Nā Uihoila a me nā Hoʻinoino o nā Pono'Oikalakala Hōʻailona Ma waena o nā HaumānaʻOihana o ka Mokupuniʻo Bangladeshi:ʻO kahi haʻawina hoʻokolohua (2018)

Penei hoʻi, nā hopena i hōʻikeʻia e ka hoʻoponopono o ka hoʻoponoponoʻana e hōʻike ana he kāne ke kilokilo o ka lawe kiʻi ponoʻole (OR = 12.66; 95% CI: 7.05-22.74). Hōʻikeʻia nā haumāna mai nā wahi kaiāulu (OR = 1.93; 95% CI: 1.17-3.20) a me nā mea i pili i ka pilina (OR = 1.87; 95% CI 1.07-3.29) he mau wānana e pili ana i ka ponokala kiʻi. Ma waena o nā manaʻo nui, hoʻohana Facebook (OR = 2.06; 95% CI: 1.25-3.41) a me ke nānāʻana i nā kiʻikuhi (OR = 2.122; 95% CI 1.28-3.52) nā mea hōʻikeʻike loa loa o ka pono kiʻi kiʻiʻoniʻoni. I ka piliʻana i nā manaʻo maikaʻiʻole o nā kiʻi pornokala,ʻikeʻia nā kiʻi pīkalakala i kaʻike (pornography) ma kaʻikeʻana i nā kiʻi ponoʻole (i) ka hoʻolahaʻana i ka masturbation (OR = 4.86; 95% CI 2.86-8.37), (ii) e hōʻino ana i nā pili pilikoko (OR = 3.02; 95% CI 1.75- 5.20), a (iii) loaʻa nā manaʻo kūlikeʻole i kaʻaoʻaoʻokoʻa (OR = 1.57; 95% CI 0.94-2.63). Ma ka piliʻana i nā manaʻo maikaʻi o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni, hōʻikeʻia nā kiʻi ponokala kiʻi ma o kaʻikeʻana i nā kiʻi ponoʻole i like (i) ke kāohiʻana i ka hana ma o ka masturbation ma mua o ka moekolohe (OR = 4.32; 95% CI 2.17-8.59), (ii) (self-expression (OR = 4.077; 95% CI 1.56-10.66), (iii) hāʻawi aku i kahi puka ponoʻole no nā manaʻo hilahilaʻole a me nā manaʻo'ē aʻe (OR = 2.96; 95% CI 1.34-6.54), a (iv) e alakaʻi ana i ka wehe nā manaʻo e pili ana i ka moekino (OR = 2.31; 95% CI 1.11-4.79).

ʻO ka pahuhopu o ka papahana o kēia manawa,ʻo ia ke nānā i kaʻai a me nā manaʻo e pili ana i nā ponokala kiʻi a me nā mea pili like i Bangladesh ma lalo o nā haumāna kulanui. Ua hōʻikeʻia nā hopena ma kahi oʻekolu hapahā o nā haumāna i hoʻohana i nā kiʻi pīkalakala i hoʻokahi manawa i ko lākou olaʻana (72%). ʻO ka loaʻaʻana o ka hoʻolālā kiʻi pila kiʻi iʻole i hōʻikeʻia ma nā haʻawina mai India (80%; Das 2013), Sweden (98%; Donevan a me Mattebo 2017), a me Australia (87%; Lim et al. 2017), akā uaʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka haʻawina mua o Bangladesh (42%; Chowdhury et al. 2018). ʻO nā hualoaʻa likeʻole kēia no nāʻano likeʻole, nā papahana, a me nā hiʻohiʻona i aʻoʻia. No ka laʻana, ua loaʻa nā haumāna o nā kula haʻahaʻa i kēia mau papahana i kēia manawa. ʻO keʻano o ka papahana o ka papahana o kēia manawa, ua nui aʻe ka nui (i) hiki ke loaʻa i nā lawelawe pūnaewele i kaʻike mua i Bangladesh a me (ii) kaʻike a me kaʻike i kaʻikeʻana i ka pūnaewele me ka poʻe i nā lāhui kaiaulu.

No ka hoʻohanaʻana o kaʻenehanaʻenehana i meaʻoluʻolu loa, maʻalahi, a me ka inoaʻole, (Griffiths 2000; Owens et al. 2012), ua hiki i nā kānaka ke komo i kaʻike pūnaewele o kahi moe kolohe e like me nā wikiō pūnaewele, nā kūkākūkā i ka pūnaewele, a me nā mea'ē aʻe (Boies 2002; Goodson et al. 2001; ʻO Griffiths 2001; 2012; Shaughnessy et al. 2011; Kaapana a me al. 2012). Ua hōʻikeʻia nā'ilikala hoʻoponopono i loko o ka hōʻike i kēia manawa e pāʻani nuiʻia nā kiʻi pāʻanikala me kekahi mau hana e like me ka hoʻolālā pūnaewele (e like me ka hoʻohana Facebook) me ka nānā 'ana i nā kiʻoniʻoni. ʻOiaiʻo ka nānāʻana i nā nūpepa ma keʻene pūnaewele,ʻo ia kaʻaoʻao iʻoi loa o ke kiʻi'onikala i kēia manawa, aʻo kaʻike i loaʻa i kaʻike.

Mai ka hoʻoponopono hoʻoponopono, hōʻikeʻia nā hopena e hiki i nā haumāna mai nā wahi kaiāulu i Bangladesh ke hoʻopau i nā ponokala kiʻi mai nā poʻe o ke kūlanakauhale,ʻo ia hoʻi kaʻaoʻao hope mai ka hopena o ka aʻo mua e pili ana i kaʻaihue ponoʻole ma Bangladesh (Chowdhury et al. 2018). Ua hōʻike pūʻia hoʻi nā kiʻi pornography ma o ka pilinaʻana, kahiʻike i hōʻikeʻoleʻia ma mua o kaʻike o nā mea kākau. Pono eʻimiʻia nā noiʻi no ka hoʻopau houʻana i kēia mau helu helu kanaka no ka hoʻokumuʻana i kēia a me nā kumu kūpono o ka hoʻonaninani ponokala. ʻO ka mea kupanaha, ua hoʻonui nā kāne kāne i nā meaʻoi aku i ka moe kolohe ma mua o nā wāhine, a ua hōʻoiaʻana i nā kāne he mau manawa 12 paha e komo i ka pono kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi ma mua o nā wāhine e like me nā hopena o nā hana ma mua o ka USA (Bleakley et al. 2011; ʻO Brown a me Eng Engle 2009; Regnerus et al. 2016), Netherlands (Peter a me Valkenburg 2006), Hong Kong (Shek a me Ma 2012, 2016), Taiwan (Lo et al. 1999), Sweden (Häggström-Nordin et al. 2006), a me Ausetalia (Lim et al. 2017; Rissel et al. 2017). He poʻe hana pono nā kānaka i nā kiʻi ponokala i loaʻa i nā aptitudes o keʻano maʻamau (Chowdhury et al. 2018), akā,ʻo ka hopena o kēia hōʻike e hōʻike nei,ʻo kekahi mau wāhine e hoʻohana i nā ponokala kiʻi e like me ka mea iʻikeʻia ma kahi'ē aʻe (Carroll et al. 2008). ʻO ka mea e mahalo ai, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka ʻai ʻana o nā kiʻi ponokala wahine ma mua o nā kāne, i waena o nā mea i hiki i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni, ua ʻike nā wahine ma mua o nā kāne e pili ana i ka helu o nā hola i nā lā 15 i hala. He puke kēia i loaʻa ʻole i hōʻike ʻia ma nā puke a ma muli paha o ka manawa e pono ai e hoʻāla i ka moekolohe maikaʻi loa (ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo ka ejaculation / orgasm) ʻoi aku ka pōkole ma waena o nā kāne ma mua o nā wahine (Huey et al. 1981).

ʻOi aku ka nui o ka pāʻike kiʻi pumekala i hoʻokahi wiki i kēlā me kēia wiki (23%) ma mua o Braithwaite et al's (2015) iʻelua mau haʻawina (10% ma ka noi mua a me 14% i ka lua o ka noiʻana) akā emi iho ka haʻawina o Carroll a me al. (27% i nā kāne, 2% i nā wāhine) a like pū me Sørensen a me Kjørholt (22) %). ʻO ka hoʻokomoʻana i ka hōʻailona kiʻi pono i nā manawa he nui i ka hebedoma (19%)ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o Carroll et al's (2008) aʻo (16% i nā kāne, 0.8% i nā wāhine), akā i emi iho ma mua o ko Sorensen a me Kjørholt (22%). ʻO ka hoʻokomoʻana i ke kiʻi pumekalama i hoʻokahi (3.7%) aiʻole i kekahi manawa i ka lā (3.2%) i emi iho o Carroll ame al ('s (2008) ke noi (16% hoʻokahi manawa i ka lā; 5.2% mau manawa i ka lā) akāʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o Braithwaite et al.'s (2015) he mau manawa (2%), manawa manawa i ka lā Ma muli o ka loaʻaʻana o ka pilina pili loa i nā kiʻi ponokala kiʻi,ʻoi aku ka hopena o ka hoʻonaneaʻana i nā kiʻi ponoʻole o nā mea ponoʻole ma mua o ko lākou noiʻana iā lākou iho. Eia kekahi,ʻoiai he mea nui ka pūnaewele i kēia manawa i ka laweʻana i nā kiʻi ponokala (Boies 2002; ʻO Cooper 1998; Goodson et al. 2001; ʻO Griffiths 2012; Shaughnessy et al. 2011; Kaapana a me al. 2012), hiki i nā mea komo ma ka papahana o kēia manawa keʻai i ka mea ma o nā mea'ē aʻe ma mua o ka pūnaewele.

ʻO ka'ōpiopio ka manawa maʻalahi loa e hālāwai me nā kiʻi ponoʻole (Bleakley et al. 2011; ʻO Donevan lāuaʻo Mattebo 2017; Hald a me Malamuth 2008; L'Engle et al. 2006; Mattebo et al. 2014; ʻO Peter a me Valkenburg 2006; Sørensen a me Kjørholt 2007); no laila, he mea kupanaha ka hapa nui o nā mea komo i ka hoʻopaʻa noiʻi o kēia manawa (ie, 67%) i hōʻike ʻia i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni i ke kula kiʻekiʻe (13-17 mau makahiki). Eia nō naʻe, kūlike ka wahine me ka wahine i ke kolamu mua ma ke kula nui ʻoiai ke kula kiʻekiʻe. Ua loaʻa nā ʻano o nā mea moekolohe moekolohe ma nā ʻano like ʻole ma ka pūnaewele a me ka pūnaewele me nā makasina a me nā wikiō a me nā concurs me ka noiʻi ma mua (Morgan 2011)ʻoiai uaʻike nā haumāna o Bangladesia i kaʻikeʻana i nā kiʻi ponoʻole ma ka pūnaewele ma mua o nā'āina'ē aʻe (Griffiths 2012). ʻO ka nānā aku i nā paʻi kiʻi pornographic (41%) iʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o hoʻokahi papahana i mālamaʻia ma USA (ka 36% male; 24% male) (Brown a me Eng Eng. 2009), akāʻo ka hilinaʻi e pili ana i kekahi mea pili i ka wahine, i manaʻoʻia e 25.5% o nā mea komo i kahi hana ponokala. Inā paha heʻano likeʻole kēia o nā ponokala kiʻi, he mea hikiʻole ke hoʻopiliʻia a ke noi houʻia ka noiʻiʻana ma nā kānaka'ē aʻe e hoʻoholo i ka nui o ia manaʻo. Hiki paha i kekahi o kēia mau hopena e ho'ākākaʻia e nā poʻe e noho ana ma ka'āina Pelekāne,ʻoiaiʻo ka hoʻomanaʻana o nā mea komo (a inā paha i ola pono lākou i nā hana kūpono o Muslim)ʻaʻole iʻimiʻia. Hōʻike nā hopena ma muli o nā hoʻomana hoʻomana a me nā moʻomeheu i piha i Bangladesh,ʻaʻole e hōʻole kēia mau waiwai i ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā ponokala kiʻi. He kumu paha kēia no ka hoʻonaʻauaoʻiaʻana o ka wahine ma ke kula kiʻekiʻe aʻo kēlā aʻo e pili ana i nā ponokala kiʻi he kumu ia i kūkākūkāʻia ma mua o ka nānāʻoleʻiaʻana i kēlā aʻo.

Uaʻikeʻia ma kēia haʻawina i ka manawa e loaʻa ana i ka hapalua o nā poʻe i hōʻike i ka pahūʻana i ka laweʻana i nā kiʻi ponoʻole,ʻo ia ka emi ma mua o kahi noiʻiʻana ma Kania mua (40%) (Boies 2002). E like me nā hopena o nā haʻawina'ē aʻe, uaʻikeʻia kaʻike i kēia manawaʻo nā kumu maʻamau no ka laweʻana i nā kiʻi ponoʻole no ka hoʻokuʻuʻana i ke kino a me ka masturbation, kaʻimiʻana, ka hoʻonaʻauaoʻana i ka wahine, a me nā manaʻo hōʻoluʻolu (eg, Boies 2002; Merrick et al. 2013; Paul a me Sime 2008). ʻO kēia mau "kumu maikaʻi" no nā kiʻi pikoʻi me kaʻikeʻole i ka wānana i nā mea ponoʻole i nā ponokala kiʻi ma ka hoʻoponopono hoʻoponopono. Ma nā'āina Muslim i like me Bangladesh,ʻikeʻia ka moekolohe a me nā ponokala kiʻi i nā hihia kapu a me nā huna (Ahsan et al. 2016). Hiki i nā mea i komo i loko o nā haʻawina o kēia manawa ke hoʻomanahala a me ka moʻomeheu a no ka mea o ko lākou mau manaʻoʻiʻo, i kā lākou mau manaʻo, a me ko lākou mau pono, ua hiki i ka hopena o kaʻulaʻula. nā kūlana pono'ī (Patterson a me ka uku 2012). ʻO nā kumukūʻai e pili ana i ka makemake a me ka hana maʻamau i Bangladesh, pono ia e hoʻokōʻia ma loko o nā monogamous, mare, a me nā pili heterosexual (Perry 2017). Pono houʻia ka noiʻiʻana ma ka hakakā ma waena o ka manaʻo o ka moʻomeheu a me ka hoʻomana o ka'āina mai kahi hiʻohiʻona wahine a me ka mea e hana maoli ana.

Hiki ke kū'ē'ē ka hopena o ka hoʻonanea ponoʻole i ke olakino o ka lāhui e pili ana i ka olakino, ke olakino, a me ke olakino (Ilahā 2009; Weaver III et al. 2011), a me ka hopena o kēia manaʻo, he pono ka heluheluʻana i ka heluheluʻana ma ka'āina i nāʻoihana pilikino a me ka liʻiliʻi ma waena o nā'ōpio a me nā mākua i waho. Eia naʻe, pono e hoʻomaopopoʻia kekahi mau'ōlelo noiʻi e hiki i ka pilalika ke emi i ka maikaʻi o ke ola a hoʻoikaika i nā manaʻo kūlohelohe e pili ana i ke aloha a me ka mahalo i ke kāneʻokoʻa (Hald and Malamuth 2008; Paul a me Sime 2008), ka hopena maikaʻiʻole i ka pili (Maddox et al. 2011), a alakaʻi iā lākou i ka hōʻailona mare (Paul a me Shim 2008). ʻO kekahi poʻe o ka papahana i kēia manawa,ʻaʻole lākou i makemake i nā kiʻi ponoʻole, a no ka mea i manaʻoʻia e ka mea i manaʻoʻia he hopena maikaʻiʻole i ko lākou mau pilina. Ua ulu nui kēia ma waena o nā wāhine i komo i loko o ka noi i kēia manawa. Ua hāʻawi nā mea i hoʻokomo i nā'ōlelo aʻo e pili ana i ka pehea e pale ai i ka ponoʻole o nā kiʻi ponoʻole ma muli o ka hahaiʻana i nāʻoihana hoʻomana, e hana pū me ka hana a me ke aʻoʻana, a me kaʻimiʻana me nā hoaaloha. ʻO ka hopena o kēiaʻike i hōʻikeʻia ma Bangladesh (iʻole), hiki ke hoʻokomoʻia nāʻano likeʻole i nā kumu kūkākūkā e pili ana i nā polokalamu olakino kino ma nā kula kiʻekiʻe a me nā kula.

Ua hōʻike nā haʻawina hou e hōʻike nei i nāʻike a me nā manaʻo e pili ana i kaʻike pono kiʻi pornokala e hiki ke kū'ē i kahi moʻomeheuʻano hoʻomana a hoʻomau i ke aʻo hou. Loaʻa nā hopena o ka noi i nā hōʻike e pili nei e pili ana i ka hui ma waena o nā helu kanaka, nā manaʻo, a me nā hiʻohiʻona i ka wānanaʻana i ka'aikala kiʻi pono. Hāʻawi pū ia i kaʻikepili mai kahi'āina iʻaʻaʻole e aʻo i ke kumuhana o nā ponokala a me kaʻaiʻana. Nā hopena i hōʻikeʻia aia he hapa nui o nā haumāna Bangladeshi e lawe i nā ponokala kiʻiʻoiai he nui ka hoʻokākupuaʻana i ka moekolohe ma keʻano monogame wale nō a ma loko o ka male kāne heterosexual. Ua pili nā helu kaiapili (e like me ka hele mai kahi'āpana'āina) i kaʻaiʻana o nā kiʻi ponoʻole ma ka papahana o kēia manawa a he mea nui loa ia i Bangladesh a me nāʻano hoʻomana hoʻomana likeʻole. Eia kekahi,ʻo nā manaʻo e pili ana i nā ponokala a me nā mea maikaʻi e hana iki i ka hoʻomaopopoʻana i nā manaʻo maoli o nā kānaka e pili ana i ka hoʻonalo kiʻi ponoʻole. ʻO ka nui o nā meaʻino i'ōleloʻia e pili ana i nā ponokala kiʻi paha iʻikeʻia mai kahi manaʻo hoʻomana, kūpono, a me ka moʻomeheu (kahi pilikino) i kaʻikeʻana i nā mea maikaʻi mai kahi manaʻo pilikino a / a pragmatic paha. ʻO ke kuleana o ka wahine kāne a me ka hoʻomana (ʻo ia hoʻi me kona mau manaʻoʻiʻo a me kāna mau pono) e pili ana i ka pono kiʻi ponokala e makemake hou i ka huliʻana ma Bangladesh a me nā'āina'ē aʻe.