ʻO J Behav Addict. 2018 Sep 11: 1-9. hoʻopiʻi: 10.1556 / 2006.7.2018.77.
Chen L1,2,3, ʻO Yang Y2, Su W1,2,3, Zheng L4, Ding C5, ʻO ka Potenza MN3,6,7,8,9.
Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo
Ke kumu a me nā manaʻo
Hoʻomaopopo pūʻia ka'enekeneke pūnaewele ma waena o nā haumāna o ke kulanui a me ka pilikia no kekahi, akā,ʻaʻoleʻike ikiʻia e pili ana i nā hopena o nā manaʻo e pilikia ana i ka pono o nā pono pīhili (PIPU). Ke hoʻohālikelike nei i keʻano pilikino o ke Kino-Hopu-Hoʻopiho Hoʻohālike, ua ho'āʻo kēia haʻawina i kahi hōʻailona eʻimi ana i ka PIPU ma muli o nā hana maʻamau (OSA) a me ka piliʻana o kēia pilina ma ka hanaʻoluʻolu (third-person effect) ʻO ka TPE, he pānaʻi pili i ka pilikanaka e pili ana i ka hopena i nā hopena ma luna o nā mea'ē aʻe ma ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana iā ia iho) ma keʻano kūlike kāne.
Nā Papahana
ʻO nā haumāna o ke Kulanui 808 (Chinese) (mau makahiki o ka makahiki: 17-22 makahiki, 57.7% male) i kāleka a nānāʻia.
Results
ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o nā kāne ma mua o nā wahine ma OSA a me PIPU a ma kēlā me kēia pālākiō nā mea hana. Ua hoʻopili ʻia ka pilina ma waena o SSS a me PIPU e OSA, a ua hoʻōlele ka TPE i kēia pilina: ʻo ke ala wānana (SSS i ka PIPU) he mea nui wale i nā mea komo me TPE kiʻekiʻe. ʻAʻole i maʻalahi ka hiʻohiʻona waena i waena o nā hui kāne, me ka ʻikepili e hōʻike ana no ka hapa nui o ka ʻokoʻa o nā kāne ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā wahine.
Nā kūkā a me nā hopena
Hōʻike nā hualoaʻa e hiki ke hana i ka SSS ma o ka hoʻokomoʻana i nā OSA e alakaʻi i ka PIPU, a pili pono loa kēia pilina no nā kāne'ōpio i ke kula i ka kiʻekiʻe ma luna o ka TPE. Loaʻa kēia mau hopena i pili i nā kānaka i hiki ke palekana i ka hoʻolālāʻana i ka PIPU a no ka alakaʻiʻana i nā hoʻonaʻauao hoʻonaʻauao a me ka hoʻoukaʻana i nā hana i nā haumāna'ōpio. ʻO ka lōʻihi o kaʻikeʻana o kēia mauʻike i nā hui a me nā hana kuʻuna e hoʻoholo hou ana.
KEYWORDS: oki kāne; hoʻolaha kūkākūkāʻana; nā hana maʻamau ma ka pūnaewele; hiki i kaʻikepili pilahili ponoʻole; kaʻimiʻimi i kaʻimiʻimi; ke kolu
PMID: 30203696
Introduction
Hoʻohuiʻia ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka Pūnaewele no 13% me nā XNUMX% o nā hua'ōlelo i kākauʻia i nā engines hulina e pili ana i ka wahine (ʻO Ogas & Gaddam, 2011). No 90% o nā mākua ma ka'āina nui Keina i komo i loko o ka hana maʻamau maʻamau (OSA) ma luna o kahi manawa 6 (Li & Zheng, 2017; Zheng & Zheng, 2014). He nui nā haumāna o ke kulanui i hōʻikeʻia i kaʻikeʻana i nāʻike pilikino (89.8%) a me nā hoʻokipa hoʻohaʻahaʻa (76.5%) ma ke kele pūnaewele, a ua kokoke ka hapalua o lākou (48.5%) i hōʻike i kaʻimiʻana i nā huahana pilikino (ʻO Döring, Daneback, Shaughnessy, Grov, & Byers, 2017). I ka hapanui o nā hihia, ponoʻole ka nānā ponoʻana i nā kiʻikala kiʻi i ka paleʻana i nā wahi nui o ke ola. Eia nō naʻe, no kekahi, hiki ke lilo i mea pilikia a pili i nā hopena maikaʻiʻole (ʻO Ford, Durtschi, & Franklin, 2012; Weaver et al., 2011). No kēia mau kumu, he mea nui eʻimi i nā mechanical hiki ke kōkua i ka hoʻomohalaʻana a me ka mālamaʻana i nā pilikia e pili ana i ka pāʻoihana ponoʻole (PIPU).
Hiki i nā maʻi pili pili kālā pili i ka pili kālā a iʻole nāʻoihanaʻoi akuʻoi aku ka nui o ka hana pūnaewele,ʻoihana kolohe i ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā kiʻi ponoʻole ma ke 'ano he "behavioral"ʻO Cooper, Delmonico, Griffin-Shelley, & Mathy, 2004). Hoʻomaopopoʻo PIPU i kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona nui me nāʻano hoʻonāukiuki'ē aʻe (Brand et al., 2011). ʻO keʻano o ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka hopena maikaʻiʻole a me ka hoʻohana nuiʻole, nā makemake ikaika, nā manaʻo a me ke kuko, nā manaʻo noʻonoʻo, a me ka hoʻomauʻana i ke komoʻana me ka hopena o nā hopena, aʻo ia hoʻi,ʻO Cooper et al., 2004; Kor et al., 2014; ʻO Wéry & Billieux, 2015). Hiki paha i ka PIPU ke lilo i nāʻenehana e pili ana i nā pilikia o ka hoʻohana pūnaewele (PIU) a me ka hoʻoponoponoʻana i ka wahine (Griffiths, 2012) aiʻole ka hōʻeha kolohe i ke kolohe (Kraus et al., 2018), paha paha ma keʻano he kiko'ī kiko'ī o kēlā me kēia (Brand, Young, & Laier, 2014; ʻO Young, 2008).
Ma keʻano heʻano pilikino kūpono, noiʻia kaʻimiʻana i ka moe kolohe (SSS) i mea e alakaʻi i ka PIPU (Perry, Accordino, & Hewes, 2007). Hoʻololi ka SSS i nā manaʻo e ho'āʻo i nā mea pilikino kūikawā a me nā moʻolelo pilikino no ka hoʻokōʻana i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ke alo o nā wāhine (Kalichman et al., 1994). Ua pili pū me ka pili wahine (ʻO Walton, Cantor, Bhullar, & Lykins, 2017), nā moe kolohe pili kino (Heidinger, Gorgens, & Morgenstern, 2015), a me ke kiʻekiʻe o nā OSA (Lu, Ma, Lee, Hou, & Liao, 2014; Luder et al., 2011; ʻO Peter & Valkenburg, 2011; Zheng, Zhang, & Feng, 2017; Zheng & Zheng, 2014). No laila, he mea nui ka SSS e hoʻoholo i ka uluʻana o ka PIPU. Akā,ʻo nā hana e hikiʻole ai i ka SSS ke alakaʻi i ka PIPU i maopopoʻole. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopoʻana i kaʻikeʻana i nāʻano hana e hiki ke hoʻoikaika i ka alakaʻiʻana i nā kānaka a me nā limahana mālama ola a me nā kumu aʻo e pili ana i keʻano e kūkulu i nā kulekele kōkua (MacKinnon & Luecken, 2008). No ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā hopena o SSS no PIPU loa, pono e noiʻi i nā ala causal hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia i ke kaʻina hana a SSS e pili ana i nā hopena (ie, mediation). ʻO ka lua, pono e hoʻomālamalama nā hiʻohiʻona i nā mea pili i ka hopena e pili ana i nā hopena pili SSS (ʻo ia hoʻi ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa). No laila, noiʻi kēia noiʻi i nā pilina ma waena o SSS a me nā kumu ʻē aʻe e wehewehe ai i nā ʻano hana e alakaʻi ai ʻo SSS i ka PIPU (mediation) a me nā kumu i hiki ke hoʻohuli i kēia mau ala hele.
No kaʻikeʻana i nā pilina ma waena o SSS a me PIPU i nā kiko kiko'ī,ʻike mākou i keʻano pilina o keʻano o ka Pepa-Pehu-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) o nā pilikia o ka pūnaewele kūikawā (Brand et al., 2014; Brand, ʻōpio, Laier, Wölfling, & Potenza, 2016). ʻO nā kumu hoʻohālikelike e hiki ke hoʻouluʻia a mālamaʻia o PIU mau kiko'ī e keʻano o ke kanaka (nā mea e pono ai, nā pahuhopu, nā kūlana kūikawā, a me nāʻike o ke kino) a me ka hopena o ka manaʻo o kekahi kanaka, a hiki i kēia ke alakaʻi i nā hana kūikawā e like me nā OSA. Inā loaʻa i kekahi kanaka kaʻoluʻolu mai ka hanaʻana, hiki ke hoʻoikaika a hoʻonuiʻia; ma keʻano o ka OSA, hiki i kēia ke alakaʻi iā PIPU, e like me nāʻikepili pūnaewele e pili ana i ka hoʻokipa wahine, ka lawelawe pūnaewele, a me ka PIPU (Lu et al., 2014). Hoʻohālikelikeʻia nā hiʻohiʻona palekana e pili ana nā manaʻo hilinaʻi i nā manaʻo e pili ana i nā hoʻoikaika hoʻoikaika hoʻoikaikaʻana i nā hana hoʻopunipuni (Steinberg et al., 2008). No ka mea he nui ka manawa o ka Internet e komo ai i nā OSA (e pili ana i ka nānāʻana i nā kiʻi pāʻanikala, ka hoʻokaʻawaleʻana i nā mea hoʻopili kolohe, a me nā mea'ē aʻe),ʻo nā kānaka me nā SSS kiʻekiʻe, eʻimi ana i nā hana pilikino, hiki ke maʻalahi i ka uluʻana i ka PIPU. Nā OSA. Hōʻike ka mea I-PACE i ka wehewehe wehewehe no ka hopena o SSS ma ka PIPU. E like me kēia manaʻo, uaʻikeʻia ka pilina ma waena o nā alapine o OSA a me ka PIPU e kūpono (ʻO Twohig, Crosby, & Cox, 2009). Ua manaʻo kekahi poʻe noiʻi e like ka nui o ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā kiʻi ponokala kiʻi i mea koʻikoʻi nui i ka uluʻana o ka PIPU (ʻO Cooper, Delmonico, & Burg, 2000; ʻO Cooper et al., 2004), akā,ʻaʻole ia he koi hoʻokahi no ka pilikia o ka hoʻohanaʻana, inā paha e hoʻonohonohoʻia ka halihali i ka hoʻonohonohoʻana i nā mea'ē aʻe aʻaʻole e alakaʻi i kahi pōʻino a pilikia paha (ʻO Bőthe et al., 2017; Kor et al., 2014; ʻO Wéry & Billieux, 2015).
Hōʻike ka'eneki I-PACE i kaʻikeʻole o kaʻikepili o kaʻikepili i ka Internet e pili ana i nā manaʻo kuhihewa e pili ana i ka hopena o ka hoʻohanaʻana i kekahi mau polokalamu / mau kikowaena. ʻO kaʻikeʻana i kaʻoihanaʻoihana eʻoi aku ka ikaika ma luna o nā mea'ē aʻe ma mua o ka mea i kapaʻiaʻo ia ka hopena o ka meaʻekolu (TPE) a me kaʻikeʻana i ka hopena iā ia iho iʻoi aku ka nui ma luna o kekahi,Davison, 1983). E like me keʻano o ka papahana I-PACE, hiki i nā manaʻo kolohe ke hana i nā mele me nā mākaukau o nā mea hoʻohana, e hoʻonui i ka nui o ka hanu a me ka makemake, a hoʻonui i ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā polokalamu kūikawā /Brand, Young, et al., 2016). Me ka pili pono o kēia haʻawina, ua hōʻikeʻia nā kānaka e hōʻike nei i nā kūlana kiʻekiʻe o ka SSS i keʻano o ka mea hoʻokahi (ʻO Gaither & Sellbom, 2003), a hiki i ka mea hoʻokahi ke hāpai i ka manaʻoʻiʻo e hiki paha i nā kiʻi pāʻoniʻoni ke'enepela keʻoi aʻe ka hopena maikaʻiʻole ma luna o nā mea'ē aʻe ma mua o lākou iho (Lee & Tamborini, 2005). Hiki paha i ka TPE ke alakaʻi i kahiʻike iki no ka hopena maikaʻiʻole o nā ponokala'opikala Pūnaewele a hiki paha ke pili pono i ka uluʻana o ka PIPU.
Ma kēia papahana papahana, uaʻimi mākou e nānā i ka hopena o ka hopena o ka SSS ma luna o ka PIPU e nā OSA a me ka pilina o kēia pilina e nā kiʻekiʻe o ka TPE. No laila, ua kūkulu mākou i kahi alana kūkākūkā i hoʻonohonohoʻia (Figure 1). Hāʻawiʻia kēlā mauʻokoʻa likeʻole e pili ana i ke kāne ma ke OSA a me ka PIPU (Kor et al., 2014; Turban, Potenza, Hoff, Martino, & Kraus, 2017), aʻo ka hoʻokomo maleʻana i nā hana hoʻonāiki hiki ke hoʻohui pūʻia me ka ikaika loa i nā manaʻo ikaika a me ka hoʻoikaikaʻana ma mua o ka hoʻokomoʻana o ka wahine (Potenza et al., 2012; Zakiniaeiz, Cosgrove, Mazure, & Potenza, 2017), ua nānā mākou i ka nui o keʻano o ka hoʻonaʻauao i ke kāne.
Hōʻike 1. Hōʻike Kūlohelohe. SSS: kaʻimi i kaʻimi i ka moekolohe; TPE: hanaʻekolu; PIPU: pilikia ka hoʻohana ponoʻana o nā ponokala pūnaewele. ʻO OSA: nā hana hoʻoweliweli pūnaewele
Nā Papahana
Nā mea komo a me nā kaʻina hana
Ua hōʻiliʻiliʻia nāʻikepili i ka manawa ma waena o Nowemapa 2016 a me Malaki 2017 mai kahi hōʻike o nā haumāna kula haʻahaʻaʻo Haina ma o ka loiloiʻana ma ka pūnaewele. ʻO nā haumāna kulanui 808 a pau [466 kāne, nā wāhine 342; Mmakahiki = 18.54 mau makahiki, hoʻololi maʻamau (SD) = 0.75] i laweʻia ma o ka pūnaeweleʻike loea Hawaiʻi.www.sojump.com). ʻAʻole i hāʻawiʻia nā mea hoʻolālā kālā no ke komoʻana. ʻO nā mea manawaleʻa mai nā kula nui o ke aupuni (n = 276), nā kulanui pae mua (n = 200), nā kula kiʻekiʻe ʻelua (n = 150), nā koleke kaiāulu, a me nā koleke ʻoihana (n = 182). Pale ʻia ka inoa inoa ʻole o ka poʻe komo (ʻaʻohe ʻikepili pilikino a i hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā helu kuʻina Internet.)
Nā mea i loaʻa
ʻO ka PIPU Scale (PIPUS) ʻO ka hanana hōʻike pūʻokoʻa pūnaewele 12-kahi i hoʻonohonohoʻia ma luna o ka Problematic Pornography hoʻohana i ke anʻe (Kor et al., 2014) a ua hoʻohanaʻia e nānā i ka PIPU. ʻO ka paona o nā meaʻehā e pili ana i (a) pilikia a me nā pilikia o ka hana, (b) hoʻohana nui, (c) mau pilikia o ka mana-mana, a (d) hoʻohana i mea e pakele aiʻole e pale i nā manaʻo maikaʻiʻole. Ma kēia hoʻonaʻauaoʻana, ua hoʻololiʻia nā "ponokalakala" i loko o ka "Pūnaewele Punikala Pūnaewele" mai ka papahana kumu. ʻO kēlā me kēia helu o ka PIPUS eʻekolu mau mea. Ua noiʻia nā mea i paneʻia e hōʻike i kā lākou hoʻohanaʻana i nā kiʻi ponokala pūnaewele i nā mahina 6 i hala hope loa ma kahi hoʻolālā 6-point Likert mai 0 (loa) i ka 5 (i nā manawa āpau) me nā helu kiʻekiʻe e hōʻike ana i ka koʻikoʻi nui o ka PIPU. Nā waiwai nui o Cronbach no kēia mau meaʻehā aʻo ka helu holoʻokoʻa o kēia haʻawina he .78, .85, .90, .87, a me .94. Uaʻikeʻia ka huahana Chinese o ka paona i ka hilinaʻi a me ka pololei i waena o nā haumāna kula haʻahaʻaʻo Haina (ʻO Chen, Wang, Chen, Jiang, & Wang, 2018).
Nā OSA ua heluʻia ma o nā mea 13 mai kahi pālākiō e ana i ka hoʻohanaʻana o nā mea i ka Internet no (a) nānāʻana i nā mea hoʻopili kolohe, (b) eʻimi i nā hoa pili i ka wahine, (c) cybersex, a (d)Zheng & Zheng, 2014). Ua heluʻia nā mea i heluʻia e 1 (loa) i ka 9 (i hoʻokahi manawa ma ka lā). Uaʻikeʻia ka nui o nā kauʻana ma ka OSA. ʻO ka nānāʻana i nā māhele'ōlelo kikowaena i loko o ka puke, aia iʻelima mau mea e pili ana i ke kipaʻana i nā pūnaewele puni honua, ka nānāʻana a me ka laweʻana i nā wikiō wikiō ma ka pūnaewele, a me ka heluheluʻana i nā meaʻeleʻele i ka pūnaewele (Cronbach's α = .86). ʻElua mau mea i ana i ke alapine o kaʻimiʻana i nā hoa pili i ka wahine, e like me ka helu o nā mea moekolohe iʻimiʻia a me ka helu o nā mea hana maʻamau i loaʻa ma ka pūnaewele (Cronbach's α = .70). Ua hoʻonuiʻia nā maʻamau o ka cybersex e hoʻohana ana i nā meaʻehā e like me ka hoʻopauʻana a nānā paha i nā mea malihini e hoʻolālā i kahi kamepiula, e ho'ākāka ana i nā manaʻo moe kolohe ma o ka papa a leo paha, a me ka hoʻololiʻana i nā kiʻi paʻakikī (Cronbach's α = .80). Ua mālamaʻia ka mālamaʻana i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa a me ka moekolohe me ka hoʻohanaʻana iʻelua mau mea (Cαba's α = .64). ʻO kaʻae o Cronbach o ka'ōleka holoʻokoʻa .89.
ʻO ka TPE ua ana ʻia e ka nīnau ʻana i ʻelua mau nīnau ʻokoʻa: “Pehea ka nui o ka mana o nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni Pūnaewele ma luna ou / nā haumāna ʻē aʻe ma kāu kula nui? (e laʻa, hoʻohuli i ka moekolohe a me nā ʻano o kāu / poʻe ʻē aʻe i ka wahine ʻē aʻe, "e like me ka wehewehe ʻana o Davison (1983), Lo, Wei, a me Wu (2010), a me Zhao a me Cai (2008). Ua pane nā haumāna i kēia mau nīnau ma kahi helu 7-helu, mai ka 1 (ʻaʻohe ikaika iki) i ka 7 (he nui loa ka mana). Ua loaʻa i ka TPE nā helu i loaʻa ma ka unuhiʻana i ka hopena o ka hopena ma luna o nā haumāna mai kaʻike iʻikeʻia ma luna o nā haumāna'ē aʻe iʻoi aʻe ma mua o 0 e pili ana i kahi TPE a ma lalo o 0 e kū ana i kahi hana mua (Golan & Lā, 2008). I mea e hoʻohaʻahaʻa ai i nā hopena o ka hoʻoholo i nā hopena, ua hoʻopaʻaʻia nā meaʻelua ma nāʻaoʻaoʻelua o ka puke noi.
ʻO ka SensS Sensation Sensation Huli Scale (SSSS) ua hoʻomohala ʻia e Kalichman et al. (1994) e ana i ke kiʻekiʻe o SSS. ʻO ka SSSS he mea hoʻohanaʻo 11-item Likert-me nā koho paneʻana mai ka 1 (ʻaʻole loa wau e like me aʻu nei) i ka 4 (ʻano like me aʻu). ʻO ka pālākiō 11-helu he mau'ōlelo e like me, "makemake wau i ka ho'āʻoʻana i nā hananaʻoihana hou" a "Ke makemake nei wau eʻimi i kaʻu moekolohe."ʻO nā helu kiʻekiʻeʻoi aʻe i nā manaʻo ikaika SSS. ʻO ke kūlike (Cronbach's α) o ka SSSS .92.
ʻIkepili helu
Ua nānāʻia nāʻokoʻa likeʻole o ka wahine ma nāʻano o nā haumānana ma ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā hōʻoiho likeʻole o nā mea likeʻole (MANOVAs). Ua hoʻohanaʻia ka mana no nā makahiki a me ke kāne a me nā māhele hoʻoponopono a hapaʻana no ke anaʻana i nā ikaika o nā pilina ma waena o nāʻikepili noiʻi nui me PIPU, OSA, SSS, a me TPE. Ua hoʻohanaʻiaʻo Mplus7.2 e nānā i nā hiʻohiʻona kaʻina hana i hoʻohālikelikeʻia o SSS a me PIPU a me ka loli kūpono o keʻano ma ke kāne. Ua hoʻohālikelike mākou i ka hilinaʻi o nā heluna kūlike kūpono i nā huioho 1,000 bootstrap. I loko o kēia aʻoʻana, ua loaʻa nā kuhi maʻamau a me nā manawa kūpaʻa o nā manaʻo koho. Ināʻaʻole i loaʻa ka'ōnaehana o ka manawa o ka 95% mau hilinaʻi hilinaʻi, ua manaʻoʻia heʻike nui kaʻike.
nā mea pono
Ua'āponoʻia ka protocol and the materials study e ke komite hoʻonaʻauao o ka Institute of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, ke Kulanui Fuzhou, Keina. Ua loheʻia nā poʻe a pau e pili ana i ka hoʻonaʻauaoʻana a ua hāʻawiʻia nā mea a pau i hāʻawi i kaʻae aʻo
Results
ʻO nā'ikepilihelu ho'ākāka no nā māloli
Ma waena o ka hoʻokolohua holoʻokoʻa, he helu kaulikeʻo 7.13 no PIPU (SD = 8.48, skewness = 1.97, a kurtosis = 5.55) a no ke alapine o nā OSA 1.70 (SD = 0.94, skewness = 2.84, a kurtosis = 12.34). Loaʻa nā helu kiʻekiʻe o nā kāne ma ka PIPUS a hana pinepine i nā OSA ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā wahine (Papa 1). ʻIke houʻana [kahi MANOVA hoʻokahi a me nā helu o nā kuhi o ka OSAʻehā, multivariate F(4, 803) = 26.12, p <.001, hapa η2 = 0.12, a me nā ʻāpana unahi PIPUS ʻehā, multivariate F (4, 803) = 12.91, p <.001, hapa η2 = 0.06, pakahi] hōʻike mai i hoʻolōʻihi ʻia kēia hiʻohiʻona i kēlā me kēia me kēia pālākiō kumu.
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1 Pūnaewele. Nā'ikepilihelu ho'ākāka, nāʻano likeʻole o ke kāne, a me nā heluna hoʻoponopono (r'o) ma waena o nā loli
Pau nā mea komo (N = 808) | Nā kāne (n = 466) | Nā wāhine (n = 342) | 1 | 2 | 3 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M (SD, skewness, kurtosis) | M (SD, skewness, kurtosis) | M (SD, skewness, kurtosis) | |||||
| 1 | PIPU | 7.13 (8.48, 1.97, 5.55) | 8.82 (9.27, 1.84, 4.96) | 4.81 (6.60, 1.92, 3.68) *** | |||
| 2 | Nā OSA | 1.69 (0.93, 2.84, 12.34) | 1.92 (2.57, 1.97, 10.46) | 1.38 (0.66, 3.48, 16.15) *** | 0.60 *** | ||
| 3 | SSS | 20.80 (7.59, 0.34, -0.60) | 22.16 (7.57, 0.18, -0.71) | 19.02 (7.28, 0.71, -0.04) *** | 0.45 *** | 0.50 *** | |
| 4 | TPE | 0.84 (1.57, 0.74, 1.57) | 1.02 (1.67, 0.49, 0.71) | 0.58 (0.38, 1.91, 3.55) *** | 0.34 *** | 0.55 *** | 0.30 *** |
Kākau. SD: ke kaulike maʻamau; PIPU: pilikia ka hoʻohana ponoʻana o nā ponokala pūnaewele. Nā OSA: nā hana hoʻoweliweli pūnaewele; SSS: kaʻimi i kaʻimi i ka moekolohe; TPE: hanaʻekolu.
*** Loaʻa i nāʻike ma nā wāhine he nui kaʻokoʻa ma waena o nā kāne a me nā wahine ma kēiaʻano paena ma p <.001; ʻo ka coefficient o ka hoʻopili ʻana ka huina hoʻopili hoʻopili hapa ma hope o ka kaohi ʻana no ka makahiki a me ke kāne.
***p <.001.
Nā pilina ma waena o SSS, TPE, OSA, a me PIPU
Hōʻikeʻia nā heluna hoʻohui palekana Pearson ma waena o PIPU, OSA, SSS, a me TPE, e mālama ana no nā makahiki a me ke kāne (Table 1). ʻO ka helu helu PIPU a ua hoʻopili maikaʻiʻia nā mea i ka OSA. E like me ka mea e manaʻoʻia ana,ʻo ka pilinaʻana me nā helu PIPU he helu nui loa ia no ka nānāʻana i nā mea pilikino kūpono (r = .65, p <.001) a ikaika iki no ka flirting a me nā ana pilina (r = .21, p <.001). Ua hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻo SSS a me TPE me nā OSA a me nā ana PIPU a me kekahi i kekahi. Hōʻike nā hualoaʻa me SSS nui aʻe, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka likelika o ke komo ʻana i OSA a me ka hoʻohana pilikia ʻana i nā ponokala pūnaewele.
Ka hopena o ka SSS ma PIPU: OSA ma keʻano he mea hoʻokūkū a me ka TPE ma keʻano he mea hoʻoponopono
Wahi a Edwards lāuaʻo Lambert (2007), pono e hōʻoia i nā palena o nā hoʻohālike hoʻohālikeʻekolu ma keʻano waena me nā ala mua mua i hoʻoholoʻia: (a) E ho'āʻo anaʻo 1 e hoʻoponopono i ka mana hoʻoponopono o ka heluna (TPE e hōʻikeʻia ana e U) ma keʻano hoʻololi kūʻokoʻa (SSS i hoʻokohuʻia e X ) a me ke kaʻina ola (PIPU i hoʻopiʻiʻia e Y). (b) Hoʻoholo ka hoʻolālā 2 i ka hana hoʻoponopono o keʻano hoʻololi maʻamau (TPE) ma keʻano hoʻololi kūʻokoʻa (SSS) a me nā hoʻololi hou (OSA i hōʻikeʻia e W). (c) Hoʻohālike ka 3 i ka mana hana o ke kumuhana (TPE) ma luna o ka pilina ma waena o kaʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa (SSS) a me ka loiloi hou (OSA), a me nā leka uila o ka mea hoʻokūkū pilikino (OSA) ma keʻano pono (PIPU e paniʻia ana e Y). ʻO nā helu o SSS a me TPE zPākuʻiʻia i zʻO nā meaʻelua, a lailaʻelua zua hoʻonuiʻia nā'āpana e like me nā manaʻo o ka pilina (Dawson, 2014).
E like me ka hōʻikeʻia i ka Papa 2, ma ka Equation 1,ʻo ka hopena hulina o SSS a me TPE iʻike nuiʻia ka PIPU (c3 = 0.42) a no laila ua alakaʻi ʻia nā loiloi hou. I ka Kaulike 2, ke ala o ka launa pū o SSS a me TPE he mea nui (a3 = 0.37). I ke kaulike 3, ke ala mai OSA a i PIPU nui (b1 = 0.56), a me nā mea ʻelua a3 a b1 he mea nui. Kahi mea hou aʻe, a1 a b2 a a3 a b2 he mau mea nui loa ia, i kū i ka pae hoʻohālikelike (Edwards & Lambert, 2007). Ma ka manawa like, e like me ka mea i hōʻikeʻia i ka Papa 2, i ka Equation 3, ua hoʻonui ka model modeling i ka 8.9% i kaʻikepili i hoʻohālikelikeʻia me ka Equation 1, e kākoʻo ana i ka hana o ka OSA ma ka hopena o ka SSS ma kahi hoʻohana koʻikoʻi. ʻO keʻano hoʻohālikelike ma Kaha 1 ua ho'āʻoʻia a kākoʻoʻia.
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2 Pūnaewele. ʻEkolu mauʻanuʻu e nānā ai i nā hiʻohiʻona o keʻanoʻimi i ke noiʻana i ka pilina i ka PIPU (i manaʻoʻia e bootstrapping)
1 Equation (hoʻololi olala: Y) | 2 hoʻolālā (ke hoʻololi olai: W) | 3 Equation (hoʻololi olala: Y) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kuhi | B | SE | β | 95% CI | B | SE | β | 95% CI | B | SE | β | 95% CI |
| X | 0.41 (c1) *** | 0.04 | 0.42 | [0.34, 0.48] | 0.33 (a1) *** | 0.04 | 0.33 | [0.26, 0.41] | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.07 | [-0.01, 0.14] |
| U | 0.19 *** | 0.03 | 0.20 | [0.13, 0.26] | 0.40 *** | 0.05 | 0.42 | [0.31, 0.51] | 0.33 *** | 0.03 | 0.36 | [0.27, 0.38] |
| UX | 0.16 (c3) ** | 0.05 | 0.20 | [0.04, 0.25] | 0.30 (a3) *** | 0.06 | 0.37 | [0.18, 0.42] | 0.20 (b2) *** | 0.03 | 0.15 | [0.05, 0.18] |
| W | 0.56 (b1) *** | 0.03 | 0.50 | [0.49, 0.62] | ||||||||
| hoohanau | -0.34 *** | 0.07 | -0.14 | [-0.49, -0.21] | -0.53 *** | 0.10 | -0.16 | [-0.76, -0.36] | -0.10 *** | 0.02 | -0.04 | [-0.14, -0.06] |
| makahiki | -0.08 * | 0.03 | -0.07 | [-0.15, -0.02] | -0.04 | 0.04 | -0.03 | [-0.12, 0.03] | 0.06 * | 0.03 | -0.05 | [-0.10, 0.01] |
| R2 (%) | 36.5 | 63.1 | 45.4 | |||||||||
'Ōlelo Aʻo. Ua loaʻa ka 95% hapa o nā kuʻina predictive i ka bootstrapping. X: keʻimi 'ana i ka moe kolohe; Y: pilikia ka hoʻohana ponoʻana o nā pono pūnaewele. W: hana hoʻoweliweli maʻamau; U: ke kolu o ka mea; SE: ke kuhi hewa; CI: ke kūlana hilinaʻi; PIPU: pilikia ka hoʻohana ponoʻana o nā ponokala pūnaewele.
*p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001.
Mai ka papa 2, ka hopena kūpono o ka manawa hulina i manaʻoʻia e lilo i mea maikaʻi loa e like me ka hoʻonuiʻana o ka TPE. No ka hoʻoikaikaʻana i ka unuhi, ua noʻonoʻo mākou i ka pilina i hiki keʻikeʻia i nā helehelena. Ua māhele mākou i nā helu o kēlā me kēia kanaka i nāʻaoʻao kiʻekiʻe a me nā haʻahaʻa e like me SD ma luna a ma lalo o ka mean (Dawson, 2014). Ua hōʻikeʻia nā hualoaʻa no nā mea hui pū me ka kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe (me nā helu a SD ma luna o keʻano), hiki i ka SSS keʻike maka i nā OSA (β = 0.71, t = 6.13, p <.01), ʻoiai no nā mea komo me nā helu haʻahaʻa ma ka TPE (me nā mākia o a SD ma lalo o ke kaona),ʻaʻole i nui ka hopena o SSS (β = -0.04, t = 0.27, p = .79; Kiʻi 2).
Hōʻike 2. Nā pilina ma waena o SSS, TPE, a me nā OSA
ʻO ka hōʻailona hōʻailona hōʻailona o ka hōʻailona ma nā kāne a me nā wāhine
Ua hoʻohanaʻia ka invarush maʻalahi no ka nānāʻana i keʻano o ka mīkini i hanaʻia ma nāʻaoʻaoʻelua. Hoʻomaopopo pinepine nā ho'āʻo hōʻoia hōʻoia i nā hanana he nui, e like me ka hōʻano houʻana o nā koi (e hiki ke hoʻohālikelike i nā mea likeʻole) i kēlā me kēia meka e hoʻopau ai i ka hoʻokolohua holoʻokoʻa, e hoʻohana ana i kaʻokoʻa o ka hōʻailona pono e like me nā pae hoʻohālike e hōʻoia ai i ka manaʻo likeʻole . Ināʻaʻohe kūpono nā hōʻike kūpono, ua'ōleloʻiaʻaʻole he kūlike like i waena o nāʻaoʻaoʻelua a ua hōʻoia ka ho'āʻoʻana (Lomazzi, 2018). ʻO ka kaʻina mua,ʻo ia ka ho'ākāka hōʻailona hōʻoia (ke kumu hoʻohālike) kahi i hoʻonohonohoʻoleʻia ai nā hoʻohālikelike no ka likeʻana o nā hui likeʻole eʻike ināʻano "nānā" keʻano i nāʻaoʻaoʻelua. Ma kēia māhele, ua hōʻikeʻia nā hualoaʻa o nā kiko'ī kūpono o ke kŘkohu: χ2 = 703.11, df = 77, p <.001, index index fit (CFI) = 0.86, index Tucker – Lewis (TLI) = 0.81, a me ke aʻa kumu hewa kuʻina o ka hoʻokokoke ʻana (RMSEA) = 0.14. Hōʻike ʻia ua hōʻole ʻia ke kumu hoʻohālikelike, ʻo ia hoʻi ma ka liʻiliʻi e hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka hoʻohālikelike hoʻohālikelike hanana o hoʻokahi hui. I ka ʻanuʻu zero, ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona baseline no nā kāne a me nā wahine, e hōʻike ana i ke kūpono maikaʻi i nā kāne kāne (χ2 = 101.72, df = 29, p <.001, CFI = 0.97, TLI = 0.95, a me RMSEA = 0.073) akā ʻaʻole naʻe i nā kumuhana wahine (χ2 = 216.256, df = 29, p <.001, CFI = 0.90, TLI = 0.82, a me RMSEA = 0.14). Kuhi kēia ʻike i ka hoʻohālikelike waena waena e pili i ka wahine. ʻO 57.5% ka wehewehe ʻana o ka hoʻohālikelike ma waena o nā kāne a me 32.5% i waena o nā wahine (Papa 3).
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3 Pūnaewele. Ka hoʻohālikelike o nā heluna ala o nā'ōnaehana kaʻina hana i hoʻoholoʻia i waena o nā kāne a me nā wāhine
Nā hoʻololi kūʻokoʻa | Nā hoʻololi hilinaʻi | Ka hāʻina ala | 'Oiōkiō koʻikoʻi | p | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nā kāne (β) | SE | Nā wāhine (β) | SE | ||||
| SSS | Nā OSA | 0.39 | 0.05 | 0.40 | 0.06 | 1.89 | .059 |
| TPE | 0.45 | 0.05 | 0.47 | 0.07 | -6.85 | .000 | |
| SSS × TPE | 0.33 | 0.08 | 0.60 | 0.07 | -27.10 | .000 | |
| SSS | PIPU | 0.17 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 14.89 | .000 |
| TPE | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.03 | 10.75 | .000 | |
| SSS × TPE | 0.004 | 0.06 | 0.24 | 0.08 | 14.38 | .000 | |
| Nā OSA | 0.74 | 0.11 | 0.89 | 0.07 | -1.95 | .258 | |
'Ōlelo Aʻo. ʻO ka β ka paʻaho ala maʻamau. ʻO p ke kūlikeʻo ".000" i p <.001. SSS: ʻimi i ka moekolohe; PIPU: hoʻohana ponokala pūnaewele pilikia; OSA: nā hana moekolohe ma ka pūnaewele; TPE: hopena o ke kanaka ʻekolu; SE: ke kuhi maʻamau.
kūkākūkā
I kēia noi ʻana, ua hoʻāʻo mākou i nā pilina ma waena o TPE, SSS, OSAs, a me PIPU i nā kāne a me nā wahine e hele ana i ke koleke makua i nā kāne a me nā wahine mai Kina. ʻO kahi kikoʻī, ua hoʻāʻo mākou i kahi hoʻohālikelike waena waena i hoʻopili ʻia i loko o ka papahana i-PACE i loko o ka pōʻaiapili o ka PIU a me nā puke kākau. Ua nānā ʻia nā noiʻi mua i nā hopena o ka hoʻoikaika maikaʻi ʻole (ʻo ia hoʻi, ka pakele a i ʻole ka hōʻalo ʻana i ke kaumaha a me ka hopohopo ma o ka nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni) e pili ana i ka ulu ʻana o PIPUPaul & Shim, 2008). ʻOiai ua nui nā noiʻi i noiʻi i nāʻano o ka hoʻoikaika ikaika a me ka SSS e pili ana i ka PIPU (Steinberg et al., 2008), uaʻikeʻoleʻia nāʻike mechanical no ka pilina ma waena o SSS a me PIPU. No ka hoʻonuiʻana i kaʻike ma kēia wahi a hāʻawi aku i nā alakaʻi kūpono hou i nā kānaka, nā hoʻoponopono a me nā mea aʻo, e hōʻike ana kēia SSS i kona mau hopena ma luna o ka PIPU ma o ka OSA, ua hoʻohālikelikeʻia e ka TPE, a me ka mea e pili ana i nā kāne. Uaʻike mākou i ka SSS ke alakaʻi aku i ka nui o nā OSA i ka manawa iʻike nā kānaka i ka hopena ma luna o nā mea'ē aʻe ma mua o nā mea ma luna o lākou iho, e hāʻawi ana i nāʻike kiko'ī a wehewehe pono i ka manawa, a ma lalo paha o nā kūlana, hiki ke alakaʻi i kahi OSA a me PIPU. Eia kekahi,ʻo kēia alahele i kapaʻia no ke kū'ēʻana i waena o nā kāne ma mua o nā wāhine. No laila, ua kākoʻo nuiʻia ko mākou mau manaʻo kuhi a me nā hopena i heluʻia ma lalo nei.
Hōʻike ka papahana hoʻokolohua i hoʻonohonohoʻia e pili ana ka pilina ma waena o SSS a me PIPU kiʻekiʻe ma o ka OSA mau pinepine, e like me nāʻike i hala mua (Hong et al., 2012; Zheng & Zheng, 2014). ʻO ka manaʻo eʻikeʻia ana heʻano maʻalahi e pili pinepine ana me nā hana hoʻonani (Steinberg et al., 2008). Ma keʻano he mea koʻikoʻi o kaʻimiʻana i kaʻike, e hōʻike ana ka SSS i ka manaʻo eʻimi i nā mea pilikino,ʻoihana, a me nā moʻolelo pilikino. Loaʻa nā hopena i ka manaʻo e hiki i ka Internet ke hoʻokomo i nā mea hoʻohana pono o nā kiʻi ponoʻole,ʻoiai nā haumāna kula kiʻekiʻe o ke kula kiʻekiʻe ma SSS ma muli o konaʻano hou, anonymity, ala ukana,ʻO Cooper et al., 2000). No nā poʻe me ka SSS kiʻekiʻe, hiki i ka Pūnaewele ke pani i kahi ala hou no ka hoʻopihaʻana i nā makemake o kaʻimiʻana i ka moʻolelo no ka hoʻonāʻana i ka wahine, aʻoluʻolu, a hoʻokuʻu i kaʻeha e pili ana i ka hoʻopauʻiaʻana o nā manaʻo moe kolohe,Putena, 2000) e like me ke kaʻina I-PACE (Brand, Young, et al., 2016). Eia naʻe, hiki i ka pilikino ke hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻohanaʻana o nā ponokala kiʻi pūnaewele i nā mea iʻikeʻia ma muli o ka hopena. Eia kekahi, ua manaʻoʻia e hiki i nā mea hoʻohana, iʻole paha ka poʻe kiʻekiʻe i ka SSS, ka mea iʻike i nā manaʻo moekolohe i piha i ka pono o nā ponokala pūnaewele ma mua o ka moekolohe maoli paha, hiki i ka hopena o ka uluʻana i ka PIPU (Brand, Snagowski, Laier, & Maderwald, 2016; ʻO Cooper et al., 2000, 2004). Hiki i kēia mau mea ke hōʻoia i ka nānā pololeiʻana i nā noi o ka wā e hiki mai ana, ma ke kāʻanaʻana i nāʻano moekolohe i nā manawa lōʻihi e pili ana i ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā ponokala pūnaewele.
Ke hōʻike nei nāʻike i kēia manawaʻo nā poʻe e manaʻoʻiʻo ana i nā kiʻi pīkoi pūnaewele iʻoi aku ka hopena o nā hopena iʻoi aʻe ma luna o nā mea'ē aʻe ma mua o ko lākou iho i komo i nā OSA a no lailaʻike lākou i ka PIPU. Wahi a Perloff (2002) Keʻano o ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka hana, hiki i nā kānaka ke kuhikuhi i kahi "super-self-image" ma loko a ma waho hoʻi no ka pale a hoʻonuiʻana i "ke kanaka."ʻO ka palena e hiki ai i kēia kaʻiko ke ho'ākāka i nā makemake e hōʻole aiʻole hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā hopena o nā kiʻi ponokala kiʻi a me pehea e pili ai kēia i ka hoʻolālāʻana i ka PIPU eʻimi hou i nā noiʻi hou (Lā, Pan, & Shen, 2008). Eia kekahi, i ka nui o nā manaʻo o kēlā me kēia kanaka me ka SSS kiʻekiʻe, hiki i ko lākou mau hiʻohiʻona ke alakaʻi iā lākou e nānā i ko lākou mauʻike pono'ī, aʻo ia ka mea e hoʻoikaika ai i ka manaʻoʻole o ka ponoʻole o nā ponokala pūnaewele. ʻaʻole e hoʻopilikia maikaʻiʻia (Lee & Tamborini, 2005).
Ua hōʻikeʻia nā hoʻokolohua hōʻailona hōʻailona i keʻano o ka hoʻolālā i ho'āʻoʻia ma loko o kēia haʻawina i piliʻole i nā puke me ka'ōnaehana e pili ana i nā kāne ma mua o nā wāhine. ʻO ka mea mua, keʻimi nei nā kāne i kaʻimiʻana i nāʻoihana pilina'ē aʻe (Oshri, Tubman, Morganlopez, Saavedra, & Csizmadia, 2013); haʻi pū lākou i kahi hoʻoulu wahine hou (Goodson, McCormick, & Evans, 2000), ka huhū wahine, a me ka masturbation i ka nānā 'ana i nā mea'onikala ma ka pūnaewele me nā wāhine e hōʻike ana i ka palekana, hoʻowahāwahā, a me nā hopohopo paha (ʻO González-Ortega & Orgaz-Baz, 2013). No laila,ʻo nā kāne,ʻo kēlā me kēia kiʻekiʻe i ka SSS, hiki paha keʻimi i ka hoʻonāʻanoʻana i ka moe kolohe ma ka pūnaewele e hiki ai i ka PIPU. ʻO ka lua, uaʻoi aku ka nui o nā hopena o ka hopena e pili ana i nā moe kolohe no nā wāhine ke hoʻohālikelikeʻia me nā kāne (ʻO Cooper, Morahan-Martin, Mathy, & Maheu, 2002), akāʻo ka nui o nā moe kolohe i loaʻa i ke kele pūnaewele he mea kūponoʻole ia no nā wāhine (ʻO Gonzalez-Ortega & Orgaz-Baz, 2013). I ka hope loa,ʻike nui nā wāhine i nā kiʻi pīpino ma mua o nā kāne (Malutū, 1996). No laila, i kēiaʻano hoʻohālikelike nui, hiki ke hoʻololiʻia nā hana o SSS a me ka TPE no nā kumu he nui, aʻo kēia mau kumu kūpono e nānāʻia ai i nā noiʻi e hiki mai ana.
Loaʻa nā hopena o mākou i nā hopena kūpono no ka hoʻonaʻauao moekino, ka paleʻana i nā kānāwai o ka pāhana PIPU, a me ka Internet. ʻO ka mea mua, uaʻikeʻia ka SSS e hiki ke wānana i nā OSA a me ka PIPU, i nā kānaka i loaʻa ka SSS kiʻekiʻe. Pono e nānā houʻia ka SSS a ma nā pānaʻi hoʻonaʻauao, he mea nui loa paha ke aʻoʻana i nā kānaka likeʻole e like me ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻomaopopoʻana a me ka hoʻokōʻana i kā lākou mau pono pilikino i nā hana maikaʻi. Hiki paha ke ho'āʻo i kēlā mau hana ma mua o ke kulanui i ka hoʻonaʻauao kūkino ma ka wā'ōpio a i nā wā ma mua paha, no ka hāʻawiʻana i ka mahele o nā'ōpio i ka wā'ōpio e like me 10 mau makahiki iʻike i nā kiʻi paʻi kiʻi paha (ʻO Peter & Valkenburg, 2016). ʻO ka lua,ʻo ka hopena o ka TPE e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻonaʻauaoʻana e pili ana i ka hopena o ka hopena o nā mea ponoʻole i ka pikokala. ʻO kēlā mau hana hoʻonaʻauao e komo paha i ka hoʻonaʻauao e pili ana i nā'ōpio'ōpiopio e hōʻike ana i kaʻikeʻana o kaʻikepili pūnaewele pūnaewele i kā lākou mau pule kolohe a me ka hopena i ka hanaʻeleʻele (ʻO Wéry & Billieux, 2016). ʻO ka mea hope loa, ʻokoʻa paha nā ʻano noʻonoʻo o ka pili ʻana i ke kāne a me ka wahine i ka OSA a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o PIPU. No laila, pono e hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā alakaʻi aʻo a me nā loiloi loiloi i nā ʻano makaukau kāne, me ke koʻikoʻi nui ma SSS i nā kāne a me nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe paha (e laʻa, pili i ka naʻau a me nā ʻano kaiaulu) e pili pono ana i nā wahine, ʻoiai ʻo kēia manaʻo hope i kēia manawa ua kuhi ʻia e pili ana i nā hopena i ʻike ʻia.
E noʻonoʻoʻia nā hualoaʻa ma muli o nā palena o nā aʻo. ʻAʻole hoʻohanaʻia ka nānāʻana i nāʻike helu āpau a no ka pūnaewele pūnaewele, aʻo kēia mau hiʻohiʻona e hiki ke hōʻemi i ka nui o nā hopena. ʻO ka lua, he mau haumāna ke kula mai Kina. ʻOiai e pili pono loa ana nā kiʻi pāʻanikala i kēia hui,ʻo ka nui o ka hopena e hiki ai ke hoʻonuiʻia i nā poʻe'ōpio a me nā makahiki o nā makahiki, nā pūʻulu me ka hoʻonaʻauaoʻole, a me nā aupuni a me nā moʻomeheu e hoʻolaha i ka hoʻokolokolo hou. ʻO ke kolu,ʻoiai ua pili pū kekahi mau kumu'ē aʻe i ka OSA a me ka PIPU, e like me keʻano haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (Kor et al., 2014), makemake (ʻO Kraus, Martino, & Potenza, 2016), a me nā hoʻolālā hoʻolālā palupalu (ʻO Wéry & Billieux, 2015), pono e nānāʻia kēia mau mea ma ka noiʻana. Me kēia mau palena, ua hāʻawi nui kaʻikepili i kaʻike nui a me ka hoʻouluʻana i nā'ōnaehana kūpono no nāʻano PIU kūikawā a me ka manaʻo e pili ana i nā ala kūpono no ka hoʻonaʻauaoʻana a me nā hana kūpono no ka ho'ēmiʻana i nā pilikia e pili ana i ka PIPU.
ʻO ka hāʻawiʻana o nā mea hoʻohana
Ua hoʻolālāʻia ka LC e ka loiloi, a ua hōʻoia i kaʻikepili, a kākau i ke kiʻi mua o ka puke. Ua kūkākūkāʻo MNP i ka hoʻolālā o nā nānāʻimi a nānā a hōʻolo hou i ka palapala. Ua loaʻaʻo YY a me WS i nāʻikepili, i hāʻawiʻia i nāʻikepili helu, a ua hoʻololi hou i nā puke. ʻO ka CD a me ka LZ i hōʻiliʻiliʻia ka hōʻiliʻili hōʻiliʻili a me ka nānā houʻana i nā puke. Ua loaʻa i nā mea kākau i kaʻike piha i nāʻikepili a pau ma ka noiʻana a lawe i nā kuleana no ka pololei o kaʻikepili a me ka pololei o nā kānanaʻikepili.
Kōkua hihia
ʻAʻole ka'ōlelo a nā mea kākau e pili ana i kaʻike o kēia puke. Ua kūkākūkāʻo Dr. MNP no ka hoʻolahaʻana iā Healthmend Health, Opiant / Lightlake Therapeutics, a me Jazz Pharmaceuticals; ua loaʻa ke kākoʻo noiʻi (i Yale) mai ka Moingan Sun Casino a me ka National Center for Gamble Gaming; uaʻimi 'ia no nā hui pili kānāwai a me ka pāʻani ma nā hopena e pili ana i ka mana hana a me nā hana hoʻonāukiuki; nā palekana e pili ana i nā mana hoʻonā a me nā hana hoʻopunipuni; hōʻike manaʻo hoʻonā i hanaʻia; nā puke waihona puke / nā puke pule; aʻo i nā papahana aʻo i nā hanana nui, nā hana CME, a me nā wahi kikoʻo'ē aʻe / kahiʻikeʻepekema; a hana i nā puke aiʻole nā mokuna no ka mea hoʻolaha i nā'ōlelo ola olakino. ʻAʻole hōʻike nā mea kākau'ē aʻe i nā pili pili kālā me nā pono pāʻoihana.
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