻi i nā pane moekolohe wikiwiki a i ʻole e alakaʻi i nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe.ʻO Watson lāua ʻo Smith, 2012). ʻO kekahi wehewehe kūpono e pili ana i ka hui maikaʻi ʻole ma waena o FPU a me nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe hiki ke hōʻike i ka kamaʻāina i hoʻokumu ʻia mai ka nānā ʻana i nā mea ponokala kiʻi.ʻO Watson lāua ʻo Smith, 2012, Griffiths, 2000, Kohut et al., 2017), kahi e ʻike ai ka poʻe me FPU i ka hōʻoluʻolu nui ʻana i ka moekolohe ke komo ʻana i nā hana moekolohe ma kahi pūnaewele no ka mea ua ʻike ʻia ka pili pono ʻana i nā ponokala me nā hana moekolohe.Kohut et al., 2017). Ma muli o ka hoʻokolokolo kūpono ʻana o nā kāne a me nā wahine, ʻo ka hopena i hōʻike pinepine ʻia o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kiʻi ponokala kiʻi "ʻaʻohe hopena maikaʻi ʻole", a ukali ʻia e ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kiʻi ponokala kiʻi ma ke ʻano he kumu ʻike, no ka hoʻokolohua moekolohe, a no ka hōʻoluʻolu moekolohe. No laila, ʻo nā pae kiʻekiʻe o ka hōʻoluʻolu moekolohe a me ka ʻae ʻana iā ʻoe iho, a me nā pae haʻahaʻa o ka hopohopo, ka hilahila, a me ka hewa e pili ana i nā moekolohe ke pili iā FPU. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hoʻonāukiuki a me ka pane orgasm, hoihoi i ka moekolohe, a me ka ʻae nui ʻana i nā hana moekolohe ʻē aʻe a me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka moekolohe i hōʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he hopena maikaʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ponokala kiʻi.Kohut et al., 2017). ʻO nā wehewehe ʻē aʻe e pili ana i kēlā me kēia kanaka me ka moekolohe maikaʻi ʻole e komo paha i FPU, ʻaʻole maopopo paha i kēlā me kēia kanaka i nā pilikia moekolohe e pili ana i nā kiʻi ponokala a ʻaʻole i hopu ʻia kekahi mau pilikia moekolohe e ka mea loiloi. Eia nō naʻe, wehewehe wale ʻo FPU i kahi mea liʻiliʻi loa o ka like ʻole e pili ana i nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe ma ka noiʻi o kēia manawa, e hōʻike ana i nā kumu ʻē aʻe i mea nui i ka hoʻomohala a me ka mālama ʻana i ka moekolohe.McCabe et al., 2016).
Pili paha ʻo PPU me ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka masturbation a me nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻo “binges” (ʻo ia hoʻi, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni i nā manawa he nui a i ʻole mau hola i kēlā me kēia lā), e pili ana i nā hopena o kahi hoʻopaʻa hebedoma lōʻihi me nā kāne e ʻimi nei i ka lāʻau.Wordecha et al., 2018). No laila, ʻo nā kāne e nānā nui ʻole i nā mea ponokala kiʻi e ʻoi aku paha i loko o kahi manawa refactory ke hoʻāʻo nei e hana i nā hana moekolohe me kā lākou hoa, hiki ke alakaʻi i nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe.Ley et al., 2014). No kekahi, ʻaʻole e hoʻonāukiuki ka moekolohe ʻana me ka hoa o kekahi e like me nā mea ponokala kiʻi pūnaewele (e laʻa, ʻaʻole paha e hāʻawi i kahi mea hou e like me nā kiʻi ponokala pūnaewele). Eia kekahi, hōʻike nā hōʻike a ka hihia a me nā hōʻike hihia i ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā ponokala kiʻi e hoʻololi i nā anakuhi hoʻonāukiuki (Brand et al., 2019). Pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia kēia mau hopena kūpono i nā noiʻi e hiki mai ana. Aia kekahi mau wehewehe hou aʻe. ʻO kahi laʻana, i waena o nā kāne e ʻimi nei i ka lāʻau no nā hana moekolohe koʻikoʻi, ua pili maikaʻi ka paʻakikī o ka PPU me ka hopohopo wahine a me ka maikaʻi ʻole me ka hōʻoluʻolu o ka wahine.Kowalewska et al., 2019); e like me ka hopena o kēia mau mea i ka wahine.
E like me nā kāne a me nā wahine me nā moʻolelo pilikino koi-ponokala kiʻi (ʻo PPU paha) i hōʻike i nā pae haʻahaʻa o nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe ma mua o nā poʻe me kahi ʻikepili koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi ʻole (Vaillancourt-Morel et al., 2017), pilikia paha ka pilikia i ka moekolohe (McCabe et al., 2016). Hōʻike pinepine ʻia ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi koʻikoʻi a me nā lula o ka naʻau i nā kumu hoʻonāukiuki i ka PPU, a me nā hana e pili ana i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka naʻau (e laʻa me ka noʻonoʻo) i mea e hōʻemi ai iā PPU (Wéry lāua ʻo Billieux, 2016, Levin et al., 2012, ʻO Bőthe et al.,). ʻO nā kānaka e loaʻa ana i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ke koʻikoʻi ke komo i loko o ka PPU, e alakaʻi ana i nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe, a ʻo ia hoʻi, hiki ke hopena i ke kaumaha hou.
Pono nā noiʻi hou e nānā i kēia hiki a me nā pilina ma waena o ke koʻikoʻi, PPU a me nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe maʻamau.
I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, hiki i nā ʻano hana like ʻole ke kumu o FPU a me PPU. Hiki i nā ʻano hana ke pili pololei a pololei ʻole hoʻi i nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe ma nā ʻano paʻakikī. Ke nānā nei i nā pilina ma waena o nā kiʻi pono ʻole a me nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe, pono e noʻonoʻo i ka noiʻi i ka wā e pili ana iā FPU a me PPU a me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o nā ponokala kiʻi a me nā ʻano kikoʻī o nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe.
8.2. Nā kaupalena a me nā noiʻi e hiki mai ana
Pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia nā hopena o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana ma ka ʻaoʻao o nā palena. Loaʻa nā ʻano pilikino i nā ʻano hōʻike hōʻike ponoʻī (e laʻa me ka hōʻike hapa ʻole a me ka hōʻike ʻana). ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻopiʻi ʻia ke kumu mai nā noiʻi ʻāpana. ʻO ke kūlike o loko o ka SFS ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka maikaʻi (pili paha i ka ʻokoʻa o nā 4 domains i loiloi ʻia), a ua hoʻopili paha kēia i nā hopena, no ka mea hiki ke loaʻa ka palena o nā helu a me ka ʻole o ka kikoʻī. ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻaʻole kikoʻī ke kikoʻī kikoʻī i ka SFS (e laʻa, hana pākahi me nā hana moekolohe mehameha), a ua hōʻike nā kānaka me ka moekolohe i nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe i ka manawa o ka moekolohe ʻana akā ʻaʻole i ka wā o nā kiʻi ponokala.Voon et al.,).
ʻAʻole i loiloi ʻia ka hewa a me ka hoʻomana ʻole, kahi e kaupalena ʻia ai ka laulā. Pili paha ka hewa kūpono ʻole i ka PPU (Lewczuk et al., 2020, ʻO Grubbs et al., 2019, ʻO Grubbs a me Perry, 2019, ʻO Grubbs et al.,), me nā poʻe me nā pae kiʻekiʻe o ka pono a me ka hoʻomana paha e hōʻike ana i nā hui ikaika ma waena o FPU a me PPU ma mua o nā pae haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka hoʻomana.ʻO Grubbs et al., 2020). E like me, nā noiʻi e hiki mai ana e hoʻopili i nā loiloi o ka lawena kūpono ʻole e pili ana i ka ʻike ponokala.Bridges et al., 2010), ʻo nā wahine ʻeleʻele hoʻi (Fritz et al., 2020), a me ka pue wale ʻana, ka lime a me nā ʻano kiʻi ʻē aʻe paha (Rothman et al., 2015) a me nā kāʻei ʻē aʻe kahi e ʻike ai ka poʻe i nā hakakā e pili ana i ka pono. Ua nānā ka noiʻi o kēia manawa i kahi laʻana, kahi laʻana kaiāulu. Hāʻawi ʻia nā hui ʻoi aku ka ikaika ma waena o FPU a me PPU i ka ʻimi noiʻi a me nā lāhui lapaʻau.Bőthe et al., 2018, Bőthe et al., 2020, ʻO Grubbs et al., 2019, ʻO Grubbs et al., 2015, Gola et al., 2016, Gola et al., 2017, Brand et al., 2011, Twohig et al., 2009, Lewczuk et al., 2017, Voon et al.,), nā hopena o ka hoʻopaʻa noiʻi e pili ana i nā hui ma waena o FPU, PPU, a me nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe.
Pono nā loiloi lōʻihi lōʻihi e nānā hou i ke ʻano o nā pilina a pehea e loli ai i ka manawa ma waena o nā kāne ʻelua (ʻO Grubbs a me Gola, 2019) a me nā wahine. ʻO nā kānaka i hoʻomohala i nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe i hiki ke pili i ka nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi ponokala ma mua (ma mua o ka makahiki i hala) hiki ke hāʻawi i ka nāwaliwali o nā pilina ma waena o FPU a me nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe. Eia kekahi, makaʻu ka poʻe me nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe i ka hana ʻole. No laila, hiki iā lākou ke koho i ka nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi ponokala pūnaewele ma kahi o ke komo ʻana i nā moe kolohe ma waho pūnaewele me kā lākou mau hoa (Miner et al., 2016). Hoʻohui ʻia, ʻoiai ka nui a me ka FPU e pili maʻamau, ʻaʻole like lākou a pili paha i ka ʻokoʻa i nā ʻano pili pono o ka ponokala kiʻi (e laʻa ke hoʻāʻo ʻana e hōʻole; (Fernandez et al., 2017). Ke nānā pono nei i nā moʻolelo o ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana o kekahi PPU (Wordecha et al., 2018) a me nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe hiki ke hoʻohua i ka ʻike ʻana i nā mea kūwaena a me nā loli moderator e like me ka incongruence pono (Brand et al., 2019, ʻO Grubbs a me Perry, 2019), hiki ke kiʻi i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni (Rissel et al., 2017), a me nā kumu ʻē aʻe (Vaillancourt-Morel et al., 2019).
9. Nā hopena
ʻOiai ʻo FPU a me PPU i hōʻike i nā hui maikaʻi, kaulike, pono lākou e loiloi a noʻonoʻo ʻokoʻa ʻia i ka nānā ʻana i nā pilina me nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe a me nā ana ʻē aʻe (Vaillancourt-Morel et al., 2019). ʻIke nui ʻo PPU me nā pilikia i ka hana moekolohe ma nā kaiaulu a me nā laʻana maʻi. Ke noʻonoʻo nei i nā PPU a me FPU, he hui maikaʻi ʻole ʻo FPU me nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe ma ke kaiāulu. No laila, i ka ʻimi noiʻi a me nā hana hoʻokolohua, he mea nui e noʻonoʻo i nā PPU a me FPU e pili ana i nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe.
ʻO nā kumuwaiwai kālā
Ua kākoʻo ʻia ka noiʻi e ka Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office (Grant number: KKP126835, NKFIH-1157-8 / 2019-DT). Ua kākoʻo ʻia ʻo BB e ka ÚNKP-18-3 Polokalamu Hoʻohanohano Nūhou Hou o ke Kuhina o nā Mana Kānaka. Hāʻawi ʻia ʻo BB e kahi makana pili kia postdoctoral e Team SCOUP - Moekolohe a me nā Couples - Fonds de recherche du Québec, Société et Culture. Ua kākoʻo ʻia ʻo ITK e kahi Horizon Postdoctoral Fellowship mai ke Kulanui ʻo Concordia a me ke kālā ʻana mai ka Social Science and Humanities Research Council o Kanada (435-2018-0368). Ua loaʻa iā MNP ke kākoʻo mai ka Connecticut Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services, ka Connecticut Council ma ka piliwaiwai pilikia, ka Connecticut Mental Health Center a me ka National Center for Responsible Gaming. ʻAʻohe o nā keʻena kālā i hoʻokomo i ka ʻike o ka palapala a me nā manaʻo i hōʻike ʻia i loko o ka palapala e hōʻike i ka manaʻo o nā mea kākau a ʻaʻole pono kēlā o nā ʻoihana kālā.
Nā kūmole i kiʻi ʻole ʻia
Bőthe et al., 2015, Klucken et al., 2016, ʻO Tabachnick a me Fidell, 2001, Kraus et al., 2017, ʻO Sniewski lāua ʻo Farvid, 2019, Beaton et al., 2000.
E hoʻomaopopo '
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- 1
Ua unuhi ʻia ka SFS i ka ʻōlelo Hungarian ma muli o kahi kuʻina unuhi-hoʻi-unuhi mua [113]. Ua alakaʻi ʻia ka mea hōʻoia hōʻoia (CFA) e nānā i kāna hanana ololi i kēia laʻana. Wahi a nā hopena CFA, ua hōʻike ka pālākiō i ke kūpono o ka hanana maikaʻi me ka covariance hewa (CFI = .999, TLI = .995, RMSEA = .026 [90% CI .012-.044]).
- 2
Wahi a ke ʻano hoʻoponopono hoʻoponopono Bonferroni, pono e mahele ʻia ka helu o ke kuhiakau (m) e ka pae alpha i makemake ʻia (α).
- 3
I ka nānā ʻia ʻana o nā hui bivariate ma waena o FPU a me ka moekolohe ʻana, ua loaʻa nā hui nāwaliwali maikaʻi a me nā mea nui ʻole i waena o nā kāne a me nā wahine, ʻoiai ua hōʻike nā hoʻohālikelike hoʻohālikelike hanana (SEM) i nā hui maikaʻi ʻole ma waena o FPU a me nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe ma waena o nā kāne a me nā wahine . ʻO kēia mau ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā hopena o nā hoʻopili bivariate a me ka hoʻohālikelike SEM paʻakikī e wehewehe ʻia e ka ʻokoʻa like ma waena o FPU a me PPU (kākoʻo ʻia e ka maikaʻi, ka hoʻopili kaulike ma waena o kēia mau loli). Ke kāohi ʻole nā loiloi o FPU a me nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe no PPU, hiki i ka ʻokoʻa like ma waena o PPU a me FPU ke hūnā i kahi hui maikaʻi ʻole nāwaliwali ma waena o FPU a me nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe. Kākoʻo ʻia kēia wehewehe kūpono e nā hopena o ka hoʻopili hapa ʻana. I ka wā i alakaʻi ʻia ai nā hoʻopili pilikino ʻana (ka kaohi ʻana i ka hopena o PPU ke nānā ʻana i nā hui ma waena o FPU a me nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe), ua loaʻa nā pilina maikaʻi ʻole, nāwaliwali ma waena o FPU a me nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe ma nā kāne ʻelua (r = -. 05, p<.001) a me nā wahine (r = -. 05, p<.001).
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