Tshaj Tawm:
Terry Robinson, yog ib tug xibfwb ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab kev sib koom tes ntawm University of Michigan - ua ke nrog nws tus kws qhia ntawv, Kent Berridge - txheeb xyuas dopamine ua lub luag hauj lwm rau kev yees duab neurochemical. Nws xav tias kev sib cav tswv yim ntawm txoj kev tiv thaiv yog tsis pab cuam. "Txawm hais tias nws yog tshuaj, sib deev, twv txiaj los yog tsis muaj dab tsi, koj tab tom saib kev tswj hwm tus mob tsis zoo uas cov tib neeg muaj teeb meem los ntawm kev siv kev siv tsis zoo. Muaj kev zoo sib xws ntawm cov tswv yim kev xav ntawm lub hlwb thiab cov paj hlwb. "
Kev tiv thaiv tau raug saib raws li txoj kev tsis sib haum xeeb, tsis hais cov tshuaj yeeb dej cawv, xws li dej cawv thiab qaug cawv. Tab sis tam sim no lub Scope ntawm dab tsi tib neeg yuav quav hnyiab rau nkawd tau snowballed, los ntawm qab zib mus yuav khoom mus rau kev tawm. Lub NWS thawj lub chaw pabcuam hauv qhov chaw pabcuam hauv internet no qhib tau rau xyoo no; lub koom haum World Health Organization (WHO) muaj qhov kev ua si hauv gaming hauv nws cov txheej txheem kev kuaj mob.
Thawj lub glimmer ntawm kev hloov no yog nyob rau hauv 1992, thaum tabloids qhia tias Michael Douglas - Hollywood royalty, tshiab los ntawm starring nyob rau hauv lub erotic thriller Basic Instinct - twb holed li nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw Arizonan rehab chaw nrog kev sib deev yees. Txawm li cas los xij, hnub no, Douglas tsis yeem tsis lees paub los ntawm qhov kev mob - txoj kev uas peb pom tias kev tiv thaiv tau pib mus ua tsis tau kev ywj pheej.
Tom qab ntawd, lub sij hawm ncua ntawm lub sij hawm feem ntau tau pom nyob rau hauv cov vev xaib mob nkeeg li tub nkeeg muab nyiaj; Txawm li cas los, neuroscience tau tam sim no tau txais kev pom zoo tias nws yog tib lub hlwb tshuaj, dopamine, tsav cov kab lus no. Dab tsi ntau, peb lub ntiaj teb 21st yog li hnyav hnyav nrog cues thiab stimuli - los ntawm stealthy marketing rau qua ntxi zaub mov, tsis los pav nagging lure ntawm lub neej hauv internet - tias nws zoo li rigging peb lub dopamine systems ua "hypersensitised".
"Qhov ntau ntawm cov neeg uas tau txais kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj ntxiv," hais tias Michael Lynskey, yog xibfwb txog kev tiv thaiv ntawm King's College London. "Rau kuv niam kuv txiv, tiam sis tsuas yog haus luam yeeb thiab haus cawv xwb. Tam sim no muaj ntau cov tshuaj, nrog rau cov khoom siv, nrog rau kev lag luam thiab kev - tshwjxeeb hauv online - los txhawb kev siv lub sijhawm sib txawv. "
Ntau yam ntawm cov kev mob hnyav no pom tau tias yog coj tus cwj pwm tsis yog lub cev, cov khoom uas muaj feem xyuam nrog kev quav yeeb quav - tab sis qhov yuav tshwm sim yog qhov ntxa. Kev twvtxiaj yog qhov tsim kom muaj tus cwjpwm uas ntev tshaj plaws, tau raug lees paub txij thaum 2013. Kev tua yus tus kheej, nrog rau kev siv tshuaj yeeb dej caw, ntau dua ntawm cov neeg twvtxiaj. "Kuv pom cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv uas tso tseg hauv tsev kawm ntawv vim lawv tsis tuaj yeem nres," hais tias Henrietta Bowden-Jones, tus kws pab tswv yim psychiatrist qab ntawm NHS qhov chaw pabcuam hauv internet. "Kuv pom cov neeg uas muaj kev yuam kev muag khoom uas muaj nuj nqis ntau vim lawv tsis tuaj yeem nres lawv tus kheej los ntawm kev yuav peb lub tsho loj dua, uas thaum kawg lawv cov lag luam thiab cov tsev neeg raug kev txom nyem."
Qee zaum, nws hais tias, kev quab yuam ntawm cov vices txawv - piv txwv li, ib tug tub hluas uas nrhiav kev tiv thaiv ntawm tsev neeg muaj teeb meem ntawm kev sib tw ua si thiab porn. "Kuv tau pom [tus neeg mob tsis ncaj ncees] nag hmo," nws hais tias, "leej twg ces mus siv nyiaj rau khoom thiab khaub ncaws. Koj tuaj yeem hloov tus cwj pwm tab sis nws yog ib qho mob uas peb tsis tau paub txog txaus. "
Nws tsis yooj yim to taub, li cas los xij, qhov tseeb hais tias muaj ntau cov kev lom zem no muaj nyob rau ntawm qhov kev sib txuas ntawm lub vijtsam. Thaum tus tiv thaiv kev siab hlub Addaction commissioned koj Daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas KojGov hauv Lub Kaum Hlis 2018, nws pom hais tias cov niam txiv muaj ob zaug txog kev txhawj xeeb txog lawv cov menyuam yaus uas raug teeb meem rau kev tshaj tawm txog kev siv yeeb tshuaj, thiab qhov zoo sib xws thaum sib piv txog kev ua si thiab kev quav yeeb tshuaj. Tsis tas li ntawd nyob rau hauv Lub kaum hli ntuj, lub EU tshaj tawm nws yuav fund cov European teeb meem siv ntawm Internet tshawb nrhiav Network los soj ntsuam cov pej xeem kev siv tshuaj.
Tsis yog txhua leej txhua tus pom zoo nrog cov kev kho mob tshiab li kev quav tshuaj - tom qab tag nrho, koj tsis tuaj yeem hla dhau ntawm lawv. Kev twvtxiaj thiab kev ua si yog cov tsuas yog los ua nws rau ntawm WHO daim ntawv teev cov kev tiv thaiv. Txawm li cas los xij, ib qho kev hloov ntawm kev nkag siab ntawm kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj yog nyob rau hauv cov lus tsa suab.
Coj kev sib daj sib deev. Kev nrhiav kev kho rau qhov teeb meem no muaj teeb meem tau, nyob rau hauv rooj plaub xws li ntawm tus golfer Tiger Woods, tau raug thuam raws li kev ywj pheej shortcut rau kev txhiv dim rau philanderers. Ntawm qhov tod tes, cov neuroscientists uas tau kawm txog lub hlwb ntawm cov neeg uas muaj kev sib txuam nrog kev sib txeeb nrog kev sib deev nrog poj niam txiv neej ua tim khawv zoo tib yam rau cov uas lawv tau pom hauv kev quav tshuaj yeeb.
Lynskey hais tias: "Kev kam lees, tsis quav ntsej txog kev ris tsho, tsis muaj peev xwm nres, tshem tawm." Tshem tawm yog qhov taw qhia uas pom tseeb, txawm tias cov kaus poo cov qab zib tau raug ntxias rau hauv cov nas tsuag - , shakes, hloov hauv lub cev kub, ntxhov siab vim, tag nrho cov kaboodle. "Yog tias ib tug tub ntxhais hluas yuav chim siab thaum kev sib tw kev sib tw tau txiav luv, nws muaj qee qhov kev sib tham hais tias qhov ntawd yog ib qho kev tsis sib haum," hais Lynskey.
Terry Robinson, yog ib tug xibfwb ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab kev sib koom tes ntawm University of Michigan - ua ke nrog nws tus kws qhia ntawv, Kent Berridge - txheeb xyuas dopamine ua lub luag hauj lwm rau kev yees duab neurochemical. Nws xav tias kev sib cav tswv yim ntawm txoj kev tiv thaiv yog tsis pab cuam. "Txawm hais tias nws yog tshuaj, sib deev, twv txiaj los yog tsis muaj dab tsi, koj tab tom saib kev tswj hwm tus mob tsis zoo uas cov tib neeg muaj teeb meem los ntawm kev siv kev siv tsis zoo. Muaj kev zoo sib xws ntawm cov tswv yim kev xav ntawm lub hlwb thiab cov paj hlwb. "
Thaum Robinson thiab Berridge tau txheeb xyuas dopamine li "xav" thiab lub hlwb pleev xim rau "nyiam" - ob qho kev tshwm sim - lawv pom tias koj tsis tas yuav nyiam ib yam dab tsi thiaj li xav tau: qhov tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev tiv thaiv. Hauv kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj, txoj kev xav yog qhov tsis tseem ceeb thaum lawv tsis nyiam qhov khoom ntawm lawv txoj kev ntshaw. Berridge ib zaug hais rau kuv hais tias "loj heev", "muaj zog" uas xav tshuab hauv lub hlwb tuaj yeem nrog los yog tsis muaj kev lom zem, qhov txaus siab "muaj lub hlwb me me thiab ntau dua ... Qhov no yog vim li cas lub neej txoj kev siab khov ntau dua thiab tsis muaj zog tshaj lub neej txoj kev mob siab siab nyiam ". Nws kuj piav txog, tej zaum, yog vim li cas tib neeg thiaj li yooj yim herded rau hauv xav khoom tshiab thiab instant gratification, txawm tias thaum tej yam no tsis ua rau peb zoo siab.
Robinson hais tias, "yog tias lub dopamine system ua neeg mob siab, ua rau cov kev mob siab ntsws ntawm lub xeev no." Nws tau txheeb tau peb yam tseem ceeb uas yuav pab tau vim li cas "zoo li muaj ntau yam teeb meem [tau quav cawv]. (Nws ceev faj, txawm li ntawd los, tias "nkag mus rau hauv kev sib raug zoo yog qhov nyuaj ntawm kev ua pov thawj ua rau thiab qhov tshwm sim".)
Qhov zoo tshaj plaws yog qhov uas peb niajhnub niaj hnub ua nrog ua haujlwm nrog kev ywj pheej. "Cov neeg tsis txaus siab rau lub hwj chim ntawm cov kev taw qhia uas tau ua rau cov txiaj ntsig tau, ua nws yog yeeb tshuaj los yog txiv neej los yog zaub mov, ua kom muaj lub siab nyiam." Qhov tseeb, cov neeg quav yeeb yuav tuaj yeem nyiam cov lus qhia ntau tshaj qhov kawg ntawm lub hom phiaj, rigmarole ntawm kev sib tw tshuaj thiab ntxiv rau. "Tus nqi ntawm cov cues uas cuam tshuam nrog cov khoom noj khoom haus mas yog qhov txhia chaw tam sim no," nws hais. "Tshuaj, kev sib deev thiab kev twv txiaj zoo, thiab qhov uas tau hloov ntau dhau ib xyoo thiab yuav ua rau muaj teeb meem ntau dua."
Lynskey pom zoo, ntxiv "qee qhov kev lagluam thiab kev tsim qauv ntawm kev twvtxiaj yog ib kaujruam ua ntej peb txhua qhov kev kawm rau kev tsim cov neeg siv thiab txhawb nqa dopamine thiab khaws lawv". Qhov "zoo li" khawm, ntsuas kev pom zoo thiab thev zais ib qho kev yuam kom kuaj kev tshaj tawm, yog ib qho piv txwv zoo li. Tawm tswv yim qhia rau hauv cov teebmeem ntawm kev tshaj tawm rau cov tub ntxhais hluas thaum ntxov 2018, tus UK cov menyuam yaus tus thawj coj Anne Longfield sau hais tias "Qee cov menyuam yaus yog qhov uas yuav luag txaus siab rau 'nyiam' raws li ib daim ntawv ntawm kev sib raug zoo.
Robinson qhov kev xav ob yog ntau npaum li cas. Peb nyiam ntawm qab qab qab qab kom zoo rau peb thaum peb yog neeg yos hav zoov, tuaj pab peb xaiv qhov chaw muaj zog. Tam sim no, peb muaj high-fructose pob kws phoov, uas blows peb minds nrog unnatural theem ntawm qabzib. Ib yam li cov tshuaj, nws tau hais tias: "Cov coog coca yoojyim hauv Andes tsis zoo tib yam li kev haus luam yeeb cocaine. Cov kws kho mob sib txawv thiab qhov no kuj tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev tiv thaiv rau kev tiv thaiv. "
Nws qhov kawg yog qhov yooj yim nkag. "Khoom noj khoom haus, kev sib deev, kev twv txiaj thiab kev quav tshuaj - muaj hnub no ntau dua yav dhau los." (Kev sib daj sib deev muaj xws li haus luam yeeb, sexting, compulsive masturbation, exhibitionism thiab chemsex.)
Tag nrho cov teeb meem no, Robinson tseem, "ua ke hauv txoj hauv kev - thiab kuv paub tseeb tias peb tsis to taub lawv tag nrho - kom muaj qhov muaj txiaj ntsim ntawm kev siv teeb meem siv ntau yam". Qhov no puas txhais tau tias ntau tus neeg muaj kev pheej hmoo hauv no era throbbing dopamine excitation? Qhov teeb meem loj tshaj plaws rau kev tiv thaiv, xws li kev puas tsuaj thiab kev ua rau me nyuam yaus, yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau koj txoj kev tswj hwm dopamine tau hijacked, hais tias Robinson - "tiam sis koj muaj nra hnyav cov ntawm cov cues uas yog siv, muaj zog thiab formulations muaj zog".
Lwm txoj kev xav txog kev tsav tsheb sib txawv ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm zoo li cas los ntawm kev sim ua hauv lub tebchaws Canada thaum lub caij 1970s paub Phom chaw ua si. Tus kws tshawb fawb Bruce Alexander tau pom tias cov chiv keeb (lab), thaum nws tsis muaj dej cawv thiab haus dej haus cawv, uas yooj yim los ua tus neeg nyuj hawv; Yog tias koj tso cov nas tsuag loj, cov khoom ua si puv ntoob nrog lwm tus txiv neej thiab poj niam rau lub tuam txhab, tus heroin yuav tsis sib tw. Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yog kev siv tshuaj tiv thaiv, es tsis yog siv yeeb tshuaj xwb. Txoj kev tshawb nrhiav tau ua rau tsis tshua thaum nws tau luam tawm - tsis tau hnub no, Alexander tau raug dlej thoob lub ntiaj teb los qhia nws txoj kev tiv thaiv, uas nws tau hu cov kev tsis pom zoo.
"Lub ntiaj teb no niaj hnub rhuav tshem txhua yam hauv zej zog, txhua yam ntawm kev lig kev cai thiab kev ntseeg thiab tej khoom uas tau ua kom muaj lub neej zoo thiab muaj peev xwm rau cov neeg yav dhau los," nws hais. "Koj tsis tuaj yeem hais tias: 'OK, tam sim no kuv yuav muab koj rov qab dab tsi modernity coj tawm.' Peb yuav tsum rov tsim dua lub neej, raws li peb tau ua txhua lub sijhawm, nrog lub qhov muag kom paub tseeb tias muaj kev sib txuas sib luag rau tib neeg ntawm kev sib raug zoo, kom tib neeg tuaj yeem loj hlob thiab txaus siab kom lawv tsis tas nrhiav kev hloov hauv kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj rau lub neej. "
Cov koom haum xws li Addaction hauv UK, nws hais tias, "nrhiav txoj hau kev kom tau [cov khoom] ua ke ua pawg thiab cog cov pab pawg hauv cov zej zog thiab tau txais lub zej zog txhawb cov neeg hauv pawg no, tsis txhob tso lawv cov kev siv tab sis kom muaj lub neej muaj nuj nqi ". Steve Moffatt, tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm Addaction, hais tias zoo li txhua yam kev pabcuam, "peb tabtom pib ntawm kev totaub txog cov teebmeem uas muaj ntawd. Rau tiam no dhau los, kev tshaj xov xwm yog ib qho loj tshaj plaws thiab kev ua hauv internet feem ntau, tab sis peb tseem tsis paub txog qhov twg. "
Txawm li cas los xij, Lynskey hais tias, tseem muaj tsawg dua cov neeg muaj kev tiv thaiv ntau tshaj li 30 xyoo dhau los vim hais tias theem ntawm kev tswj nicotine - feem ntau cov neeg tuag - tau nqis los ntawm 50% rau tsawg dua 20% hauv UK . Txawm li cas los xij, cov kev qhia tshiab rau kev kuaj mob txhais tau tias cov tib neeg uas zaum tsawg dua ntawm cov yees duab spectrum tau tam sim no tau pom tias muaj teeb meem txog kev sib raug zoo. Lub koom haum American Psychiatric Association tau hais tias, "siv qhov sib txawv ntawm kev tsim txom 'thiab' kev tswj ', nyob rau tam sim no lawv nyob rau hauv ib pawg ntawm kev siv tshuaj yeeb. Tej zaum ntau li plaub tus txivneej yuav ua tau raws li cov cwj pwm kev quav dej quav cawv, thiab qis dua, tiam sis tseem muaj ntau, cov poj niam. "Thiab cov neeg no tseem tsis muaj qhov qaug dab peg lossis tuag yog tias lawv tawm mus. Nws hais tias, "Yog tias nws haus cawv los yog tshuaj yeeb los yog siv tshuaj muaj yees thiab cov neeg tau zoo siab rau qhov chaw uas tus cwj pwm ua teeb meem ntawm kev siv qis dua."
Bowden-Jones hais tias qhov pov thawj zoo tshaj plaws rau kev kho tus cwj pwm kev coj cwj pwm yog siv cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) los pab kom tsis txhob muaj cues (piv txwv, noj lwm txoj kev hauv tsev kom koj tsis txhob xa cov ntawv muag), kev coj tus cwj pwm zoo thiab rov qab qhia cov neeg muaj mus poob nrog qhov chaw nco, xws li ntawm pob tesniv.
Kev pab kuj tuaj yeem tuaj yeem nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm cov cuab yeej tswj kav. "Muaj cov nplua nuj zoo uas yuav muab tso rau hauv qhov chaw uas yuav txwv tsis pub koj saib cov porn, kev twvtxiaj, thiab txhua yam uas yuav ua rau tus cwjpwm koj muaj qhov teebmeem, tshwj tsis yog tias kev ua si," hais tias Bowden-Jones. "Peb yuav tsum tau mus rau ib txoj haujlwm nyob rau hauv qhov kev mob khaub thuas tseeb ntawm koj lub hnub, koj tuaj yeem hais tias: 'Kuv tsis tas yuav siv ntau tshaj 2 xuab moos ib hnub ua qhov no, yog li ntawd kuv yuav thaiv kuv tus kheej tom qab ob xuab moos [ntawm kev ua si ]. '"Lub luag hauj lwm no, nws hais tias, lies nrog cov kev lag luam gaming.
Mindfulness meditation kuj tau pab txo kev quav yeeb tshuaj. Qhov tseeb tiag, nws tau pom tias nws zoo tshaj qhov Alcoholics Anonymous 12-step program thiab CBT nyob rau hauv 2014 tshawb xyuas coj Sarah Bowden, tus pab cuam xibfwb ntawm qhov kev soj ntsuam psychology hauv University of Pacific hauv Portland, Oregon; lub xyoo dhau los, Bowden, Berridge thiab lwm yam teebmeem ntawm lub paj hlwb nouroscientific los sib tham txog kev tiv thaiv nrog Dalai Lama. Tom qab tag nrho, cov xibfwb tau ntes rau qhov teebmeem no tau txhiab xyoo dhau los lawm, siv cov kev xav los tawmtsam txoj kev xav tias lawv yog cov neeg raug mob ntawm cov neeg raug kev txom nyem, ua ntej cov dopamine-fueled lub sijhawm.
Txoj kev sib tw niaj hnub no yog qhov tsim nyog, thiab qhov yuav tsum tau muaj: ploj mus yog hnub uas thaum rov los saib xyuas cov neeg quav yeeb quav tshuaj yuav raug txwv kom tsis txhob muaj qhov tsim nyog hauv internet, piv txwv li. "Cov menyuam yaus yuav raug txiav tawm," hais tias Bowden-Jones, "thiab peb cov neeg mob hais li cas thaum lawv xav tias lawv tsis tuaj lawm, nws thawb lawv mus rau lub neej qub uas lawv twb muaj teeb meem nrog rau qhov zoo nyob rau hauv lawv lub neej-rau-lub ntsej muag lub neej. "Raws li Moffat hais," qhov twg lawv tau txais lawv validation ".
Ntau tus ntawm peb yuav plam peb tus cwj pwm hauv internet rau hauv qab kawg ntawm lub spectrum: qhev rau peb cov xov tooj, wasting cov sij hawm uas peb yuav tsis tau rov qab tua hauv internet luav qhov, compulsively checking for likes. "Muaj kev txawv txav," hais tias Bowden-Jones "ntawm kev siv thiab siv tsis yog. Nws zoo li noj ntau dhau lub ncuav mog qab zib, uas ua rau koj tsis zoo. Cov neeg uas nyob rau hauv kev tshaj tawm ntau dhau lawm, nws tsis yog qhov zoo, tab sis nws yuav tau pib tawm xws li. "Muaj mus rau dopamine tsis muaj lub Library, dua.
;