Rov qab los ntawm Cov Lus Nrov Nrov: Kev Tshawb Fav Ncaim Hauv Kev Keeb Kwm Tshuaj Yeeb Yam Tshuaj (2015)

Mus rau:

Abstract

Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, lub tswv yim ntawm kev haus dej haus cawv tau nce ntau thiab ntau dua. Txoj hauv kev no lees paub qhov zoo sib xws ntawm kev siv tshuaj yeeb dej cawv thiab kev siv lub cev ntawm cov khoom noj uas muaj kuab heev. Ib feem ntawm qhov kev sib tham no xam nrog rau cov zaub mov "hyperpalatable" yuav muaj qhov muaj txiaj ntsig vim tias muaj ntau ntxiv potency vim qee yam khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig lossis ntxiv rau. Txawm hais tias lub tswv yim no zoo li tshiab heev, kev tshawb fawb txog kev quav cov zaub mov tiag tiag tau nyob rau ntau caum xyoo, qhov tseeb uas feem ntau tseem tsis tau paub. Kev tshawb fawb siv lo lus yees hauv kev hais txog chocolate txawm hais hnub tim rov qab los rau 19th caug xyoo. Hauv 20th xyoo dhau los, kev tshawb nrhiav cov neeg quav yeeb quav tshuaj muaj qee qhov kev hloov pauv, uas suav nrog kev hloov foci ntawm anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, rog rog, lossis kev tsis txaus siab rau kev noj mov. Yog li, lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas no yog piav qhia txog keeb kwm thiab xeev ntawm kev kos duab ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav kev quav yeeb tshuaj thiab ua kom pom nws txoj kev txhim kho thiab kho kom zoo dua cov lus txhais thiab cov hau kev.

keywords: cov khoom noj muaj yees, rog rog, binge noj, anorexia, bulimia, quav tshuaj quav cawv, chocolate

Introduction

Xyoo tsis ntev los no, lub tswv yim ntawm kev haus luam yeeb zaub mov tau dhau los ua neeg nyiam. Lub tswv yim no suav nrog lub tswv yim tias qee yam khoom noj (feem ntau ua tiav, cov khoom noj tau zoo, thiab cov khoom noj muaj caloric) yuav muaj qhov muaj peev xwm ntxiv thiab tias qee hom kev yaum tshaj yuav sawv cev los ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm. Qhov kev nce qib zoo no yog xam los ntawm cov xov xwm tshaj xo thiab tso cov ntawv nyeem tseg [1,2], tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv qhov nce ntau hauv cov xov tooj ntawm cov ntawv tshaj tawm (Daim duab 1) [3,4]. Hauv 2012, piv txwv li, phau ntawv qhia ntxaws ntxaws ntawm cov khoom noj thiab cov quav luam tawm vim tias “kev tshawb fawb tau mus txog qhov tseem ceeb txog rau qhov ntawv uas muaj ntawv kho”5]. Qhov kev txaus siab tau nce no tau tsim qhov kev xav tias lub tswv yim ntawm kev quav zaub mov tsuas yog cuam tshuam hauv 21st xyoo pua vim tias muaj ntau ntxiv ntawm cov zaub mov ua tiav thiab hais tias lub tswvyim ntawm kev quav zaub mov tau tsim nyob rau hauv kev rau siab piav qhia txog kev nce ntxiv ntawm cov rog [6]. Qee tus kws tshawb nrhiav txawm hais txog kev ua cov neeg raug tsim txom ua ntej hauv kev tshawb nrhiav cov khoom noj los ntawm kev nyeem cov ntawv uas tau luam tawm nyob rau xyoo no [7,8].

Daim duab 1 

Tus naj npawb ntawm cov ntawv tshaj tawm tshawb fawb txog kev quav zaub mov hauv xyoo 1990-2014. Cov muaj nqis sawv cev rau cov naj npawb ntawm cov hits raws li kev tshawb fawb hauv Web ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb ua rau txhua xyoo cais, siv lo lus tshawb nrhiav "kev quav zaub mov" thiab xaiv "cov ncauj lus" ...

Raws li yuav tau pom thoob plaws hauv daim ntawv no, qhov kev xav no txog kev quav zaub mov yog lub tswv yim tshiab, uas tau tshwm sim hauv xyoo tsis ntev los no thiab yuav piav qhia txog kev rog rog, yog qhov txhaum. Yog li, kab lus no luv luv piav qhia txog kev nthuav dav ntawm kev tshawb fawb txog kev quav yeeb tshuaj. Ib lub hom phiaj yog ua pov thawj tias nws cov keeb kwm, txawm hais tias nws yog qhov chaw tshiab ntawm kev tshawb fawb, qhov tseeb tau ua ntu zus rau ntau xyoo lawm thiab kev sib txuam ntawm cov zaub mov thiab kev quav txawm tias hnub tim rov qab rau 19th xyoo pua. Xyoo 20th, tsom mus rau thaj chaw thiab kev xav txog kev quav yeeb tshuaj noj hloov pauv hloov yam tsis muaj txiaj ntsig, xws li hom zaub mov thiab kev noj zaub mov uas muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog kev quav thiab cov hau kev uas tau siv los tshuaj xyuas kev noj haus cwj pwm los ntawm kev saib pom (Daim duab 2)). Tsab xov xwm tam sim no, txawm li cas los xij, tsis npaj siab yuav nthuav tawm ntau yam kev xav thiab neurobiological zoo sib xws ntawm kev siv ntau dhau thiab kev siv tshuaj yeeb tshuaj lossis kwv yees txog kev yuav tshwm sim thiab qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov zaub mov kev quav rau kev kho mob, kev tiv thaiv, thiab tsoomfwv txoj cai. Txhua yam teeb meem no tau sib tham ntau lwm qhov [9-21]. Thaum kawg, cov ntawv no tsis npaj ntsuam xyuas qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov tswv yim quav yeeb quav tshuaj.

Daim duab 2 

Qee qhov chaw tsom xam nrog xaiv cov ntawv pov thawj hauv keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb txog kev quav yeeb tshuaj.

Lig 19th thiab Ntxov 20th Xyoo: Thawj Hnub Pib

cov Phau ntawv Journal ntawm Inebriety yog ib ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm tiv thaiv thawj zaug thiab tau luam tawm los ntawm 1876 rau 1914 [22]. Lub sijhawm no, cov lus sib txawv tau siv los piav qhia txog kev haus cawv ntau thiab kev siv tshuaj yeeb (piv txwv, npaj rau kev haus dej haus cawv, inebriety, ebriosity, dipsomania, narcomania, oinomania, kev quav dej quav cawv, thiab yees)). Interestingly, lub sij hawm yees raws li siv nyob rau hauv lub Phau ntawv Journal ntawm Inebriety feem ntau hais txog kev vam khom rau cov tshuaj uas tsis yog cawv thiab thawj zaug tau tshwm sim hauv 1890 hauv kev hais txog chocolate [22]. Tom qab, cov khoom muaj yees ntawm "txhawb" cov zaub mov tseem tau hais hauv lwm qhov teeb meem ntawm phau ntawv journal [17]. Piv txwv li, Clouston [23] tau hais tias thaum "lub hlwb tau vam khom kev noj haus thiab haus dej kom rov zoo thaum rov qab ua pa, nws muaj qhov khaus thiab tsis tuaj yeem tsim rau cov zaub mov thiab dej haus ua kom muaj zog thaum twg qaug zog."

Hauv 1932, Mosche Wulff, yog ib tus neeg paub txog kev xav ntawm psychoanalysis, tau luam tawm ib tsab xov xwm nyob rau hauv German, cov npe ntawm cov ntsiab lus tej zaum yuav raug txhais ua "ntawm kev nthuav tawm ntawm qhov ncauj ntxim nyiam thiab nws txoj kev sib raug zoo"24]. Tom qab ntawd, Thorner [25] xa mus rau qhov haujlwm no, hais tias “Wulff txuas kev noj qab haus huv, uas nws hu ua kev quav zaub mov, nrog rau cov txheej txheem ntawm lub qhov ncauj thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg lub cev ua rau cov neeg quav zaub mov tsuas yog qhia txog kev sib deev thaum sib deev nrog lub suab sib luag. thiab lub tswvyim rhuav tshem. "Thaum lub sijhawm no lub tswv yim kev xav txog kev ua haujlwm yog qhov tseem ceeb dhau los thiab zoo li tam sim no tsis zoo, nws yog qhov tseem ceeb uas pom tias lub tswv yim piav qhia kev ua dhau los ua ib qho kev muaj yees tau twb muaj nyob hauv 1930s.

1950s: Coining ntawm Lub Sij Hawm 'Kev Tiv Thaiv Khoom Noj'

lub sij hawm kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj tau qhia thawj zaug hauv cov ntawv tshawb fawb los ntawm Theron Randolph hauv 1956 [26]. Nws tau piav qhia tias "kev hloov pauv ib qho rau ib lossis ntau cov zaub mov noj uas ib tug neeg muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau heev [uas ua rau muaj cov kev mob tshwm sim zoo ib yam li cov kev tiv thaiv kev sib xyaw ua ke." Nws kuj tseem sau tseg tias, "feem ntau Feem ntau koom nrog yog pob kws, nplej, kas fes, mis nyuj, qe, qos yaj ywm thiab lwm yam zaub mov uas neeg nquag noj.27].

Randolph tsis yog tib tug neeg siv khoom noj haus lub sij hawm lub sijhawm no. Hauv ib tsab xov xwm luam tawm hauv 1959, pawg neeg sib tham uas tau hloov kho ib puag ncig lub luag haujlwm ntawm ib puag ncig thiab tus kheej hauv kev tswj hwm ntshav qab zib tau tshaj tawm [28]. Thaum lub sijhawm sib tham no, Albert J. Stunkard (1922-2014) [29], tus kws kho kev puas hlwb uas nws tsab ntawv piav qhia uas nws tau piav qhia kev tsis txaus siab noj mov (BED) tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo [30], tau xam phaj. Piv txwv hais tias, nws tau nug hais tias, “Ib qhov teeb meem uas nquag thiab nyuaj uas peb ntsib yog kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj, muaj rau hauv ntshav qab zib thiab ntshav qab zib kho mob. Puas muaj cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub cev tau koom hauv qhov txheej txheem no lossis nws puas yog txhua yam kev xav? Nws cuam tshuam rau kev quav dej quav cawv thiab quav yeeb tshuaj muaj yees li cas? ”[28]. Stunkard tau teb tias nws tsis xav tias lo lus kev noj zaub mov "yog muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov peb paub txog kev quav dej caw thiab tshuaj yeeb." Txawm li cas los xij, dab tsi tseem ceeb dua rau kev kuaj keeb kwm hauv tsab xov xwm tam sim no yog tias nws kuj tau hais tias lub sij hawm hloov khoom noj khoom haus yog siv dav, uas txhawb ntxiv tias lub tswv yim ntawm kev quav zaub mov tau muaj npe zoo ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov pej xeem sawv daws tuaj ntxov li 1950s.

1960s thiab 1970s: Cov Menyuam Muaj Feem Coob Tshaj Plaws Tsis Muaj Zog thiab Qee Lub Sij Hawm

Overeaters Anonymous (OA), lub koom haum pabcuam pab tus kheej raws li 12-kauj ruam kev pabcuam ntawm Alcoholics Anonymous, tau tsim hauv 1960. Yog li ntawd, OA tawm tswv yim txog kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj, thiab pab pawg neeg lub hom phiaj yog kom yoo nqhis ntawm kev siv cov tshuaj yeeb dej cawv (piv txwv li, qee yam khoom noj). Kev tshawb nrhiav me me tau ua nyob rau OA hauv nws ntau dua 50 xyoo ntawm kev muaj, thiab txawm hais tias cov neeg koom pom zoo tias OA tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo rau lawv, tsis muaj kev pom zoo txog qhov OA "ua haujlwm" [31,32]. Txawm li cas los xij, OA yuav tsis nyob hauv ib lub koomhaum pabcuam tus kheej nkaus xwb nrog rau kev saib pom txog kev ua haujlwm sab nrauv, zoo li cov pab pawg tau zoo sib xws tau tsim nyob rau xyoo caum uas ua raws [17].

Kev tshawb nrhiav tshawb fawb txog lub tswv yim ntawm kev quav zaub mov, txawm li cas los xij, zoo li tsis muaj nyob hauv 1960s thiab 1970s, tab sis qee cov kws tshawb nrhiav siv cov lus hauv lawv cov lus. Piv txwv li, kev quav yeeb quav cawv tau hais nrog rau lwm yam teeb meem kev siv tshuaj yeeb dej caw hauv ob daim ntawv los ntawm Tswb Tseeb hauv 1960s [33,34] thiab tau hais rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev noj zaub mov tsis haum thiab otitis media hauv 1966 [35]. Hauv 1970, Swanson thiab Dinello xa mus rau cov khoom noj muaj yees nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov siab tus nqi nce rov qab tom qab poob phaus hauv cov neeg rog [36]. Los xaus, txawm hais tias tsis muaj kev siv zog los tshawb xyuas qhov tseeb ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm kev quav zaub mov hauv 1960s thiab 1970s, nws twb tau siv los ntawm cov pab pawg neeg tus kheej nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev txo qis thiab siv hauv kev tshawb fawb hauv cov ntsiab lus lossis txawm tias lus zoo rau kev rog.

1980s: Tsom rau Anorexia thiab Bulimia Nervosa

Hauv 1980s, qee cov kws tshawb nrhiav tau sim piav qhia txog kev txwv zaub mov kom pom los ntawm cov tib neeg uas muaj tus mob anorexia nervosa (AN) yog ib tus cwj pwm muaj yees (lossis "kev tshaib plab") [37]. Piv txwv li, Szmukler thiab Tantam [38] tau sib cav hais tias "cov neeg mob AN yog nyob ntawm lub siab ntsws thiab kev puas tsuaj muaj peev xwm ntawm kev tshaib plab. Lub cev yuag zuj zus los ntawm kev ua siab ntev rau kev tshaib kev nqhis xav tau kev txwv ntau dua ntawm cov zaub mov kom tau txais cov txiaj ntsig xav tau, thiab tom qab kev txhim kho tsis zoo rau 'tshem tawm' cov tsos mob ntawm kev noj. " [39,40]. Ntawm kev ceeb toom, txawm li cas los xij, lub luag haujlwm ntawm endorphins kuj tau tham txog hauv cov xwm txheej rov qab, uas yog, kev rog dhau [41,42]. Ib yam li ntawd, kev rog rog raug tshawb xyuas nyob rau hauv kev hloov pauv khoom noj hauv ib qho kev tshawb fawb luam tawm hauv 1989, nyob rau hauv cov neeg rog rog tau muab piv nrog cov nyhav ib txwm tswj nyob rau lawv qib ntawm "cov sawv cev ntawm cov khoom tawm"43].

Kuj tseem muaj qee qhov kev tshawb fawb txog bulimia nervosa (BN) los ntawm kev saib pom kev quav, uas yog los ntawm thaj chaw ntawm tus kheej kev xav. Cov kev tshawb fawb no tau tawm los ntawm ob kab lus los ntawm 1979, uas tau qhia txog cov qhab nia nce siab ntawm kev ntsuas ntawm cov neeg quav hauv cov neeg rog [44] tab sis cov qhab nia qis dua hauv cov neeg tsis quav ntsej thiab rog rog piv rau cov neeg haus luam yeeb [45]. Kev tshawb fawb sib piv ntawm cov pab pawg ntawm cov neeg quav yeeb tshuaj thiab cov neeg mob feem ntau kuj ua cov kev tshawb pom tsis raug, nrog qee qhov kev tshawb nrhiav pom cov qhab nia zoo sib xws ntawm kev ntsuas tus yam ntxwv thoob plaws cov pab pawg thiab qee qhov kev tshawb nrhiav pom qhov sib txawv [46-49]. Cov kev tshawb fawb no txog kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj hauv BN tau los ntawm kev tshawb pom qhov xwm txheej, uas pom tias kev quav yeeb tshuaj tau pom tias yog qhov ua piv txwv tseem ceeb hauv kev kho BN [50] thiab kev txhim kho ntawm "Foodaholics Pawg Kho Mob Program" [51].

1990s: Cov Ntawv Caw thiab Cov Lus Cim Tseem Ceeb

Ua raws li cov kev sim thawj zaug no piav qhia txog kev noj zaub mov kom zoo yog ib qho quav, muaj qee qhov kev soj ntsuam tshaj tawm hauv 1990s thiab hauv 2000, uas tus qauv quav ntawm kev noj zaub mov tsis txaus ntseeg tau raug sib tham raws li kev xav, lub cev kev xav, thiab lwm yam kev txiav txim siab [52-55]. Txawm li cas los xij, nrog rau kev zam ntawm ob peb tsab xov xwm, ob qho uas ua rau muaj tus xeeb ceem hauv cov tib neeg uas muaj kev noj zaub mov tsis zoo lossis rog rog tau tshawb xyuas [56,57] thiab ob qhov uas muaj feem ntau hais txog kev quav yeeb-zoo li cov zaub ntug hauv paus tau noj [58,59], kev tshawb xyuas tshiab tsom mus rau qhov tseeb tau tshwm sim: chocolate.

Qhob noom xim kasfes yog cov zaub mov feem ntau nyiam hauv Western cov zej zog, tshwj xeeb yog ntawm cov poj niam [60,61], thiab cov zaub mov uas tib neeg feem ntau muaj teeb meem los tswj kev noj [27,62]. Nws twb sau tseg hauv 1989 tias chocolate muaj qhov sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov rog thiab ntshav qab zib cov ntsiab lus, uas ua rau nws yog "cov khoom siv zoo tshaj plaws"63] - ib lub tswv yim uas zoo sib xws nrog kev xav txog "hyperpalatable" cov khoom noj muaj yees ib co 25 xyoo tom qab [3,27]. Ntxiv rau chocolate cov macronutrient muaj pes tsawg leeg, lwm yam zoo li nws cov khoom hnov ​​lossis cov khoom xyaw psychoactive xws li caffeine thiab theobromine kuj tau sib tham nrog ua cov txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov yeeb yaj kiab zoo li chocolate [64,65]. Txawm li cas los xij, cov xanthine-los ntawm cov teebmeem ntawm cov qhob noom xim kasfes tau pom tias tsis zoo piav qhia nyiam rau chocolate los yog nws nyiam-nyiam noj [61].

Kev tshawb fawb tsawg tsawg tau tshawb nrhiav hauv qhov chaw uas hu ua "dej cawv" lossis "dej cawv chocolate" tau raug tshawb xyuas. Ib qho yog kev piav qhia qhia txog kev xav ua thiab kev noj nyob ntawm lwm cov tsiaj ntawv [66]; lwm qhov piv rau kev ntsuas zoo sib xws ntawm cov "chocolate quav" thiab tswj hwm [67]; thiab ib txoj kev tshawb fawb piv cov pab pawg no rau ntawm qhov ncauj lus nug lub cev thiab lub cev kev hloov pauv ntawm chocolate68]. Ib qho kev cuam tshuam luv ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb no, txawm li cas los xij, tias "chocolate quav" yog nyob ntawm tus kheej kev txheeb xyuas, uas muaj kev cuam tshuam yooj yim rau kev tsis ncaj ncees thiab siv tau thiab raug txwv los ntawm qhov tseeb tias cov neeg tuaj koom tshaj plaws tsis muaj lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev quav. Thaum kawg, ob qhov kev tshawb fawb tau soj ntsuam cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm "kev quav cawv chocolate" thiab kev quav rau lwm cov yeeb tshuaj thiab tus cwj pwm thiab pom qhov zoo, tab sis tsawg heev, kev sib raug zoo [69,70].

2000s: Tsiaj Qauv thiab Neuroimaging

Hauv 2000s thaum ntxov - kwv yees li 40 xyoo tom qab OA tau tsim tsa - ib txoj kev tshawb nrhiav sim tau tshaj tawm nyob rau hauv uas kev kho mob ntawm bulimic thiab cov neeg mob rog nrog 12-kauj ruam kev qhia tau qhia [71]. Dhau li ntawm txoj kev kho mob no, txawm li cas los xij, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub xyoo caum no yog kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov kev puas siab puas ntsws mob hauv qab kev ua rog thiab kev rog rog uas tuaj yeem tshawb pom tau los ntawm kev quav tshuaj yeeb dej caw. Hauv tib neeg, cov kev sib txuas lus neural feem ntau tau tshawb xyuas los ntawm positron emission tomography thiab ua haujlwm cov duab sib nqus resonance. Piv txwv li, cov lus sau tawm hauv av los ntawm Wang thiab cov npoj yaig [72] qhia tawm sab sauv qis dopamine D2 receptor muaj nyob rau hauv cov neeg rog rog piv rau cov kev tswj, uas tus sau phau ntawv txhais tias kev cuam tshuam ntawm "cov khoom plig tsis txaus syndrome" zoo ib yam li tau pom muaj hauv cov tib neeg muaj kev quav yeeb tshuaj [73,74]. Lwm qhov kev tshawb fawb, piv txwv li, pom tias thaj chaw hauv lub hlwb zoo sib xws tau qhib thaum kev noj zaub mov thiab kev nqhis tshuaj, thiab kev tshawb fawb hauv cov lus teb neural rau cov khoom noj muaj calorie ntau dua tau tshawb pom pom tias cov tib neeg muaj BN thiab BED nthuav dav ntau dua hauv kev muaj txiaj ntsig ntsig txog khoom plig. thaj chaw hauv lub hlwb piv rau kev tswj hwm, ib yam li cov neeg uas muaj kev quav yeeb quav cawv ua rau muaj cov kev muaj feem cuam tshuam zoo dua hauv cov kev cuam tshuam txog cov tshuaj yeeb75,76].

Lwm kab tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb txog kev quav yeeb zaub mov hauv xyoo caum no yog cov qauv qws. Hauv ib qho ntawm cov qauv no, nas yog zaub mov noj tsis txaus rau 12 teev thiab tom qab ntawd muab 12-xuaj moos nkag mus rau ob qho qab zib daws thiab chow [77]. Cov nas uas yauv tau ua lub sijhawm teem sij hawm rau kev nkag mus siv suab thaj thiab chow rau ob peb lub lis piam tau pom tias muaj cov kev coj cwj pwm ntawm kev muaj yees xws li tshem tawm thaum nkag mus rau cov piam thaj raug tshem tawm, thiab lawv kuj pom kev hloov neurochemical [77,78]. Lwm qhov kev tshawb fawb pom tau tias cov nas tau muab cov khoom noj kom zoo hauv chav noj mov "chaw noj mov" tau nce phaus, uas yog nrog los ntawm kev poob qis ntawm striatal dopamine D2 receptors thiab txuas ntxiv kev noj cov zaub mov palatable txawm aversive txim [79]. Los xaus, cov kev tshawb fawb no qhia tias kev noj cov piam thaj ntau ntau yuav ua rau kom tus neeg zoo li ua rau muaj yees thiab, nrog rau kev noj cov rog, ua rau cov phaus nce ntxiv.80] thiab kev sib tsuam ntawm cov neural sib tshooj tau koom nrog hauv kev coj ua khoom noj- thiab cov yeeb yaj kiab muaj feem xyuam thiab kev tswj hwm kev noj zaub mov thiab kev siv yeeb tshuaj, feem.

2010s: Kev Tshuaj Ntsuam Xyuas Khoom Noj ntawm Tib Neeg thiab Kev Txhim Kho ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb Tsiaj

Xyoo tsis ntev los no, cov neeg tshawb nrhiav tau sim qhia ntau dua thiab soj ntsuam cov khoom noj muaj yees. Piv txwv li, Cassin thiab von Ranson [81] hloov chaw hais txog “yam khoom” nrog “kev noj tsis haum” nyob rau hauv cov kev sib tham uas muaj tus cwj pwm quav yeeb tshuaj nyob rau hauv plaub nqe lus hais txog Diagnostic thiab Statistical Manual ntawm Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) thiab pom tias 92 feem pua ​​ntawm cov neeg koom nrog BED tau ntsib tag nrho cov txheej txheem rau cov quav tshuaj. Lwm qhov kev xav tau yog kev txhim kho ntawm Yale Khoom Siv Khoom Noj (YFAS), uas yog qhov ntsuas tus kheej tshaj tawm rau kev ntsuam xyuas cov tsos mob ntawm kev quav zaub mov noj raws li kev soj ntsuam rau cov kev quav yeeb tshuaj hauv DSM-IV [82]. Tshwj xeeb, YFAS ntsuas xya cov tsos mob rau kev quav yeeb tshuaj raws li tau hais hauv DSM-IV nrog txhua yam khoom xa mus rau cov zaub mov thiab noj mov: 1) noj cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv ntau dua los yog rau lub sijhawm ntev dua li npaj (piv txwv, "Kuv pom kuv tus kheej txuas ntxiv kom nws haus qee yam zaub mov txawm tias kuv tsis tshaib plab. ”); 2) kev muaj lub siab xav ua tas li lossis rov ua tsis tiav qhov kev txiav luam yeeb (piv txwv, "Tsis txhob noj qee yam zaub mov lossis txo qis qee yam zaub mov yog qhov kuv txhawj txog."); 3) siv sijhawm ntau los nrhiav lossis siv cov tshuaj lossis rov qab los ntawm nws qhov teebmeem (piv txwv li, "Kuv pom tias thaum tsis muaj zaub mov, kuv yuav tawm ntawm kuv txoj kev mus muab lawv. Piv txwv, Kuv yuav tsav mus rau tom khw mus yuav qee yam khoom noj txawm hais tias kuv muaj lwm txoj kev xaiv rau kuv nyob hauv tsev. ”); 4) muab txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb, kev ua haujlwm, lossis kev lom zem vim siv cov tshuaj yeeb dej cawv (piv txwv li, "Muaj qee lub sijhawm kuv tau noj qee yam zaub mov ntau lossis ntau ntau qhov uas kuv tau pib noj zaub mov ntau dua kev ua haujlwm, siv sijhawm nrog kuv tsev neeg los yog phooj ywg, los yog koom rau hauv lwm cov dej num tseem ceeb lossis kev lom zem ua si uas kuv nyiam. ”); 5) siv cov tshuaj txuas ntxiv txawm hais tias muaj teeb meem ntawm lub hlwb lossis lub cev (piv txwv li, "Kuv tau khaws cov zaub mov zoo lossis cov zaub mov ntau npaum li cas txawm tias kuv tau muaj kev xav thiab / lossis teeb meem lub cev."); 6) kev kam rau ua (xws li, "Sijhawm dhau los, Kuv pom tias kuv yuav tsum noj ntau dua thiab ntau dua kom kuv xav tau, xws li txo qis tus cwj pwm tsis zoo lossis nce siab."); thiab 7) cov tsos mob tshem tawm (piv txwv, "Kuv tau muaj cov tsos mob tshem tawm xws li kev ntxhov siab, ntxhov siab, lossis lwm yam tsos mob thaum kuv txo qis lossis tsum tsis noj qee yam zaub mov."). Ob qho khoom ntxiv tau txheeb xyuas qhov pom ntawm qhov tsis txaus siab hauv tsev kho mob lossis kev txhawj xeeb uas ua los ntawm kev noj ntau dhau. Zoo ib yam li DSM-IV, kev tuaj yeem noj "quav" yog pom tias tsawg kawg peb qhov tsos mob tau ntsib thiab muaj kev cuam tshuam loj hauv kev kho mob lossis kev ntxhov siab yog [82,83].

YFAS tau ua haujlwm nyob rau ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb nyob hauv 6 xyoo dhau los, uas qhia tau tias cov tib neeg muaj kev noj zaub mov "kev soj ntsuam" tuaj yeem sib txawv ntawm cov uas tsis muaj "kev kuaj mob" rau ntau yam muaj nuj nqis los ntawm kev ntsuas tus kheej tshaj tawm ntawm kev noj cov kab mob. , psychopathology, txoj cai kev xav, lossis impulsivity rau physiological thiab kev coj cwj pwm xws li multilocus caj mob profile cuam tshuam nrog dopaminergic teeb liab los yog lub cev muaj zog cov lus teb rau cov khoom noj muaj zaub mov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo-cues [62]. Txawm hais tias YFAS tau ua pov thawj los ua qhov txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev tshawb xyuas qhov tseeb ntawm kev haus-nyiam noj, nws yog, qhov tseeb, tsis zoo tag nrho thiab nws qhov kev siv tau tau raug nug [84]. Piv txwv li, nws tau pom tias kwv yees li 50 feem pua ​​ntawm cov neeg rog rog nrog BED tau txais kev kuaj mob YFAS thiab tias cov tib neeg no qhia pom kev noj cov zaub mov ntau dua thiab muaj cov psychopathology ntau dua li cov neeg rog rog nrog BED uas tsis tau txais tus mob YFAS85,86]. Hauv qhov pom ntawm qhov kev tshawb pom, nws tau hais tias kev quav zaub mov uas tau ntsuas nrog YFAS tsuas yog sawv cev rau daim ntawv ua txhaum loj ntawm BED [87,88]. Ntxiv mus, cov qauv ua rau cov zaub mov tseem yog ib qho kev sib cav tswv yim nrog qee cov kws tshawb nrhiav pom zoo txhawb nws qhov kev siv tau [3,7,21,89-91], thaum lwm tus neeg tawm tsam nws raws li kev sib txawv ntawm kev mob tshwm sim los ntawm cov tshuaj ntawm kev tsim txom thiab cov zaub mov tshwj xeeb xws li qab zib, cov kev xav, thiab lwm yam teeb meem [84,92-97]. Feem ntau tsis ntev los no, nws tau npaj siab tias txawm tias muaj ib hom kev noj haus uas yuav hu ua kev quav yeeb tshuaj, lo lus noj zaub mov noj tsis raug cai vim tsis muaj cov neeg quav yeeb quav tshuaj, thiab, yog li, nws yuav tsum tau xaiv los ua tus cwj pwm kev quav (txhais tau tias, “kev quav yeeb quav cawv”) [98].

Cov kev tshawb fawb tsiaj ntawm kev quav cov zaub mov tau hloov zuj zus nyob rau xyoo tas los no. Qhov no suav nrog, piv txwv, ib qho kev kawm ntawm kev tshawb fawb qhia txog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom noj tshwj xeeb (piv txwv li, cov zaub mov muaj roj ntau, kev noj zaub mov qab zib, ua ke nrog cov rog thiab cov piam thaj ntau, lossis cov zaub mov muaj protein ntau) rau kev coj cwj pwm noj thiab neurochemistry [99,100]. Lwm txoj kev tshawb fawb pom tau tias qee lub sijhawm noj haus tseem tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov menyuam yaus ntawm nas. Piv txwv li, nws tau pom tias nyob rau hauv utero kis mus rau kev noj zaub mov zoo li muaj feem cuam tshuam rau cov zaub mov nyiam, kev zom zaub mov hauv lub cev, ua kom lub hlwb muaj txiaj ntsig, thiab muaj kev pheej hmoo rau kev rog [99,101]. Cov cim tshiab rau kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm kev haus dej haus cawv-zoo li tus cwj pwm tau ua haujlwm, uas ntsuas, piv txwv li, kev ua zaub mov noj zaub mov nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej tsis zoo [102]. Thaum kawg, thov siv qee yam tshuaj, uas txo cov kev quav tshuaj yeeb nyob hauv nas, tau pom tias yuav txo qis kev quav-zoo li kom tsawg ntawm cov zaub mov palatable [103].

Cov kev txiav txim siab thiab yav tom ntej Qhia

Lub sij hawm muaj yees siv twb tau siv hauv kev hais txog zaub mov los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm 19th caug xyoo. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm 20th xyoo pua, cov lus siv cov khoom noj tau siv dav dav, tsis yog ntawm cov txheej txheem tab sis kuj nrog cov kws tshawb fawb. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tseem ua tsis zoo (yog tias txhua) cov ntsiab lus, thiab lo lus ntau tau siv tsis muaj kev tshuaj xyuas. Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb qhia txog qhov tseeb ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm cov khoom noj muaj yees rau tib neeg tau tsis muaj nyob rau ntau lub xyoo ntawm 20th xyoo dhau los, thiab ib qho qauv quav ntawm kev noj zaub mov tsis zoo thiab rog tau muaj kev sib tham ntxiv los xaus rau lub xyoo pua. Kev tshawb nrhiav khoom noj khoom haus muaj ntau qhov kev hloov pauv, uas koom nrog, piv txwv li, tsom mus rau kev rog nyob nruab nrab ntawm 20th xyoo pua, tsom rau AN thiab BN hauv 1980s, tsom rau chocolate nyob hauv 1990s, thiab tsom rau BED thiab - dua - kev rog dhau ntawm 2000s hauv qhov pom ntawm cov txiaj ntsig tau los ntawm kev tshawb fawb tsiaj thiab neuroimaging.

Yog li, txawm hais tias kev tshawb fawb txog kev quav cov zaub mov muaj ntau ntxiv nyob rau xyoo tas los no, nws tsis yog lub tswv yim tshiab los yog tsis yog lub tswv yim los piav qhia qhov pheej nce ntxiv ntawm cov rog. Lub hom phiaj ntawm tsab xov xwm no yog ua kom muaj kev paub txog keeb kwm ntev ntawm cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig lub tswv yim thiab nws txoj kev hloov pauv hloov qauv kev tshawb fawb thiab cov hau kev. Yog tias cov kws tshawb nrhiav xav txog ntawm cov keeb kwm no, nws yuav yooj yim dua los nrhiav kev pom zoo txog dab tsi tiag tiag yog los ntawm kev quav zaub mov thiab nws yuav txhawb nqa cov kauj ruam tseem ceeb tom ntej uas yuav tsum tau ua, thiab, yog li, kev nce qib hauv cov kev tshawb fawb no yuav tau yoog [104].

Piv txwv li, ntau lub ntsiab lus uas ua kom rov muaj sia nyob hauv ob peb lub xyoo dhau los twb tau sib tham txog ob peb caum xyoo dhau los. Cov no suav nrog, piv txwv, kev tshawb fawb txog kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj hauv qab kev siv tshuaj ntau dhau thiab siv tshuaj yeeb dej caw [105,106] los yog lub tswv yim los xav txog AN li kev quav [107,108], nrog ob lub ncauj lus nthuav tawm ntxov li 1980s. Lub tswv yim ntawm kev txiav txim siab BN raws li kev quav [109] kuj rov qab ntau ntau xyoo lawm. Yog li, nws pom tau tias tsom mus rau kev rog nyob rau hauv qhov ntsiab lus ntawm kev muaj yees khoom noj hauv xyoo tsis ntev los (piv txwv li, [13,110]) zoo li misguided, xav tias soj ntsuam ntawm teev xyoo dhau los hais tias kev noj haus zoo li yog tsis muaj kev txwv rau cov tib neeg muaj rog yuav tsis rog yog tau nrog cov quav zaub mov [28,50].

Lwm lub ntsiab lus rov zoo li txhawj xeeb txog qhov ntsuas ntawm kev quav zaub mov. Raws li tau hais los saum toj no, muaj qee qhov kev tshawb fawb hauv 1990s hauv kev haus dej haus cawv yog ua raws tus kheej daim ntawv pov thawj. Qhov teeb meem no tau coj mus ntxiv hauv cov kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no, uas qhia tau tias muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom noj muaj yees sib txawv raws li YFAS thiab tus kheej pom cov khoom noj muaj yees [111,112], yog li cuam tshuam rau cov tib neeg tus kheej cov lus txhais lossis qhov paub txog kev quav zaub mov tsis zoo nrog cov qauv kev siv tshuaj yeeb dej caw uas YFAS tau hais. Txawm hais tias cov kws tshawb nrhiav tsis pom zoo txog cov lus txhais ntawm cov tsos mob tshwm sim ntawm zaub mov84,113], nws pom tias cov qauv kev ntsuas xws li YFAS tsim nyog los tiv thaiv kev faib ntau dhau ntawm kev haus cov zaub mov. Txawm hais tias muaj tswv yim nyob tom qab YFAS, uas yog txhais cov ntsiab lus kev quav tshuaj ntawm DSM rau cov khoom noj thiab noj, yog qhov ncaj, nws kuj tau raug thuam vim nws txawv ntawm cov lus txhais hais tias lwm tus kws tshawb fawb tau hais txog kev quav [93,98]. Yog li, ib qho kev taw qhia tseem ceeb tom ntej tuaj yeem yog yog thiab yuav ua li cas ntsuas cov khoom noj muaj yees tuaj yeem ntsuas hauv tib neeg dua li siv YFAS.

Yog tias kev tshawb nrhiav kev quav yeeb tshuaj yuav ua raws kev txhais lus ntawm DSM kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj rau cov khoom noj thiab kev noj haus rau yav tom ntej, cov lus nug tseem ceeb yuav yog qhov cuam tshuam tshwm sim los ntawm cov kev hloov pauv hauv cov kev soj ntsuam rau cov kev quav yeeb tshuaj nyob rau hauv kev soj ntsuam tsib ntawm DSM rau cov khoom noj kev quav [114]. Piv txwv, puas yog txhua tus neeg quav (raws li tau piav qhia hauv DSM-5) yog qhov sib txig sib luag rau tib neeg kev noj kev haus? Yog tias tsis yog, qhov no puas yuav nkag siab lub tswv yim ntawm kev quav zaub mov?

Dhau li ntawm cov nqe lus nug tseem ceeb no hais txog lub ntsiab lus thiab kev ntsuas ntawm kev quav zaub mov, lwm yam tseem ceeb rau kev tshawb fawb yav tom ntej kuj suav nrog, tab sis tsis txwv rau: Cov ntsiab lus cuam tshuam ntawm cov zaub mov kev noj haus rau kev kho mob kev rog lossis kev noj kev haus thiab kev noj haus hauv tsoomfwv li cas? Yog tias nws cuam tshuam, nws yuav siv li cas thiaj li zoo tshaj plaws [17,91]? Dab tsi yog qhov tsis zoo (yog tias muaj) ntawm lub tswvyim ntawm kev quav zaub mov [115-119]? Yuav ua li cas tus tsiaj qauv ntawm kev quav yeeb-zoo li kev noj mov tau txhim kho kom pom tshwj xeeb ntxiv rau cov txheej txheem cuam tshuam hauv tib neeg [120]? Kev quav yeeb-zoo li kev noj kev haus muaj peev xwm raug txo rau kev sib ntxiv los ntawm ib lossis ntau yam tshuaj los yog yuav tsum "hloov yees" los hloov "noj quav"98]?

Txawm hais tias kev quav zaub mov tau sib tham hauv cov zej zog scientific tau ntau xyoo los lawm, nws tseem muaj cov kev tawm tsam thiab sib cav ntau, uas, tau kawg, ua rau nws muaj kev txaus siab tshawb fawb. Txawm hais tias qhov kev tawm tshawb fawb los ntawm lub ntsiab lus no tau nce nrawm dua ob peb lub xyoo dhau los, nws txoj kev tshawb nrhiav kab ke tseem nyob rau hauv nws cov menyuam, thiab, yog li, kev tshawb nrhiav kev tshawb fawb feem ntau yuav nce nyob rau xyoo tom ntej.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Tus sau tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm kev pab nyiaj los ntawm European Kev Tshawb Fawb Tebchaws (ERC-StG-2014 639445 NewEat).

abbreviations

ANanorexia nervosa
 
BNbulimia nervosa
 
TXAJbinge noj tsis meej
 
DSMDiagnostic thiab Statistical Manual ntawm Mental Disorders
 
OANcauj Ntxub Nrauj
 
YFASYale Food Addiction Scale
 

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