Txo qis LPP rau cov duab kev sib deev hauv cov neeg siv duab liab qab yuav raug xwm yeem nrog cov qauv kev yees. Txhua yam nyob ntawm tus qauv (Tawm tswv yim ntawm Prause, Steele, Staley, Sabatinelli, & Hajcak, 2015)

Is Taws Nem thev naus laus zis muab kev pheej yig thiab siv tsis tau mus rau ntau hom duab liab qab (Cooper, 1998). Cov ntaub ntawv qhia muaj peev xwm pom tau tias 67.6% ntawm txiv neej thiab 18.3% ntawm poj niam Danish cov neeg laus (18-30 xyoo) siv cov duab liab qab txhua lub lim tiam (Hald, 2006). Ntawm USA cov tub ntxhais kawm qib siab 93.2% ntawm cov tub thiab 62.1% ntawm cov ntxhais tau saib duab liab qab online ua ntej muaj hnub nyoog 18 xyoo (Sabina, Wolak, & Finkelhor, 2008). Rau feem ntau ntawm cov neeg siv, saib duab liab qab tau ua lub luag haujlwm hauv kev lom zem, kev zoo siab thiab kev tshoov siab (Rothman, Kaczmarsky, Burke, Jansen, & Baughman, 2014) (Häggström-Nordin, Tydén, Hanson, & Larsson, 2009), tab sis rau qee qhov , kev saib duab liab qab tas li yog qhov muaj kev txom nyem (kwv yees li 8% ntawm cov neeg siv raws li Cooper et al., 1999) thiab dhau los ua qhov laj thawj rau kev nrhiav kev kho (Delmonico thiab Carnes, 1999; Kraus, Potenza, Martino, & Grant, 2015); Gola, Lewczuk, & Skorko, 2016; Gola thiab Potenza, 2016). Vim nws cov koob meej nrov nrov thiab tsis sib haum xeeb hauv kev soj ntsuam, kev saib duab liab qab yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev sib raug zoo, tau saib xyuas hauv xov xwm, (piv txwv li cov yeeb yaj kiab uas muaj npe: "txaj muag" los ntawm McQueen thiab "Don Jon" los ntawm Gordon-Levitt) thiab los ntawm cov nom tswv (piv txwv li, UK tus thawj tswj hwm David Cameron xyoo 2013 hais txog kev saib duab liab qab siv los ntawm cov menyuam yaus), nrog rau kev tshawb fawb txog neuroscience (Steele, Staley, Fong, & Prause, 2013; Kühn thiab Gallinat, 2014; Voon et al., 2014) .One ntawm cov lus nug feem ntau yog: puas yog kev saib duab liab qab tuaj yeem raug yees?

Qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm Prause, Steele, Staley, Sabatinelli, & Hajcak, (2015) luam tawm nyob rau hauv lub rau hli ntuj qhov teeb meem ntawm Biology Psychology xa cov ntaub ntawv nthuav ntawm cov ncauj lus no. Cov kws tshawb nrhiav pom tias tus txiv neej thiab poj niam qhia txog qhov muaj teeb meem saib duab liab qab (N = 55),1 pom zoo qis lig zoo (LPP - ib qho kev tshwm sim muaj feem hauv EEG signaling ua rau muaj qhov tseem ceeb thiab kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm lub yeeb yam) piv rau kev sib daj sib deev raws li cov duab tsis yog kev sib deev, thaum piv nrog cov lus teb ntawm cov tswj. Lawv kuj qhia tau hais tias cov neeg siv teeb meem pornography uas muaj kev sib daj sib deev muaj me dua LPP sib txawv rau kev sib deev thiab tsis yog kev sib deev. Cov sau phau ntawv xaus lus tias: "Qhov qauv ntawm cov txiaj ntsim tau tshwm sim muaj qee qhov kev xam pom los ntawm cov qauv yees" (p. 196) thiab tshaj tawm cov lus xaus hauv tsab xov xwm lub npe: "Modulation ntawm cov txiaj ntsim zoo ntawm kev sib daj sib deev hauv cov neeg siv teeb meem thiab kev tswj tsis sib haum nrog "Porn yees" ".

Hmoov tsis zoo, hauv lawv tsab xov xwm, Prause li al. (2015) tsis tau hais meej meej meej txog qhov qauv twg uas muaj yees uas lawv tau sim. Cov txiaj ntsig tau nthuav tawm thaum xav txog qhov cuam tshuam nrog cov qauv tsim tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tsis qhia meej txog qhov kev xav tias qhov teeb meem siv duab liab qab yog qhov muaj yees (zoo li yog tias muaj Incentive Salience Theory; Robinson thiab Berridge, 1993; Robinson, Fischer, Ahuja, Lesser, & Mania, 2015) lossis txhawb cov kev xav no (zoo li thaum Reward Deficiency Syndrome; Blum et al., 1996; 1996; Blum, Badgaiyan, & Kub, 2015). Hauv qab no Kuv piav qhia nws hauv cov ntsiab lus.

Kev xa ntawv chaw nyob: Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, Lub Koom Haum rau Neural Computations, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093-0559, Tebchaws USA. E-mail chaw nyob: [email tiv thaiv]

1 Nws yog tsim nyog paub tias cov sau phau ntawv nthuav tawm cov ntsiab lus rau txiv neej thiab poj niam koom ua ke, thaum nyuam qhuav tshawb fawb qhia tau hais tias kev sib deev dluab ntawm kev muaj nuj nqi thiab kev sib txawv txawv ntawm cov poj niam (saib: Wierzba li al., 2015)

2 Qhov kev xam pom no yog kev txhawb nqa los ntawm qhov tseeb uas cov lus siv hauv Prause li al. (2015) kuj xa mus rau IST (ie Wölfling li al., 2011

Vim li cas theoretical moj khaum thiab meej hypothesis teeb meem

Raws li ntau qhov kev siv ntawm lo lus "cue-reactivity" los ntawm cov kws sau ntawv peb xav twv tau tias cov sau phau ntawv muaj nyob rau hauv Lub Siab Kev Tshawb Pom Kev (IST) npaj siab los ntawm Robinson thiab Berridge (Berridge, 2012; Robinson thiab al., 2015).2 Qhov kev ua haujlwm theoretical no ua qhov sib txawv ntawm ob qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm - xav tau "thiab" nyiam ". Cov tom kawg tau cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau cov kev paub ntawm tus nqi zog, thaum lub qub tau cuam tshuam nrog cov kev tsim nqi ntawm tus nqi zog, feem ntau ntsuas hauv kev sib piv rau qhov kwv yees cue. Hais txog Pavlovian kev kawm, nqi zog yog ib qho kev tsis muaj peev xwm txhawb tau lub zog (UCS) thiab cov cues cuam tshuam nrog qhov nqi zog no los ntawm kev kawm yog cov txiaj ntsig stimuli (CS). Kawm CSs tau txais kev mob siab rau siab thiab evoke "xav tau", xav hauv tus cwj pwm mob siab (Mahler thiab Berridge, 2009; Robinson & Berridge, 2013). Yog li lawv tau cov khoom zoo ib yam li tus nqi zog nws tus kheej. Piv txwv nyob rau quail quail txaus siab theej nrog terrycloth yam (CS) yav dhau los ua ke nrog txoj hauv kev los mus luam tawm nrog tus poj niam quail (UCS), txawm tias tus poj niam tseem muaj los (Cetinkaya and Domjan, 2006)

Raws li IST, kev quav yeeb yam yog yam muaj qhov xav paub ntau ntxiv "xav" (txhawb siab kev cuam tshuam kev cuam tshuam; piv txwv li LPP siab dua) thiab txo qis "nyiam" (txo qis nqi zog cuam tshuam kev cuam tshuam; piv txwv li LPP tsawg dua). Txhawm rau txhawm rau txhais cov ntaub ntawv hauv IST cov ntawv tshawb fawb yuav tsum qhia meej txog qhov "xav tau" thiab cov txiaj ntsig ntsig txog "nyiam". Kev sim qauv kev sim ob qhov txheej txheem nthuav qhia cov cues sib txawv thiab khoom plig (piv txwv li Flagel et al., 2011; Sescousse, Barbalat, Domenech, & Dreher, 2013; Gola, Miyakoshi, & Sescousse, 2015). Prause li al. (2015) siv cov kev sim coj mus sim yooj yim dua, nyob rau cov ncauj lus nug saib txawv cov duab sib deev thiab cov ntsiab lus tsis yog kev sib deev. Hauv qhov yooj yim hauv kev sim tsim cov lus nug tseem ceeb los ntawm IST kev xam pom yog: Cov duab ntawm kev sib deev puas ua cov luag haujlwm ntawm cues (CS) lossis khoom plig (UCS)? Thiab yog li ntawd: qhov ntsuas LPP puas tau cuam tshuam txog "xav" lossis "nyiam"?

Cov kws sau ntawv xav tias cov duab kev sib daj sib deev yog qhov zoo, thiab qhov kev txhais yav dhau los ua rau txo LPP zoo li kev ntsuas "xav tau." Txo qhov "xav tau" nrog rau kev cuam tshuam qhov tseeb yuav tsis phim nrog IST kev ua qauv. Tab sis ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb qhia tau hais tias cov duab kev sib deev tsis yog kev ntseeg. Lawv tau txais txiaj ntsig hauv lawv-selves (Oei, Rombouts, Soeter, van Gerven, & Ob leeg, 2012; Stoléru, Fonteille, Cornélis, Joyal, & Moulier, 2012; tshuaj xyuas dua hauv: Sescousse, Caldú, Segura, & Dreher, 2013; Stoléru) li al., 2012). Saib cov duab kev sib deev evokes ventral striatum (khoom plig system) kev ua si (Arnowet al., 2002; Demos, Heatherton, & Kelley, 2012; Sabatinelli, Bradley, Lang, Costa, & Versace, 2007; Stark et al., 2005; Wehrum-Osinskyet al., 2014), dopamine tso tawm (Meston thiab McCall, 2005) thiab ob qho tib si kev ntsuas tus kheej thiab kev ntsuas txog kev sib deev (saib: Chivers, Seto, Lalumière, Laan, & Grimbos, 2010).

Cov khoom muaj nqi ntawm kev sib deev cov duab yuav yog innate vim qhov tseeb tias kev sib deev (zoo li khoom noj) yog qhov khoom plig thib ib. Tab sis txawm hais tias qee tus-ib qho tsis lees paub xws li qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo nyob hauv xwm txheej, cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm erotic stimuli yuav kis tau vim yog Pavlovian kev kawm. Nyob rau hauv lub ntuj puag ncig, pom kev sib deev yam tsis zoo (xws li tus txij nkawm liab qab lossis duab liab qab) yuav yog ibqho (CS) rau kev sib deev uas ua rau muaj qhov tsis txaus siab (UCS) vim los ntawm kev sib deev lossis kev sib daj sib deev nrog kev siv duab liab qab. Tsis tas li ntawd yog hais txog kev saib duab liab qab tas li, kev pom qhov sib deev (CS) muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog orgasm (UCS) thiab yuav tau txais cov khoom plig ntawm cov khoom plig (UCS; Mahler thiab Berridge, 2009; Robinson & Berridge, 2013) thiab tom qab ntawd ua rau mus kom ze ( kev saib duab liab qab) thiab kev coj tus cwj pwm (piv txwv li, lub sijhawm saib ua ntej nce mus txog qhov kawg).

Txawm hais tias muaj innate los yog kawm tau txiaj ntsig yam muaj nuj nqis, cov kev tshawb fawb qhia tias cov duab kev sib deev yog qhov kev txhawb nyob hauv lawv tus kheej, txawm tias tsis muaj qhov kawg nkaus. Yog li lawv tau muaj kev ua lag luam muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau tib neeg (Prévost, Pessiglione, Météreau, Cléry-Melin, & Dreher, 2010) raws li rhesus macaques (Deaner, Khera, & Platt, 2005) .Qhov nqi zog ntawm tus nqi kuj tseem yuav nthuav dav hauv kev sim. kev teeb tsa, qhov twg ib qhov kev paub txog qhov kawg (qhov tseeb UCS) tsis muaj, zoo li hauv Prause et al. (2015) txoj kev kawm ("cov neeg koom rau hauv qhov kev tshawb fawb no tau qhia kom tsis txhob qoj ib ce thaum ua haujlwm", p. 197). Raws li Berridge, cov haujlwm ua haujlwm cuam tshuam los ntawm qhov kev twv ua ntej (Berridge, 2012). Yog li, raws li tsis muaj lwm qhov kev txaus siab tshaj li cov duab kev sib deev muaj nyob ntawm no, qhov pom ntawm cov duab yog qhov khoom plig tshaj plaws (tsis yog cue xwb).

LPP qis dua rau kev ntshaw kev plees kev yi hauv cov neeg siv cov teeb meem pornography uas yog siv cov qauv yees

Noj tag nrho cov saum toj no rau hauv tus account peb tuaj yeem xav tias cov duab ntawm kev sib deev hauv lub Prause li al. (2015) txoj kev tshawb nrhiav, tsis yog hais tias yog cues, tej zaum yuav tau ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev muab khoom plig. Yog tias muaj, raws li IST lub moj khaum, qis LPP rau kev sib deev vs. cov duab tsis yog kev sib deev hauv cov neeg siv duab liab qab thiab cov ncauj lus nrog kev sib deev muaj siab muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo li "raug txo qis". Cov txiaj ntsig zoo li no tau ua qauv nrog cov qauv sib ntxiv uas tau thov los ntawm Berridge thiab Robinson (Berridge, 2012; Robinson et al., 2015). Txawm li cas los xij, txhawm rau txheeb xyuas qhov tseeb ntawm kev xav tsis pub dhau ntawm IST lub moj khaum, ntau dua kev sim tshawb fawb, tsis pom qhov tsis zoo thiab khoom plig yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua. Ib qho piv txwv zoo ntawm kev sim tsim qauv zoo raug siv rau hauv kev tshawb fawb txog kev twv txiaj los ntawm Sescousse, Redouté, & Dreher (2010). Nws ua haujlwm nyiaj txiag thiab kev sib daj sib deev (cim sib deev) thiab cov khoom plig zoo nkauj (yeej ntsig txog kev sib deev lossis duab kev sib deev). Vim tias tsis muaj cov ntsiab lus txhais tau zoo thiab kev txhawb siab rau hauv Prause li al. (2015) txoj kev tshawb nrhiav, lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov duab kev sib deev tseem tsis tau paub meej thiab yog li tau txais LPP cov teebmeem tsis meej xwm nyob rau hauv IST cov haujlwm. Txog qhov tseeb xaus hauv txoj kev tshawb no lub npe "Kev hloov ntawm lub peev xwm yav tom ntej los ntawm kev sib deev duab hauv cov teeb meem cov neeg siv thiab tswj tsis tseem ceeb nrog" kev quav yeeb yaj kiab "yog ungrounded nrog kev hwm rau IST

Yog tias peb coj lwm tus qauv yees duab nrov heev - Reward Deficency Syndrome (RDS; Blum li al., 1996, 2015) cov ntaub ntawv tau muab los ntawm cov sau phau ntawv yeej hais txog kev tiv thaiv kev quav tshuaj tiv thaiv. RDS thiv-twv ua haujlwm yog tias qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic predisposition txo qis dopaminergic lus teb rau stimulating rewarding (hais tias nyob rau hauv txo BOLD thiab electrophysiological reactivity) yog ntsig txog kev xav, kev xav tsis zoo thiab kev pheej hmoo siab dua. Tus kws sau ntawv tshawb pom qis LPPs hauv cov neeg siv pornography teeb meem yog tib yam nkaus li RDS tus qauv yees. Yog tias Prause li al. (2015) tau sim lwm hom qauv, tsis paub zoo dua IST lossis RDS, nws yuav txaus siab los nthuav qhia me ntsis rau hauv lawv txoj haujlwm.

Cov lus xaus zaum kawg

Txoj kev tshawb no los ntawm Prause et al. (2015) muab cov ntaub ntawv txaus siab rau cov teeb meem saib duab liab qab.3 Txawm li cas los xij, vim tias tsis muaj tseeb cov lus tseeb tseeb uas yog kev siv tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob uas yog kev soj ntsuam thiab kev tsis paub meej txog kev siv duab (tsis yooj yim los txhais cov duab ntawm erotic duab), nws tsis tau hais yog tias cov ntsiab lus tau nthuav tawm, los yog zoo, "Kev siv yees duab liab qab." Cov kev tshawb fawb ntau dua nrog cov kev cai zoo uas tau muab teev tseg raug hu ua. Hmoov tsis lub npe ntawm Prause li al. (2015) tsab xov xwm tau muaj feem xyuam rau kev tshaj xov xwm,4 yog li nthuav dav scientific unjustified xaus. Vim kev sib raug zoo thiab kev nom tswv ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov teebmeem ntawm kev siv cov duab liab qab, cov neeg tshawb xyuas yuav tsum kos cov lus xaus nrog kev ceev faj.

3 Nws yog tsim nyog kom pom tias hauv Prause li al. (2015) cov neeg siv teebmeem siv cov duab liab qab hauv nruab nrab rau 3.8 h / week (SD = 1.3) nws yog tib yam li cov neeg siv cov duab liab qab tsis muaj teebmeem hauv Kühn thiab Gallinat (2014) uas haus hauv nruab nrab 4.09 h / week (SD = 3.9) . Nyob rau hauv Voon li al. (2014) Cov neeg siv teeb meem muaj qhia 1.75 h / week (SD = 3.36) thiab 13.21 h / lub lim tiam (SD = 9.85) - cov ntaub ntawv nthuav tawm los ntawm Voon thaum lub rooj sib tham txog American Psychological Science hauv lub 2015.

4 Piv txwv ntawm lub npe ntawm cov khoom npe nrov txog Prause li al. (2015): "Porn tsis yog teeb meem li lwm yam kev siv, kev txhim kho cov lus thov" (http://metro.co.uk/2015/07/04/porn-is-not-as-harmful-as-other-addictions- kev tshawb nrhiav-claims-5279530 /), "Your Porn Addiction is Not Real" (http://www.thedailybe.com/articles/2015/06/26/your-porn-addiction-isn-t-real.html) , "Porn 'Txhaum' Yeej Tsis Tuaj Them, Neuroscientists Hais" (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/06/30/porn-addiction- n7696448.html)

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