Tus cwj pwm ntawm kev sib deev ntawm tus cwj pwm: Kev loj hlob thiab limbic ntim thiab sib txuam (2016)

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COV LUS QHIA: Thaum txoj kev tshawb no siv lo lus "Thim kev sib deev tus cwj pwm kev sib deev (CSB)," cov kev kawm yog cov neeg quav yeeb quav cawv (saib cov ntawv xovxwm no). Piv rau kev tswj ntawm kev noj qab haus huv CSB cov kev kawm tau nce sab laug amygdala ntim thiab txo kev sib txuas mus thaum nruab hnub ntawm sab laug amygdala thiab bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex DLPFC. Cov sau phau ntawv xaus:

Peb cov kev tshawb nrhiav tam sim no ua kom siab khov tag nrho hauv cheeb tsam implicated hauv motivational salience thiab qis so xeev connectivity ntawm prefrontal saum-down ntxawg tswj tes hauj lwm. Kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov tes hauj lwm zoo li no yuav piav qhia txog cov qauv cwj pwm coj txawv txav mus rau thaj tsam ntawm ib puag ncig los yog muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo heev rau cov cents txhawb siab. Txawm hais tias peb cov volumetric tshawb pom sib txawv nrog cov neeg hauv cov quav siv tshuaj (SUD), cov kev tshawb pom no yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam sib txawv li cov kev ua rau cov kev mob ntsws ntawm cov tshuaj muaj sia nyob.

Neeg txhais lus nrhiav #1): "Kev ua haujlwm tsis tshua muaj kev sib txuas ntawm amygdala & dorsolateral prefrontal cortex." Lub amygdala ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev coj ua hauv lub siab, suav nrog peb cov lus teb los ntawm kev ntxhov siab. Kev siv tshuaj tivthaiv amygdala yog muaj kev cuam tshuam rau ntau yam ntawm kev muaj yees xws li kev ntshaw mus, kev mob kev nkeeg thiab tshem tawm cov tsos mob. Txo txo ​​kev ua haujlwm sib txuas ntawm amygdala thiab prefrontal cortex mus raws li kev quav tshuaj yeeb quav tshuaj. Nws tau xav tias kev sib txuas tsis zoo txo ​​tau lub prefrontal cortex kev tswj hwm tus neeg siv lub zog ua rau muaj tus cwj pwm sib txuas.

Neeg txhais lus nrhiav #2): "Muaj ntau dua amygdala ntim" (uas txhais tau hais tias cov teeb meem txho). Cov kev tshawb fawb txog kev quav yeeb tshuaj feem ntau qhia me ntsis amygdalae hauv kev quav (tsawg dua li txho). Txoj kev tshawb fawb no qhia tau tias cov tshuaj phiv tshuaj lom neeg tuaj yeem ua rau muaj teeb meem tsawg dua thiab yog li txo cov tshuaj amygdala hauv cov neeg quav yeeb tshuaj. Tsis ntseeg qhov no ua lub luag haujlwm. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias amygdala yog nquag ua ntu zus thaum saib porn, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum lub sijhawm pib sib deev. Piv txwv li, nyem los ntawm tab mus tab lossis tshawb rau lub vev xaib lossis duab yuav taws cov amygdala. Tej zaum qhov tsis tu ncua kev sib deev novelty thiab searching thiab nrhiav ua rau ib tug nyhuv cim rau lub amygdala hauv cov neeg siv cov porn compulsive.

Lwm txoj kev qhia ntxiv rau ntau dua amygdala ntim hauv porn addicts: Ntau xyoo ntawm kev yuam kev siv porn tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab. Ntxiv mus, cov CSB cov kev kawm tsis yog tsuas yog quav yeeb quav tshuaj xwb; lawv kuj tau ntsib cov teeb meem tsis zoo uas yog los ntawm kev siv porn (poob haujlwm, teeb meem kev sib raug zoo, kev txhim kho porn-cuam tshuam ED). Ntawm no yog lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb: Mob kev nyuab siab ntev yog muaj feem xyuam nrog kev huam vam amygdala:

Txawm hais tias lub mechanisms meej ntawm plasticity tseem tsis nkag siab, muaj kev nyuab siab rau kev nyuab siab heev rau kev nthuav dav ntawm ntau lub sectors ntawm amygdala, whereas qhov teebmeem nyob rau hauv hippocampus thiab prefrontal cortex yuav tsum rov qab.

Peb xav txog cov lus saum toj no nyob rau hauv lub teeb ntawm no Xyoo 2015 kev tshawb nrhiav uas pom tias "cov neeg sib deev sib deev" muaj qhov HPA pheej hmoo tsis tu ncua (ib qho kev nyuab siab dhau). Puas yuav muaj kev ntxhov siab txog kev sib daj sib deev / kev sib daj sib deev, nrog rau lwm yam uas ua rau txiv neej sib txawv, ua rau kom ntau dua amygdala ntim? Thaum kawg, qis amygdala yuav yog ib qho mob uas muaj ua ntej hauv alcoholics, li zag nyob rau hauv cov tsev neeg uas muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev quav dej caw muaj me me amygdalae.

LINK TO TAG NRHO COV KEV KAWM NTAWV

Casper Schmidt,1,2,3 Laurel S. Morris,1,4 Timo L. Kvamme,1,2,3 Paula nrog,5 Thaddeus Birchard,5 thiab Valerie Voon1,4,6 *

Human Brain Mapping

Cov sau phau ntawv tshaj tawm hais tias lawv tsis muaj teeb meem ntawm kev xav tshaj tawm.

Abstract

Tom qab

Cov kev coj tus cwj pwm sib deev (CSB) yog tus nquag muaj feem thiab cuam tshuam nrog tus kheej thiab kev sib txawv ntawm tus kheej. Lub hauv paus pib neurobiology tseem tsis to taub. Kev tshawb xyuas tam sim no tshuaj ntsuam lub hlwb qhov hnyav thiab ua haujlwm hauv lub xeev kev sib txuas hauv CSB piv nrog cov neeg ua haujlwm pab dawb (HV).

txoj kev

Cov ntaub ntawv (Structural MRI) (MPRAGE) tau khaws tseg hauv 92 cov ntsiab lus (23 CSB txiv neej thiab 69 muaj hnub nyoog txiv neej HV) thiab tshawb xyuas siv voxel-based morphometry. Resting xeev MRI cov ntaub ntawv siv ntau lub nchav planar sib lawv liag thiab kev tshawb fawb ntawm yus tus kheej (ME-ICA) tau sau rau hauv 68 cov ntsiab lus (23 CSB cov ntsiab lus thiab 45 hnub nyoog sib tw HV).

tau

CSB cov kev kawm pom ntau dua plhaw amygdala grey teeb meem (me me ntim lus, Bonferroni kho P <0.01) thiab kev txo qis lub xeev kev ua haujlwm sib txuas ntawm sab laug amygdala noob thiab ob sab sib dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (tag nrho lub paj hlwb, pawg kho kom raug FWE P <0.05) piv nrog HV.

cov lus xaus

CSB yog txuam nrog cov khwv khov hauv cov cheeb tsam limbic tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws rau kev ua siab zoo thiab kev xav ntawm kev xav, thiab kev tsis pom kev zoo ntawm cov kev tswj ntawm cov tswj kev tswj thiab cov cheeb tsam limbic. Cov kev tshawb fawb yav tom ntej no yuav tsum txhawm rau soj ntsuam kev ntsuas ntev txhawm rau soj ntsuam seb cov kev tshawb nrhiav no puas muaj feem cuam tshuam rau qhov pib ntawm kev coj cwj pwm lossis kev rau txim ntawm tus cwj pwm.

abbreviations

  • ACC anterior cingulate cortex
  • CSB compulsive sexual behavior
  • CSF cerebrospinal kua
  • DLPFC dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
  • GM grey teeb meem
  • GLM dav qauv qauv
  • HV noj qab haus huv tuaj pab dawb
  • MPRAGE magnetization npaj cov gradient-ncha
  • OFC orbitofrontal cortex
  • ROI cheeb tsam ntawm kev txaus siab
  • SPM Sib Pauv Hloov Piav Qhia
  • TR repetition sijhawm
  • TE rov qab lub sij hawm
  • VBM voxel-based morphometry
  • WM dawb teeb meem.

TAW qHIA

Tus cwj pwm ntawm tus cwj pwm (CSB), uas tseem hu ua hypersexual disorder lossis kev quav kev sib daj sib deev, feem ntau tshwm sim (kwv yees li ntawm 3% -6%) [Kraus li al., 2016] thiab cuam tshuam nrog kev nyuaj siab ntxhov plawv thiab kev puas siab puas ntsws, xws li kev xav ntawm kev xav, kev xav tsis zoo, thiab kev tsis taus thiab kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo [Kraus li al., 2016]. Cov kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no tau npaj siab rau kev to taub cov kev xav hauv paj hlwb tso tawm [Kraus li al., 2016] txawm tias qhov kev tshawb fawb tsis txaus siab rau peb txoj kev to taub txog cov tswv yim txuas ntxiv thiab peb yuav ua li cas peb lub tswv yim zoo. CSB tau raug conceptualized xws li ib qho kev tsis sib haum tswj kev tus kab mob los yog tus cwj pwm kev coj cwj pwm [Kraus li al., 2016]. Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias cov txheej xwm rau cov kab mob hypersexual tau npaj tseg rau DSM-5 thiab ua tiav hauv qhov kev sib tw hauv daim teb [Reid et al., 2012], qhov teeb meem no nrog rau kev siv internet lossis kev ua si yees duab, tsis muaj nyob rau hauv nqe lus tseem ceeb ntawm DSM-5, vim yog vim qee cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov xwm txheej. Yog li, kev tshawb fawb ntxiv rau CSB tsim nyog los tsim ib qho kev nkag siab ntau ntawm cov kev mob. Txawm tias CSB tuaj yeem muaj ntau yam ntawm kev coj cwj pwm, ntawm no peb tsom ntsoov rau ib pawg neeg tshaj tawm txog kev nyuaj siab nrog kev siv duab liab qab sib txuam. Peb tau siv lub sijhawm CSB ntawm qhov kev xav tias "compulsive" qhia txog qhov rov tshwm sim zoo dua thiab tsis yog qhov yuav ua rau txhua tus tswv yim los yog kev xav ntawm lub tswv yim.

Peb tau xyuas cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev coj cwj pwm uas yog siv voxel-based morphometry (VBM) los yog cortical thickness. Peb siv cov lus nrhiav hauv qab no pub rau PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed): '[("Voxel-based morphometry" lossis "cortical thickness") thiab],' tom qab los ntawm "[kev twv txiaj ntsig twv txiaj ntsig]," "kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj hauv internet," "[internet tsis meej]," "," lossis " [kev quav twv txiaj]. ” Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, 13 cov kev tshawb nrhiav tau pom nyob rau hauv kev coj tus cwj pwm cuam tshuam ntsig txog kev twv txiaj, kev siv internet, lossis kev twv yeeb yaj kiab uas tau soj ntsuam VBM lossis cortical thickness. Kev txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv nthuav tawm hauv Rooj 1 thiab sib tham txog hauv qab no.

Rooj 1. Rov nyeem cov ntawv sau ntawm cov ntawv sau ua tuab thiab cortical tuab txog kev coj cwj pwm yees

Title

Cwj pwm kev coj cwj pwm

Cov kawm (P / HV)

Ntsuas

Regions implicated

  1. Cov ntawv luv luv: HV, cov neeg tuaj yeem pab dawb; P, cov neeg mob; r, txoj cai; l, sab laug; bl, bilateral; GM, grey teeb meem; WM, dawb teeb meem; ACC, sab qaum cingulate cortex; CB, cerebellum; CG, cingulate gyrus; CN, caudate nucleus; DLPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; HIPP, hippocampus; IC, insular cortex; IFG, inferior frontal gyrus; IPC, inferior parietal cortex; ITG, ua tsis tau zoo ntawm lub cev nqaij daim tawv; LING, lingual gyrus; LOFC, lateral orbitofrontal cortex; MFC, nruab nrab frontal cortex; MOFC, mob hlwb orbitofrontal cortex; MTG, nruab nrab ntawm lub cev nqaij daim tawv; OFC, orbitofrontal cortex; PCC, posterior cingulate cortex; PCG, tom qab nruab nrab ntawm gyrus; PCUN, precuneus; PrCG, gyrus pre-central; PFC, prefrontal cortex; PHG, parahippocampal gyrus; RACC, rostral anterior cingulate cortex; RMFC, rostral nruab nrab frontal cortex; SFC, superior frontal cortex; SMA, cheeb tsam muaj zog ntxiv; SPC, tshaj tawm parietal cortex; VS, ventral striatum.
[Grant li al., 2015]Kev twvtxiaj kev twvtxiaj16/17Cortical thicknessTxo cortical thickness hauv r-SFC, RMFC, MOFC, PCG thiab bl-IPC
[Joutsa li al., 2011]Kev xav txog kev twv txiaj12/12Voxel-based morphometryTsis muaj qhov sib txawv hauv GM lossis WM ntawm HV thiab cov neeg mob
[Koehler li al., 2013]Kev xav txog kev twv txiaj20/21Voxel-based morphometryNtxiv GM ntim hauv bl-VS thiab r-PFC
[Van Holst li al., 2012]Teeb meem kev twv txiaj40/54Voxel-based morphometryTsis muaj qhov sib txawv hauv GM los yog WM ntawm cov teeb meem twv txiaj thiab HV
[Hong li al., 2013]Siv Internet15/15Cortical thicknessTxo cov cortical thickness hauv r-LOFC
[Yuan et al., 2011]Siv Internet18/18Voxel-based morphometryTxo GM ntim hauv DLPFC, SMA, OFC, CB, RACC
[Zhou li al., 2011]Siv Internet15/18Voxel-based morphometryTxo GM ntom hauv l-ACC, PCC, IC, LING
[Lin et al., 2014]Kev ua si hauv Internet gaming35/36Voxel-based morphometryTxo GM ceev nrooj hauv IFG, l-CG, IC, thiab r-HIPP                  

Txo WM ceev nrooj hauv IFG, IC, IPC, ACC

[Hnub et al., 2014]Kev ua si hauv Internet gaming18/21Voxel-based morphometryNtxiv GM ntim hauv r-ITG, MTG, PHG                  

Txo GM ntim hauv l-PrCG

[Wang et al., 2015]Kev ua si hauv Internet gaming28/28Voxel-based morphometryTxo GM ntim hauv ACC, PCUN, SMA, SPC, thiab l-DLPFC, IC, CB
[Cai li al, 2015]Kev ua si hauv Internet gaming27/30Subcortical ntim, FreeSurferNtxiv zuj zus ntawm CN thiab VS
[Weng li al, 2013]Kev ua si hauv online17/17Voxel-based morphometryTxo GM ntim hauv r-OFC, SMA thiab bl-IC
[Yuan et al., 2013]Kev ua si hauv online18/18Cortical thicknessNtxiv cortical thickness hauv l-PrCG, PCUN, MFC, ITG, MTG                  

Txo cov cortical thickness hauv l-LOFC, IC, r-PCG, IPC

Kev pom zoo rau kev sib tw ua neural hauv kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj los ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm kev siv tshuaj yeeb dej caw (SUD). Cov neeg uas muaj tus mob SUD yuav txo cov cortical lub hlwb thiab qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau thaj tsam prefrontal cortical regions uas subserve tus cwj pwm coj ncaj ncees. Txoj kev tshawb nrhiav 9 tsis ntev los no thiab 296 cov neeg haus cawv nyob hauv cov neeg uas pom tau tias nws txo qis hnyav roj (GM), nrog rau anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) [Xiao li al., 2015], nrog frontal cortical GM ntim tsis tshua nrog cawv haus cawv siv [Taki li al., 2006]. Cov pa roj carbon zoo Prefrontal tau zoo sib xws hauv cov neeg quav tshuaj, xws li nyob rau hauv orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) [Rando thiab al., 2013; Tanabe li al., 2009], anterior prefrontal cortex [Rando li al., 2013] thiab ACC [Connolly li al., 2013], qhov tom kawg txuam nrog xyoo siv yeeb tshuaj [Connolly li al., 2013].

Pawg sib txawv hauv cortical tagnrho thiab thickness tau tsis tshua pom meej nyob hauv kev coj tus cwj pwm (saib hauv Cov Ncauj Lus 1). Peb cov kev tshawb fawb me me ntawm kev twv txiaj teeb meem tau qhia tias tsis pom muaj qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov cortical tuab ntawm ntau qhov chaw prefrontal thiab parietal [Grant li al., 2015], qhov nce tag nrho hauv txoj cai prefrontal cortex [Koehler li al., 2013] los yog tsis muaj kev sib txawv ntawm pawg [Joutsa li al., 2011]. Hauv kev kawm loj ntawm cov teeb meem kev twvtxiaj uas tsis tshua muaj teebmeem, tsis muaj kev sib txawv ntawm cov neeg tau pom hauv hlwb ntsuas [van Holst li al., 2012]. Ib qho kev tshawb fawb me me hauv kev yees duab hauv Internet pom tau qis qis qis hauv daim OFC [Hong li al., 2013], nrog rau lwm qhov kev qhia qis dua hauv dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) [Yuan et al., 2011] thiab ob qho kev tshawb fawb pom tias tsawg dua ntawm ACC [Yuan et al., 2011; Zhou li al., 2011]. Ob qho kev tshawb fawb me hauv Internet gaming ntshawv siab qhia tsawg zog hauv OFC [Weng li al., 2013; Yuan et al., 2013], thiab ob qhov kev tshawb fawb loj tshaj tawm me me hauv cov cingulate cortex [Lin et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2015] nrog cov kev tshawb fawb qhia tawm tsawg dua hauv DLPFC [Wang et al., 2015], inferior frontal [Lin li al., 2014], lub siab parietal [Wang li al., 2015] thiab inferior parietal [Yuan et al., 2013] Cortices. Nrog rau kev tswj cov kev tswj cov qoob loo, ib qho kev tshawb fawb me me tau qhia ntau dua ventral striatal (VS) hauv cov teeb meem twv txiaj [Koehler li al., 2013] tsis muaj kev sib txawv hauv kev sib txawv hauv lwm txoj kev tshawb fawb. Hauv internet gaming teeb meem, kev tshawb pom kuj zoo li inconsistent nrog ob leeg parahippocampal [Sun li al., 2014], txo hippocampal [Lin li al., 2014] los sis tsis muaj qhov sib txawv [Wang et al., 2015; Weng li al., 2013]. Ib txoj kev tshawb no nrog ib qho qauv tsim nyog piv rau cov cim qis subcortical qhia ntau dua caudate thiab VS qhov ntau ntawm cov kev paub txog kev tswj kev cai [Cai thiab al., 2015]. Ua ke, kev tshawb pom ntawm cortical los yog subcortical abnormalities hauv kev twv txiaj teeb meem no mas tsis sib haum. Hauv kev sib piv, cov lus ceeb toom ntawm cortical abnormalities hauv internet siv los yog internet gaming ntau tshaj tawm qhia tsawg dua cov nqi tsawg tsawg nrog ACC thiab OFC ntim replicated hla tsawg kawg yog ob txoj kev tshawb fawb.

Txog rau hnub tim, muaj qhov pov thawj ntawm cov kev hloov hauv cov neural hauv cov tib neeg uas muaj CSB. Cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov neeg noj qab nyob zoo nrog cov duab liab qab hnyav siv tsis muaj tus kab mob CSB qhia tsawg dua GM tag nrho hauv txoj cai caudate [Kühn thiab Gallinat, 2014]. Ib qho kev sib tham me me MRI ntawm cov tib neeg nrog CSB (N = 8 toj ib pawg) pom tias txo qis diffusivity hauv pem hauv ntej dawb teeb meem (WM) cov ntawv sib piv piv nrog HV [Miner li al., 2009]. Nrog rau kev saib xyuas kev ua haujlwm, txiv neej HV ua kom muaj kev sib haum xeeb nrog kev txo kab laug sab BOLD kev ua haujlwm rau cov duab qia zoo li qub [Kühn thiab Gallinat, 2014] thiab txo qis qis zog tuaj pom cov duab [Prause et al., 2015]. Hauv kev sib piv, hauv kev ua hauj lwm raws li fMRI txoj kev tshawb xyuas muab piv rau CSB nrog HV, qhia meej txog kev sib deev yeeb yaj kiab tshaj tawm VS, amygdala thiab dorsal ACC BOLD cov lus teb hauv CSB [Voon et al., 2014]. Muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov cheeb tsam no txuas nrog kev lag luam ntawm kev sib deev los yog "xav" tab sis tsis yog "nyiam" hauv CSB cov ncauj lus qhia txog lub luag haujlwm txhawb zog, sib piv kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj. Tsis tas li ntawd, hauv lwm txoj kev tshawb nrhiav txog kev saib duab liab qab hauv internet, qhov kev sib deev ntau dua tuaj yeem txuam nrog kev ua haujlwm ntau dua rau kev ua haujlwm thiab sib txheeb nrog cov yeeb yaj duab uas muaj kev qhia tawm hauv internet thiab tsis nrog lwm yam kev coj tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev sib deev lossis kev nyuaj siab [Brand le. 2016]. Lwm txoj kev tshawb no kuj qhia tau hais tias cov neeg uas muaj teeb meem ntawm kev sib haum xeeb tau ntsib ntau dua thiab muaj kev sib deev muaj siab thaum muaj kev sib deev kev sib deev, thiab qhov ua kom ntau dua tau pom nyob rau hauv caudate, inferior parietal lobe, dorsal anterior cingulate gyrus, thalamus, thiab DLPFC hauv cov pab pawg [Seok thiab Sohn, 2015]. CSB cov tib neeg pom tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thaum ntxov txog kev sib deev [Mechelmans li al., 2014] uas cuam tshuam nrog xaiv nyiam rau cues conditioned rau kev sib deev dluab [Banca li al., 2016]. Hauv kev teb rov rau cov duab qub qub qub, cov ntsiab lus CSB pom qhov kev nyab xeeb ntau dua nyob rau hauv qhov kev sib tw ACC rau kev sib deev, uas muaj feem xyuam nrog kev nyiam xaiv rau cov yeeb yaj duab tshiab [Banca et al., 2016], qhov tshwm sim tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm ob qho tib si tiam sis tej zaum kuj ua raws li lub tswv yim ntawm kev kam rau hauv kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj.

Txoj kev tshawb xyuas tam sim no kuaj volumetric GM hauv CSB thiab saib cov ntaub ntawv tam sim no ntawm volumetric thiab cortical thickness cov kev tshawb fawb hauv kev twv txiaj teeb meem thiab hauv internet thiab gaming siv mob. Peb kuj kuaj xyuas kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub xeev uas muaj kev sib txuas nrog CSB thiab sib xyaw HV nrog ntau tus qauv tshiab ntawm cov qauv kev sib txuas lus thiab kev sib cais ntawm tus kheej (ME-ICA) nyob hauv BOLD cov cim qhia tau hais tias yog cov khoom ntiag tug nrog cov sij hawm linear sij hawm (TE) qhov uas tsis yog-BOLD cov cim qhia tau pom tias yog TE-cov khoom xyaw [Kundu li al., 2012]. Peb xav tias yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam cov kev sib txuas lus thiab kev sib tw nrog kev sib txuas lus los ntawm amygdala, VS thiab dorsal ACC.

METHODS

Cov neeg koom

CSB cov kev kawm tau nrhiav los ntawm kev tshaj tawm hauv internet thiab xa tawm los ntawm kws kho mob. Muaj hnub nyoog txiv neej HV raug nrhiav tau los ntawm zej zog-raws kev tshaj tawm hauv cheeb tsam East Anglia. Tag nrho CSB cov kev kawm raug xam phaj los ntawm ib tug kws kho mob kom paub meej tias lawv tau ntsuas cov kev ntsuam xyuas rau CSB (tau ntsib cov kev ntsuam xyuas pom tias muaj cov teeb meem hypersexual [Kafka, 2010; Reid li al., 2012] thiab kev sib daj sib deev [Carnes et al., 2007], tsom rua kev siv zug ntawm kev sis thaam huv online. Qhov no tau raug siv los siv cov kev hloov kho ntawm Arizona Kev Sib Deev Kev Sib Deev (ASES) [Mcgahuey li al., 2011], nyob rau hauv cov lus nug tau raug muab teev rau ntawm qhov kev ntsuas ntawm 1-8, nrog cov qhab nias dua sawv cev qhov teeb meem loj dua qub. Muab cov lus taw qhia, tag nrho cov ntsiab lus CSB thiab HV yog txiv neej thiab heterosexual. Tag nrho HV muaj hnub nyoog zoo (± 5 xyoo) nrog cov kawm CSB. Cov kev kawm tseem tau raug soj ntsuam kom muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog qhov chaw hauv MRI raws li peb tau ua yav dhau los [Banca li al., 2016; Mechelmans li al., 2014; Voon li al., 2014]. Cov txheej txheem cais tawm tau ua nyob rau hauv 18 xyoos, muaj keeb kwm ntawm SUD, yog tus neeg siv niaj hnub siv tshuaj txhaum cai (xws li cannabis), thiab muaj kev puas siab ntsws hnyav, muaj xws li muaj teeb meem loj tshaj plaws lossis muaj kev nyuaj siab heev, lossis keeb kwm ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws bipolar lossis schizophrenia (kuaj xyuas Mini Mini Neuropsychiatric Inventory) [Sheehan li al., 1998]. Lwm yam kev yuam cai lossis kev coj cwj pwm tsis zoo kuj raug cais tawm. Cov kev kawm raug soj ntsuam los ntawm ib tug kws kho mob hais txog kev siv online gaming lossis kev tshaj xov xwm, kev tshawb fawb txog kev twv txiaj lossis kev ua lag luam, cov menyuam yaus lossis cov laus neeg paub tsis meej tias muaj mob tsis zoo, thiab kev kuaj plab tsis tu ncua. Cov ntawv kawm tiav UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale [Whiteside thiab Lynam, 2001] txhawm rau kev ntsuam xyuas tsis pom zoo, thiab Beck Depression Inventory [Beck li al., 1961] los ntsuam xyuas kev nyuaj siab. Ob ntawm 23 CSB cov kev kawm tau noj cov tshuaj tua kab mob antidepressants los yog muaj cov teeb meem tsis sib thooj thiab kev phobia (N = 2) los yog kev lom zem phobia (N = 1) los yog keeb kwm thaum yau ntawm ADHD (N = 1). Cov ntawv sau tau txais kev pom zoo tau txais, thiab txoj kev kawm tau pom zoo los ntawm University of Cambridge Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Coj Nkoj. Cov ntawv raug them rau lawv kev koom tes.

Neuroimaging

Cov ntaub ntawv tshaaj thiab kev ua haujlwm

Lub Hauv Paus.

Cov duab thaij duab tau muab coj los tso ua ke nrog rau txhua daim ntawv magnetization gradient-echo (MPRAGE) siv Siemens Tim Trio 3T-scanner nrog lub 32-channel taub hau siv lub T1 hnyav MPRAGE raws li cov lus qhia (176 sagittal slices, 9 minute scans, repetition time (TR) = 2,500 ms; echo time (TE) = 4.77 ms; inversion lub sij hawm = 1,100 ms; acquisition matrix = 256 × 256 176; flip angle = 7 °; voxel loj xNUMX × 1 × 1 mm). Kev lag luam coj qhov chaw ntawm The Wolfson Brain Imaging Center ntawm University of Cambridge.

Cov ntaub ntawv cov ntaub ntawv tau ua tiav nrog Kev Tshawb Fawb Sib Pauv Tsab (SPM8; http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm) (Wellcome Trust Center rau Neuroimaging, London, UK). Anatomical dluab tau manually rov oriented, tso lub keeb kwm ntawm tus anterior commissure. Dluab tau segmented (siv Tshiab Segment rau SPM) mus rau hauv GM, WM thiab cerebrospinal kua (CSF) raws li cov qauv kev sib tw daim ntawv qhia rau txhua hom ntaub so ntswg. Peb qho khoom siv hauv chav kawm tau muab sau ua ke los tsim cov nqi kwv yees thoob plaws hauv lub cev. Ib qho kev cai template raug tsim los siv DARTEL [Ashburner, 2007], uas txhais qhov tsis tsim nyog kom haum rau txhua tus neeg 'GM GM duab rau qhov chaw sib luag, hauv kev coj ua. DARTEL tus qauv no tom qab ntawd tau sau npe rau daim ntaub ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm daim ntaub nrog kev hloov pauv sib luag, nqa cov duab rau hauv MNI chaw. Cov duab tau du rau qhov sib dhos nrog qhov dav kawg ntawm ib nrab ntawm siab tshaj plaws ntawm 8 hli3.

So lub xeev.

Resting xeev fMRI cov ntaub ntawv tau nrhiav tau rau 10 feeb nrog lub qhov muag qhib nrog Siemens 3T Tim Trio scanner nrog lub 32-channel taub hau ntawm Wolfson Lub Ntsua Lub Cev Xyuas, University of Cambridge. Ib lub ntsiab lus ntawm ntau tus qauv (ECHO) yog siv cov kev sib piv hauv online (qhov rov ua dua, 2.47 s; flip angle, 78 °; matrix size 64 × 64; 3.75 mm; FOV, 240 mm; 32 oblique slices, alternating xuas lub cev, 3.75; bandwidth = 10 Hz / pixel; echo time (TE) = 3, 1,698, 12, thiab 28 ms).

Tig-yoj ywj siab kev tivthaiv kev ntsuas (ME-ICAv2.5 beta6; http://afni.nimh.nih.gov) tau siv rau kev tsom xam thiab kev lag luam ntawm kev siv ntau lub teb chaw fMRI. Kuv-ICA decomposes multi-echo fMRI cov ntaub ntawv mus rau hauv cov khoom tshwj xeeb nrog FastICA. BOLD qhov teeb meem feem pua ​​hloov cov teeb liab yog linearly nyob rau TE, tus yam ntxwv ntawm T2 * lwj. Qhov TE-dependence yog ntsuas los ntawm kev siv pseudo-F-statistic, kappa, nrog Cheebtsam uas teev tau ruaj nrog TE muaj qhab nees siab high [Kundu li al., 2012]. Cov khoom tsis yog-BOLD yog txheeb xyuas los ntawm TE muaj kev ywj siab ntsuas los ntawm cov pseudo-F-statistic, rho tawm. Cheebtsam yog li categorized li BOLD lossis tsis yog BOLD raws li lawv cov kappa thiab rho tawm qhov nqis hnyav, feem [Kundu li al., 2012]. Qhov tsis yog-BOLD cov khoom siv tau muab tshem tawm los ntawm kev ua haujlwm, de-tsis muaj suab rau cov lus tsa suab, ua kom lub cev thiab cov duab kos tau tawg kom ruaj raws li cov qauv ntawm lub cev. Txhua tus neeg cov duab tsis muaj suab npe ncha tau ua rau lawv lub MPRAGE thiab coj mus rau Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) tus qauv. Kev Sib Txauv hauv qhov chaw tau ua nrog Gaussian lub noob pob zeb (tag nrho qhov dav ib nrab ntau kawg = 6 hli). Lub sij hawm hauv chav kawm rau txhua voxel yog ntu band-pass filtered (0.008 f <0.09 Hz). Txhua tus neeg kuaj mob anatomical tau faib rau GM, WM, thiab CSF. Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov cim taw qhia los ntawm WM thiab CSF raug tshem tawm.

Muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog kev ua haujlwm tau zoo siv tau thaj tsam ntawm kev txaus siab (ROI) -civen mus nrog CONN-fMRI Functional Connectivity toolbox [Whitfield-Gabrieli thiab Nieto-Castanon, 2012] rau SPM (http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/software/spm8/).

statistical Analysis

Cov neeg kawm ntawv cov yam ntxwv thiab cov lus nug tau muab sib piv ntawm cov pab pawg nrog ob-tw t-tests tsis muaj piv txwv tias yog sib npaug sib npaug. Tag nrho cov kev tshuaj ntsuam tau raug ua siv R version (3.2.0) [RC Team, 2014].

Yam Ntxhuav

Rau cov pawg sib piv, GM tagnrho rau CSB cov ncauj lus thiab HV tau nkag rau hauv cov qauv dav dav (GLM). Cov ntaub ntawv tau raug muab kho rau cov neeg tuaj koom 'tag nrho cov ntim hauv qhov nruab nrab uas siv cov ntsuas ntsuas sib luag thiab ib daim npog ntsej muag ncaj qha hauv SPM. Cov pab pawg sib piv tau hloov kho rau cov hnub nyoog thiab cov qhab nias kev nyuaj siab ua covaria. Peb tsom mus rau ib tug priori hypothesized thaj tsam ntawm kev txaus siab pom nyob rau hauv peb cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los [Voon li al., 2014] thiab hauv kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov tshuaj cue reactivity [Kühn thiab Gallinat, 2011], uas yog sab xis thiab sab xis, VS, sab laug thiab txoj cai amygdala, thiab dorsal ACC siv me me ntim kho (SVC) tsev neeg qhov tseeb yuam kev (FWE) kho P <0.01 (Bonferroni kho rau ntau qhov sib piv). Rau cov kev ntsuas hauv SVC no, peb siv VS anatomical ROI, yav dhau los piav qhia [Murray et al., 2008] uas yog txhais tes kos siv MRIcro raws li lub ntsiab txhais ntawm VS los ntawm Martinez li al. [2003]. Lub amygdala ROI tau los ntawm qhov Automated Anatomical Labeling (AAL) atlas. Lub dorsal ACC tau manually kho siv MarsBaR ROI toolbox [Brett li al., 2002] thiab raws li tus cingulate cortex ROI los ntawm AAL atlas. Nws tau hloov kho xws li tias sab nrauv ciam teb yog qhov ntxeev ntawm lub genu ntawm corpus callosum [Cox li al., 2014; Desikan li al., 2006] thiab lub posterior yog qhov xaus tom qab ntawm qhov genu ntawm lub corpus callosum [Desikan li al., 2006]. Lwm cov kev soj ntsuam ntxiv rau BDI cov qhab nia tau ua tiav.

So lub xeev

Los piv kev sib txuas ntawm CSB cov ncauj lus thiab HV, ROI-rau-voxel tag nrho lub hlwb sib txuas daim phiaj xwm tau raug suav rau sab laug amygdala noob thaj av ntawm kev txaus siab raws li cov pab pawg neeg sib txawv. Cov kev sib txuas ntawm cov phiaj xwm tau nkag mus rau hauv tag nrho cov ntsiab lus tseeb ntawm GLM los sib piv tag nrho-lub hlwb kev sib txuas ntawm cov pab pawg hloov rau lub hnub nyoog nrog kev soj ntsuam tom ntej hloov rau ob hnub nyoog thiab kev nyuaj siab. Tag nrho lub hlwb txhaws kho qhov FWE P <0.05 tau pom tias tseem ceeb rau pab pawg sib txawv.

KEV SIV

Cov yam ntxwv

Nees nkaum-peb cov txiv neej poj niam nrog CSB (hnub nyoog 26.9; SD 6.22 xyoo) thiab 69 muaj hnub nyoog sib luag (hnub nyoog 25.6; SD 6.55 xyoo) heterosexual txiv HV koom rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no (Cov lus 2), ntawm 19 CSB cov ntsiab lus thiab 55 HV tau ua tiav kev nug tus cwj pwm. CSB kawm tau siab dua BDI (P = 0.006) thiab UPPS-P (P <0.001) cov qhab nia piv nrog HV. Lwm tus cwj pwm coj cov qhab nia suav nrog cov qauv thiab qhov hnyav ntawm cov duab liab qab thiab siv internet tau tshaj tawm lwm qhov [Mechelmans et al., 2014; Voon li al., 2014].

Rooj ntawv 2. Cov lus qhia txog tus cwj pwm thiab tus cwj pwm rau kev xav sib deev ua ntu zus thiab cov neeg tuaj pab dawb

Group

Muaj hnub nyoog

BDI

UPPS-P

  1. Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov qauv kev hloov thiab P-paub rau ob-piv txwv t-Yog muaj nyob rau hauv txoj kab.
  2. a

4 tuaj koom tsis tau 23.

  1. b

14 tuaj koom tsis tau 69.

  1. BDI cov qhab nias ntawm 0-13 qhia tsawg tshaj plaws kev nyuaj siab, 14-19 me ntsis kev nyuab siab, 20-28 theem kev nyuab siab, thiab 29-63 nyuaj siab.
  2. UPPS-P cov qhab nia ntawm 59 thiab 236 raws li kev ntsuas ntawm kev ua tsis tau zoo (59 = tsawg impulsive; 236 = feem ntau impulsive) xam los ntawm 59 cov khoom, txhua tus nyob ntawm 1 thiab 4 thiab cov sawv cev ntawm kev sib txawv ntawm kev tsis pom.
  3. Cov tsiaj ntawv luv: HV, cov neeg pab dag zog noj qab nyob zoo; CSB, kev sib deev kev coj tus cwj pwm; BDI, Beck Cov Lus Nug Kev Nyuaj Siab; UPPS-P, UPPS-P Cuam Tshuam Tsis Pub Coj Tus Cwj Pwm Nplai
CSB (N = 23)26.9 (6.22)14.82 (11.85)a152.21 (16.50)a
HV (N = 69)25.6 (6.55)6.03 (7.20)b124.87 (20.73)b
T-nuj (P-qhov)0.88 (P = 0.380)3.04 (P = 0.006)5.81 (P <0.001)

Yam Ntxhuav

ROI cov kev soj ntsuam ntawm amygdala rau sab laug thiab txoj cai, sab laug thiab txoj cai VS thiab dorsal ACC qhia tias qhov teebmeem amygdala grey teeb meem tau nce hauv CSB piv nrog matched HV (SVC FWE-kho, P = 0.0096, Z = 3.37, xyz = −28, −4, −15) (Bonferroni kho rau SVC FWE-raug kho P <0.01) (Daim duab. 1). Tag nrho lwm cov kev soj ntsuam ROI tsis tseem ceeb. Kev kho rau kev nyuaj siab tsis hloov cov neeg pom qhov txawv ntawm pawg.

Daim duab 1.

Daim duab 1.

Voxel-based morphometry hauv kev coj tus cwj pwm sib deev. Loj tshaj ploj ntawm amygdala yog qhia nyob rau hauv kev sib txeeb ntawm kev sib deev ntawm cov neeg muaj kev noj qab haus huv. Daim duab yog qhov pib ntawm P <0.005 tsis piav qhia piv txwv. [Daim duab xim yuav tuaj yeem pom ntawm wileyonlinelibrary.com]

Resting State

Raws li cov kev ua tau zoo, peb tau kuaj xyuas lub teb chaws ua haujlwm txuas nrog lub noob nyob rau sab laug ntawm amygdala. Peb pom muaj kev sib txuas nrog dual DLPFC (Txoj Cai DLPFC: P = 0.012, Z = 4.11, xyz = 31 42 16; DLPFC laug: P = 0.003, Z = 3.96, xyz = −27 52 23) (Daim Duab. 2). Kev kho rau BDI tsis hloov qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb pom (Txoj Cai DLPFC: P = 0.001, Z = 4.54, xyz = 31 61 23; DLPFC laug: P = 0.003, Z = 4.26, xyz = −29 49 35).

Daim duab 2.

Daim duab 2.

Resting xeev kev txuas mus rau ntawm cov laug amygdala. Tus cwj pwm ntawm kev sib daj sib deev yog txuam nrog kev so hauv lub xeev kev ua haujlwm ntawm sab laug amygdala (noob, sab laug) nrog ob sab dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (nruab nrab thiab sab xis), txheeb ze rau cov neeg noj qab haus huv tuaj pab dawb. Daim duab yog qhov pib ntawm P <0.005 tsis piav qhia piv txwv. [Daim duab xim yuav tuaj yeem pom ntawm wileyonlinelibrary.com]

SIB THAM

Peb tau ntsuam xyuas cov kev sib txawv hauv cov kev sib txawv hauv cov neeg uas muaj CSB piv nrog cov sib tw HV. CSB cov kev kawm tau nce ntau plooj amygdala ntim thiab txo kev sib txuas mus thaum nruab hnub ntawm sab laug amygdala thiab bilateral DLPFC.

Tus amygdala yog muaj kev sib txuas ntawm kev ua haujlwm rau tus kheej uas coj tus cwj pwm coj. Lub nuclei ntawm qhov kev sib txuas amygdala yav dhau los nruab nrab ib qho los sis sab hauv lub cev nrog cov neeg sawv cev sawv cev ntawm kev sib raug zoo, propagating cue induced motivational salience [Everitt li al., 2003], thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm txoj kev tswjhwm [Cardinal li al., 2002; Gottfried li al., 2003]. Kev tshawb ntawm amygdala ntim ntau yog nyob rau hauv kev tawm tsam nrog ntau cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm cawv siv kab mob [Makris et al., 2008; Wrase li al., 2008], raws li cov kev tshawb fawb thoob hom kev tshaj tawm txog kev quav tshuaj muaj nqi amygdala tagnrho, qhov twg ntsuas tau ntsuas qhov twg. Ib qho kev piav qhia txog qhov tsis sib xws yog tias cov khoom siv ntev mus ntev siv los ntawm kev hloov cov hlab ntsha mus ntev thiab cov tshuaj toxicity [Kovacic, 2005; Reissner thiab Kalivas, 2010] uas tuaj yeem pab txhawb rau kev mob siab rau kev coj-yeeb-tshuaj [Gass thiab Olive, 2008]. Xws li cov neurotoxicity tej zaum yuav ua rau kom thoob plaws atrophy pom hauv cov khoom yeeb tshuaj [Bartzokis li al., 2000; Carlen li al., 1978; Mechtcheriakov li al., 2007]. Xws li cov tshuaj neurotoxicity muaj feem yuav yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv SUD tab sis tsawg dua ntawm qhov teeb meem hauv kev coj cwj pwm. Hauv kev kawm CSB dhau los uas siv cov fMRI, raug rau kev sib deev tsis zoo nyob hauv CSB piv rau cov kev kawm tsis yog CSB nrog kev ua si ntawm amygdala [Voon et al., 2014]. Txawm hais tias qhov sib txawv hauv amygdala ntim yog ib tus neeg tseem ceeb uas tsim nyog rau CSB los yog muaj feem xyuam nrog kev tsim tawm ntau heev.

Qhov hauj lwm ntawm DLPFC yog paub zoo tias yuav tsum muaj kev sib txuas nrog txoj kev tswj kev txawj ntse [MacDonald li al., 2000] thiab ua haujlwm nco [Petrides, 2000]. Peb nrhiav kev sib txuas tsis sib haum ntawm amygdala thiab DLPFC txua nrog cov ntaub ntawv uas twb muaj lawm nyob rau hauv kev sib txuas ntawm cov cheeb tsam no. Qhov kev sib txuas no yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau txoj kev xav hauv kev xav, uas tau yav tas los tau tshaj tawm tias kev sib txuas txo ntawm amygdala thiab DLPFC rau cov tib neeg uas muaj internet gaming teeb meem yog txuam nrog ntau theem ntawm impulsivity [Ko li al., 2015]. Lwm txoj kev los ntsuas kev muaj peev xwm los hloov cov kev xav tsis zoo los ntawm kev siv cov tswv yim zoo los ntawm kev siv cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub hauv ntej cortex, xws li DLPFC, cov kev ua haujlwm nrog amygdala kev ua haujlwm, thiab kev sib txuas ntawm cov cheeb tsam no yog nyob ntawm kev siv cov tswv yim kev tswj hwm ntawm kev xav tsis zoo siab [Nyiaj qiv li lwm tus, 2007]. Amygdala thiab DLPFC kev sib txuas tau zoo sib xws nrog kev nyuaj siab unipolar [Siegle li al., 2007]. CSB tau txuam nrog kev nyuaj siab thiab ntxhov siab vim cov tsos mob thiab kev ntxhov siab yuav ua rau muaj kev ua si zoo li no; Txawm li cas los xij, peb cov kev tshawb pom tau tsis sib thooj txog kev nyuaj siab. DLPFC kuj tseem siv tau los ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm HV txiv neej uas siv ntau dua kev siv duab liab qab tau txuam nrog kev sib txuas ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm DLPFC thiab striatum thaum saib pom qhov tseeb [Kühn thiab Gallinat, 2014].

Peb ceev faj tias cov kev tshawb pom no yog qhov ua ntej muab piv txwv me me ntawm cov qhab nia CSB tab sis peb piv qhov no nrog cov qauv loj sib txawv ntawm HV. Ib qho kev txwv ntawm txoj kev tshawb no yog homogeneity ntawm cov pejxeem. Raws li peb tsis suav nrog cov ntsiab lus nrog lwm cov mob comorbid psychiatric ntshawv siab uas yuav ua tau lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab tam, cov ntsiab lus no yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo nkaus rau cov CSB nrog lwm cov comorbidities. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov kev ntsuam xyuas thiab kev tsis pom zoo ntawm CSB cov ntsiab lus muaj feem xyuam nrog cov qub kev ua ntej los sis tej zaum yuav tshwm sim los ntawm cov teeb meem ntawm CSB, thiab qhov kev tshawb no tsis tuaj yeem ua qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov teeb meem ntawm CSB. Cov kev tshawb fawb yav tom ntej yuav tsum txhawm rau ntsuas cov kev ntsuas ntev txhawm rau txiav txim siab qhov txawv ntawm lub xeev thiab kev coj zoo thiab cov kev muaj peev xwm ua ntej ntawm cov kabmob uas tsis muaj peev xwm ua ntej hauv lub cev loj dua thiab nrog cov poj niam sib xyaw.

Peb cov kev tshawb nrhiav tam sim no ua kom siab khov tag nrho hauv cheeb tsam implicated hauv motivational salience thiab qis so xeev connectivity ntawm prefrontal saum-down ntxawg tswj tes hauj lwm. Kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov tes hauj lwm zoo li no yuav piav qhia txog cov qauv cwj pwm coj txawv txav mus rau thaj tsam ntawm ib puag ncig los yog muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo heev rau cov cents txhawb siab. Txawm hais tias peb cov volumetric tshawb pom sib txawv nrog cov neeg hauv SUD, cov kev tshawb pom no tej zaum yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam sib txawv xws li kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj mob ntsig txog cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw ntev. Cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj qhia tau tias muaj peev xwm overlaps nrog txoj kev tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb uas pab txhawb kev txhawb siab kev xav kwv yees. Peb tau pom hais tias kev ua si hauv qhov kev sib txuas lus no yog kho kom zoo dua tom qab kis tau tus cwjpwm zoo lossis kev ua plees ua yi los [Sex et al. 2016; Seok thiab Sohn, 2015; Voon li al., 2014] nrog rau txoj kev xav zoo sib xws [Mechelmans li al., 2014] thiab muaj lub siab xav hais txog kev sib deev tab sis tsis muaj kev sib daj sib deev [Brand le al., 2016; Voon li al., 2014]. Qhov ua kom zoo rau kev sib daj sib deev tsi ntsees raug ntxiv nrog rau qhov kev nyiam rau kev sib daj sib deev raws li kev pom zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib daj sib deev thiab kev xav tsis zoo [Banca thiab al., 2016]. Cov kev tshawb pom ntawm kev ua kom muaj feem xyuam nrog kev sib daj sib dee txawv ntawm qhov kev ua tiav (los yog qhov kev mob nkeeg tsis ua raws li) uas qhov kho kom zoo ntxiv, muaj peev xwm ua raws nraim nrog lub tswv yim ntawm kev kam rau siab, nce siab nyiam rau kev nyiam kev sib deev [Banca et al., 2016]. Ua ke ntawm cov kev tshawb nrhiav no tau pab txhais cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov teebmeem CSB uas ua rau kev nkag siab ntau ntawm cov teebmeem thiab kev txheeb xyuas tau cov cim tshuaj.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Peb xav ua tsaug rau cov neeg ua hauj lwm WBIC rau lawv qhov kev txawj ntse thiab kev pabcuam nrog khaws cov ntaub ntawv tawm qauv, thiab peb cov neeg tuaj koom lawv lub sijhawm thiab kev cog lus. Tsis tas li, peb xav ua tsaug Thaddeus Birchard thiab Paula Hall rau kev xa cov neeg mob rau txoj kev kawm. Lub koom haum Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience Institute (BCNI) yog txhawb los ntawm Wellcome Trust thiab Medical Research Council.

ua tim khawv

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