Nā Hoʻolālāʻana i ka 'Ikepili Kikohila a me ka Minoha Kainēkino o ka Lākini Kepani ma 2000 (2019)

Maki Hirayama

ʻO ka pūnaewele mua:

Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo

Ma Iapana ua ʻoi aku ka poʻe ʻōpio i ka hana ʻana i nā mea ma 2000, no ka mea, ʻo ka 2005.ʻO ka lima ʻē aʻe, ua pālahalaha ʻia ʻo ka pūnaewele a me ka ʻenehana pūnaewele i ka manawa like. Ma kēia pepa, ua nānā ʻia nā elima mau pūnaewele o ka Pūnaewele a me nā ʻenehana pūnaewele e hoʻomaopopo i ka mea i loaʻa i ka ʻano o nā ʻano ʻōpio Kepani e pili ana i ka ʻenehana: e-mail a me SNS, ka pūnaewele kiʻi pūnaewele, ka pōmaikaʻi ʻo Otaku leʻa, nā pūnaewele paʻahana a me nā noi, nā lawelawe moekolohe. ʻoihana. ʻO nā kiʻi kiʻi pūnaewele ma ka pili loa a me ka hoʻokūkū ikaika me ka ʻike kāne kāne i hoʻokō ʻia ma luna o 2000. Me ka hopena, ua loaʻa nā kāne a me nā wahine i nā pilikia i ka moeʻuhane maoli. Loaʻa nā kiʻi a me nā pāʻani i ka manaʻo o nā mea aloha a me nā libidos o nā wā'ōpio i loaʻa i kaulana i 2000, e hōhā i ka romance a me nā kiʻi. Ma ka hapa hope loa, ke paʻa nei ka pono o nā haʻawina hoʻokūkū ʻano moʻomeheu i ka ʻenehana a me ka moekolohe.

Keywords

Internet Polokalamu Pūnaewele ʻAkulelo moʻomeheu Otaku Opio Iapana Ka hana hanohano 

ʻ arelelo ʻia nā lāhui i kēia ao i waena o ke ao holoʻokoʻa i waena o kahi kue mau loa i ka moekolohe a me ka uluʻiwa (Weeks 2007).). He mea kūpono ia no ka sosiology e hopu kūpono i kēia mau kipi, no ka mea e pili ana i ke ʻano ākea o ke nohona kanaka, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hana leʻaleʻa, nā kuleana kanaka, a me ka nohona ʻohana, a me ke ʻano o ka nohona olakino ma o ka hoʻonui hou ʻana i ka poʻe. Ua ʻano like kēia mau kipi e ka hoʻomana, ka mōʻaukala, ka ʻōnaehana o ka ʻohana, a me nā ʻenekua o kēlā me kēia hanana ʻē aʻe kekahi mai kēlā me kēia mai kekahi (ʻo Hekma lāua ʻo Giami 2014).). Aia nō hoʻi nā wahi ma ka honua kahi e kānalua nei mākou i nā kipi. Eia nō naʻe, ua aʻo ʻia ka moekolohe a ʻano kūkākūkā nui me nā ʻano ʻē o nā hui kaiāulu. ʻO ka mālama pono ana i nā loli pono i nā ʻōiwi ʻole o nā Komohana e hāʻawi iā mākou i kahi kiʻi ma mua o ka hue.

Mai nā 2000s, nui nā poʻe o ka honua i ʻike i ka Pūnaewele a me ka hoʻoweliweli uila - ʻo ka hoʻomohala a me ka pālahalaha ʻana o kēia ʻenehana hou. I loko o kēia manawa, ua wikiwiki loa ka loli o ka nui a me ka lawelawe. Ua loli nui ka ʻenehana i ka kamaʻilio, ke hālāwai ʻana, a me nā ʻike, a me ka noʻonoʻo. No laila ua hoʻololi ia i ka moe a me ke aloha i nā hana paʻakikī a hohonu hohonu (Attwood 2018; Kōkana 2012).

Hoʻopili ka ʻenehana pūnaewele i ka hiki o nā hālāwai kolohe pilikino a i ʻole ka pilina aloha, a kākoʻo i nā hana male a me nā hana pilikino (Kon 2001).). Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻomāhuahua nui ka pūnaewele a me ka ʻenehana i nā manaʻo moekolohe ma ka hoʻolako ʻana i kahi hana leʻaleʻa hou a ke kau nei i ka leʻaleʻa, a ke pale nei i nā hālāwai pilikino, ʻole a me ka moeʻuhane (Honda 2005).). ʻO kēia kekahi o nā kūkaʻa o ka moekolohe i kēia wā (Weeks 2007): Ka ʻoihana pūnaewele a me ka ʻenehana hou i ka millennium hou e hoʻoulu ai i ka leʻaleʻa o ka hana pilikino? A i ʻole hoʻoneʻe paha ka ʻenehana i ka poʻe mai ka hoʻonaʻauao pilikino i loko o ke kanaka a me ke aloha i loko o kahi honua paʻa o ka moemoeā a me ka hoʻopunipuni paha? Lawe ʻia ka hopena e ka pili paʻakikī i waena o ka ʻenehana a me ka moekolohe.

Me nā kamaʻilio ʻana i ka Pūnaewele a me nā ʻenehana kamepiula, ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻano like ʻole o ke kaumaha ʻana i ka moekolohe i kēlā me kēia ma Iapana mai ka puni o 2000. Eia naʻe, nā kikoʻī o ke ʻano o kēlā me kēia ʻano hoʻohālikelike o ka moekolohe i kekahi ʻano o ka ʻikepili ʻikepili i kēia manawa, ʻaʻole i lawa. Ma Iapana, ua ʻōlelo pinepine ʻia ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā kānaka i ka liʻiliʻi o nā wahine ma hope o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka Pūnaewele. Eia no naʻe, ʻaʻohe mea i hōʻoia ʻia ka mana o kēia.

Ma kēia pepa, e nānā mākou i ka interplay ma waena o ka wahine a me ka pūnaewele pūnaewele a me ke ʻenehana kamepiula paha, a me kona hopena. E nānā mākou i nā poʻe ʻōpio, mai nā ʻōpio i twentysomethings, ka mea i hōʻike nui ʻia a nānā ʻia e nā ʻikepili ʻike hou. Ma kēia pepa, ʻae nā ʻikepili ʻikepili e pili ana i nā lawelawe kelepona, SNS (ʻoihana lawelawe kaiāulu), nā pāʻani, nā wahi pākeke, nā pae kūpono, a me nā noi, a me nā lako ʻē aʻe, nā lawelawe a me nā noi. Loaʻa like lākou a pau e pili i ka hoʻemi ʻana o ka hana moekolohe. E huki mākou i ke kiʻi holoʻokoʻa e ka loiloi ʻana i ka ʻimi noiʻi mua ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kelepona hele ʻana, SNS, nā pāʻani, nā pae pākeke, nā pae pūnaewele a me nā noi, a me nā ʻike pili i ka wahine.1

Ma ka mokuna mua, e nānā mākou i nā hoʻololi o ka noʻonoʻo a me ke ʻano o ka ʻōpio Kepani a ke ʻōlelo aku nei i nā mea i noʻonoʻo ʻia e pili ai i nā lihi hou aʻe ma mua o ka ʻikepili ʻike. Ma nā mokuna aʻe e pili ana, e nānā hou mākou i nā loli e pili ana i ka ʻikepili ʻikepili mai 2000 ma Iapana, i nā mau ʻelima i manaʻo ʻia e pili ana i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka moe wahine a me ke ʻano, a e hoʻāʻo e hoʻoholo pehea e pili ai i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka moe wahine. . ^ E Ha yM. Ma ka hapa hope, e hypothesize mākou i kekahi mau mea ʻē aʻe ma mua o nā mea i kūkākūkā ʻia ma mua. Ma hope o kēlā, hoʻokaʻawale mākou i nā hopena i hiki ke hōʻino ʻia i ke kaumaha e pili ana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻikepili ʻike. E kuhikuhi nō hoʻi mākou i kekahi mau kumuhana noiʻi e kūkā ʻia i ka wā e hiki mai ana e pili ana i ka ʻikepili ʻike a me ka moekolohe.

1 Ka ʻike maikaʻi a me ke ʻano o ka ʻōpio Kepani mai 2000: Inactivation, Indifference, and Negative Image E like me nā Diversification

Mai ka puni ʻana o 2000, ua loli nā hana kūlike o ka poʻe ʻōpio ma Iapana. ʻO nā ʻokoʻa i waena o nā pūʻulu o ka pae ma muli o ke kūlana o ka hoʻokele a me ka paeʻāina, ka hanauna, ka ʻāina kikoʻī, etc. Nui a loaʻa i nā ʻōpio nā kāne o nā hana; ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke manaʻo e hana kūleʻa ka mea Iapana. Eia nō naʻe, ʻike mākou no kekahi piʻi ʻana o ka piʻiʻana o ka moekolohe i waena o nā ʻōpio Kepani mai ka puni a 2005.

ʻO ke kūlana o nā kāne male ʻole2 kuhikuhi ʻia i nā 1990 a lilo i mea hopohopo makaʻāina mai ka 2000s ma hope. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi e hoʻonui ka nui o nā kāne male ʻole i ka wahine. ʻO ka mea i hala iho nei, ma 2016, 47.2% o nā kāne e hōʻike ʻia (ma mua ʻo 16 a 49) i moe kolohe (JAFP 2017; Pacher 2018).3 Ua hoʻonui ka nui o nā kāne male ʻole i waena o nā ʻōpio. ʻO ka hanauna ʻōpio, no ka mea ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mākua i ka wahine, ua manaʻo ʻia he ʻoi aku ka pilikia ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i kahi ola ʻohana a me ka wahine ma mua o nā hanauna o mua.

Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻōpio kūʻokoʻa a ʻaʻohe wahine. Ua hoʻonui pinepine ʻia ka nui o ka male i waena o nā ʻōpio mai ka wā e puni ana i 1975. Eia nō naʻe, ma nā 2000 a ma hope iho, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka pakeneka o nā kānaka ʻole ʻole me ka hoa aloha ʻole. Ua nui ka helu o ka poʻe i mare ʻole ʻia ma 20-24 me ka hoa pili ʻole mai ka 38.7% a 2002 a i 55.3% no ka wahine, a mai 2015% i 48.8 a 2002% i 67.5 no nā kāne (National Institute of Population a me Social Security Research).). Ua hoʻonui pū ʻia ka nui o ka poʻe i loaʻa ʻole i kahi hoa aloha. ʻO ka helu o ka poʻe i mare ʻole ʻole i kahi ʻike pilikino (ʻo 20-24 kahiko) ʻo 36.3% i 2005 a hoʻonui i 46.5% i 2015 no nā wahine. No nā kāne, ʻo 33.6% kēia ma 2005 a hoʻonui i ka 47.0% i 2015 (National Institute of Population and Social Security Research).4

E like me kā mākou e ʻike nei, ʻoiai nā 2000, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻōpio i lilo i hana kolohe. Loaʻa nā kūpono no ka hana o ka wahine ma waho o ka male male, e like me ka moekolohe. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻonui ʻia kēlā mau hana i loko o ka manawa like e like me ka uku no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā kāne ma waena o nā kāne (ʻoiai ʻaʻole kēia loiloi statistika i hana ʻia ma kēia) Pono ʻia ka noiʻi ʻikepili i nā hana moekolohe ma waho o nā kāne.

ʻAʻole hiki ke wehewehe ʻia kēia mau hiʻohiʻona o ka hana kūlohelohe i hoʻokahi ʻano. Eia naʻe, ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka helu o nā kāne a me nā wahine me nā hana i ʻole o ka hana (ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana me ka poʻe hune) hiki ke manaʻo i kahi mea nui. ʻO kēia poʻe ʻōpio, ka mea i noʻonoʻo ʻole i ka ola me ka nele o ka hoʻokele i ka ulu ʻana, e hopohopo nei no ka hoʻolimalima ola ʻana a me ka ʻole o ka liʻiliʻi o ka liʻiliʻi o ka manaʻo o ka moe kolohe, ka hana aloha, a me ka mare (Sato a me Nagai) 2010).). ʻO ka poʻe me nā hana kūlike ka mea maʻalahi loa e nalowale i ka hilinaʻi nui i ko lākou kūlana, i kahi haʻahaʻa o kā lākou ola ola ma lalo o ka mea a lākou i manaʻo ai (Okubo et al. 2006).). ʻO nā mea aloha i ke aloha a me ka male, makemake nā wahine i nā kāne i nā hana paʻa, ka hana piha a me ka loaʻa kālā maikaʻi (Office Office 2011).). No laila, manaʻo nā kāne me ka hana hana ʻole: "ʻAʻole wau makemake e mare" a "ʻaʻole wau makemake i ke aloha aloha" e noho me kā lākou iho.5

Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo nā poʻe ʻōpio e hoʻohana mau nei e luhi pū ma muli o ka hana nui. Ua nui ka nui o nā poʻe e hōʻeha nei i ka minamina a i ka wā pepehi paha ma muli o ka hana nui (Kumazawa 2018).). ʻAʻole ka manaʻo nui o lākou he aloha ʻole a aloha ʻole. ʻOiai inā male mare lākou, lilo lākou i ka moekolohe (Genda 2010).

Wahi a ke aʻo ʻana 2005 o Yushi Genda a Aera nūhou (e huli ana i ka poʻe i hana a ua mare paha a hui pū paha me nā hoa) a, i waena o nā kāne a me nā wahine, ʻo nā mea i loaʻa i ka pilikia o ka hana e like me ka hoʻokūkū a me ka uku ʻole, ʻoi loa paha ka mea "ʻaʻole i moe kolohe" me kā lākou hoahele ma mua o ka poʻe i ʻike ʻole ʻia i kēlā mau kaukau ma ka hui like ʻana. No nā wahine, ʻoi aku ka hoʻopili ʻia ʻana o ka hana hana me ka moeʻuhane ʻole ma mua o nā kāne. Ua loaʻa nō hoʻi ka loiloi he "ʻino wahi hana" maikaʻi ʻole e pili me ka moekolohe. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka hōʻike JGSS (e hui pū ana i nā hopena o nā loiloi ma 2000 a me 2001) i waena o nā wahine i kā lākou mauʻumālua a me ʻumiʻumi, 9.8% o ka poʻe i hana ʻole ʻia he moe kolohe, ʻoiai 23.5% o ka poʻe i hana ʻole i moe kolohe . ^ E Ha yM. ʻOi ka nui o kēia ʻokoʻa ma mua o ka hihia o nā kāne o nā hui like ʻole. Ua kīkī ʻo Genda lāua ʻo Saito i kahi wahine ma kāna mau makahiki he ʻumikūmoe ʻelua a ʻelua mau manawa i ka pule me kāna kāne akā ʻaʻole ia i makemake hou e moe kolohe ma hope o kona hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana. "Ke pau loa nei au i ka pīhoihoi a me ka manaʻo o kaʻu kāne i kā mākou moe, ʻaʻole loa wau e kiʻi i ka orgasm. Makemake wau e hiamoe e like me ka mea e hiki ai a makemake i ka pau ʻana o kā mākou male. ʻO ke ola ʻoluʻolu e pili wale ana i ka hana koʻikoʻi ”(Genda a me Saito 2007).

Pēlā ka hana, hana, a me nā pilikia hoʻokele waiwai i hōʻeha ʻia i ke kāne ma ke 2000, e like me ka wā lōʻihi i hala.

Hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka poʻe hana, manaʻo paha kekahi i ke kula kiʻekiʻe o ke kula kiʻekiʻe, ke kula kiʻekiʻe, a ma ke kula kiʻekiʻe hoʻi6 ua maʻalahi ka pōʻino o nā haumāna i ka hana, hana, a me nā pilikia ʻekekema (ʻoiai e pili hou ʻia nā haumāna o ke kulanui. Eia naʻe, ua hōʻemi iki kēia mau haumāna i kā lākou hana moekolohe mai ka wā ma kahi o 2000 a i ʻole 2005.

Wahi a JASE's Nationwide Survey o ka Sexual Behaviors o nā kānaka ʻōpio, ua ʻewalu mau manawa mai ka 19747, ua ulu ka pae o nā ʻike pae a hiki i 1999 a paʻa i waena o 1999 a me 2017 ma waena o ke kula kiʻekiʻe, kula kiʻekiʻe, kula, a me nā haumāna o ke kulanui (Fig. 1) me ka pālahalaha aʻoaʻo ʻana. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, honi ʻia (Fig. 2) a me ke kāne (Fig. 3) hoʻonui a hiki i 2005 a ma laila i hōʻole ai a hiki i 2017.

Laau. 1

ʻAʻole loli nā kumukūʻai o ka ʻike mua ʻana i nā makahiki he ʻoi aku ma mua o 40 mau makahiki

Laau. 2

Hoʻonui ka nui o nā ʻike honi kime a hiki i 2005, a laila hoʻemi ʻia a hiki i 2017

Laau. 3

Hoʻonui ʻia nā kumukūʻai o ka wahine a hiki i 2005, a laila hoʻemi ʻia a hiki i 2017

Hiki iā mākou ke nānā i kēia mau lono e honi ana a me ka ʻike pilikino i waena o ke kula kiʻekiʻe o ke kula kiʻekiʻe, ke kula kiʻekiʻe, a me nā haumāna o ke kulanui i mua o ka ʻoihana pūnaewele a me ke ʻano uila. Ma Iapana, ua hōʻaiola ka lehulehu i ka moe kolohe ma mua o ka 1970. Ma nā 1980 a me 1990, lilo ka pāʻani a me ka wahine i waena o nā ʻōpio, ma mua o ka lilo ʻana i waena o nā poʻe ʻōpio. Ua alualu ʻia nā hana moekolohe me ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka uila i nā kelepona helehelena a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, ma mua o ka manawa o ke kamaʻilio pilikino kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe (Takahashi 2007).

Ma muli o ka ʻike ʻōpio o nā haumāna ʻōpio i ke ʻano o ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻike, i ka pololei ʻana, hiki ʻole ke kuhikuhi i ke kumu o ko lākou moe kuhihewa ʻole i ka ʻikepili ʻikepili hou. Eia nō naʻe, e wiwo ʻole mākou e hōʻike i nā mea pili ʻole i pili pono i ka ʻenehana hou. ʻO nā kuhi ʻehā ka mea i ʻike i ka noiʻi ma mua.

ʻO ka mea mua, hōʻike ka helu helu helu i loko o ka noiʻi JASE he hoʻololi i ka hana noiʻi o nā haumāna ʻōpio ke ʻano nui o kā lākou hana moe kino. I nā 2000 a ma hope iho, hoʻomaka nui nā haumāna e aʻo ikaika a no ka lōʻihi aʻe ma mua o ka hele ʻana i ka lā hoʻomaha (Katase 2018). Manaʻo mākou ua hoʻoikaika ʻia kā lākou aʻo ikaika loa i ka ʻike ʻole ʻana o ka nohona a me ka ʻike ʻole ʻana.

ʻO ka lua, ʻike ka helu helu helu ʻana i ka hoʻokele JASE ma nā 2000, ua kamaʻilio nā ʻōpio i ka moena a me ka pilina a me kā lākou mau hoa me ka liʻiliʻi a me ka pinepine. Loaʻa ʻia ʻo ia mai ka hana loiloi i nā haumāna ʻōpio e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka moe kolohe me ke hoaaloha he kiʻi maikaʻi o ke ʻano moe. Ma muli o ka nui o ka ʻōpio e pili ana i ka moekolohe a no ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka Pūnaewele, ua loli nā haumāna ʻōpio mai nā kamaʻilio ʻana me nā hoaaloha e pili ana i ka wahine i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka Pūnaewele. 2018).

ʻO ke kolu, ua loaʻa pū kekahi i nā kuleana e pili ana i ka moekolohe. Ma hope o ka makahiki 2000, hoʻomaka ka hoʻonaʻauao kelepona ma ke kula i ka hoʻomaka nui ʻana i nā mea (a i nā nui he nui wale nō ka mea) ke pilikia o ka hāpai ʻana a me STD (maʻi i ka maʻi maʻi). A ʻo ka hopena, hoʻōla ka poʻe ʻōpio i ka moe a me ka wahine ʻole, akā, hopohopo ʻo ia i ka makaʻu i ka moe ʻana ma ke ʻano he nui (Katase 2018, 192).

ʻO ka ʻehā, ʻo ka wā i waena o 2000s he hāʻule nō ka makemake aloha i ka aloha, a ma waena o nā wahine. Mai nā 1990 a hiki i kahi kokoke i 2005, nui nā wāhine, me nā haumāna wahine, kaʻana like i kahi ala e noʻonoʻo ai i kau i ke aloha ma luna o nā mea āpau. Hāpai nā wahine i ke kāne ke hōʻike i ko lākou aloha, ʻoiai ʻoiai ʻaʻole lākou i makemake nui i ke kāne. Mai nā wa waena o 2000, ua emi nui ke ʻano aloha o ke aloha, a ua nui ka nui o nā kaikamāhine i makemake ʻole i ka poʻe aloha (Tsuchida 2018).

ʻO kēia mau kuhi ʻehā he kumu nui i ka deactivation male o ka ʻōpio, ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe o nā mea e pili ana i ka pūnaewele a me ka ʻenehana kelepona. Ma kēia mokuna aʻe e noiʻi ai mākou i nā mea e pili ana i ka pūnaewele a me ka ʻenehana kamepiula. A laila ma ka hapa hope, hōʻike mākou i ko mākou hypothesis i nā mea ʻē aʻe i kuleana no ka hōʻeha ʻana i ka moekolohe.

2 ʻO nā hoʻouluulu i ka ʻikepili ʻikepili a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ʻike kāne a me ke ʻano

2.1 Ke kamaʻilio ʻana Via E-Mail a me SNS

Ma Iapana, ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ʻo PC (kamepiula pilikino) a me ke hoʻohana kelepona ʻana mai 1995. Ua pane koke nā poʻe ʻōpio i nā pālaha hou. Ma 2000, ua hoʻonui ka nui o ka lawe kelepona ʻana i waena o nā haumāna haumāna ma 94.4% (Futakata 2006, 87). Ua hoʻomau mau ʻia ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka Pūnaewele i nā PC.

ʻAʻole kahiko nā lole o ke kamaʻilio kūkākūkā ma waena o nā ʻōpio; ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia lākou ma waena o ke kelepona paʻalima a me ka PC. Ua ʻike ʻia he hopena ma waena o nā pūʻulu like ʻole o 2005 ma waena o nā pūʻulu ʻelua, me ka papa kaiāulu, ke ʻano kula, ka nui o ka hoʻonaʻauao, nā ʻano pili aloha, a me ke ʻano kolohe (JASE 2007). ʻO nā mea hoʻohana nui o nā kelepona hele a me nā leka uila kelepona i hoʻohana ʻole ʻia ke kau inoa ma ke kulanui, e hoʻolōʻihi i ka manawa ma ke kūlanakauhale me nā hoaaloha, a ʻo ia hoʻi ka hana hoʻonaninani. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, nā mea hoʻohana koʻikoʻi nā PC8 hiki ke komo i loko o nā kolamu a i nā kula paha, ua hoʻopuka maoli ʻia, ʻaʻole mālama i ke kau ʻana i loko o ke kūlanakauhale, a lawena ʻole. ʻO nā haumāna kula hele kula kiʻekiʻe, ke kula kiʻekiʻe, a me nā haumāna haʻalulu he nui nā mea hoʻohana i nā kelepona a i ʻole leka uila paha iʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hoa pili ʻana, honi, a me nā moemoeā ma mua o nā mea hoʻohana nui o nā PC. ʻO ka hapa o 20 mau makahiki keu ka mea i ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻekolu mau moe kolohe iʻoi aku ma mua o 60% ma waena o nā mea hoʻohana limahana, 20% ma waena o nā mea hoʻohana māmā o nā kelepona, a me 18% ma waena o nā mea hoʻohana nui o nā PC; ʻokoʻa ʻia nā uku. Ma ke kula kula kiʻekiʻe, ʻo ka pakeneka o ka poʻe i hālāwai me ke ʻano o ka wahine ʻē a ka poʻe no ka manawa mua ma hope o ka hoʻoili ʻana o ka leka uila ʻo 58.4% ma waena o nā kāne he poʻe hoʻohana nui o nā kelepona, a ʻo 59.3% i waena o nā wahine i hoʻohana nui. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, he emi loa ka helu o ka 19% ma waena o nā kāne i hoʻohana nui ʻia o nā PC, a me 21.3% ma waena o nā wahine i hoʻohana nui ʻia nā PC. Ma ke kula kula kiʻekiʻe, 56.3% o nā kāne nā mea hoʻohana koʻikoʻi nā PC, a me 39.7% kāne o ka poʻe nui nā mea hana uila, hoʻohana ʻia nā pūnaewele pākeke. Loaʻa nā hui ʻelua i nā ʻokoʻa ʻē9 (Takahashi 2007).

ʻO nā ʻōpio i hoʻohana i nā kelepona i ka wā e hoʻomaka ana nā kelepona kelepona a me nā PC ke kaulana, a hiki i ka 2005, e hoʻonui i kā lākou pilina pilikino ma o ka kamaʻilio media (e like me nā hoa leka uila), hele lākou e hālāwai me ka poʻe a me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ko lākou mau pilina. ma o ke kamaʻilio kūʻokoʻa (Asano 2006). Ua lilo pū nā pūnaewele paʻani pūnaewele, i ka nui o ka 12.1% o nā haumāna kulanui kāne a me 6.5% o nā haumāna kulanui wahine i hoʻohana iā lākou e hālāwai ai me nā poʻe hou ma 2005 (JASE 2007). Mai ko lākou nānā mua ʻana i ka mākeke ma o ka 2005, ua hoʻopili nā kelepona i nā hoʻomaʻamaʻao loea i kēlā me kēia makahiki (pane leo ma 1997, pili pūnaewele ma 1999, kāmele kelepona paʻahana ma 2000, a pēlā aku). Hōʻalo ka ʻike ʻike ʻole ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao liʻiliʻi o nā kelepona i nā hiki ke kū i ka maka, akā ʻaʻole lākou i hāʻawi i nā mea puʻupuʻu maikaʻi i hoʻohilahila ʻia i nā mea hoʻohana mai nā hui maka mua.

Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, i ka manawa like, ʻaʻole i alakaʻi ka leka uila i ka PC ma nā hālāwai pilikino a hāpai ʻana paha i ka pilina. I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, e pili ana i ka moekolohe, hoʻohana wale nā ​​PC iā ia no nā pākeke 2007).

Mai nā 1990 a hiki i ka waena waena o 2000, lilo ke aloha i mea kaulana a haʻi ʻia hoʻi i nā kaila e like me nā mele me nā mele, nā moʻolelo a me nā pā kiʻiʻoniʻoni TV kūikawā no ka hanauna ʻōpio. Ua nui nā manawa i nā kāne a me nā wahine e hui pū ai i kekahi i nā kula a me nā wahi hana, a ma nā 1990, ua ʻike ʻia ke aloha a me ka male ma nā ʻano like ʻole (Yamada 1996). Pēlā i hana ai ka poʻe ʻōpio i nā pilina ma waena a i hoʻomanawanui i ka male ʻana. ʻAʻohe mea hou i loaʻa hou ai i ka poʻe i ka launa wahine i ka manawa like (Tanimoto 2008, Kap. 3).

Ma waena o nā ʻōpio a me nā wahine ʻōpio, ʻo ke ʻano o ka "hoʻopaʻapaʻa" ʻole (ʻo ka wā e pili ana, ka hāʻawi ʻana i ko lākou kapa i ka wā, a i ʻole ka moe kolohe ʻana me nā pākeke no nā kālā a i ʻole nā ​​makana) e ala mai ai i nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa i ka lua ma ka hapa lua o ka 1990s (Enda 2001). ʻO ka nui e like me ka 4% o nā haumāna kula kiʻekiʻe ma Tokyo i loaʻa i kēia mau ʻike, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana e ka Asahi Shinbun (Asahi Shinbun, Sepatemaba 20, 1994). Nui nā kāne me ka noʻonoʻo ʻole i nā ola o nā wahine i kūʻai ʻia i "nā lā" me nā kaikamahine kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole nā ​​wahine ʻōpio (Enda 2001). Ma ka pane i kēia hanana, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka waiwai o ke aloha aloha ma waena o nā haumāna kula kiʻekiʻe a me nā haumāna haʻawina kula (JASE 2007). Ua lulu nui ʻia nā pilina pili āpau, mai ke aloha aloha a me ka pilina, aloha aloha a me ka male, ka aloha aloha a me ka wahine, a me ka like, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka hoʻolaha ʻia o nā kelepona paʻalima a me nā PC i waena o kēia hoʻololi paʻakikī.

Hiki ke ʻōlelo e ma o waena o 2000, ua kākoʻo ʻia nā kelepona ākea a me ka hoʻoikaika nui ʻana i ka romance boom e hoʻomaka ana ma mua o ka manawa o ka Pūnaewele a ua hoʻāla ʻia nā hana moekolohe me ka romance. Ua hoʻonui nui ʻia nā kelepona pili i ka pilina pili o nā ʻōpio a ua hāpai pū ʻia ka kamaʻilio ʻana ma waena o nā poʻe o ke ʻano a me ka ʻae (JASE 2007, 65 – 72).

ʻO ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka Pūnaewele, hoʻāla ʻia i nā ʻāpana kūwaho a me nā pilina pili ʻana. Ma muli o kēia palupalu, ʻimi ʻōpio nā poʻe ʻōpio i ke aloha. Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole: ke aloha maemae, aloha ʻole e like me ke pāʻani, aloha e like me ka pili aloha, a pēlā aku (Tanimoto 2008).

ʻOi loa i waena o nā poʻe ʻōpio, ka nui o ka manaʻo i manaʻo ʻia he "pono ​​ke aloha no ka moʻo ʻana". Ua ʻimi ʻo nā wahine ʻōpio i kēia manawa ke ʻimi i ke aloha a mālama i ka wahine me kā lāua mau keikikāne e hōʻike i ko lākou aloha no lākou, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i pono ka hana ʻana o ka wahine i ka moe ona no kona pono (JASE 2007, 87). No laila ʻo ka pakeneka o nā haumāna kula kiʻekiʻe a me nā haumāna o ke kulanui ua loaʻa iā ia kahi ʻike pilikino i hoʻonui ʻia mai 1999 ma 2005 (JASE 2007, 15).10

Hoʻonui ka kelepona i ke kelepona o ka kamaʻilio ma waena o nā kāne, hāpai i ka pili kokoke, a me ka wikiwiki o ka pilina. Hoʻomaka nā mea hoʻohana nui o nā kelepona i ka pili ʻana, honi, a me ka launa pū me kahi hoaaloha ma mua o (JASE 2007, 72 – 76).

Ma Iapana, ua hoʻolaha nā kelepona kelepona i kekahi ʻano hana ʻano pilikino. A puni ka makahiki 2000, hoʻohana ka mea hoʻolaha i ka hoʻolaha no ka hoʻolaha ʻana a me ke kūkala ʻana i ka "hoʻonaninani hoʻāi ʻia" a me ka hoʻokamakama lele wikiwiki ʻana, mai ke kelepona paʻa ʻana i ke kelepona hele ʻana a i nā pūnaewele hoa pili pūnaewele. Mai ka hapalua hope o 1990 e ala i ka 2000, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā poʻe wahine i ko lākou pale ʻana i ka komo ʻana i ka pili a me ka moekolohe.11 He mea paʻakikī loa nā kumu e makemake ai nā wahine e hoʻāʻo nei e hana i kēia mau hana, a i kekahi mau manawa ʻaʻole i maopopo loa i ka wahine ke kumu. ʻIke mākou no kekahi mea ma o ka 2000, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o ka poʻe e noho ʻilihune (Nito 2014). Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻohe kānalua o ka ʻenehana pūnaewele pūnaewele pono, kahi e hiki maʻalahi ai ke hālāwai me ka mea ʻole i ʻike ʻole ʻia, e hoʻolalelale ʻia ka hoʻopiʻi a me ka moekolohe.

I ka hala lōʻihi loa mai ka 1990s mua ma mua, ua hoʻomau nā kāne i ka lealea o ka hoʻokele waiwai ma mua o nā wahine. Hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia i kēia mau mua. Eia nō naʻe, e hoʻomaka ana i ka waena waena o 2000, ʻoi aku ma hope o ka pilikia kālā o 2008, hoʻonui nui ʻole ka hana a nā kānaka ʻōpio ʻole. Ua hōʻemi ʻia ka manaʻo aloha wahine a me nā makemake o nā wahine ma ke "lanakila" ʻana (Ushikubo 2015). ʻO ke koena e noho nei ma ka pūnaewele kelepona ʻo ia wale nō nā hoʻolaha a me nā leka no ka uku hoʻāliʻi a me ka hoʻokamakama.

Ma kēia ala, ua lilo nā pūnaewele leka uila a me nā pūnaewele hoʻoili pūnaewele holoʻokoʻa ma Iapana e paʻa mau ʻia e nā leka e pili ana i ka moekolohe i hiki ʻole ke ʻae ʻia.

Mai ka wa waena o 2000, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano SNS like ʻole 2-chan a me Mixi. Ua māhuahua iki aʻe ka moʻomeheu SNS, a ua komo pū nā ʻano ʻōpio like ʻole. Aia kēlā me kēia kaiāulu i kāna mau ʻōlelo kūlike, ka'ōlelo, a me ka esthetics, a hoʻomohala ka poʻe i ka manaʻo o ka hoʻokō a me ka noho ʻana. ʻOi aku ka naʻau, ua lilo ka kamaʻilio ʻana ma SNS i ka mea ʻoluʻolu ma mua o ka kamaʻilio maka. Hoʻomaka ka poʻe me ka hoʻohana ʻana i SNS e hōʻike iā lākou iho, hana i nā pilina, a no nā kaiāulu. Ma waho aʻe o Facebook, ʻo ia ka mea e pono ai ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā inoa maoli, kamaʻilio a me nā pilina ma SNS a paʻa i ka Pūnaewele. Ua hoʻomaka ka poʻe i hoʻolimalima manawa hou aku i ka SNS a loaʻa i ka liʻiliʻi i ka hālāwai. E kono i kekahi o ka wahine ʻē i ka hālāwai me ka maka a ma hope o ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā leka ma SNS, pono e hoʻomaikaʻi ka poʻe Kepani i kā lākou mākaukau palapala.

Ka helu o ka hālāwai ʻana o kekahi ke ʻano o ka wahine like ʻole ma hope o ke kamaʻilio ʻana i ka pūnaewele i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa maikaʻi ʻana mai 2005 a i 2011, ma waena o nā kāne a me nā wahine me kekahi pae hoʻonaʻauao (JASE 2007, 2013) (Fig. 4).

Laau. 4

Ka helu o ka hālāwai ʻana o kekahi kanaka o ka wahine ʻē aʻe ma hope o ka acqueintance pūnaewele i hōʻemi ʻia mai 2005 a 2011

E like me ka ʻike ʻana ma luna, ua ʻoluʻolu loa nā ʻōpiopio Kepani me ke kamaʻilio wale ʻana ma ka pūnaewele a keʻole hoʻi e hālāwai me ke ʻano o ka wahine ʻē a lākou e hālāwai nei ma ka pūnaewele.

2.2 Nā Paena Pūnaewele a me nā Poloka

Ma Iapana, hiki i nā pūnaewele pūnaewele ke kiʻi ʻia i nā kamepiula ponoʻī mai ʻo 1995. Ua hoʻomaka nā pūnaewele paʻahana pūnaewele ma 1999. ʻO nā poʻe ʻōpio, ʻo ia hoʻi he mau kaikamahine ʻōpio, ua lilo koke i mea hoʻohana o ka pūnaewele pili pāʻani pūnaewele (Ogiue 2011). Ua hōʻike lākou i nā kukui, e noi ana i nā ʻelele e like me: "E ʻimi nei i kahi kāne i hiki ke hālāwai ʻae i kēia manawa." nanpa (hook-up), hui, a me nā mea aloha (Ogiue 2011). I nā 1980 a me 1990s, ma mua o ka manawa o ka Pūnaewele, ua kaulana loa nā ʻōnaehana kelepona no ke pili ʻana i nā malihini. Ua wikiwiki wikiwiki nā pūnaewele hoa pūnaewele ma kā lākou pūnaewele. Ma 2005, 12.5% o nā haumāna kula haʻawina kāne, 17.6% o nā haumāna kula haumāna wahine, 12.1% o nā haumāna kula kāne kāne, a ʻo 6.5% o nā haumāna kula wahine i hōʻike ʻia ua hoʻohana lākou i nā pūnaewele hoʻoipo (JASE 2007).12

Mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā pūnaewele, ua lawe ʻia nā pūnaewele a me nā noi ʻana i nā moʻolelo a nā ʻōpio'ōpio e ʻimi nei i ka hoʻāliʻi ʻana, a me nā limahana o nā hui lawelawe wahine, e like me nā lawelawe kelepona ma nā 1990. Hoʻopili i ke Law Law Regulation Law, i hoʻoholo ʻia ma 2003, e pāpā ana i nā pūnaewele e kono ana i nā poʻe ma lalo o 18 i kekahi ʻano hana moekolohe. Eia kekahi, ma 2008, ua hoʻoponopono hou ʻia ke kānāwai e koi i ka makahiki maoli o ka mea hoʻohana, i hōʻoia ʻia e kekahi kāleka ID lehulehu, i ka wā e kākau inoa ai ma nā pūnaewele manawa. Ma muli o kēia kānāwai, ua pani ʻia nā pūnaewele nui nui. A ʻo kahi hopena, neʻe ka pahikaua o ka hoʻokele e uku ʻia i SNS, ʻaʻole pono ia i ke kākau inoa ʻana i nā makahiki. ʻO nā pūnaewele paʻahana o Iapana nā kumu maoli no ka hoʻāliʻi ʻana i nā laikini a me ka moekolohe, ʻoi aku ma mua o ka hoʻoponopono o ke kānāwai (Ogiue 2011).

Hoʻohui ʻia, ua nui nā mea laikini ʻole e hoʻohana nei i nā pimp no nā wahine hoʻokamakama i loko o nā pūnaewele a me nā noi, e hūnā ana i nā manaʻo o nā mea hoʻohana kāne me nā kiʻi sekene, nā mea paʻi, a me nā mea hoʻonāukiuki. Ke alakaʻi nei kekahi i nā mea hoʻohana i nā pūnaewele uku ʻē aʻe. Nui nō hoʻi nā pūnaewele paʻahana i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e nā mea hōʻino hewa, e hōʻeuʻeu i nā mea hoʻohana kāne e hoʻomau i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pūnaewele no ka manawa lōʻihi, ma nā uku kiʻekiʻe. Loaʻa i nā mea hoʻohana kāne kāne nā ʻelele mai nā wahine, nā ʻelele hoʻopunipuni i kākau ʻia e nā limahana ponoʻī o nā pūnaewele. Ma ka manawa o nā kāne kāne a pau ʻole ʻoluʻolu ʻole, pau ka pūnaewele, a wehe ʻia kekahi pūnaewele.

Hoʻonohonoho ʻia e nā manaʻo o ka hoʻonaninani a me ka moekolohe, a me nā leka mai nā mea kūʻai aku hewa, nā pūnaewele a me nā noi i loaʻa ka inoa i ka 2000 mua i mau heihei, hoʻomāinoino, a lawehala. Me ka hoʻoponopono o ke kānāwai ma 2008, ua hoʻololi maoli nā ʻoihana hui pūnaewele i kā lākou hoʻokele ʻana i ka hoʻāʻo e hoʻomaikaʻi i ko lākou inoa, ma ka waiho ʻana i nā pimp e nānā ana i nā kaupalena makahiki, a me ka wehe ʻole ʻana i nā leka e hoʻolaha ana i ka hoʻokamakama (Ogiue 2011).

E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma luna nei, ma Iapana, nā pūnaewele paʻahana a me nā noi, ʻokoʻa nā mea ma nā ʻāina Komohana (ʻo Spracklen 2015), ʻaʻole i hoʻohana nui ʻia i ke ala e loaʻa ai kahi hoa a hiki wale i kēia manawa. ʻAʻole hoʻohana ʻia ka hapa nui o ka poʻe Kepani e kākau i nā paʻi maikaʻi a hoʻouna i nā leka hoʻoweliweli. I loko o nā hui kaiāulu he nui, ua hoʻololi nui nā pūnaewele a me nā noi ma ka Pūnaewele i ka wahine a me ka wahine, akā ma Iapana ʻaʻole kēia ka hihia. Ua hoʻokomo pū ʻia ka polokalamu kelepona ʻo Tinder iā Iapana akā ʻaʻole nō i hoʻonui nui ʻia.

2.3 ʻOihana Hana Pūnaewele

ʻO ke kānāwai loiloi Prostitution o 1957 i lilo i kumu no ka pale ʻana i ke kānāwai i kēia manawa i ka moekolohe a me nā lawelawe wahine ma Iapana. Ma kēia wehewehe a ke kānāwai e pili ana i ka moekolohe, hoʻohana ʻia ka huaʻōlelo "ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka wahine". No ka hana ʻana i kēia kānāwai, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā lawelawe ʻano hana ʻole i pili ʻia i ka hoʻokomo ʻia o nā kāne. Ma 1999, ua hoʻoponopono ʻia ke kānāwai e pili ana i nā hana moekolohe e hōʻole i ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā lawelawe moekolohe. Ua kapa ʻia kekahi lawelawe ʻoihana kaikamahine i kapa ʻia ʻo “health delivery” i ke ʻano nui o nā hana moekolohe (Nakamura 2015a, b). Ma 2010, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā keʻena olakino 15,000, e hoʻonui ana i ka 20,000 ma 2017. I kekahiʻaoʻao, ua hoʻoneʻe ke aupuni i nā kī ʻoihana lawena ma nā alanui. Mai ʻo 2004, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā salona he nui e pani ma hope o nā kūpeʻe ʻana o nā mākaʻi (Ogiue 2011). Ma kēia ala ua hoʻololi ka ʻano o nā lawelawe ʻano. ʻO ke kulekele aupuni i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā wahi ʻulaʻula ulaula a hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā alanui, akā ʻo ka neʻe ʻana o ka ʻoihana wahine i ka hana o lalo, ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā hana hana wahine i loko o kahi pōpilikia nui.

ʻO kēlā me kēia neʻe ua hele i kēia lima me ka hoʻomohala a me ka laha ʻana o ka Pūnaewele a me nā ʻenehana kelepona. Hāʻawi ka poʻe lawelawe lawelawe olakino e huki i nā mea kūʻai aku ma o ka hoʻolako ʻana i nā kālā nui ma ka hoʻolaha pūnaewele. Aia nā kiʻi, nā paʻi, a me nā manaʻo pilikino o nā hana hana wahine ma nā pūnaewele. Aia nō hoʻi kekahi mau pūnaewele o ke alakaʻi ʻana i nā kāne i nā pūnaewele o nā ʻāpana. Aia kekahi mau pūnaewele e alakaʻi ana i nā mea hoʻomaka e hiki ai i nā mea kūʻai maikaʻi. ʻO ka nui o ka ʻikepili ma ka pūnaewele pili pono e pili ana i ka hapa nui o ka ʻike i nā kāne a me nā pilina ma nā pūnaewele o Iapana.

ʻO ke ola olakino pili i nā lawelawe moekolohe e pono ke kāpae i ka hoʻopili kāne ʻana, akā hana pinepine ʻia ka lawehala ma loko o ka lumi hōkele a i ʻole ka lumi pilikino o ka mea kūʻai aku (Nakashio 2016).

Ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā palapala hou o nā lawelawe kelepona pūnaewele, e like me nā lawelawe kūkākūkā makua, kahi i kapa ʻia ai nā wahine (i kapa ʻia "wahine wahine") a me nā kāne kāne ke kamaʻilio kūkākūkā ma ka pūnaewele (Ogiue 2011, 178).

A puni ka 350,000 mau wahine i nā mea a pau e ʻōlelo ana e hana i ka ʻoihana hana i kēia lā (Nakamura 2014). Ua hōʻeha koʻikoʻi ka wahine i nā 2000 a ma hope iho, ma muli o ka kaila o ka manawa lōʻihi a me nā pōʻino wahine. Ua hoʻonui ka nui o nā wāhine ma kēia ʻoihana i ka 2000. Eia nō naʻe, ua emi ka nui o nā mea kūʻai mai nā kāne kāne a me nā kumukūʻai lawelawe lawelawe ma ka manawa like, no ka mea, ua emi nui ka mana o nā kāne. Eia kekahi, kūʻai aku nā kāne i nā lawelawe wahine ma mua. Ma kahi hōʻike ʻo 1999 i puni honua e NHK, ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka 20% o nā kāne ma kā lākou mau makahiki, a ua 54% kāne i kā lākou mau thirties, i hoʻohana i ka hana moekolohe ma ka makahiki i hala (NHK 2002). ʻOiai ʻaʻohe hana nui o ka loiloi nui ma ke kūʻai ʻana i nā lawelawe moekolohe ma hope o nā 2000, ke manaʻo ʻia nei ua emi ka nui o ka nui mai 1999. Ua piʻi nui nā hoʻolaha hoʻolaha no nā lawelawe moekolohe ma ka Pūnaewele, akā ua emi ka hoʻohana o nā hana moekolohe i ka makahiki Internet. He helu wale no Iapana e uku ʻia no ka kaohi ʻana o nā kāne male ma ke kūʻai ʻana i nā lawelawe moekolohe. Eia nō naʻe, hoʻomau nā hoʻolaha hoʻolaha no nā lawelawe kolohe e kahe ana o ka Pūnaewele i ka wahine i ke ʻano he lawelawe, no laila e hoʻopilikia i ka ʻike o ka poʻe.

E like me ka ʻike ʻana ma loko o kēia mau ʻāpana he ʻekolu, ua hiki i ka ʻikepili ʻikepili i mea e hoʻomohala a mālama i ka pilina me kā lākou poʻe hoa hana, a mālama pū i nā pilina pilikino ma Iapana. A ʻoiai, ua hāʻawi ka ʻenehana i ka poʻe ʻōpio ka hiki ʻana o ka lehulehu o ka hālāwai ʻana ma mua o nā hui e pili ana i ke ʻano. Eia nō naʻe, mai nā 2000 mua a hiki i kēia lā, ʻaʻole hilinaʻi ka Pūnaewele me kahi wahi e ʻike ai i ka hālāwai maoli, ʻaʻole i kālepa ʻole ʻia, no ka mea ua nui nā manaʻo e noi ana no ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i ka moekolohe a i ʻole moekolohe. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ua hahai ka hapa liʻiliʻi o nā ʻōpio i nā uku a me nā kāne, akā ua emi iki ka nui o ka a me ka mākeke no nā hana kolohe (Nakamura 2014). Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, ua hōʻike ʻia ka 4.9% o nā kāne a me nā wahine ʻo 20 i loaʻa kahi pilina me kekahi kanaka i hālāwai ai lākou ma ka pūnaewele ma SNS a i ʻole nā ​​palapala noi ma 2018 (Rakuten O-net 2018). ʻAʻole nui kēia kūlike. No laila ʻaʻole manaʻo ʻia ka ʻenehana pūnaewele i ka manaʻo o ka moekolohe maoli ma hope o ke mid-2000. Eia nō naʻe, ua manaʻo nui ʻia ka noʻonoʻo pilikino o nā Kepani he nui i nā hoʻolaha kūloko a me nā manaʻo lohi pūnaewele, e like me ka palaka ʻana.

Ma nā māhele ʻelua e hiki mai ana, e noiʻi mākou pehea ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka pūnaewele a me ka ʻenehana pūnaewele e hoʻolako i ka ala pilikino e hoʻolako pono iā lākou iho i ka leʻaleʻa pilikino, a pehea pehea i hoʻololi ʻia nā hana maoli. Kūkā ʻia kēia kūkākūkā ma kahi ʻāpana ma ka ʻ thelelo ʻo Zimbardo lāua ʻo Coulombe (2015), e koi ana i ka pūnaewele a me ka ʻenehana kamepiula e hoʻopilikia nui i ka hiki i ka kāne ke kūkulu i kahi pilina pili pilikino a me nā pilina pilikino ma ka interdisciplinary a me ke kūkā kūkākūkā a me ka psychology, sosiology, physiology, a pēlā aku. Hoʻouka nui lākou i ke kūlana i kēia manawa i United States, akā mālama mākou e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kūlana ma Iapana, ma muli o nā kūlana lehulehu.

2.4 Pūnaewele Pūnaewele

ʻO kahi ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻomohala pūnaewele e pili pū ana i nā hoʻolaha kino. E Kiki2015) kuhikuhi, "ʻo ka hoʻowalewale ʻana i nā ponokala kiʻi ke ʻano nui o ka leʻaleʻa e pili ana me ka Net. Ua ʻoi aku ka ʻoi loa o ka ʻoihana porn Kepani ma mua o 40 mau makahiki. Mai ka hūnā pono ʻana i ka lauoho pubic i ka hōʻike ʻana iā ia, mai nā kiʻi pixillating nui o nā ʻōpū a hiki i ka pixilling liʻiliʻi wale nō iā lākou, mai ka moekolohe simulate i ka moekolohe maoli, ua lilo ka ponokala kiʻi i mea ʻoi aku ka maopopo i nā 1980 a me 1990s i mea e hoʻonāukiuki hou ai. Ua hoʻonui nui ʻia nā helu o nā hale kūʻai wikiō hoʻolimalima a hiki i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā makahiki 1990, a piʻi ka mākeke, keu hoʻi mai 1998 a 2002 (Fujiki 2009). ʻO ka nui o ka mākeke i kēlā manawa ua ʻōlelo ʻia o 300 biliona yen i kēlā me kēia makahiki (Nakamura 2015a), i ka wā i loaʻa ai nā wikiō kiʻiʻoniʻoni no ke kūʻai aku a hoʻolimalima paha a hoʻokūkū ikaika. Hoʻomaka a puni ka 1995, ua komo pū ka porn pili pūnaewele i kēia hoʻokūkū mākeke.

I ka hala ʻana o nā makahiki 1990, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā pūnaewele hāpana o nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni porn, e hāʻawi nei i nā pakalōlō mai ʻekolu a i 15 mau min. 2011). Eia nō naʻe, ma 2000, ua wehe nā pūnaewele waihona i hoʻopuka i nā kiʻi kiʻiʻoniʻoni hou he nui a ua pili pū kekahi i nā pūnaewele hoʻohālike, e hana ana i kahi pūnaewele porn nui (Ogiue 2011, 153). Hoʻololi nui kēia hoʻomohala ma ka pūnaewele porn i ke ʻano o ke ʻano e ʻike ai i ka hana; lilo ia i mea maʻalahi, a pēlā hoʻi, pinepine ka ʻike.13 ʻAʻole i loaʻa nā ʻikepili ʻike kūpono, akā ʻaʻole like me nā ʻāina Komohana, i Iapana kahi ʻuʻuku loa no nā kāne e nānā pū pū aku i ke kiʻi; na kane ke kiai ma kahi huna ia lakou ma ke nana iho. ʻAʻole he mea nui kēia mea ma hope o ka piʻi ʻana o ka maʻi kūlohelohe loa i ka porn Kepani a me ka emi ʻana o nā moe kolohe kāne.

I ka wā hope loa o 2000, ma muli o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā lawelawe wikiō like ʻole, ua uku ʻia nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni a me nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni kiʻi ʻoniʻoni a ua loaʻa pū ʻia me ka uku ʻole. Me ka nui o nā poʻe e nānā ana, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka moʻomeheu wikiō manuahi (Ogiue 2011).

Ua loli nā loea a me ka hoʻokūkū hoʻokūkū i ka hoʻolaha wikiō ʻana ma ka pūnaewele i hoʻololi i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni a nā mākua ma nā ʻano like ʻole. Ua lilo ka lōʻihi o kēlā me kēia kiʻi ʻoniʻoni i pōkole loa. Ma mua o 2000, aia he mau wikiō lōʻihi i hiki ke kapa ʻia he palapala kanaka, a i ʻole nā ​​hana akeakamai. Ma hope o kēlā, akā, ua lilo ka hapa nui o lākou i mea pōkole loa - ma kahi o 5 min, lōʻihi wale nō i hiki ai i ke kāne ke lele. ʻAʻohe o kā nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni a wehewehe paha i ka pilikino a me nā pilina o nā kiʻi. Ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka maikaʻi o nā mea hana keaka. Ua manaʻo nui ʻia nā wahine wahine pelena ma ke ʻano he hana hilahila, a i kahi kekelē nui, ʻike ʻia lākou pēlā i kēia lā. Eia naʻe, no ka loaʻa ʻana o ke kālā a me ke kaulana nā hōkū porn, ua makemake nui nā wahine ʻōpio i komo i ka ʻoihana. Ua ʻimi ikaika ʻo Scout i nā wahine wahine hou. Ua lilo i mau ʻano ke ʻano ʻē aʻe. Ua hoʻololi ʻia kēia mau hoʻololi i ka makemake o ke kāne. Ma waena o 2002 a me 2004, ua hoʻololi wikiwiki nā mea o nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni i mea e loaʻa ai nā stimulus ikaika (Ogiue 2011). I loko o kēia manawa, ʻaʻohe paʻakikī o nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa kanaka a i ʻole hōʻino paha i nā kiʻi o nā kiʻi. Ma ke ʻano he kūwaha nui loa kēia mau keʻena kūloko o Tokyo a me ka luna aupuni i kā lākou ʻike ma ke kula.

Ua hoʻolauna nā mea hana kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi kino i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i nā kāne kāne, a ua hana ʻia nā kiʻi pākeke i kahi ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka manaʻo kāne. Ma Iapana, ʻo nā kāne ke nānā nui loa i ke kiʻi porn a me ka liʻiliʻi loa me ka hoa kāne. No laila, ʻaeʻī nā ʻano o nā kiʻi i ke kūlana hoʻokahi, e hoʻokomo pū i nā waiwai o ke kāne. Ka hana ʻino e like me ke kala ʻana (Weeks 2011) ua lilo ke ʻano lua i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni. I nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni koʻikoʻi, pili loa nā mea hana wahine i ka wā e hoʻāla ʻia ai; ʻO ka hana a nā mea pāʻani i nā meaʻokoʻa i kekahi mau mea, a i ʻole nā ​​holoholona liʻiliʻi, i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o kā lākou vaginas. Lawe wale nā ​​mea hana i nā ʻōlelo a ka luna hoʻomalu.14 Eia naʻe kēia mau kīʻaha, kahi mamao loa mai ka manaʻo maoli o ka wahine a me ke kino o ka wahine, hāʻawi i nā manaʻo kuhi wahine i ka wahine. Hoʻokumu lākou i kahi hilinaʻi paʻa loa i ka noʻonoʻo o nā kāne, ʻo nā wahine kekahi mea hana (Spracklen wale nō 2015, 184). ʻO Zimbaldo a me Coulombe mokuʻāina, "Manaʻo mākou ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ʻole o nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole o ka porn, ka noho kaʻawale ʻana no ka poʻe ʻōpio i ʻike ʻole i ka moekolohe maoli," no ka mea ua manaʻo lākou i ka moekolohe e like me ka neʻe maʻamau o nā ʻāpana o ke kino (Zimbaldo & Coulombe 2015, 30). He ʻoiaʻiʻo kēia e ʻike nei i ka poʻe ʻōpio Kepani.

Eia kekahi, aneane aneane ua ʻole nā ​​mea hoʻopilikino pili ʻana a i ʻole ke aʻo ʻana i nā kiʻi pākeke ma Iapana. Ua haʻalele ʻole nā ​​Feminists i nā kiʻi ʻole a hoʻohewa ʻole ʻia. E like me ka poʻe e nānā i nā kiʻi hūnā i ka nūhou, hoʻomau lākou e kūkākūkā i nā mea i ka lehulehu. No laila, ʻaʻole i lilo ka ponokala i ka pilikia i loko o ka kūkākūkā pili a i ʻole ka noiʻi haʻawina, a ke waiho nei nei he kumuhana kūkala.

Ua hoʻokūpaʻa ʻia i kahi nui o ka nui o nā mea hana hana i hōʻike ʻia i loko o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni kiʻi porn. ʻO nā wahine ʻōpio, ke hoʻopunipuni a hanaʻole ʻia i nā aelike. Ua hoʻoweliweli ʻia lākou me ka nui o ka hoʻopaʻi kālā a ua ʻike ʻia ma nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻole. Nui ka poʻe i hōʻike ʻia i ka hoʻokaumaha a pili pū ʻia nō hoʻi me ke kī ʻole o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i kā lākou kiʻi a me nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ma ke ao honua. ʻO kēia mau hōʻiliʻili kuleana kanaka kīnā ʻole, a me ka hōʻino i ka noʻonoʻo a me nā kino o nā wahine, ua hōʻoia ʻia i loko o kahi pilikia pili i ka pilikia ma 2016 (Miyamoto 2016; Nakamura 2017). Ua haʻi ʻo Setsuko Miyamoto, he lālā o ka "Group for the Awareness of Pornography Damage and Sexual Violence," i kākoʻo ʻia e ka wahine 200, i ʻōlelo ʻia: "ʻAʻole i kū ka popoki noiʻi kanaka me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻenehana" (Nakamura 2017). Ua hoʻoponopono pū ka ʻaha kanaka a me nā kuleana kaiāulu kanaka i kēia pilikia (Human Rights Now 2016), a hoʻoikaika ʻo ke aupuni i ka nānā ʻana. Nui nā mea hoʻonohonoho i kēia ʻoihana ua hopu ʻia. Ua lilo ke kūlana i loko o ka pono porn i ke ola, akā ʻo ka mea hiki i kekahi ke hoʻoiho a hoʻouka paha i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni, ʻoiai ke kiʻi ʻia nā kiʻi ma ka Pūnaewele e pili ana i ka hōʻino o nā pono kanaka a me kahi kumu o ka hana ʻana i nā mea hana mua, ʻaʻole hiki i kekahi ke hoʻopau. aku lākou.

Hoʻohana ka nui o nā kāne i kēia mau kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ma ke ʻano he ʻano aʻoaʻo. I loko o kahi noiʻi JASE ma 2011, 14.9% o nā haumāna kula kula kiʻekiʻe a ʻo 40.7% o nā haumāna kula kulanui ua pane lākou e aʻo ana e pili ana i ke ʻano wahine mai nā kiʻi ʻōpio makua (JASE 2013). Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻole nā ​​kāne i nā ʻike a me nā waiwai o nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni.15

Ke lawe ʻia nei ka noʻonoʻo a me nā kino o nā ʻōpio i loko o ke ao o nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni, ua lilo ko lākou mau manaʻo i mea paʻakikī a hana ʻino i nā wahine ma nā 2000, a he hopena nui kēia no nā ʻike pilikino. I nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni makua, hāʻawi maʻalahi nā wahine i nā kāne i kā lākou makemake. Akā ʻo nā wahine maoli e hōʻike pinepine i ka hoʻomaha ʻana i ka moe ʻana, e ʻeha paha ka hōʻeha ʻana, a ʻōlelo paha ʻaʻole. ʻAʻole maopopo i ka hapa nui o nā kāne pehea e kū ai i kēia ʻano ʻano i ke ola maoli. ʻAʻole kamaʻilio ka hapa nui o nā ʻohana Kepani e pili ana i ko lākou makemake. ʻO ka hopena, ua hoʻoholo nā kāne he nui ʻaʻole pono lākou i ka moʻo maoli inā hiki iā lākou ke nānā i nā kiʻi kikowaena. No laila ua hoʻolako ʻia nā kiʻi kikowaena i ka wahine maoli ma Iapana. ʻAʻole kakaikahi kekahi mau wāhine e hoʻopiʻi nei i nā ʻōlelo pūnaewele e nānā pololei ana kā lākou mau kāne kāne i nā kiʻi huna.

Ke hoʻolauna nei i ka noiʻi i loko o ke kahua o ka physiology a me ka psychology e pili ana i ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kiʻi ma ka pūnaewele i hoʻopilikia ʻia e nā kānaka e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka ʻano o kēia mau hanana. Ma ka haku ʻia a me Coulombe, e hoʻohana ana i ka huaʻōlelo "enchantment of technology," e hōʻuluʻulu i nā hopena noiʻi hou (Zimbardo a me Coulombe 2015. ^ E Ha yM. Ch.11) ʻO ka kino pilikino ikaika loa, ka lolo, e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka hoʻololi kino a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kiʻi porno loa. Ke hoʻololi nei kekahi mau loli e like me ka pili ʻana o ka lāʻau lapaʻau. I ka hoʻomaka, ʻo ka hoʻoulu ʻana mai ka porn e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka dopamine a hūnā i nā hopena. Akā e like ma ke ʻano o ka lolo o ka mea i hoʻoulu ʻia, ka nui o ka dopamine e emi, e koi ana i nā ʻano hou aʻe o ka hoʻoulu ʻana.

E like me ka hoʻoulu ʻia ʻana o ka hoʻouluulu ʻana a hiki ke hoʻolako ʻia ma ka pūnaewele, hiki ke paʻakikī ke ʻike i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka male ʻana. Ke hala nei ka manawa, ʻaʻole hiki ke mālama ʻia nā kūkulu ʻana me ka ʻole o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka porn, a me ka hiki ʻana i ka ejaculation e lilo i paʻakikī hou. Ua ʻike ʻia e ka noiʻi ʻana e ka Max Plank Institute for Human Development e pili ana ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka porn i ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka mea hina ma ka wahi i pili i ka naʻau o ka noʻonoʻo-hoihoi. Ke emi nei ka mea hina, ua hoʻemi ʻia nā mea ʻelua o dopamine a me nā dopamine. No laila ua manaʻo ʻia e pono hou a hoʻoulu hou ʻia e hoʻokō ma ka neʻe ʻana ma o ka hōʻeuʻeu ʻana o ka wahine (Zimbardo a me Coulombe 2015).). Manaʻo mākou e hoʻomau nei kēia noiʻi hou a me ka noiʻi hou e pili ana, e ulu nui nā hopena a ʻike i nā hopena.

Ma hope, nānā mākou i nā hopena o ka paʻi kiʻi pūnaewele ma nā wahine. ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale loa nā kiʻi wahine i ka leʻaleʻa wahine. Ke aʻo nei wau ma ke kulanui, lohe pinepine wau i nā haumāna wahine e ʻōhumu nei nā makemake e makemake ana kā lākou mau hoa kāne i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni. Ua ʻōlelo lākou ua loaʻa lākou i ka ʻeha no ka mea ua ʻoi aku ko lākou mau keikikāne me lākou. ʻOiai inā hōʻole nā ​​uʻi ʻōpio i ka hoʻokauwau ʻana i nā ʻenehana hoʻohālikelike loa i ka porn, ʻaʻole lākou ʻike i ka "wahine pane kūwaho wahine" (Balon and Segraves) 2009).). ʻAʻole leʻaleʻa nā wahine, a no laila lilo lākou i ka makemake i ka moe ʻana.

Wahi a ka loiloi holoʻokoʻa (JFPA 2017), ʻo ka makemake o nā wahine i ka wahine i hōʻike ʻia e like me kēlā (Fig. 5).). No nā wahine i hala 20 – 24, ʻoiai ke kumu o ka hoʻonui a me ka hoʻēmi ʻana o ka ʻae "ʻaʻole pili" i ʻike ʻole ʻia, ʻoiai 2008 ka emi ʻana o ka hapa o ka "ʻoi aʻe ka makemake a" ʻaʻole i makemake nui. a hoʻonui ʻokoʻa ". ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia kahi hoʻokolokolo kikoʻī o ka hoʻololi. Eia naʻe, ke hoʻohiki nei mākou i ka emi ʻana o ka makemake o nā wahine i ka moe ʻana i pili i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kiʻi wahine porn.

Laau. 5

ʻAʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona maʻalahi, akā ʻo 20-24 nā wahine i makemake ʻole i ka moe kolohe ke hoʻonui ʻana i ka ulu ʻana mai ka 2008

ʻAʻole hiki iā mākou ke hoʻoholo i ka helu kūpono o nā wikiō porn i hana ʻia a hoʻoiho ʻia i Iapana i kēlā me kēia makahiki, akā e pili ana i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoniʻi 10,000 e ʻōlelo ʻia e hana ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki, a ʻo 3000 ka wahine e hoʻomaka ana he mau mea hana kiʻi wahine ma kēlā me kēia makahiki (Ogiue 2011).). Eia nō naʻe, no ka mea, no ka nui o nā wikiō wikiō e hiki ke nānā ʻia no ka manuahi, ua heʻe ka nui o ke mākeke ma kahi o 50 a i 60 biliona yen i 2017, heʻumalima wale nō ka nui o ka mākeke XirumX. Hoʻomau ka hoʻomehana mau ʻana o nā ʻoihana, akā ke paʻakikī nei ka mākeke i ke ola.

Pono mākou e hoʻomaopopo i ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o nā kāne ʻōpio a me nā wahine ʻōpio ʻaʻole e nānā i ka porn. Ua nānā ka noiʻi a puni ka ʻāina e JASE i ka ʻike o ka "kiaʻi ʻana i nā wikiō no nā mākua" i ka makahiki 1999 a me ka ʻike o ka "nānā ʻana i nā wikiō no nā mākua" a me "ke nānā ʻana i nā pūnaewele makua ma ka Pūnaewele" i ka makahiki 2005 a me ka makahiki 2011. Me ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka Pūnaewele, ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia ka pāpāho porn mai hoʻolimalima DVD a DVD paha ma ke kūʻai (a i hōʻaiʻē DVD mai nā hoaaloha) i ka Pūnaewele. Eia nō naʻe, i ka 2011, i ka wā i hoʻonui nui ʻia ai ka Pūnaewele a uhi piha ka porn Internet i ka porn DVD, 78.8% o nā haumāna kāne o ke kula nui “i nānā i nā pūnaewele makua ma ka Pūnaewele. I ka makahiki 1999, 92.2% o nā haumāna kāne o ke kulanui i "nānā i nā wikiō makua." I nā makahiki he 12, ua emi ka pākēneka e 13.4%, i ka pāhola ʻana o ka pūnaewele.

ʻOi aku ka nui o ka hāʻule ʻana i waena o nā haumāna kula wahine. Ma 1999, 50.3% "nānā i nā wikiō makua," a ma 2011, 23.6% "i ʻike ʻia i nā pūnaewele makua ma ka Pūnaewele," i kahi lohi o 26.7%. Ma 1999, ʻo ka hapanui o nā wikiō makua ua i nā palupalu a me ka haʻahaʻa, akā ʻoiai 2011, ua ʻoi loa ka ʻōwili a me ka lohi loa, no laila hiki iā mākou ke manaʻo e haʻalele nā ​​wahine i ka nānā ʻana iā lākou.16

ʻO ka mahalo, loiloi17 ka pilina ma waena o ke nānā ʻole ʻana i ka porn a me ke kiʻi o ka wahine, ʻike ʻia ʻaʻole ka ʻike ʻole ʻia o ke kiʻi i ke kino a pili ʻole i ka kiʻi maikaʻi ʻole o ka wahine mai “ʻaʻole leʻaleʻa” a me ka “palu” i waena o nā kula kiʻekiʻe a me nā haumāna kula haʻahaʻa, ʻo lāua hoʻi wahine, a i ʻole he ʻike maka, aneane like me 1999, 2005, a me 2011 loiloi (Harihara 2018, 117 – 122). ʻOiai ʻaʻole ʻike mākou i nā kumu kumu o kēia hopena, hiki iā mākou ke manaʻo e pīhoihoi a ʻaʻole hoʻi i ʻike ʻia kekahi kiʻi ʻōpio no kekahi poʻe ʻōpio, a no laila pale lākou i ka nānā ʻana, mālama i ka kiʻi maikaʻi ʻole o ka wahine, a mālama iā lākou i kahi mamao aku.

Pono ʻia noiʻi hou18 i nā kumu e pale ai ka poʻe i ka porn. Puhi paha kekahi kāne i ka ʻike piha a me ka manaʻo kāne. ʻO kahi hou, hiki i kekahi ʻano kanaka ke ninini i kā lākou libido i loko o nā kiʻi i nā hanana, nā pāʻani, a pēlā aku, mākou e noiʻi ai i ka pauku hou.

2.5 Ka Huakaʻi o ʻO Otaku Entertainment

Ua kapa ʻia nā poʻe e makemake nei i nā leʻaleʻa like ʻole a me ke kiʻi e like me nā hana hoʻonani, manga, a me nā pāʻani otaku. ʻO Otaku hoʻi hou ka moʻomeheu i nā 1970s. ʻO ka 1980 mua ka mea i ʻike i ka hiki ʻana mai o nā kānaka a me kahi moʻomeheu e nānā ana me nā kiʻi wahine. Ke kahakaha nei ke ʻano o ke kiʻi moe kolohe i ka 1983, ke hoʻololi ʻana mai nā kiʻi like ʻole i ke kiʻi kiʻi like ʻana i nā hōʻailona hōʻailona hou i loko o ka hana a me ka manga. Pēlā i hoʻokumu ʻia ai kahi ʻano hou o ka hōʻailona eroticism (Otsuka 2004).). Ma hope iho, ma nā 1990s, hoʻonui ʻia ka lehulehu e hana i kahi hui nui. Ua loaʻa i nā mea hana Animation kā lākou pane a hana i kahi honua o nā hiʻohiʻona me ka hoʻopiʻi kū i ka wahine, aloha ʻia e nā otaku nā kānaka.

ʻO Otaku ʻokoʻa nā kānaka, ua loli ka kaiāulu i ka manawa. No laila o ka ho'ākāka o otaku a me na ano o ka otaku ua kūkā ʻia ka moʻomeheu i ka lōʻihi (Tagawa 2009).). Kākoʻo mākou i ka ʻike i ka psychiatrist Tamaki Saito, ka mea nāna e wehewehe otaku nā kānaka ma kā lākou kikoʻī o ka moe kolohe (Saito 2006).). Aia kahi ʻano like o otaku ua pili ʻia i nā ʻano he nui o otaku moʻomeheu, akā ua noʻonoʻo kēia pepa i nā poʻe i nānā i nā poʻe wahine i nā pakuhi, manga, a me nā pāʻani.

ʻO nā mea i hopu ʻia e ka nani o nā hiʻohiʻona wahine hiki ʻole ke hoʻopā i kā lākou mea aloha i ka ola maoli. No laila, ʻoliʻoli lākou i ka nānā ʻana iā ia i kāna mau hana, e noʻonoʻo ana iā ia, e kūʻai ana i kāna waiwai kūʻai, kiʻi iā ia, a me ka kākau ʻana i nā moʻolelo e pili ana iā ia e hōʻike i ko lākou aloha. E aloha ana i kahi ʻano hiki ʻole ke hoʻopili pololei ʻia ke kāhea ʻia moe a ua ʻōlelo ʻia e like me ke aloha mua o kekahi. No laila, aia nā kiʻi wahine a pau i kau ʻia moe i kahi hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi loa (Hotta 2005).). Mai ka maʻemaʻe otaku he puʻupaʻa nā kāne iā lākou iho, makemake lākou i nā wahine puʻupaʻa e like me nā wahine puʻupaʻa e like me (Nakamura 2015a, b).

ʻO ka wikiwiki o ka pālahalaha ʻana o ka DVD, e hiki mai ana ma ka mākeke ma 1996, ua pili pū me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka nui o nā kāne i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā wahine wahine wahine. Ke hoʻomau nei ka ʻenehana CGI i ka holomua, a ua ʻoi pololei nā kiʻi o nā wahine wahine, hoʻonui i kā lākou hoʻopiʻi.

E like me nā pāʻani kamepiula, ua hoʻokuʻu mua ka pāʻani aloha-simulation ma 1994, a loaʻa iā ia ka mea kaulana i ka manawa hoʻokahi. Mai ia manawa, lehulehu otaku hopu ʻia ka puʻuwai o nā poʻe e nā pāʻani aloha-simulation.19 I nā pāʻani (Fig. 6), ua hiki iā lākou ke alo i ke ʻano maikaʻi o ke kaikamahine maikaʻi mai ke kiʻi ʻana o ka mea pāʻani, e hoʻolohe i kāna moʻolelo, a e lilo hoʻi i hoa hana. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa loa nā mea pāʻani i ke aloha wahine i nā pāʻani ma mua o nā hanana animations a me nā mangas.20 E hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia lākou i ke aloha a lākou e ʻike ai ke ʻano he mau ʻokoʻa a ke ʻano ʻo ia wale nō kā lākou ʻōlelo kūloko 2005). ʻO Otaku makemake ke kāne i ʻelua ʻano ʻelua, ʻaʻole ke ola maoli: ʻo kēia ʻano o ke aloha i kapa ʻia he aloha wahine, a hiki nō ke hopena i ke kuʻala. No ka mea ole lākou i ka launa aloha me ka poʻe, pili lākou i ka pilina kanaka, a pili nui lākou i ke ʻano. Kekahi otaku nā kāne kāne i kū i nā pūlani like like me nā kiʻi wahine, a i ʻole nā ​​uluna puhaka me kāna kiʻi i paʻi ʻia ma luna (Kuhi. 7). ^ E Ha yM. Hoʻonohonoho kekahi i kā lākou mau lumi moe me nā ukana a pau me ke ʻano e hōʻike ana i kā lākou mau mea aloha (Fig. 8).

Laau. 6

ʻO ka RPG Online no ke kelepona ʻoi aku "ʻO nā Hāmeʻa Huli" (2016) (ʻO nā kaikamahine heleʻokoʻa)

Laau. 7

Hoʻopili ʻia ka pale pale i ke ʻano ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua

Laau. 8

ʻO kahi lumi o Otaku i kāhiko ʻia i nā huahana o ke ʻano

I waena o nā pālahalaha o nā pāʻani kaikamahine, loaʻa pū kekahi pū pāʻani porn. I loko o lākou, hāʻawi nā hiʻohiʻona pēpē i nā ʻano o nā hana moekolohe, pili ʻia i nā hana o nā mea pāʻani. Hiki i ka poʻe pāʻani ke hoʻokomo pū ʻia i loko o kēia honua, ʻaʻole i ka wahine maoli, ka mea i hilinaʻi ʻia. No laila, ʻo nā ʻōpio'ōpio me ke kiʻi o ka moekolohe, neʻe ʻia i loko o kēia ao, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke pakele.

ʻO Otaku ʻike ʻia ka moʻomeheu i ka pakele no ka poʻe i haʻalele i ka maka aloha maoli, a hana pinepine ʻia ia. ʻOiai mai kā mākou hiʻohiʻona, i ka nānā mua otaku ke ʻano maʻalahi o ka leʻaleʻa he kumu maʻalahi o ke kaumaha make i ka moekolohe. Eia naʻe, the dynamics of otaku He paʻakikī loa ka leʻaleʻa, ʻo ia hoʻi nā mea e hōʻike ai e loaʻa ana i nā mea hoʻokalakupua kahi ala maikaʻi loa i ka wahine. Pono ke nānā pono loa i nā mea ʻokoʻa o nā otaku mea pili no ka wahine.

ʻO Koki Azuma, kahi mea kākau i hōʻike i ka nui o otaku moʻomeheu, hoʻopaʻapaʻa ana nā pāʻani kaikamahine e like me ʻAuawahine i na kane opio. ʻO kēia mau mea pāʻani "e hoʻohālikelike i nā ʻike pseudo-ola, a ke hui nei nā mea pāʻani i kā lākou mau hoa, ka wahine aloha, ʻike i nā hana a lilo i poʻe kāne ma o ka pāʻani pāʻani" (Azuma 2007, 311). Ke nānā nei mākou mai waho, ʻaʻole pono e noʻonoʻo i ka ulu ʻana i kēlā otaku ʻike nā kāne i loko.

Ua hana ʻo Mitsunari Oizumi i ka ʻike makahele otaku no nā makahiki he 10 a ʻoi (ma mua)otaku ke kanaka a ua hōʻike i ka paʻakikī o nā kūlike o ka noʻonoʻo o ka otaku. ^ E Ha yM. I kāna wehewehe ʻana, ka otaku aloha ke kāne me nā kaikamahine kaikamahine nani, no ka mea ʻaʻole ʻo ia e "makemake nui no ka wahine" akā ua "hates masculinity." ʻO Otaku ʻaʻole hiki i nā kāne ke ʻae i ka moekolohe kāne kāne. Hō wehewehe pinepine ʻo ia otaku kāne kāne like me ke akahai. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Oizumi, e noi hou ana i ka ʻimi Jungian psychology, i otaku ʻo ke aloha kāne a nā wahine wahine ke ala like o ke hoʻohui ʻana i ka "anima" i loko o lākou iho, kahi mea e lawe ai iā lākou i ka noʻonoʻo makemakika (Oizumi 2017).

Ma ka māhele i hala, ua kūkākūkā mākou i nā mea i pili ʻia i ka manaʻo o ka male ʻana i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ma Iapana a me ka nui o ka poʻe ʻōpiopio e hoʻohana ʻole i ka porn. Inā ʻo nā uʻi ʻōpio ʻaʻole i hoʻohana i ka porn otaku nā kāne e makemake makemake i ka male ʻana, he ʻano kūlohelohe ko lākou hoʻōla ʻana a he mea e hōʻike lākou i kahi ala kūpono, maikaʻi ʻole haʻahaʻa i ka moekolohe. Eia mākou he nīnau hoihoi. Hiki ke hoʻomaopopo i kēia kāne moʻo kanaka lehulehu wale nō ia otaku kāne akā i ka pilina maoli? I pane i kēia nīnau, pono mākou e noʻonoʻo i ke kaʻina hana o otaku ka wahine holoʻokoʻa i ka ulu pilikino, a me ka hoʻololi kuʻina o otaku.

Kiki Okura (2011) ninaninau otaku nā kāne i hānau ʻia a puni 1980, e nānā ana i ke ʻano o kā lākou ʻano, e hoʻi hou ana i ko lākou mau wā'ōpiopio. Wahi a Okura, otaku Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā kāne i ʻelua mau ʻano. Hoʻokahi ʻano o otaku i ʻōlelo ʻia e ke kāne penei: "ʻOi aku ka leʻī o ke aloha iā ʻoe naʻe, akā, ʻaʻole wau i hoʻoikaika maoli e loaʻa i kahi aloha. No laila, ʻaʻole wau makemake i kekahi." "ʻAʻole wau makemake i ke aloha nui." “Maʻa ka masturbation.” He liʻiliʻi lākou, inā i ʻole, ke koi ʻana i ka wahine a me ka male ʻana; mahalo lākou i kēia mau mea ma mua o ko lākou otaku hoʻōlau. I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole lākou e "pakele mai ka ʻoiaʻiʻo" akā loaʻa ka manaʻo maoli maoli i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo.

O ke ano ʻē o otaku 'statedlelo aku nā kāne: "Makemake au i ka makemake i ka wahine, akā ua poina au i ka manawa i koʻu lā kula kiʻekiʻe." "Makemake au i kahi hoaaloha, akā ke makemake nei naʻe au e hūnā i kaʻu pahuhopu e pili ana i nā kiʻi wahine." Manaʻo kēia mau kāne e hūnā i ko lākou makemake nā wahine wahine, e hoʻāʻo e launa me nā wahine, a i ʻole e ho'āʻo e kaulike i nā pāʻani Pūnaewele a me nā pilina aloha maoli. Wahi a kēia noiʻi, ua ʻokoʻa ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o kēia mau ʻano e ka mea i lilo ai lākou otaku a ua noho lākou i waho otaku moʻomeheu i ka wā'ōpiopio, ka mea i hoʻokumu ʻia ai ka moekolohe ʻana o nā pākeke. ʻO ka poʻe i mālama i ko lākou wā'ōpiopio ma waho o otaku hiki i ka moʻomeheu ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā manaʻo a me nā ʻike e pili ana i kaʻoiaʻiʻo o ke aloha a me ka moena i waena o nā hoa o ka like a me ka kāne. Ma kēia hōʻike ʻana, ʻike ʻia nā ʻike pili mua me nā hoaaloha e alakaʻi i ka hoʻoikaika a me nā aʻo ʻana o ke aloha. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, nā poʻe i kamaʻāina ma mua otaku moʻomeheu ʻōpio i ka wā ʻōpio a ua pili nui nā manaʻo i nā kumuhana a me nā hana o nā ʻano a me nā pāʻani a me nā pāʻani i waena o kā lākou mau hoa, a ʻaʻole i kamaʻilio e pili ana i ke aloha maoli a i ka wahine paha (Okura 2011). Hōʻike kēia hopena i kahi wā koʻikoʻi i loko o ka hoʻolālā pilikino e pili ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka moekolohe o otaku.

ʻO Otaku kanaka a me ka moʻomeheu i hoʻohuli ʻia ma 2000, i ʻelua manawa (Harada 2015). ʻO ka wā mua loa ma 2000 a 2005, kahi i hoʻopalaha ai nā DVD a e hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ka maikaʻi CGI. ʻO ka wehewehe pono ʻana o nā kiʻi wahine i alakaʻi i ka pua o moe moʻomeheu. Me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka Pūnaewele, i ka hapa hope o ka manawa mua, ʻo ka pāpāho no ke kolo ʻana i nā animations ua hoʻololi ʻia mai DVDs i ka Pūnaewele. Ma ka hopena, otaku loaʻa ka poʻe i nā pilina kanaka a hui i nā hanana ma nā kūlanakauhale. ʻO Otaku Ua puka hou nā wahine ma kahi hui a ʻākoakoa i loko o ke kūlanakauhale.21

Hoʻomaka ka lua helu ma ka hapa hope o ka 2000s. ʻO nā waiwai a me nā kūlike o otaku lilo ka moʻomeheu "māmā," a me ka palena ma waena o nā kānaka maʻamau a me otaku ua emi loa. I ka manawa like, lilo nā animations, manga, a me nā pāʻani i nā hoihoi hoihoi. ʻO Otaku ʻaʻole e loaʻa i ka moʻomeheu ʻaʻole wale ma ke aupuni āpau akā ua kaulana kekahi i ka honua. ʻO ke kaonaʻo Tokyo ʻo Akihabara, ke kahua kikowaena o otaku moʻomeheu, ua hoʻohuli ʻia e ka mākaʻi hou ala (ma 2005) i wahi maka ʻike me ka leʻaleʻa maʻamau e hiki ai i kekahi ke kipa aku. ʻO kahi pūnaewele kiʻekiʻe a me nā mana i hoʻolaha ʻia i ka pūnaewele i kapa ʻia ʻo Nico Nico Movie i wehe ʻia i 2008, e hoʻokomo i nā kala o otaku moʻomeheu, a ua lilo hoʻi i mea kaulana i waena o nā poʻe ʻōpio. Ua loaʻa i nā mea kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi AK AKXXUMUMX, ka mea i hoʻomaka ai lākou i kahi hale kiʻi pilikino ma Akihabara ma Mei 48, i loaʻa ka kaulana i nā kiʻi kiʻi nūnē, ʻaʻole wale ma ke kaiāulu. otaku nā akua kiʻi. Ua noʻonoʻo kuhi ka hui i ka hoʻokokoke pilikino i, a i ʻole hui pilikino, me kā lākou mea e aloha ai, ma ka Pūnaewele a me nā makahiki keleponaʻenehana.

Mau māhele o otaku ua hele ka moʻomeheu mai subcultures i ka ʻaoʻao nui ma Iapana mai ka hapa hope o ka 2000s (Harada 2015). Ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi ma 1990, 2005, 2009, a me 2015 ma nā wahi ʻelua (Suginami city ma Tokyo a me ke kūlanakauhale kūloko o Matsuyama i Ehime Prefecture), ke kuhikuhi ana i nā kāne a me ka wahine ʻo 20 makahiki, e hōʻike ana i ka pakeneka o nā poʻe e koho ana i nā "comics. , 'o nā leʻaleʻa, nā pāʻani, ke aloʻohi' ole "e like me kā lākou" kaukuhi nui "i hoʻonui mau 'ia ma nā kūlanakauhale' elua ma nā makahiki. ʻO ka helu i hui pū ʻia he 2.7% ma 1990, akā ua hoʻonui ʻia i 10.5%, 10.4%, a me 20.6% ma Suginami a i 14.8%, 16.0%, a me 24.9% ma Matsuyama i 2005, 2009, a me 2015, kēlā. Maopopo otaku ua pālahalaha nui ka moʻomeheu. Eia naʻe, ʻo nā mea i makemake nui i nā kiʻi wahine he mea hoʻokahi wale nō o ke kiʻi. Ma ka hōʻike like nei, nā poʻe i loaʻa kekahi like otaku”-ʻAmaʻa otaku- hoʻonohonoho wale ʻia ʻo 13.4% ma 1990 a hoʻonui i 46.8%, 59.4%, a me 53.3% ma Suginami a i 36.0%, 50.0%, a me 53.3% ma Matsuyama. Ma nā wahi ʻelua, e holo mau ana ka nui, a nalowale ka lōʻihi ma waena o Tokyo a me ke kūlanakauhale kūloko. I kēia lā, ma 2015, ʻoi aku ma mua o ka hapalua o 20 kāne mau makahiki kāne a me nā wahine i hoihoi ʻia otaku moʻomeheu, ʻo ka "māmā" makemake (Tsuji et al. 2016).

Light otaku ʻaʻole kanaka i kamaʻilio kanaka a nele ʻole paha i kahi kamaʻilio nele, a ʻo kekahi o lākou kekahi i aloha a me nā kāne a me nā hoa hana maoli (Harada 2015). Eia nō naʻe, inā pili lākou i ke aloha a me ka wahine a ma ke ʻano he pāʻani ʻelua a hoʻoheʻe paha, ʻaʻole lākou e noʻonoʻo pono i ka pilina pili maoli. Ma ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa, ʻike ka manaʻo o ke aniani i kahi ʻano animale a me ke aloha o kahi kanaka maoli e hoʻokaʻawale i kēlā me kēia, i ka hakakā ʻana. Hoʻokahi ka hoʻolaha hoʻolaha o ka pāʻani no nā pāʻani "Alternative Girls": "ʻAi ʻia kēia pāʻani no ka mea nona ka wahine aloha" (Appliv-Alternative Girls), hōʻike ʻia he mea leʻaleʻa ka pāʻani a hiki i kahi mea i nalowale kekahi i kāna ola maoli. hoha wahine. Laulaha, otaku nā kāne i makemake i nā kaikamahine aloha ola maoli ʻelua mau hoʻolālā. ʻO kekahi e ʻimi i nā wahine i maopopo i kā lākou otaku ʻoi aku ka makemake, a ʻo ka mea ʻē aʻe, ʻo ia nō e mau kaikamahine a hūnā iā lākou otaku makemake ʻia mai lākou (Harada 2015). ʻAʻole hiki ke maʻalahi ka hoʻolālā o ka hoʻolālā mua, a ʻaʻole maʻalahi ka hope e hahai, no ka mea, ke koho koke ʻia nei ko lākou makemake.22 Eia naʻe, manaʻo ʻia ua lilo ka ʻano o ka dichotomy o ka honua maoli / romance / sexuality ma ke ao honua / romance / moekolohe. otaku lilo ka moʻomeheu i mea ʻole.

ʻO Otaku ua loli nui ka moekolohe a like me kā mākou e ʻike nei. I kēia lā otaku lilo ka moʻomeheu i lilo i mea ikaika loa, a otaku ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kāne i loaʻa i ka wahine. E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna, ʻo kekahi otaku inaina aku nā kāne i ka moekolohe a hoʻokaumaha ʻia a lawe i kahi ala ʻoi aku ka ʻoluʻolu. I kēia manawa makemake mākou e noʻonoʻo hou i nā mea hiki ke loaʻa i ka moekolohe me kahi ʻano ʻoluʻolu mai i nā pilina. Manaʻo mākou he mea hiki kēia a ʻoiaʻiʻo paha kēia ke ala e wāwahi ai i nā pilikia i ka wā i ulu ai ka moʻolelo ʻo Iapana. ʻO ke kumu otaku makemake nui nā kāne i ka poʻe kāne he nui a manaʻo ʻia he kī piha ʻole ke kaiāulu i ka porn kāne kāne. No laila inā nui ka ʻōlelo a ka poʻe kūkākūkā i ka porn, a hāʻule ʻole nā ​​kānaka ma lalo o kāna kiʻī, e lilo nā kiʻi ʻinoʻino i kona mana, a me ka otaku pau aku ka inaina o ka masculinity

ʻOiai ʻaʻole hiki ke hōʻole ʻia kēia mau mea i hala, a lōʻihi ka manawa ma mua o ka ʻike ʻana i nā hōʻike e pili ana i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i kēia lā.

3 Panina

Ua hāʻawi mākou i kahi hōʻike pōkole o ka interifaceted interplay o ka ʻikepili ʻike a me ka hoʻonaninani o nā ʻōpio ma Iapana mai 2000. Kuhi ʻia kēia kumuhana no nā haʻawina kula ma Iapana. He nui nā noiʻi a me nā noiʻi paha i lawelawe ma kēia kumuhana. No laila, he aha nā mea a mākou i hana ai i kēia pepa, he mea like me ke kau ʻana i nā ʻāpana o ka puʻupuʻu jigsaw ma kahi ʻihi. ʻIke ʻia wale nō ke kiʻi holoʻokoʻa akā maʻa iki ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, ʻoiai ke hoʻomaopopo nei i nā ʻāpana kahi i ʻike ʻole ʻia e mākou. I kēia māhele hope loa, e hopu hou mākou i kā mākou kiʻi holoʻokoʻa loa. A laila e kamaʻilio mākou i ka hypothesis o nā mea ʻē aʻe i hopena paha i ka hōʻino ʻana i ka moe kolohe a no nā hoʻonā. I ka hopena, makemake mākou e kuhikuhi i nā kumuhana koʻikoʻi no ka noiʻi ʻana i ka wā e pili ana i ka pilina ma waena o ka ʻenehana a me ka moemoeā.

Mai ka 2000, ua hāʻawi ka hoʻomohala ma ka ʻoihana pūnaewele a me ka ʻenehana i ke kanaka e komo i nā lehulehu ākea o ka leʻaleʻa pilikino. ʻO kekahi kekahi o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni porn, a ʻo kekahi hoʻi ke ʻoliʻoli e pili ana i ke aloha ʻana i nā hana a me nā pāʻani. ʻO ka holomua o kēia mau ʻano mea leʻaleʻa, i ko mākou manaʻo, ʻo ke kumu nui loa i ke kiʻina i ka moe ʻana i Iapana mai ka waenakonu o 2000. Hoʻolālā ʻia ka porno no ke kāne, me ka ʻike maka kāne kūʻokoʻa, e hāʻawi ana i ka manaʻo maoli ʻole a koʻikoʻi. Ma lalo o kēia hopena, ua loaʻa nā kāne a me nā wahine i nā mea paʻakikī i ka moe ʻana. ʻO ka leʻaleʻa e pili ana i ke aloha nui o nā animations a me nā pāʻani i ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka interplay paʻakikī i ka kāne kāne.

E ʻōlelo ʻia ka physiologically, no nā kāne ke wahi kahi e hoʻomaka ai kahi neʻeneʻe, no laila, hiki i nā kāne male male kūpono ke hōʻeuʻeu i ka noʻonoʻo-lolo. Hiki i nā pale kāne kāne ke maʻalahi maʻalahi ke hilinaʻi ma ka Pūnaewele a me nā ʻoihana pūnaewele ma mua o nā wahine wahine (Zimbardo a me Coulombe 2015). E kōkua kēia ʻano hana physiology iā mākou e hoʻomaopopo i ke ʻano o kēia ʻenehana hou i kahi loli nui i ka kāne kāne kāne.

Hoʻohui kēia hoʻololi me ka hana hōʻemi a me nā kūlana waiwai no nā ʻōpio, ua nalowale ka hilinaʻi i ke ola, hopohopo e pili ana i ka wā e hiki mai ana, a hopohopo i ka hana ʻole i nā mea āpau. He nui o lākou i nalowale i ka manaʻo nui a me ka honua hohonu o ka aloha a me ka wahine, hāʻawi ʻia i nā kūlana koʻikoʻi o kahi nohona kaumaha. I ka manawa like, na pua honua hihiu i ka pūnaewele. Ua hoʻonui nui ʻia nā helu o nā ʻōpio i kēia ʻano moemoeā, a he nui ka huli i ko lākou kua i ke aloha maoli a me ka wahine.23

Ma Iapana, ua hoʻohana nui ʻia ka Pūnaewele mai ka uku hoʻopiʻi, moekolohe, a me nā moekolohe. Ma Iapana, ua hoʻolaha nā pūnaewele pūnaewele i nā lawelawe moekolohe, i ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā pūnaewele ponokala, ua nui loa. ʻAeʻoluʻolu nā pūnaewele o nā pūnaewele ʻoihana no ka hana hoʻonaninani, hoihoi ʻia, voluminous, kiʻekiʻe. Hiki i kā lākou mau leka ke loaʻa i nā wahi āpau, ma nā pūnaewele paʻahana a me nā noi, ma SNS, a ma nā leka pilikino, a me ka hopena o kā lākou hopena. ʻO nā kāne e hōʻike pinepine ʻia i kēia mau hoʻolaha e hoʻohilahila paha e pili ana i nā wahine. Nā wahine e hana like a lilo ia i makemake ʻole i ka moe a me ka inaina i ka moe kolohe. Ma muli o kēia hopena, ua hilinaʻi nui nā kāne i nā kiʻi porn, a ua lilo ka poʻe wahine i ka ʻole i loko o ka moe a pili i ka manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole. Hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia ua kūkulu ʻia kahi pōpoki maikaʻi.

Aia kekahi mau kumu ʻē aʻe i kuleana no ke kaumaha ʻana i ka moekolohe. Ma lalo mākou i hōʻike i kekahi mau hypotheses.

E like me ke kuhikuhi nei ʻo Zimbaldo, ua lawe mai ka pono pūnaewele o ka pūnaewele i nā loli nui, e pili pū ana i nā kāne. Akā ke hoʻohālikelike nei au i ka loaʻa o kēia ʻenehana i nā wahine. Makemake wau e nānā i ka hypothesis i ka ʻimi noiʻi ma hope aku. Mai ka wā waena o 2000, ʻoi aku ka ulu ʻana o nā wahine i nā manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole o ka moe kolohe, ʻo ia hoʻi "ʻaʻole ia he leʻena" a "ʻaʻole nani" (Harihara) 2018). ʻAʻole maopopo i ke kumu no kēia. Ke hopohopo nei nā wahine ʻōpio i ka wahine no ka nui o nā kiʻi porn, a i ʻole ka hakahaka ma waena o ka wahine wahine a me ka ʻona wahine a nui loa? A i ʻole no ke ʻano ke nānā ʻana i nā kāne i nā porn? Inā ʻike ʻia nā kikoʻī, ʻo ke kiʻi holoʻokoʻa e pili ana i ka ʻenehana hou e hana paʻakikī ai i ka moekolohe.

ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ka hopohopo o ka moe kolohe i waena o nā ʻōpio ma Iapana, a he mau ʻia ka manaʻo o kekahi poʻe me ke kūlana o kēia manawa, akā he nui nā ʻōpio e ʻeha nei i ke kūlana a ʻimi e pakele. E nānā lākou i ka nānā ʻana i nā hoʻonā aʻe. Ke hele nei ka minamina i ka wahine i loko o kahi paakiki paʻakikī, no laila, ʻaʻole maʻalahi ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hoʻonā. E hōʻuluʻulu mākou i kā mākou mau ʻōlelo ʻehā ma lalo nei.

ʻO ke koi mua loa, ʻo ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka hoʻonaʻauao ākea ākea ākea. Nui ka poʻe ma Iapana e hoʻohilahila i ka moekolohe me nā kiʻi wahine a i ʻole ka lawelawe ʻana, no laila ke kū nei ka nui i ka hoʻonaʻauao kiʻi wahine, me ka manaʻo e hoʻokomo pū kekahi i ke kiʻi i ka hoʻonaʻauao. Akā, ua hōʻike wale ka poʻe Kepani i ka hoʻololi i ka moekolohe i lawe ʻia e nā ʻenehana hou, no ka mea, ʻaʻohe kumu o ka ʻike a me nā manaʻo e mālama i kā lākou moeʻuhane ponoʻī. ʻO ka hoʻonaʻauao kāne kūʻokoʻa no kēlā me kēia hui makahiki, mai nā keiki a i nā ʻelemakule, ʻo ia ka mea nui ka hopena.

ʻO ke ʻōlelo ʻelua e hāpai ai i nā kūkākūkā kanaka i ka moekolohe. Ma Iapana i kēia manawa, ka māhele pili i ka manaʻo e pili ana i ka launa pū i ka wahine. He mea pono e kūkākūkā i nā pilikia o ka moekolohe e like me ke kiʻi ʻana i nā kiʻi, nā lawelawe kūlohelohe, a me nā pāʻani pili kino i nā manawa o nā kūkala kūkala kanaka i wehe ʻia i nā kānaka a pau, me ka pili o ke kāne.

ʻO ke kolu o ka ʻōlelo ʻoi loa e paipai i ka noiʻi ʻoihana hou aku a me ka hoʻokolokolo ʻana i ka wahine. Ma Iapana, ua lilo nā pilikia o ka moekolohe i ka ʻatikala, ʻaʻole wale i loko o ka ʻepekema akā no nā kula hoʻonaʻauao ʻē aʻe, e like me ka lāʻau lapaʻau, psychology, physiology, mōʻaukala, a me ka moʻomeheu moʻomeheu. Pono ka noiʻi hoʻonaʻauao e kākoʻo i nā helu mua a ʻelua ma luna.

ʻO ka ʻehā, e pili ana i nā kiʻi pūnaewele pūnaewele, ma mua o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e hoʻoponopono pono iā ia, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi inā loaʻa ka ʻike ākea i ka ʻike ʻepekema i ke ʻano o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka porn i pili i ka noʻonoʻo ʻana o ke kāne a me ke ʻano wahine, a me ka ʻike i ka moʻo maoli. Ma kēia ala, hiki iā lākou ke mālama maikaʻi aku i kā lākou hoʻohana ponoʻī. Nā hana a nā hui e like me MakeLoveNotPorn (MakeLoveNotPorn.tv), hana ʻia e Cindy Gallop, lawe ʻia aku i loko o Iapana.

ʻAʻole hiki i ka ʻenehana pono ke hoʻoholo i ke kūlana o ka moekolohe i kekahi ʻano. ʻO ka mea e kū ia, ʻo ke ʻano o nā ʻenehana ponoʻī e hoʻokō i nā kūlana kūikawā o ka moekolohe, a pili pū lākou i nā kūlana o ka hoʻokele waiwai, a me ka pono. I ka hopena, ua hoʻololi nā ʻano o ʻenehana a me nā kūlana o ka moekolohe. I nā kaiāulu ʻē aʻe, e like ʻokoʻa i nā ʻano o ka ʻenehana, ke kūlana o ka moekolohe, a me nā ʻano āpau a pau, a me ka moʻomeheu i kēlā me kēia mea a mākou e ʻike nei ma kēia pepa. Hiki iā mākou ke kuhikuhi i kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona o Iapana ma kēia ʻike. ʻO ka manaʻo nui i komo nā wahine he nui i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a me ka ʻoihana pili i ka lawelawe kaiāulu i pili i ka nohona ka mea nui e pili ana i ka hāpana pili pilikino o Iapana, kahi hopena nui i ka interplay o ka ʻikepili ʻike a me ka moekolohe ma Iapana. ʻO ka mea maikaʻi o ka wā ʻōpio e noho nei i nā kūlana paʻakikī e pili ana i kahi kulekele kula, ka mea e ʻōpio i nā poʻe ʻōpio i maʻalahi i loko o kahi leʻaleʻa piha piha o ka hana aloha. Akā, ʻo nā mea kikoʻī o ka ʻenehana, ke ʻano o nā kūlana i hōʻike ʻia o ka moekolohe, a me nā ʻano kikoʻī. ʻO ka noiʻi kūʻokoʻa cross-moʻomeheu i ka noiʻi ʻikepili o ka honua e pili ana i ka ʻikepili ʻike a me ka moekikahine pono e ʻike i kēia mau hiʻohiʻona.

Nāʻaoʻao hemahema

  1. 1.

    Ua manaʻo ka ulu ʻana o ka Pūnaewele i ka hopena o ka moekolohe o nā ʻano kamaliʻi ʻokoʻa ma o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka launa pū ʻana o lākou. Eia naʻe, no ka nele o ka ʻikepili noiʻi i kēia mau mea liʻiliʻi, pono mākou e kaupalena i kā mākou aʻo ʻana i ka nui o ka heterosexual.

  2. 2.

    I ka makahiki 1994, ua wehewehe ka Japan Society of Sexual Science i ka "sexless" ma ke ʻano penei: "ʻOiai ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia nā kumu kikoʻī e like me ka maʻi, he kāne i loaʻa ʻole ka moe kolohe a i ʻole ka launa kolohe ʻana ma mua o 1 mahina, a ʻo wai ka mea ʻaʻole manaʻo e hana pēlā no ka manawa lōʻihi e hiki mai ana ”(JSSS Ka wehewehe ʻana i ka huaʻōlelo "moe ʻole").

  3. 3.

    Nele ka ʻikepili noiʻi, akā ʻōlelo ʻia ka sex extramarital ua hoʻonui ʻia hoʻi (Araki et al. 2016).

  4. 4.

    Ua lilo ka mare ʻana i ke aloha ma Iapana ma ka 1980, a ma ka 1990s ua lilo ia i mea maʻamau e hahai i kahi ala ola o ka mare ʻana ma hope o ka lehulehu o ka pilina pili i komo pū ai. Pēlā ka poʻe ʻōpio i kēia mau lā ʻaʻole i nele a i ʻole he moeʻuhane a makemake ʻole i ka mare a lilo i mau mākua.

  5. 5.

    ʻAʻole i like i loko o nā lehulehu i ke Komohana, ʻo ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi hoa ʻaʻole i manaʻo ʻia he pono ma Iapana. Ke hoʻololi nei nā loli i loko o ka nohona Kepani i kēia manawa a maʻalahi.

  6. 6.

    Ma kēia pepa, ʻo ka huaʻōlelo "kulanui" kekahi mau kolepa mau makahiki.

  7. 7.

    No nā ʻike mai 1974 a i 2011, e ʻike iā JASE (ed.). ((2013). No nā ʻike o 2017, e ʻike iā JASE. ((2018).

  8. 8.

    Ua wehewehe ʻia ka mea hoʻohana nui o PC e like me "ke kanaka e hoʻohana ana iā PC ma mua o 2 mau hola i nā lā hoʻomaha." He kanakolukumamākolu pākēneka o nā wahine a me 36% o nā haumāna kula nui kāne he mau mea hoʻohana nui (JASE 2007, 60).

  9. 9.

    A hiki i ka wā e hoʻopuni ai ʻo 2005, ua nui nā kikowaena nui i nā PC e like me nā papa kuhikuhi, a ʻo nā mea hoʻohana nui o nā PC e noho pono ma ko lākou mau papa noho lōʻihi. ʻO ka poʻe e ʻae i ka mea i lilo i mea hoʻohana ikaika i nā PC a no laila ua lilo i mea ikaika ʻole, a me ka poʻe i hiki ʻole ke halihali ia i ka hana heʻe no ka hana mau ʻana. Pēlā nā hiʻohiʻona o ka mea hana i hoʻohele i ke ola i loko o kēia manawa, mai ke ʻano pilikino. ʻO ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā PC māmā mai ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka wifi ma ka hapa hope o ka 2000 e hoʻopau i kēia polarization.

  10. 10.

    ʻO kēia wehewehe ʻana i ka wahine aloha a me nā hana moekolohe ikaika e hōʻike nei ʻaʻole i hiki ke wehewehe ʻia e ka neʻe ʻana o ka manaʻo o Iapana i nā manaʻo e like me ke ʻano pilikino Kepani a i ʻole ka launa pū o ke ʻano o ka Kepani.

  11. 11.

    Ua lanakila ka hanana o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ma Iapana (Koyano 2007) .I ka wā ma mua o kēia wā, ua manaʻo ʻia nā brothels he honua moeʻuhane, a me nā wahine hoʻokamakama i kūʻai ʻia mai nā ʻohana ʻilihune ʻaʻole loa i nānā ʻia. E like me ka hoʻonaninani ʻana i ka mana o ka wahine, ua pale ʻia i nā moekolohe i waena o ka poʻe. Akā, ʻoi aku ka manawa hou aʻe, ua hoʻokū hou ka ʻano noʻonoʻo i ka moekolohe i waena o ka poʻe'ōpiopio.

  12. 12.

    I ka loiloi hou ma 2011, ʻaʻohe nīnau e pili ana i nā pūnaewele makamaka. No laila, ʻaʻole hiki ke nānā ʻia nā hoʻololi i nā uku.

  13. 13.

    ʻOiai ke kahe o ke kiʻi hoʻohemo, ua nui wale nā ​​noiʻi ʻepekema i ke kiʻi ʻana i nā kiʻi i loko o Iapana. ʻO kēia ka wehewehe o nā loli i ke nānā ʻana i ke ʻano o ka lawehala e hilinaʻi nei i ka nānā ʻana o ka mea kākau ma kēlā me kēia lā.

  14. 14.

    Ua haʻi ʻia kahi hōkū porn kaulana ma hope o kona hoʻomaha loa ʻana, “ʻAʻohe oʻu mea i ka hana ʻana i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni. ʻAʻohe mea…. ʻAʻohe manaʻo e leʻaleʻa a leʻaleʻa paha .... Ua hana wale wau i ka mea e hana ai kahi wahine wahine porn "(Nakamura 2017).

  15. 15.

    Ua hoʻokumu ʻo Akane Hotaru, he mea hana kiʻi moe retire, i ka hoʻokūkū puʻupaʻa e ʻōlelo nei "Mai hoʻohālike i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni" a hāʻawi i nā kūkākūkā wahine no nā wahine.

  16. 16.

    Mai ka wa waena o 2010, ua hoʻomaka ka hana ʻana no nā kiʻi pākeke no nā wahine ma Iapana, a ua loli paha ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻano, akā ʻaʻole i hana ʻia ka hoʻokolokolo e pili ana i ke kumuhana.

  17. 17.

    Ke hoʻohana nei ʻo Harihara i kahi kaila hierarchical helu regression analysis.

  18. 18.

    Pono nui ka noiʻi a me ka noiʻi ʻepekema ma luna o ka nānā ʻana i ke kiʻi ʻana i nā kiʻi i ke kiʻi a me ke kikowaena ʻana a i ʻole a i ke ʻano paha o ka poʻe ma Iapana. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻopiha ka huaʻoniʻi porn Kepani i ka mākeke i ka China a me nā mākeke ʻē aʻe a pili nui i ka ʻike pilikino a me ke ʻano o ka ʻōpio ʻAsia (Nakamura 2015). ʻO kēia mau ʻāina, ʻo ka noiʻi e pili ana i ka moekolohe a me ke ʻano like ma Iapana, a e loli nui ka ʻike kanaka. Manaʻo mākou he pono ia e noiʻi a noiʻi i nā mea e hana nei e pili ana i ka ʻenehana kamepiula, ʻo ka Pūnaewele, a me ka moekolohe ma nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe o Asia kekahi.

  19. 19.

    Ua kapa ʻia lākou i nā pāʻani maikaʻi o ke kaikamahine, a i ʻole moe nā pāʻani.

  20. 20.

    Hiki ke pāʻani hou nā pāʻani hou ma 2018 me kahi mea hana VR. E lilo ka hohonu o ke komo ʻana. E ʻike i ka paena lehulehu o "Alternative Girls 2." (Pūnaewele Loaʻa Loa LoaX2)

  21. 21.

    Ka wahine o ke kane otaku he kumuhana koʻikoʻi nō hoʻi. Akā, e hana mākou i kēia ma kahi pepa ʻē aʻe no ka mea o ka palena o ka manawa.

  22. 22.

    Ma nā pūnaewele aʻo, e kākau i nā manawa a ka wahine, e ʻōlelo ana ua pīhoihoi lākou i ka ʻike ʻana i kā lākou kāne a me nā kāne kāne pāʻani ʻōpio huna hānai a i ʻole nā ​​kiʻi a nā ʻoniʻoni i nā kūlana sexy, ʻaʻole lākou e ʻike i ka hana pū ʻana. Manaʻo mākou inā hiki i nā kāne ke noʻonoʻo i ka hoʻopunipuni.

  23. 23.

    Ma Kanada a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, e pālahalaha ana nā subukane ʻōpio i kapa ʻia he incels (celibates involuntary) a me MGTOW (Men Ke hele ʻana i kā lākou ala ponoʻī). Ua hoʻokaʻawale lākou iā lākou iho i kahi kū i ke kaiāulu manaʻo ʻia i ka wahine. Hiki i kekahi ke hoʻopaʻi i ka wahine. I ka manawa, ʻo nā ʻōpio Kepani i māʻona me ka honua poʻomanaʻo me ka ʻole o nā hoa maoli e hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia ʻoi aku ka nui o ka noʻonoʻo. Pono e hoʻāʻo ʻia kahi ʻano hoʻohālikelike moʻomeheu.

Notes

E hoʻomaopopo '

  1. Pūnaewele Loaʻa Loa LoaX2. https://lp.alterna.amebagames.com/. ^ E Ha yM. Ua loaʻa ka 18 Aug 2018.
  2. ʻO nā kaikamahine heleʻokoʻa. https://app-liv.jp/1100088261/. ^ E Ha yM. Ua loaʻa ka 18 Aug 2018.
  3. Araki, C., Ishida, M., & Okawa, R. (2016). Sekkusuresu Jidai no Chukonen Sei Hakusyo. ^ E Ha yM. Harunosora.Google Scholar
  4. Asano, T. (2006). Wakamono no Genzai. I a T. Asano (Ed.), Kensyo: Wakamono no Henbou. ^ E Ha yM. Keiso Shobo.Google Scholar
  5. Attwood, F. (2018). Pūnaewele. ^ E Ha yM. Poliki.Google Scholar
  6. Azuma, K. (2007). Gehmu teki Riarizumu no Tanjou. ^ E Ha yM. Kodansya.Google Scholar
  7. Balon, R., & Segraves, RT (2009). Hoʻopuka i nā puke maʻamau o nā maʻi kolohe. ^ E Ha yM. Hoʻonohonoho Kūlana ʻAmelika.Google Scholar
  8. ʻO ka huli ʻana o ka keʻena Kuhina Kuhina e pili ana i ka male a me ka ʻohana ʻohana. http://www8.cao.go.jp/shoushi/shoushika/research/cyousa22/marriage_family/pdf/gaiyo/press.pdf. ^ E Ha yM. Ua loaʻa ka 10 Aug 2018.
  9. Enda, K. (2001). Darega Dareni Nani-wo Urunoka. ^ E Ha yM. Keena ʻO Kansei Gakuin.Google Scholar
  10. Fujiki, T. (2009). Adaruto Bideo Kakumei shi. ^ E Ha yM. Honolua.Google Scholar
  11. Futakata, R. (2006). Medhia ia Wakamono no Konnichiteki Tsukiaikata. I a T. Asano (Ed.), Kensyo: Wakamono no Henbou. ^ E Ha yM. Keiso Shobo.Google Scholar
  12. Genda, Y. (2010). Ningen ni Kaku wa Nai. ^ E Ha yM. Minerva Shobo.Google Scholar
  13. ʻO Genda, Y., & Saito, J. (2007). Shigoto iā Sex no Aida. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO Asahi Shinbun.Google Scholar
  14. Harada, Y. (2015). Shin Otaku Keizai. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO Asahi Shinbun.Google Scholar
  15. Harihara, M. (2018). Sei ni Taisuru Hiteiteki Image no Zouka ia Sono Haikei. I ʻo Y. Hayashi (Ed.), Seishonen no Sekoudou wa Dou Kawatte Kitaka. ^ E Ha yM. Minerva Shobo.Google Scholar
  16. Hekma, G., & Giami, A. (2014). ʻO nā hoʻopaʻi kolohe. ^ E Ha yM. Palgrave.Google Scholar
  17. Honda, T. (2005). Moeru Otoko. ^ E Ha yM. Chikuma Shobo.Google Scholar
  18. Hotta, J. (2005). Moe Moe lapana. ^ E Ha yM. Kodansha.Google Scholar
  19. ʻO nā kuleana o nā kānaka (2016). Hōʻike ʻikepili e pili ana i nā pono kīwila i nā kānaka e kūʻē i nā kaikamahine a me nā wahine ma ka paʻi kiʻi ʻana. http://hrn.or.jp/news/6600/. ^ E Ha yM. Ua loaʻa ka 25 Aug 2018.
  20. JAFP (Hui Pūnaewele o Iapana) (2017). Dai 8 kai Danjo no Seikatu i Ishiki ni Kansuru Chosa Hokokusyo. I JAFP.Google Scholar
  21. JASE (Ed.). (2007). Wakamono no Sei Hakusyo Dai 6 kai Chosa Hokokusyo. ^ E Ha yM. Shogagawa.Google Scholar
  22. JASE (Ed.). (2013). Wakamono no Sei Hakusho Dai 7 kai Chosa Hokokusyo. ^ E Ha yM. Shogagawa.Google Scholar
  23. JEA. (2018). Seishonen no Seikoudou Dai 8 kai Chosa Hokokusyo. ^ E Ha yM. JEA.Google Scholar
  24. JSSS (Japan Society of Sexual Science) Wehewehe o ka huaʻōlelo "sexless". http://www14.plala.or.jp/jsss/counseling/sexless.html. ^ E Ha yM. Ua loaʻa ka 30 Aug 2018.
  25. Katase, K. (2018). 21seiki ni okeru Shinmitsusei no Henyo. I ʻo Y. Hayashi (Ed.), Seishonen no Sekoudou wa Dou Kawatte Kitaka. ^ E Ha yM. Minerva Shobo.Google Scholar
  26. Kon, I. (2001). Deai-kei Jidai no Renai Shakaigaku. ^ E Ha yM. Shinsho maikaʻi loa.Google Scholar
  27. Koyano, A. (2007). Nihon Baisyun Shi. ^ E Ha yM. Shinchosha.Google Scholar
  28. Kumazawa, M. (2018). Karoushi / Karoujisatu no Gendai shi. ^ E Ha yM. Iwanami.Google Scholar
  29. MakeLoveNotPorn.tv. https://makelovenotporn.tv/pages/about/how_this_works. ^ E Ha yM. Ua loaʻa ka 15 Nov 2018.
  30. Miyamoto, S. (2016). AV Shutsuen wo Kyouyousareta Kanojotati. ^ E Ha yM. Chikuma Shobo.Google Scholar
  31. Nakamura, A. (2014). Nippon no Fuzokujo. ^ E Ha yM. Shinchosha.Google Scholar
  32. Nakamura, A. (2015a). AV ʻoihana no Shogeki. ^ E Ha yM. Shogakkan.Google Scholar
  33. Nakamura, A. (2015b). ʻO Repos Chunen Dotei. ^ E Ha yM. Gentosha.Google Scholar
  34. Nakamura, A. (2017). AV Joyu Syometsu. ^ E Ha yM. Gentosha.Google Scholar
  35. Nakashio, C. (2016). Fuzokujo toiu ikikata. ^ E Ha yM. Kobunsha.Google Scholar
  36. National Institute of Population and Social Security Research: ʻO ke kumu ʻike nui e pili ana i nā hanana hānau. http://www.ipss.go.jp/site-ad/index_Japanese/shussho-index.html. ^ E Ha yM. Ua loaʻa ka 25 Aug 2018.
  37. NHK Nihonjinno sei purojekuto. (2002). Ninohjinno seikoudou / seiisiki NHK Syuppan.Google Scholar
  38. Nito, Y. (2014). Joshikousei no Ura Shakai. ^ E Ha yM. Kobunsha.Google Scholar
  39. Ogiue, C. (2011). Pūnaewele ʻO 30 nen Shi. ^ E Ha yM. Chikuma Shobo.Google Scholar
  40. Oizumi, M. (2017). Otaku Towa Nanika? No laila Shisha.Google Scholar
  41. Okubo, Y., Hataya, K., & Omiya, T. (2006). 30dai Mikon Otoko. ^ E Ha yM. NHK Shuppan.Google Scholar
  42. Okura, H. (2011). ʻO Gendai Nihon ni okeru Jakunen Dansei no Kekona Keisei nitsuite. Hōʻikeʻike Sociological, 32 Ke Kula ʻo Tokyo Metropolitan.Google Scholar
  43. Otsuka, E. (2004). Otaku no Seishin shi -80nendai ron. ^ E Ha yM. Kodansha.Google Scholar
  44. Pacher, A. (2018). ʻO ka moekolohe ma waena o nā kāne Kepani o kēia wā. I A. Beniwal, R. Jain, & K. Spracklen (Eds.), He leʻaleʻa honua a me ka paio no ka honua maikaʻi aku: ʻO nā haʻawina leʻaleʻa i ka honua honua. ^ E Ha yM. Palgrave.Google Scholar
  45. Rakuten O-net (Kūkākūkā Paʻa Hōʻike Hoʻohui Rakuten O-net) (2018) Nūhou e pili ana i ka manaʻo e pili ana i ka hana aloha a me ka male o ka poʻe i manaʻo ʻia 20. https://prtimes.jp/main/html/rd/p/000000064.000022091.html. ^ E Ha yM. Ua loaʻa ka 10 Jul 2018.
  46. Saito, T. (2006). Sento Bisyojo no Seishin Bunseki. ^ E Ha yM. Chikuma Shobo.Google Scholar
  47. Sato, T., & Nagai, A. (2010). Kekkon no Kabe. ^ E Ha yM. Keiso Shobo.Google Scholar
  48. Spracklen, K. (2015). ʻO ka leʻaleʻa kamepiula, ka pūnaewele a me ka moʻomeheu kaulana: ʻO nā kaiāulu a me nā mea i ʻike i loko o kahi pānaehana. ^ E Ha yM. Palgrave.Google Scholar
  49. Tagawa, T. (2009). ʻO Otaku Bunseki no Houkousei. I Nagoya Bunridai Kiyou (Vol. 9). Nagoya Bunridai.Google Scholar
  50. Takahashi, M. (2007). ʻO Pāʻani kamaʻilio ʻana iā Seikoudou niokeru Seishonen no Bunkyokuka. I JASE (Ed.), Wakamomo no Sei Hakusho. ^ E Ha yM. Shogagawa.Google Scholar
  51. Tanimoto, N. (2008). Renai no Shakaigaku. ^ E Ha yM. Seikyusha.Google Scholar
  52. Tsuchida, Y. (2018). Sei ya Renai ni Syokyokuteki na Wakamono. I ʻo Y. Hayashi (Ed.), Seishonen no Sekoudou wa Dou Kawatte Kitaka. ^ E Ha yM. Minerva Shobo.Google Scholar
  53. Tsuji, I., Okura, H., & Nomura, Y. (2016). Wakamono Bunka wa 25 nenkan de dou Kawatta ka. I loko o Bungakubu Kiyou Shakaigaku Johoshakaigaku (Vol. 27). Ke Kulanui o Chuo.Google Scholar
  54. Turkle, S. (2012). E hui pū me: No ke aha mākou e manaʻo ai e ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻenehana a me ka liʻiliʻi mai kekahi i kekahi. ^ E Ha yM. Nā Buke Pono.Google Scholar
  55. Ushikubo, M. (2015). Renai Shinai Wakamonotachi. ʻIke, 21.Google Scholar
  56. Nā Wiki, J. (2007). ʻO ka honua ua lanakila mākou. ʻO Routledge.Google Scholar
  57. Nā Wiki, J. (2011). ʻO nā ʻōlelo o ka hoʻonaninani. ʻO Routledge.Google Scholar
  58. Yamada, M. (1996). Kekkon no Syakaigaku. ^ E Ha yM. Maruzen.Google Scholar
  59. Zimbardo, P., & Coulombe, N. (2015). Pili ke kanaka (dis). ^ E Ha yM. Lalualoa.Google Scholar