Nā lālā o ka lolo a ka'ōpiopio a me kona kūlana kūikawā i nā mea pilikino (explicit material) (2019)

Loulou i ka abstract - J Kauwahine. 2019 Feb 9; 72: 10-13. doi: 10.1016 / j.adolescence.2019.01.006.

Kāleka JA1, Wisco JJ2.

Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo

NĀ MEA: ʻO ke kiko o kēia loiloi haʻawina pōkole e pili ana i kahi pilina ma waena o ka hoʻonaninani kūloko a me ka physiological paradigms o ka lolo o ka wā'ōpiopio a me ka māhuahua o ka naʻau i nā mea moʻokalaleo.

HĀLU: Ua huli ʻia nā ʻikepili ʻike noiʻi noiʻi ʻo EBSCO e hoʻohana ana i kēia mau huaʻōlelo nui: ʻōpio, ʻōpiopio, ʻōpiopio ʻōpiopio, neuroplasticity, kuleana kīnāwai, hoʻoweliweli, a me nā wikiō.

HĀLOLO: Ua hōʻike nā nūpepa i nā māhele o ka lolo o ka wā ʻōpio i ʻokoʻa ma mua o ka lolo ʻōpio. Hoʻopili kēia mau: kahi cortex prefrontal cortex a over-responsive limbic a striatal circuits, kiʻekiʻe manawa no ka neuroplasticity, overactive dopamine system, he hua'ōlelo HPA i'ōlelo ʻia, hoʻonui i nā pae testosterone, a me ka hopena kūlike o nā hormones steroid. Hoʻomaʻemae ʻia ka pane ʻana o ke kino ma ka hana. ʻO ka uhi ʻana o nā wahi nui i pili pū me ka hoʻomoʻa ʻana o ka lolo ʻōpiopio a me nā mea hoʻonaninani maikaʻi. Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi hōʻike hoʻohālike e hoʻohālikelike ana i ka pane ʻana o ka pākeke a me nā ʻōpiopio i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka wahine.

Nā KUMOU: Ke manaʻo nei ka mea kākau puke e ʻike maoli paha ka lolo o ka ʻōpio i nā mea i moepono, akā ma muli o ka nele o nā haʻawina empirisia ʻaʻole hiki ke pane pololei i kēia nīnau. Hāʻawi ʻia nā ʻōlelo noiʻi no ka noiʻi e hiki mai ana i ka holomua i ka hana ma kēia kahua i kēia lā.

KEKAHI MEA: ʻO ka wā kamaliʻi; ʻO ka hoʻolālā lolo; Neuroplasticity; Puka pono; Ka sex; Hōʻike pono kiʻi

PMID: 30754014

DOI: 10.1016 / j.adolescence.2019.01.006

Nā ʻano hua kikoʻī o ka lolo o ka wā'ōpiopio

ʻO ke kia o kēia loiloi puke pōkole e ʻimi inā aia kahi pilina ma waena o nā anatomical a me nā physiological paradigms o ka lolo ʻōpio a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻike i nā mea moekolohe. Ua ʻimi ʻia nā kumuhana ʻikepili noiʻi EBSCO me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā huaʻōlelo nui: nā ʻōpio, ka ulu ʻana o ka lolo ʻōpio, neuroplasticity, nā mea moekolohe, ka moekolohe, nā kiʻi pono ʻole. ʻO ke ʻōpio ka wā ma waena o ka wā kamaliʻi a me ka makua e hoʻopuni ʻia e nā loli i ke kino, ka noʻonoʻo, a me ka ulu ʻana o ka nohona (Ernst, Pine, & Hardin, 2006).

ʻO nā hoʻohālikelike kūlike ʻole o ka lolo ʻōpio me kēia mau mea: 1) Kahi cortex mua ʻole a me nā lālā limbic a me nā striatal i pane nui ʻia (Dumontheil, 2016; Somerville & Jones, 2010; Somerville, Hare, & Casey, 2011; Van Leijenhorst et al. , 2010; Vigil et al., 2011); 2) He manawa i hoʻonui ʻia no ka neuroplasticity (McCormick & Mathews, 2007; Schulz & Sisk, 2006; Sisk & Zehr, 2005; Vigil et al., 2011); 3) ʻōnaehana dopamine overactive (Andersen, Rutstein, Benzo, Hostetter, & Teicher, 1997; Ernst et al., 2005; Luciana, Wahlstrom, & White, 2010; Somerville & Jones, 2010; Wahlstrom, White, & Luciana, 2010) ; 4) A axis HPA i ʻōlelo ʻia (Dahl & Gunnar, 2009; McCormick & Mathews, 2007; Romeo, Lee, Chhua, McPherson, & McEwan, 2004; Walker, Sabuwalla, & Huot, 2004); 5) Nā pae hoʻonui o ka testosterone (Dorn et al., 2003; Vogel, 2008; Mayo Clinic / Mayo Medical Laboratories, 2017); a me 6) Ka hopena kū hoʻokahi o nā hormones steroid (cortisol a me testosterone) i ka ulu ʻana o ka lolo i ka puka o ka ʻōpio (Brown & Spencer, 2013; Peper, Hulshoff Pol, Crone, Van Honk, 2011; Sisk & Zehr, 2005; Vigil et al., 2011).

Ua alakaʻiʻo Blakemore a me nā hoahana i ke kahua ma ka uluʻana o ka'ōpiopio a ua manaʻoʻo ia i nā makahiki'ōpio he manawa kūpilikiʻi e pili ana i ka hoʻoponopono houʻana o ka lolo (Blakemore, 2012). ʻO nā wahi o ka lolo e hoʻololi i ka loli ma ka wā'ōpio e like me ka mana o loko, ka nui a me ka hoʻolālā (Blakemore, 2012).

Ua hoʻopili ʻo Blakemore a me Robbins (2012) i ka hopena o ka hoʻoholo a hiki i ke ʻano o ka hoʻonaninani ʻana ma waena o ka lūlū a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka pale a me ka pane ʻana i ka wā o ka wā'ōpiopio a me ka hoʻomohala ʻina ʻole o ka hoʻolālā ʻāina. taui i loko o ka wā ʻōpio.

ʻO nā mea kikowaena

Hoʻopili ka mea hoʻonaninani i nā amygdala o ka ʻōnaehana limbic (Ferretti et al., 2005; Karama et al., 2002; Redoute et al., 2000; Walter et al., 2008). Hoʻomaka ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka amygdala i nā mea hou aʻe: 1) hana ka hypothalamus i nā neurons ma ka lolo o ka lolo a me nā kaula spinal e hoʻokumu i ka hoʻokaʻina o nā kaʻi autonomic neʻe i ka hopena o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka epinephrine a me ka norepinephrine; 2) hoʻoulu ʻia ka hypothalamus e ka mea, ka hopena cortisol ma o ke koʻi hypothalamic-adrenal (HPA), a me ka hoʻokuʻu o testosterone ma ka hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis (Viau, 2002); 3) hana ʻia ka nucleus accumbens ma o dopamine. No ka loiloi piha piha ʻana i ka amygdala a me kona hoʻihoʻi ʻana a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana o nā kaʻina hana somatic ʻike i ke Mirolli, Mannella, a me Baldassarre (2010). Ua hoemi ʻia ka hana o ka cortex prefrontal, a ua hoʻonui ʻia ka hana o ka ganglia basal ma muli o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka neurotransmitters (Arnsten, 2009; Hanson et al., 2012; Radley, 2005).

ʻO ka hoʻohana pinepine ʻole a hoʻohana pinepine ʻana i nā pūnaewele pūnaewele ponokalaa i pili nui ʻia me ka hana pono ʻole kaiāulu i waena o nā ʻōpio Helene (Tsitsika et al., 2009). Hoʻolālā ka hana ponokala kiʻi e hoʻopaneʻe i ka hōʻemi ʻana, a i ʻole ka makemake o kekahi kanaka e hōʻemi i nā hopena e hiki mai ana ma kahi o nā uku koke (Negash, Sheppard, Lambert, & Fincham, 2016). Ua hoʻohana ʻo Negash a me nā hoa hana i kahi laʻana i loaʻa ka awelika o 19 a me 20, ka mea a ka mea kākau i hōʻike ai i manaʻo ʻia he mau ʻōpio biologically. Ua ʻōlelo hou lākou ʻaʻole i hōʻike kā lākou mau laʻana i ka hoʻohana a me ka hoʻohana koʻikoʻi ʻana, akā ua hōʻike mau ʻia nā hoʻololi ʻana i nā kaʻina hana hoʻoholo.

Pili ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni i ka stimulus a me ka neuroplasticity o ka mesolimbic dopaminergic reward system (Hilton, 2013). Ua loaʻa nā scans MRI i kahi hui maikaʻi ʻole ma waena o nā hola ponokala kiʻi i hōʻike ʻia i kēlā me kēia pule a me ka nui o nā mea hina i ka caudate kūpono a me ka pilina hana me ka dorsolateral prefrontal Cortex (Kuhn & Gallinat, 2014). ʻO ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni paha ke kumu o kēia neuroplasticity, akā ʻo kahi precondition e hoʻonui ana i ka pono ponokala kiʻi hiki ʻole ke hōʻole ʻia.

Ke hōʻuluʻulu hoʻohālike hoʻohālike

Ke hāpai nei mākou i kahi hoʻolālā papahana hana, no ka noʻonoʻoʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona likeʻole o ka lolo a ka'ōpiopio a me nā hiʻohiʻona o nā mea kolohe. ʻO ka hilinaʻi o nā kī nui e pili ana i kaʻeleʻele o ka'ōpiopio a me nā mea pilikino e pili ana i ke kolohe, he mea mahalo.

Ke hōʻike ʻia i nā mea moekolohe ma ka moekolohe, e hoʻonui ʻia ka stimulate o ka amygdala a me ka axis HPA i ka ʻōpio, ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka makua. ʻO kēia ke alakaʻi i kahi curtailment ʻoi aku o ka prefrontal cortex a hoʻonui i ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka basal ganglia i ka ʻōpio. No laila, e hōʻino kēia kūlana i ka hana a ka mana, i hoʻopili ʻia me ka pāpā ʻana a me ka kaohi ponoʻī, a hoʻonui i ka impulsivity. Ma muli o ka ulu ʻana o ka lolo o ka ʻōpio, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka neuroplasticity. Ke hele nei ka pale ma mua o ka laina "laina", no laila e kipaku ai i ka rewiring lohi i makemake i ka hoʻomohala subcortical. Inā hoʻomau ka pale kaulike ʻole o ka neuroplasticity i ka manawa, hiki i kēia ke hopena i kahi kaapuni kolo nāwaliwali loa ma ke ʻano o ke kaapuni subcortical ʻoi aku ka nui, i hiki ai i ka ʻōpio ke hoʻomau i ka ʻoluʻolu a me ka impulsivity. ʻO ka nucleus o ka ʻōpio ʻōpio, a i ʻole ke kikowaena leʻaleʻa o ka lolo, e hoʻonui i ka stimulate hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka makua. E unuhi ka nui o nā pae o ka dopamine i nā manaʻo hoʻonui e pili ana me ka dopamine, e like me ka leʻaleʻa a me ka ʻiʻini (Berridge, 2006; Volkow, 2006).

Ma muli o ke kūpikipiki o ka testosterone, e hoʻonui ʻia hoʻi kona pae i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka makua. Hiki i kēia hoʻonui ʻana i ka testosterone ke alakaʻi i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka huhū (Banks & Dabbs, 1996; Goetz et al., 2014; Nelson, Leibenluft, McClure, & Pine, 2005; Schulz & Sisk, 2006) a me ka moe kolohe (Amstislavskaya & Popova, 2004; Bonilla – Jaime, Vazquez-Palacios, Arteaga-Silva, & Retana-Marquez, 2006; Exton et al., 1999; Redoute et al., 2000; Stoleru et al., 1999;).

Ma muli o ka puka hoʻonohonoho o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka wā ʻōpio, ʻo Cortisol a me testosterone e loaʻa kahi ʻano ʻē aʻe i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka lolo a i ʻole ke ola o nā kaila neural like ʻole. ʻAʻole e loaʻa kēia hopena i ke kanaka makua no ka mea ua pani ʻia kēia puka aniani o ka hoʻonohonoho. Loaʻa ka hiki i ka cortisol i ka manawa o ka wā ʻōpio e hoʻokau i ka neuroplasticity e hopena ai i ka hana noʻonoʻo a me ke kūpaʻa o ke koʻikoʻi a hiki i ka wā makua (McEwen, 2004; Tsoory & Richter-Levin, 2006; Tsoory, 2008; McCormick & Mathews, 2007; 2010). ʻO ka ikaika o ka amygdala post puberty, ma ka liʻiliʻi o ka hapa, pili i ka nui o ka hōʻike testosterone i ka wā o ka puka ulu ʻōpio koʻikoʻi (De Lorme, Schulz, Salas-Ramirez, & Sisk, 2012; De Lorme & Sisk, 2013; Neufang et al., 2009; Sarkey, Azcoitia, Garcia- Segura, Garcia-Ovejero, & DonCarlos, 2008). Pili ʻia kahi amygdala ikaika i nā kiʻekiʻe o ka naʻau a me ka hoʻoponopono pilikino ʻana (Amaral, 2003; Lorberbaum et al., 2004; De Lorme & Sisk, 2013).

Kūkākūkā a me ke alakaʻi e hiki mai ana

Ua ʻimi kēia pepa e hoʻomaka i ka kamaʻilio kūkākūkā: Hiki i nā ʻōpio ke ʻoi aku ka maʻa o nā ʻōpio kūlohelohe ma muli o nā ʻano kikoʻī a me nā physiology o ka lolo o ka ʻōpio? Hōʻike ka puke o kēia mau puke i nā ʻōpio ʻōpio i ʻoi aku i ka noʻonoʻo o ka palapala ʻokoʻa, akā no ka nele o nā haʻawina empirisia ʻaʻole hiki ke pane pololei i kēia nīnau. ʻO ka luʻu o ka hana ʻana ma o ka noʻonoʻo pono na ka nānā ʻana i nā noiʻi he mea nui nō ia, akā naʻe, ʻike ʻia, paʻa ʻia i ka holomua ʻepekema i kēia ʻoihana.

ʻO ka hoʻomaka ʻana, ke noi nei mākou i ka hana ʻana i nā noiʻi o ka lehulehu e hoʻohana ana i nā loiloi loiloi pilikino e nīnau nei i nā kuhi pili ʻole ma mua o ka hōʻike mua ʻana i nā mea no ka moekolohe, a ma hope o nā pae like ʻole. Hiki ke hāʻawi ʻia nā loiloi i nā mākua e hōʻoia inā he pili koʻikoʻi ka makua-keiki i ke koʻikoʻi o ka pono o ke ola kino (a me ka hana no ka hana lima).

ʻO kahi ala ʻē aʻe e noʻonoʻo ai, ʻo ia ka hana o ka ʻenehana ʻo ke ala nui i ka ʻōpio e hōʻike i nā mea i moekolohe. ʻOiai hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻoihana pilikino ponoʻī a hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana, nā noiʻi e noi ana i nā poʻe komo e hoʻāʻo ponoʻī i kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana i kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana a me ka ʻike ʻana i nā mea hoʻoweliweli kūloko.

ʻO ka mea hope loa, he kōkua nui loa i kēia mahina e hiki ai i ka ʻimi lōʻihi e pili ana i ka hui ʻana o nā keiki ma o ka wā kamaliʻi a i ka wā ʻelemakule me ka moʻolelo olakino i kākau ʻia a me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻike anatomical, physiological, a me ka naʻauao mai ka papa hana maʻamau a me ka hana MRI. a / ai 'ole i hooho kaomiʻOLI Pi.

ʻO ka hoʻolālā ʻana i nā haʻawina hoʻonaninani kūpono e nānā i ka hopena o ke kao ʻana o ka ʻike ma ke ʻano o ka lolo ʻōpio ʻo kahi ʻano nui ia e hoʻomaopopo i ka loli ʻana o nā ʻike o nā pākeke me nā ʻano hana.

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