Kev siv kab mob siv Internet thiab kev pheej hmoo-Cwj pwm ntawm Cov Neeg Txawv Tebchaws Europe (2016)

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13(3), 294; doi:10.3390 / ijerph13030294

Tony Durkee 1,*, Vladimir Carli 1, Birgitta Floderus 2Camilla Wasserman 3,4Marco Sarchiapone 3,5Alan Paum 6, Kev Txiav Txim Siab A. Balazs 7,8, Julio Bobes 9, Romuald Brunner 10, Paul Corcoran 11, Doina Cosman 12, Christian Xav 13, Christina W. Hoven 4,14, Michael Kev 10Jean-Pierre Kahn 15, Bogdan Niam 12, Vita Postuvan 16, Pilar A. Saiz 9, Peeter Värnik 17 thiab Danuta Wasserman 1
1
Lub Chaw Haujlwm Hauv Lub Tebchaws rau Kev Tshawb Xyuas Tus Kheej thiab Tiv Thaiv Kev Puas Hlwb Kev Nyuaj Siab (NASP), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-17177, Sweden
2
Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-17177, Sweden
3
Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Tshuaj thiab Noj Qab Haus Huv Kev Tshawb Fawb, University of Molise, Campobasso 86100, Ltalis
4
Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Menyuam thiab Tub Ntxhais Hluas Kev Nyuaj Siab, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, Tebchaws Asmeskas
5
Lub Koom Haum Hauv Tebchaws rau Kev Tsiv Tebchaws thiab Kev Txom Nyem, Via San Gallicano, Roma 25 / A, Ltalis
6
Feinberg Lub Chaw Kawm Menyuam, Schneider Cov Chaw Kho Mob Me Nyuam, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 49202, Ixayees
7
Vadaskert Menyuam thiab Cov Hluas Tsev Kho Mob Hlwb Hauv Tsev Kho Mob, Budapest 1021, Hungary
8
Lub koom haum ntawm Kev Puas Siab ntsws, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest 1064, Hungary
9
Department of Psychiatry, Chaw rau Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Tshawb Fawb hauv Chaw Kho Kev Puas Hlwb (CIBERSAM), University of Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain
10
Tshooj rau Kev Tsis Txaus Siab ntawm Kev Loj Hlob, Chav Kho Mob ntawm Menyuam thiab Tub Ntxhais Hluas Kev Nyuaj Siab, Chaw ntawm Psychosocial Tshuaj, Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69115, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees
11
Lub Tebchaws Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Ua Haujlwm, Western Rd., Cork, Ireland
12
Lub Chaw Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Xiam Hlwb, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Tshuaj thiab Tsev Tshuaj, Str. Victor Babes Nr. 8, Cluj-Napoca 400000, Romania
13
Tshawb Xyuas Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Puas Hlwb, Tsev Kawm Qib Siab rau Cov Ntaub Ntawv Kho Mob Technology (UMIT), Klagenfurt, Innsbruck 6060, Austria
14
Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Mob Nkeeg, Mailman Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, Tebchaws Asmeskas
15
Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Puas Siab Ntsws, Center Hospitalo-Universitaire de Nancy, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy 54500, Fab Kis
16
Chaw Slovene rau Kev Tshawb Nrhiav Yus Tus Kheej, Andrej Marušič Lub Tsev Haujlwm, Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Primorska, Koper 6000, Slovenia
17
Center ntawm Cwj Pwm thiab Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Science, Estonian-Swedish Mental Health & Suicidology Institute, Tallinn University, Tallinn 10120, Estonia
*
Correspondence: Tel.: +46-852-486-935; Fax: +46-8-30-64-39
Tus Kws Kho Kev Kawm: Paul B. Tchounwou
Tau Txais: 1 Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 2015 / Txais: 3 Lub Peb Hlis 2016 / Tshaj Tawm: 8 Lub Peb Hlis 2016

Abstract

: Txoj kev pheej hmoo-cov xeeb ceem yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ua rau ua rau cov kev ntshaus siab ntawm cov hluas thiab cov hluas; txawm li cas los xij, lawv lub koom haum nrog kev siv kab thev naus laus zis (PIU) tsis tshua pom kev, tshwj xeeb nyob rau hauv European cov ntsiab lus teb. Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev kawm no yog txhawm rau tshawb xyuas kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev pheej hmoo-kev coj cwj pwm thiab PIU hauv cov hluas European. Txoj kev tshawb fawb hla ntu no tau ua nyob hauv FP7 European Union txoj haujlwm: Txuag thiab Ua Kom Muaj Zog Cov Hluas Nyob Hauv Tebchaws Europe (SEYLE). Cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov tub ntxhais hluas raug khaws los ntawm tsev kawm ntawv randomized hauv thaj chaw kawm thoob plaws kaum ib lub tebchaws nyob sab Europe. PIU raug ntsuas siv Young's Kev Ntsuas Cov Lus Nug (YDQ). Qhov kev pheej hmoo-kev coj tus cwj pwm raug soj ntsuam uas yog siv cov lus nug los ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Hauv Tsev Kawm Ntawv (GSHS). Tag nrho ntawm 11,931 cov tub ntxhais hluas tau suav nrog qhov kev soj ntsuam: 43.4% txiv neej thiab 56.6% poj niam (M / F: 5179 / 6752), nrog lub hnub nyoog nruab nrab ntawm 14.89 ± 0.87 xyoo. Cov tub ntxhais hluas qhia txog kev pw tsaug zog tsis zoo thiab kev pheej hmoo tiv thaiv kev pheej hmoo qhia pom tias cov koom haum muaj zog tshaj plaws nrog PIU, tom qab kev haus luam yeeb, kev noj zaub mov tsis zoo thiab lub cev tsis ua haujlwm. Ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas hauv PIU pawg, 89.9% tau pom tias muaj ntau tus cwj pwm pheej hmoo. Lub koom haum tseem ceeb tau pom ntawm PIU thiab cov kev pheej hmoo, nrog rau qhov sib koom ua ke siab, qhia qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev txiav txim siab PIU thaum kuaj, kho lossis tiv thaiv kev pheej hmoo tus cwj pwm ntawm cov hluas.

Cov ntsiab lus: kev siv Internet pathological; Muaj yees hauv Is Taws Nem; kev pheej hmoo-kev coj cwj pwm; ntau txoj kev pheej hmoo-kev coj cwj pwm; cov kev ua neej tsis zoo; cov hluas; SEYLE

1. Introduction

Thaum tiav hluas yog lub sijhawm uas pauv hloov uas muaj ntau yam kev hloov ntawm lub cev, kev sib raug zoo thiab lub hlwb [1]. Ntxiv mus, kev sib raug zoo nrog phooj ywg, tsev neeg thiab zej zog muaj kev hloov pauv txawv txav nyob rau lub sijhawm hloov pauv no, thaum cov hluas pib lees paub tus kheej ntawm lawv cov kev txiav txim siab, lub siab ntsws thiab tus cwj pwm [2]. Kev haum xeeb ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas feem ntau muaj kev kawm txog kev xav ntawm lub hlwb nyob rau ntawm kev kawm sib txawv [3]. Muab qhov kev pab cuam nthuav dav rau kev ua kom paub txog kev sib raug zoo thiab txawj ua txawj zoo [4,5], Is Taws Nem tau ua pov thawj rau qhov tshiab thiab tshwj xeeb channel rau kev txhim kho hlwb ntawm cov hluas [6,7].
Txawm hais tias cov kev tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo li no, cov kev tshawb fawb pom tau tias kev siv online tsis tu ncua thiab ntev ntev muaj qhov cuam tshuam los hloov kev sib raug zoo thiab kev sib raug zoo [8,9]. Muaj pov thawj pom tias lub sijhawm sib txuam hauv online tshem tawm cov sijhawm sib tham tim ntsej tim muag nrog tsev neeg thiab cov phooj ywg [10], koom nrog cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb ntxiv [11], ua tiav cov haujlwm kev kawm [12], kev noj haus kom zoo [13], tawm dag zog [14] thiab pw tsaug zog [15]. Raws li cov tub ntxhais hluas tau siv sijhawm ntau hauv online, muaj kev pheej hmoo tias lawv siv Is Taws Nem tuaj yeem dhau mus dhau los lossis dhau txoj kev taug16].
 
Kev siv Internet Pathological (PIU) yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev saib xyuas ntau dhau los ua tsis tau zoo, yaum lossis tus cwj pwm hais txog kev siv Is Taws Nem uas ua rau lub cev tsis zoo lossis ntxhov siab [17]. PIU tau tawm tswv yim los ua qauv zoo li kev tswj hwm lub cev tsis xwm yeem thiab dej num raws li kev sib piv ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm zoo ib yam li qhov kev twv txiaj ntawm lub cev [18]. Txawm hais tias kev nce qib tsis ntev los no hauv kev tshawb nrhiav PIU, kev siv zog kom nkag siab txog qhov tshwm sim no yog cuam tshuam los ntawm qhov tsis muaj kev pom zoo thoob ntiaj teb ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas tus mob. Nws kuj tsis yog nyob rau hauv Kev Ntsuas Kab Mob thiab Daim Ntawv Teev Tseg Phau Ntawv Qhia Txog Kev Puas Hlwb (DSM) los yog Lub Txheej Txheem International Kab Mob ntawm Cov Kab Mob (ICD) nosological. Qhov teeb meem loj ntawm PIU kev tshawb fawb yog nws txoj kev xav ua ib qho kev tsis sib haum xeeb.
 
Hauv kev hais txog cov ntsiab lus no, kev luam tawm DSM-5 tsis ntev los no [19] tau suav nrog kev coj tus cwj pwm (tsis yog-cuam tshuam rau kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj) ua ib qho kev kuaj mob, nrog kev twv txiaj kev tsis txaus siab (GD) yog cov xwm txheej tsuas yog teev tseg hauv kev faib tawm tshiab no. Kev twv txiaj hauv Is Taws Nem kev sib twv (IGD) kuj tseem yog qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm uas tau txiav txim siab suav nrog hauv DSM nosological system; Txawm li cas los xij, cov pov thawj txhawb IGD raws li kev kuaj mob tsis tseem ceeb. IGD tau tom qab tau muab tso rau hauv Tshooj III ntawm DSM-5, raws li qhov xwm txheej uas yuav tsum muaj kev kawm ntxiv [20], txhawm rau txhawm rau txiav txim nws qhov xwm txheej phim raws li kev kuaj pom tsis tseeb. Txawm hais tias tam sim no qhov tsis meej pem ntawm PIU, tseem muaj qhov ua pov thawj pom tias muaj kev sib txuas zoo ntawm PIU thiab lwm yam kev quav yeeb tshuaj [21,22,23,24].
Kev tshawb fawb qhia tau tias cov tib neeg uas PIU sib koom ua ke hauv lub paj hlwb, lub hlwb thiab lub hlwb nrog rau kev coj tus cwj pwm thiab kev quav yeeb tshuaj [25,26,27,28,29]. Raws li qauv theoretical raug txhais los ntawm Griffiths [30], muaj rau lub cim tseem ceeb qhia pom hauv cov kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj uas siv rau PIU. Cov no suav nrog: kev coj zoo (kev txhawj xeeb nrog kev ua si hauv online), kev hloov pauv hloov (siv Is Taws Nem kom dim lossis daws kev ntxhov siab), kam rau ua (yuav tsum nyob hauv online ntev dua), tshem tawm (kev nyuaj siab thiab kev npau taws thaum offline), kev tsis sib haum xeeb (kev sib cuam tshuam thiab kev cuam tshuam) thiab rov huam dua (ua tsis tiav qhov kev txiav mus txuas siv Is Taws Nem). Cov khoom siv tseem ceeb no muab lub tswv yim sib zog rau kev kwv yees qhov ntau ntawm PIU.
 
Tus lej them rau PIU sib txawv rau ntau lub tebchaws, ib feem vim qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm nws cov lus txhais, kev kuaj lub npe thiab kev kuaj mob. Hauv kev sib tw los kwv yees lub ntiaj teb kev nthuav dav, Cheng thiab Li [31] hais cov kev tsis sib xws no los ntawm kev siv qee qhov ua rau pom kev tshawb xyuas meta-tsom xam uas siv cov kev tshawb fawb uas muaj lub peev xwm ntawm cov duab hauv lub siab thiab cov qauv. Txoj hau kev no tau ua tiav tag nrho cov neeg koom nrog 89,281 los ntawm 31 lub teb chaws nyob thoob plaws ntau thaj chaw hauv ntiaj teb. Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias lub ntiaj teb kev nthuav dav ntawm PIU yog 6.0% (95% CI: 5.1 – 6.9) nrog cov kev sib tw hauv qib nruab nrab.
Kev soj ntsuam muaj ntau dhau los kev ntsuas PIU ntawm qib European siv kev ntsuas tus neeg sawv cev raug txwv. Dua li ntawm qhov paucity no, tseem muaj qhov tseeb tshwm sim txog cov pov thawj ruaj khov ntawm cov nqi sib txawv ntawm cov phiaj neeg no. Hauv tus qauv sawv cev ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas European (n = 18,709) hnub nyoog 11 – 16 xyoo, Blinka li al. [32] pom tias qhov PIU nthuav dav yog 1.4%. Qhov no sib xws nrog tus nqi tshaj tawm los ntawm Tsitsika li al. [33], leej twg kwv yees PIU nthuav dav ntawm 1.2% hauv ib qho piv txwv piv txwv ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas European (n = 13,284) hnub nyoog 14 – 17 xyoo. Durkee thiab cov npoj yaig [34], txawm li cas los xij, tau saib xyuas qhov PIU ntau dua me ntsis ntawm 4.4% hauv qhov piv txwv piv txwv ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas European (n = 11,956) hnub nyoog 14 – 16 xyoo. Cov qhab nia sib txig sib luag rau PIU hauv Tebchaws Europe tau pom tias cov txiv neej muaj poj niam ntau dua li poj niam, nce nrog lub hnub nyoog, txawv ntawm lub teb chaws thiab txuas nrog kev sib txawv ntawm lub hlwb thiab kev coj tus cwj pwm [35,36,37,38,39].
 
Pib ntawm kev pheej hmoo-coj tus cwj pwm nquag tshwm sim thaum tiav hluas nrog kev ntxim siab ntawm kev txuas mus ntxiv rau hauv neeg laus. Cov txiv neej feem ntau yuav muaj tus kabmob ntau dua li poj niam, thiab ntau zaus ntawm kev pheej hmoo-kev coj tus cwjpwm feem ntau muaj hnub nyoog [40]. Muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv los ntawm kev pheej hmoo tsawg (kev pw tsaug zog tsis zoo, kev noj zaub mov tsis zoo thiab lub cev tsis ua haujlwm) mus rau qhov kev pheej hmoo siab (kev haus cawv ntau dhau, kev siv tshuaj tsis raug cai thiab kev haus luam yeeb) tus cwj pwm. Kev tshawb fawb tau soj ntsuam feem ntau cuam tshuam cov kev pheej hmoo-tus cwj pwm raws li cov koom ua ywj pheej, txawm hais tias cov ntawv pov thawj pom tseeb tau pom lawv qhov sib koom ua ke, txawm tias thaum lub hnub nyoog ntxov [41,42]. Cov neeg uas muaj ntau txoj kev pheej hmoo-tus cwj pwm muaj kev pheej hmoo siab tshaj plaws rau cov kab mob mus ntev, mob hlwb, ua kev xav tua tus kheej thiab tuag ntxov ua ntej muab piv rau cov tib neeg uas muaj ib leeg lossis tsis muaj kev pheej hmoo tus cwj pwm [43,44]. Muab cov xwm txheej ntawm kev pheej hmoo-kev coj ua, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau nkag siab txog lawv kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov hluas cov kev pheej hmoo ntawm PIU.
 
Cov Hluas Kev Ruaj Ntseg Cuam Tshuam (YRBSS) hauv Asmeskas paub tseeb tias kev coj tus cwj pwm pheej hmoo yog qhov tseem ceeb ua rau ua rau muaj kev cov nyom ntawm cov hluas thiab cov hluas [45]. Dua li ntawm qhov kev lees paub no, tseem muaj kev tshawb nrhiav me ntsis uas tau txheeb xyuas cov txheej txheem uas cuam tshuam rau PIU cov hluas, tshwj xeeb nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus European. Kev soj ntsuam kev sib kis kabmob yog qhov tsim nyog txhawm rau kom tau txais kev nkag siab zoo ntawm qhov tshwm sim no.
 
Raws tus qauv loj, sawv cev piv txwv ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas hauv tsev kawm nyob hauv Europe, lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev tshawb no yog tshawb xyuas qhov kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm pheej hmoo (piv txwv li, kev haus cawv, kev siv tshuaj txhaum cai, kev haus luam yeeb, kev pheej hmoo ua, kev qhaj ntawv, kev pw tsaug zog tsis zoo, kev noj zaub mov tsis zoo thiab lub cev tsis ua haujlwm) thiab cov duab sib txawv hauv Is Taws Nem.

2. Cov ntaub ntawv thiab txoj kev

2.1. Kawm Tsim thiab Pej Xeem Neeg

Txoj kev tshawb nrhiav kab mob yav dhau los tam sim no tau ua nyob rau hauv txoj haujlwm ntawm European Union kev ua haujlwm: Txuag thiab Txhawb Zog Cov Hluas Nyob Hauv Tebchaws Europe (SEYLE) [46]. Cov tub ntxhais hluas tau raug xaiv los ntawm xaiv cov tsev kawm ntawv nyob thoob plaws chaw kawm hauv Austria, Estonia, Fabkis, Lub teb chaws Yelemees, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Ltalis, Romania, Slovenia thiab Spain, nrog Sweden ua lub chaw lis haujlwm.
 
Cov kev xaiv rau kev xaiv cov tsev kawm ntawv tsim nyog tau txais raws li hauv qab no: (1) cov tsev kawm yog pej xeem; (2) muaj tsawg kawg yog 40 cov tub ntxhais kawm hnub nyoog 15 xyoo; (3) muaj ntau dua ob tus kws qhia ntawv rau cov tub ntxhais kawm hnub nyoog 15 xyoo; thiab (4) tsis muaj ntau dua 60% ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm uas yog poj niam txiv neej sib luag. Cov tsev kawm ntawv uas tsim nyog tau raug cais los ntawm qhov loj me: (i) me me (med Cov lej nruab nrab ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm hauv txhua lub tsev kawm ntawm thaj chaw kawm); thiab (ii) loj (med Cov lej nruab nrab ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm hauv txhua lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm qhov chaw kawm)46]. Kev siv cov lej tsim hluav taws xob, cov tsev kawm tau txais kev txhim kho raws li SEYLE kev cuam tshuam thiab tsev kawm ntawv loj raws li kev coj noj coj ua, tsev kawm ib puag ncig thiab tsev kawm ntawv tus qauv hauv txhua qhov chaw kawm.
 
Cov ntaub ntawv tau sau los ntawm cov lus nug tsim muaj rau cov hluas nyob hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv cov tub rog.
Kev sawv cev, kev pom zoo, kev koom tes thiab cov lus teb ntawm tus qauv tau qhia hauv kev sim tshuaj [47].
Qhov kev tshawb nrhiav tam sim no tau ua raws li Kev Tshaj Tawm ntawm Helsinki, thiab cov txheej txheem tau pom zoo los ntawm Pawg Neeg Coj Ncaj Ncees hauv ib cheeb tsam hauv txhua lub tebchaws (Txoj Haujlwm No. HEALTH-F2-2009-223091). Ua ntej koom nrog txoj kev tshawb fawb no, ob leeg hluas thiab niam txiv tau muab kev pom zoo rau lawv kom muaj kev koom tes.

2.2. Kev ntsuas kev ntsuas

PIU raug soj ntsuam siv Young's Kev Ntsuas Cov Lus Nug (YDQ) [18]. Lub YDQ yog 8-cov lus nug ntsuas cov qauv ntawm kev siv Is Taws Nem uas ua rau muaj kev xav lossis puas siab ntsws hauv lub sijhawm rau lub hlis ua ntej dhau los khaws cov ntaub ntawv [48]. Cov khoom yim hauv YDQ sib haum rau rau rau qhov khoom hauv Griffiths cov qauv kev sib xyaw thiab cuaj qhov khoom hauv qhov kev kuaj mob ntawm IGD hauv DSM-5 [49,50]. Raws li YDQ cov qhab nia, ncua los ntawm 0 – 8, cov neeg siv Is Taws Nem tau muab cais ua peb pawg: cov neeg siv tau yoog hauv Internet (AIU) (xeem 0 – 2); maladaptive Internet siv (MIU) (qhab nia 3 – 4); thiab cov siv internet pathological (PIU) (qhab nia ≥ 5) [51]. Ntxiv mus, cov sijhawm teev online nyob rau ib hnub tau ntsuas siv ib qho lus nug ntawm cov lus nug uas muaj txheej txheem.
Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov kev pheej hmoo-kev coj cwj pwm tau los ntawm kev siv cov lus nug los ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Hauv Tsev Kawm Ntawv Hauv Ntiaj Teb (GSHS) [52]. Tsim los ntawm World Health Organization (WHO) thiab cov neeg sib koom tes, GSHS yog tsev kawm ntawv kev soj ntsuam los soj ntsuam kev pheej hmoo kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas hnub nyoog 13 – 17 xyoo. Cov lus nug tus kheej daim ntawv qhia no muaj cov khoom uas sib phim rau 10 kev coj ua ntawm kev mob hlwb ntawm cov hluas thiab cov neeg hluas.

2.3. Kev Phom Sij Kev Nyuaj Siab-Tus Cwj Pwm

Raws li GSHS, qee qhov kev pheej hmoo-tus cwj pwm raug txiav txim siab ua peb pawg: (i) kev siv tshuaj yeeb dej caw; (ii) qhov xav tau-nrhiav; (iii) cov yam ntxwv hauv lub neej thiab kev ua neej. Kev ua rau txhua tus muaj feem cuam tshuam txog kev coj cwj pwm tau cim raws li cov lej hloov pauv.

2.3.1. Yeeb Tshuaj Siv

Siv yeeb tshuaj txuam nrog kev haus cawv, siv yeeb tshuaj txhaum cai thiab haus luam yeeb. Cov hloov pauv tau muab faib raws li: (1) kev haus cawv ntau npaum li cas: ≥2 sijhawm / lub lis piam vs. ≤1 zaug / lub lim tiam; (2) cov dej haus nyob rau hnub haus niaj hnub: ≥3 haus nrog. ≤2 haus; (3) lub neej muaj teeb meem ntawm kev haus cawv kom txog thaum qaug cawv (haus dej cawv): ≥3 lub sij hawm sib piv ≤2 zaug; (4) lub neej muaj kev ntxhov siab tom qab haus dej: ≥3 lub sijhawm thiab ≤2 lub sijhawm; (5) ib txwm siv tshuaj: muaj / tsis muaj; (6) puas tau siv cov hmoov xas lossis tshuaj maj: yog / tsis yog; (7) ib txwm haus luam yeeb: tau / tsis muaj; thiab (8) tam sim no haus luam yeeb: ≥6 / hnub vs. ≤5 / hnub.

2.3.2. Saib-Nrhiav

Kev hnov ​​pom-nrhiav muaj plaub yam uas qhia txog kev pheej hmoo ua nyob rau kaum ob lub hlis dhau los: (1) tsav tsheb los ntawm tus phooj ywg uas tau haus cawv; (2) caij lub caij muaj log lossis lub log nyob hauv kev tsis muaj kaus mom hlau thiab / lossis (3) rub lub tsheb mus los; thiab (4) ploj mus rau cov kev phom sij los yog chaw nkaum thaum lub sijhawm tsaus ntuj. Cov lus teb qhia tau yog / tsis nyob hauv tag nrho plaub yam.

2.3.3. Txoj kev ua neej muaj tus yam ntxwv

Cov yam ntxwv hauv lub neej muaj ntau yam xws li pw tsaug zog, khoom noj khoom haus, ua si lub cev thiab tuaj koom kawm ntawv. Cov cwj pwm tsaug zog tau qhia txog rau lub hlis dhau los: (1) nkees nkees thaum sawv ntxov ua ntej kawm ntawv: ≥3 hnub / lub lim tiam vs. ≤2 hnub / lub lis piam; (2) napping tom qab tsev kawm ntawv: ≥3 hnub / lub lis piam vs. ≤2 hnub / lim tiam; thiab (4) pw tsaug zog: ≤6 teev / hmo vs. ≥7 teev / hmo. Khoom noj khoom haus xa mus rau rau lub hlis dhau los: (4) kev noj cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo / zaub: ≤1 sijhawm / lub lis piam vs. ≥2 zaug / lub lis piam; thiab (5) kev noj tshais ua ntej tsev kawm: ≤2 hnub / lub lis piam vs. ≥3 hnub / lub lis piam. Cov kev tawm dag zog lub cev tau xa mus rau rau lub hlis dhau los: (6) kev qoj ib ce mus tsawg kawg 60 feeb nyob rau ob lub lis piam dhau los: ≤3 hnub vs. ≥4 hnub; thiab (7) kev ntaus kis las ua si tas li: tau / tsis tau. Kev mus kawm ntawv suav nrog ib qho ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov qhaj tsis raug zam los ntawm tsev kawm hauv ob lub lim tiam dhau los: ≥3 hnub vs. ≤2 hnub.

2.4. Ntau Txoj Kev Pheej Hmoo-Cwj Pwm

Tag nrho tus naj npawb ntawm cov kev pheej hmoo-kev coj cwj pwm tau muab suav rau hauv ib qho kev hloov pauv thiab cim raws li kev ntsuas ntsuas. Sib faib ua ke ib nrab ntseeg (rsb = 0.742) thiab kev sib txawv sab hauv (α = 0.714) qhov tseem ceeb tau qhia txog theem kev lees paub ntawm cov khoom sib txawv ntawm cov khoom hauv ntau qhov kev pheej hmoo-kev coj tus cwj pwm

3. Cov Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb

Kev nthuav dav ntawm ib leeg rau kev pheej hmoo-kev coj tus cwj pwm ntawm cov neeg siv Is Taws Nem tau muab xam rau cov txiv neej thiab poj niam. Txhawm rau kom paub tseeb txog cov ntaub ntawv-qhov tseem ceeb sib txawv ntawm pab pawg sib piv, ntau txoj kev sib piv ntawm ob txoj kev z-kuaj nrog ob-sided z-kuaj nrog Bonferroni hloov p-qhov tseem ceeb tau ua. Cov kev tshuaj ntsuam txuas ntxiv tau ua los ntsuas qhov tshwm sim ntawm tus neeg qhov kev pheej hmoo-kev coj tus cwj pwm ntawm MIU thiab PIU siv cov qauv dav dav sib xyaw ua ke (GLMM) nrog cov ntsiab lus sib txuas sib txuas thiab qhov kwv yees ntau qhov kev kwv yees siab. Hauv Kev Ntsuam Xyuas GLMM, MIU thiab PIU tau nkag mus raws li cov txiaj ntsig kev ntsuas nrog AIU raws li kev siv qeb, tus kheej kev pheej hmoo-tus cwj pwm tau nkag mus raws li Qib 1 kev cuam tshuam kev cuam tshuam, lub tsev kawm ntawv raws li qib 2 random sib tshuam thiab lub teb chaws raws li Qib 3 random sib cuam tshuam. Variance cov khoom sib xyaw tau siv los ua tusarianarian tus qauv rau cov teebmeem random. Txheeb xyuas cov txiaj ntsig nruab nrab ntawm poj niam txiv neej, cov ntsiab lus sib cuam tshuam (poj niam txiv neej * kev pheej hmoo-tus cwj pwm) tau haum rau cov qauv kev coj ua. Kev hloov kho rau lub hnub nyoog thiab poj niam txiv neej tau ua ntawv thov rau cov qauv GLMM. Cov sib tw sib txawv (LOSSIS) nrog 95% kev ntseeg siab ib ntus (CI) tau tshaj tawm rau cov qauv qauv.
Hauv kev txheeb xyuas ntawm ntau qhov kev pheej hmoo-kev coj tus cwj pwm, tus phem (M) thiab tus qauv yuam kev ntawm qhov phem (SEM) tau suav rau cov pab pawg sib txawv hauv Internet siv thiab stratified los ntawm poj niam txiv neej. Lub thawv thiab daim phiaj whisker tau siv los qhia txog cov kev sib raug zoo no. Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm ntau qhov kev pheej hmoo-kev coj tus cwj pwm thiab tub los ntxhais raug ntsuas ntsuas siv ntsuas t-xeem ywj pheej. Ib txoj kev txheeb xyuas qhov sib txawv (ANOVA) nrog kev sib piv tom qab ua piv txwv tau ua haujlwm txhawm rau txhawm rau ntsuas lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm ntau qhov kev pheej hmoo-tus cwj pwm thiab cov neeg siv Is Taws Nem.
Ib qho kev hloov pauv hloov pauv tau los ua kom pom qhov sib txawv ntawm cov xov tooj hauv online ib hnub thiab tus naj npawb ntawm txoj kev pheej hmoo-coj cwj pwm ntawm cov neeg siv Internet. Txhua qhov kev ntsuas tau ntsuas tau siv ua IBM SPSS Qhov Txheeb Xyuas 23.0. Tus nqi tseem ceeb ntawm p <0.05 tau txiav txim siab tias nws muaj nuj nqi.

4. Ntsiab lus

4.1. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm Kev Kawm Qauv

Ntawm thawj qhov qauv SEYLE ntawm 12,395 cov tub ntxhais hluas, muaj 464 (3.7%) cov ntsiab lus raug tshem tawm vim ploj cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv tseem ceeb. Qhov no tau ua tiav qhov qauv ntawm 11,931 tus tub ntxhais hluas lub tsev kawm ntawv rau qhov kev kawm tam sim no. Qhov piv txwv muaj 43.4% txiv neej thiab 56.6% poj niam hluas (M / F: 5179/6752) nrog lub hnub nyoog nruab nrab yog 14.89 ± 0.87 xyoo. Feem ntau ntawm MIU tau nce siab ntawm cov pojniam (14.3%) piv rau cov txiv neej (12.4%), PIU cov txiv neej muaj poj niam ntau dua (5.2%) dua li poj niam (3.9%) (χ² (2, 11928) = 19.92, p < 0.001).

4.2. Kev Muaj Tus Cwj Pwm Ntawm Kev Pheej Hmoo-Kev Coj Tus Cwj Pwm

rooj 1 piav qhia kev nthuav dav ntawm kev pheej hmoo-kev coj cwj pwm stratified los ntawm pawg neeg siv Internet. Tus nqi nruab nrab ntawm cov neeg siv Internet (AIU, MIU thiab PIU) yog 16.4%, 24.3% thiab 26.5% rau kev siv tshuaj yeeb (kev siv cawv, kev siv tshuaj txhaum cai thiab kev haus luam yeeb); 19.0%, 27.8% thiab 33.8% rau kev xav-coj cwj pwm (kev coj ua-ua tau phom sij); thiab 23.8%, 30.8% thiab 35.2% rau cov yam ntxwv hauv lub neej (kev pw tsaug zog tsis zoo, kev noj zaub mov tsis zoo, lub cev tsis ua haujlwm thiab kev tawm dag zog), feem. Cov xwm txheej muaj nyob hauv MIU thiab PIU pawg tau nce siab dua piv rau AIU pawg ntawm txhua qhov kev pheej hmoo (kev siv tshuaj, kev xav-nrhiav thiab kev ua neej zoo li cas). Nrog rau kev zam ntawm tsib qhov kev ncua, kev sib piv piv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv qhia tias tus nqi sib txawv tsis sib txawv ntawm MIU thiab PIU pawg.

rooj
Cov lus 1. Kev muaj feem ntau ntawm cov kev pheej hmoo-kev coj cwj pwm ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas stratified los ntawm poj niam txiv neej thiab Internet siv pawg 1,2a – c.

4.3. Ntau Txoj Kev Pheej Hmoo-Cwj Pwm

Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias 89.9% ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas hauv PIU pawg qhia ntau cov yeeb yam pheej hmoo. Qhov kev ntsuas ib-seem ANOVA tau qhia tias tus lej pev ntawm ntau qhov kev pheej hmoo-kev coj tus cwjpwm tau nce los ntawm kev siv yoog (M = 4.89, SEM = 0.02) rau kev siv tsis raug (M = 6.38, SEM = 0.07) rau kev siv pathological (M = 7.09, SEM = 0.12) (F (2, 11928) = 310.35, p <0.001). No sib piv tau zoo rau cov txivneej thiab maum (Daim duab 1).

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Daim duab 1. Lub thawv thiab cov ncauj lus ntxhi ntawm ntau qhov kev pheej hmoo-kev coj ua ntawm cov neeg siv yoog Internet (AIU), cov siv Internet tsis raug (MIU) thiab cov siv internet pathological (PIU) stratified los ntawm poj niam txiv neej *.
Ntxiv mus, tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov poj niam txiv neej hauv ob qho tib si MIU (t (1608) = 0.529, p = 0.597) thiab PIU (t (526) = 1.92, p = 0.054) pawg tau pom (rooj 2)). Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg, txawm li cas los xij, hais tias p-tus nqi rau PIU pab pawg tau ze rau lub sijhawm tseem ceeb ua piv txwv (p = 0.054). 

rooj
Cov lus 2. Cov qauv ywj pheej t-sim ntawm ntau qhov kev pheej hmoo-kev coj cwj pwm thiab poj niam txiv neej los ntawm pawg neeg siv Is Taws Nem 1-3.
Lub tswv yim hloov mus los sib txawv tau nthuav qhia qhov paub tseeb txoj kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov xuaj moos online hauv ib hnub thiab tus lej ntawm kev pheej hmoo-kev coj cwj pwm hauv cov hluas. Cov qauv zoo li no tau muab los sib piv ntawm cov neeg siv Is Taws Nem (Daim duab 2). 

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Daim duab 2. Txoj kev sib txuas ntawm cov xuab moos online ib hnub thiab tus naj npawb ntawm kev pheej hmoo-coj cwj pwm ntawm AIU, MIU thiab PIU pawg *.

4.4. GLMM Kev Ntsuam Xyuas ntawm Lub Koom Haum ntawm Kev pheej hmoo-Cwj Pwm, MIU thiab PIU

Txoj kev pheej hmoo-coj cwj pwm uas muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog MIU kuj tseem cuam tshuam nrog PIU, tsuas yog muaj peb qhov raug cais sau tseg hauv kev pheej hmoo ua thiab kev qhaj ntawv (rooj 3)). Kev soj ntsuam GLMM pom tias txhua qhov kev faib tawm ntawm kev pw tsaug zog tsis zoo ua rau muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm PIU nrog cov nyhuv loj xws li LOSSIS = 1.45 txog OR = 2.17. Cov koom ua ke tseem ceeb tau pom ntawm kev coj ua cov kev pheej hmoo thiab PIU nrog cov txiaj ntsig ntau xws li LOSSIS = 1.55 txog OR = 1.73. Ntxiv mus, sib txawv sib piv rau ib subcategories nyob rau hauv cov haus luam yeeb (LOSSIS = 1.41), khoom noj tsis zoo (LOSSIS = 1.41) thiab lub cev tsis muaj zog (LOSSIS = 1.39) puav leej tseem ceeb.

rooj
Cov lus 3. Generalized linear mixed qauv (GLMM) ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov tib neeg kev pheej hmoo-kev coj tus cwj pwm, kev siv tsis raug thiab kev siv pathological nrog kev soj ntsuam txuas ntxiv ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam nrog poj niam txiv neej 1-4.

4.5. Tub los ntxhais Kev Sib Koom Tes

Kev tsom xam hais txog poj niam txiv neej kev sib raug zoo qhia tau hais tias kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov kev pheej hmoo, kev pw tsaug zog tsis zoo thiab PIU yog qhov muaj feem ntau rau cov poj niam, qhov kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev qhaj ntawv, kev noj zaub mov tsis zoo thiab PIU tau nce siab hauv cov txiv neej (rooj 3).

5. Kev sib tham

5.1. Kev Muaj Tus Cwj Pwm Ntawm Kev Pheej Hmoo-Kev Coj Tus Cwj Pwm

Qhov kev kawm tam sim no tau tshawb xyuas qhov kev sib raug zoo ntawm PIU thiab kev coj tus cwj pwm pheej hmoo. Cov txiaj ntsig pom tau hais tias kev nthuav dav ntawm kev pheej hmoo-kev coj tus cwj pwm tau muaj ntau dua ntawm cov neeg siv pathological piv rau cov neeg siv khoom siv yoog nrog qee yam kev hloov ntawm cov neeg sib txawv. Qhov ntau tshaj plaws tau pom ntawm cov neeg siv tsis haum thiab pathological yog cov neeg pw tsis tsaug zog ua raws li kev haus luam yeeb. Cov kev kwv yees no tau nce siab ntau dua piv rau cov neeg coob nyob hauv cov kev kawm tshawb fawb sab nraud EU, uas yog hauv cheeb tsam Asia thiab Pacific [53,54]. Ib qhov qhia tau zoo tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog cov kev hloov txawv txav hauv qib ecological (piv txwv li, tus nqi nkag mus) ntawm cov cheeb tsam no. Cov ntaub ntawv txheeb cais tau qhia tias thaj av nyob sab Europe muaj qhov siv kev nkag siab zoo tshaj plaws hauv Internet (78%) thoob ntiaj teb. Cov nqi European tau ntau dua ob npaug piv rau cov piv txwv hauv thaj av Asia thiab Pacific (36%) [55]. Tus nqi ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb muaj feem cuam tshuam rau kev nthuav dav ntawm PIU tseem tsis meej xwm; yog li, kev siv zog yav tom ntej los kuaj xyuas qhov kev sib raug zoo no yuav muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev qhia txog txoj kev sib txuas no.

5.2. Yeeb Tshuaj Siv

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev pheej hmoo-kev coj cwj pwm thiab kev coj tus cwj pwm muaj yees sib tshooj heev. Qhov no yog kab tias feem ntau pom tseeb nrog kev quav tshuaj yeeb dej caw. Cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw feem ntau muab cais ua qhov kev pheej hmoo-kev coj tus cwj pwm; txawm li cas los xij, nws kuj tseem yog ib qho antecedent ntawm kev quav yeeb tshuaj. Yog tias tus cwj pwm muaj kev pheej hmoo siab sib koom nrog cov txheej txheem sib xws, tom qab ntawd muaj qhov teeb meem ib tus cwj pwm tuaj yeem txo qis dua rau kev tsim lwm cov cwj pwm muaj teeb meem. Qhov kev lees paub no tau muab pov thawj los ntawm kev tshawb fawb pom muaj pov thawj qhia txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm ntau txoj kev pheej hmoo-tus cwj pwm [56]. Raws li lub tswvyim no, nws ntseeg tau tias cov menyuam hluas uas muaj kev pheej hmoo ua ntej-muaj feem ua rau muaj PIU ntau dua piv rau cov hluas tsis muaj kev pheej hmoo.

5.3. Saib-Nrhiav

Nyob rau hauv txoj kab nrog kev tshawb nrhiav yav dhau los [57], cov ntsiab lus qhia tau hais tias feem ntau ntawm cov kev pheej hmoo-ua raws li qhov kev xav ntawm qeb nrhiav qhov tseem ceeb cuam tshuam nrog PIU. Pom-nrhiav yog tus xeeb ceem cwj pwm cuam tshuam nrog qhov tsis zoo ntawm kev tswj tus kheej thiab ncua sij hawm txaus siab [58]. Cov cwj pwm ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog kev nkag siab qhov tseeb ntawm "kev xav qhov tsis zoo ntawm kev tsis ncaj ncees" uas cov hluas feem ntau txo qis kev pheej hmoo rau lawv tus kheej, thaum muaj kev pheej hmoo rau lwm tus [59]. Cov neeg hluas uas nthuav tawm cov kev coj tsis zoo no muaj feem ntau dua rau cov teeb meem cwj pwm.

5.4. Txoj kev ua neej muaj tus yam ntxwv

Kev pw tsaug zog tsis zoo ua pov thawj yog qhov muaj zog tshaj plaws cuam tshuam rau PIU. Qhov no yuav zoo vim yog cuam tshuam ntawm kev pw tsaug zog rau kev ua online. Muaj qee cov haujlwm nyob hauv online tau hais meej meej tshoov cov neeg siv kom nyob online ntev dua qhov kev cia siab. Kev tshawb fawb ntawm qhov kev ua si sib tw hauv online (MMORPG) tau qhia tias cov neeg siv khoom nyob hauv online ntev dua txhawm rau ua raws cov txheej xwm dhau los ntawm lawv qhov kev paub hauv online [60]. Kev siv cov chaw sib txuas lus tau siv ntau dhau los hauv xyoo tas los no, hais txog ob qho tib si nce sijhawm hauv kev siv online thiab cuam tshuam tsis zoo nrog kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub neej tiag tiag [61,62]. Cov kev tshawb fawb qhia tias cov tub ntxhais hluas siv ntau dhau ntawm kev siv Is Taws Nem muaj qhov sib piv rau kev tsim cov pw tsaug zog uas yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm lawv lub sijhawm txuas ntxiv hauv online [63,64]. Cov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev pw tsaug zog rau kev ua si hauv online tuaj yeem ua rau pw tsaug zog tsis txaus, uas paub tias ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev ntawm kev sib raug zoo, kev mob hlwb thiab somatic ua haujlwm.
Cov kev ntxhov siab hauv cov qauv pw tsaug zog kuj tseem tuaj yeem yog qhov kev sib kho rau hauv kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev qhaj ntawv thiab kev siv tsis zoo ntawm Is Taws Nem. Cov tub hluas ntxhais hluas koom ua ub no hauv online rau ntau dhau qib tuaj yeem khiav txoj kev pheej hmoo ntawm cuam tshuam lawv kev pw tsaug zog. Cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj qhia tias nce kev pw tsaug zog latency thiab txo qis qhov muag pw tsaug zog ceev (REM-pw tsaug zog) muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog kev siv Internet ntau dhau [65], thaum lub sijhawm muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb thiab parasomnias txuas nrog kev qhaj ntawv [66]. Kev pw tsaug zog hauv lub cev tau hais meej txog kev ua haujlwm nruab hnub thiab kev kawm tiav. Qhov no tuaj yeem ua rau cov tub ntxhais hluas poob siab hauv tsev kawm, thiaj li muaj feem ua rau tsev kawm ntawv tsis kam lees thiab ua rau tsis tuaj kawm ntawv ntev [66].
Khoom noj khoom haus tsis zoo thiab lub cev tsis ua haujlwm tau pom tias tau cuam tshuam nrog PIU. Cov tub ntxhais hluas hluas uas siv sijhawm ntev dua nyob hauv online yuav ua rau noj zaub mov tsis zoo. Nws tau tshaj tawm tias cov neeg twv txiaj hauv online haus cov dej qab zib muaj zog thiab noj cov khoom txom ncauj uas muaj suab thaj kom ua rau muaj kev ceeb toom rau kev ua si hauv online [67]. Tom qab, cov kev cuam tshuam no tuaj yeem ua rau cov twv txiaj hauv online cuam tshuam txog kev coj tus kheej thaum piv rau cov tsis yog gamers. Ntxiv mus, muaj kev sib tw ntau ntawm cov neeg twv txiaj, tshwj xeeb yog cov neeg uas tshem zaub mov, kev nyiam huv thiab kev siv lub cev, thiaj li yuav txuas ntxiv nrog online games [68]. Qhov no tuaj yeem ua rau muaj mob loj-txaus ntshai thiab tuaj yeem ua rau cov tsos mob hnyav hlwb nyhav.

5.5. Ntau Txoj Kev Pheej Hmoo-Cwj Pwm

Kev pheej hmoo-coj tus cwj pwm tau pom tseeb ua rau tib lub sijhawm, nrog 89.9% ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas hauv PIU pawg qhia ntau qhov kev pheej hmoo-tus cwj pwm. Cov txiaj ntsig tau no yog ua raws li Jessor txoj kev xav txog teeb meem cwj pwm [69,70]. Qhov teeb meem tus cwj pwm teeb meem yog qhov kev xav ntawm tus kheej uas sim piav qhia txog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev coj cwj pwm hauv cov hluas. Nws muaj peb lub tswv yim ua haujlwm raws cov khoom siv los ntawm cov khoom siv (psychosocial Cheebtsam): cov cwm pwm ntawm lub cev, pom ib puag ncig lub luag haujlwm thiab cov cwj pwm kev coj ua. Hauv cov kab ke tom ntej, cov qauv kev pheej hmoo-piv txwv (piv txwv li, kev haus cawv, kev haus luam yeeb, ua kom tsis raug thiab hais tsis zoo) feem ntau sib koom ua ke thiab sib pawg rau ib qho 'kev pheej hmoo-tus cwj pwm tus yam ntxwv' [71]. Raws li Jessor, cov teeb meem cwj pwm no feem ntau yog los ntawm cov hluas 'kev lees paub ntawm kev ywj pheej los ntawm niam txiv thiab zej tsoom kev cuam tshuam.
Cov tub ntxhais hluas ua teeb meem rau kev ywj pheej tau, qee yam, suav nrog qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb tau teev nyob hauv online ntawm ib hnub thiab ntau yam kev pheej hmoo-tus cwj pwm. Cov ncauj lus no tau muab piv rau txhua tus neeg siv Is Taws Nem. Cov kev tshawb pom no muaj feem cuam tshuam tau, vim lawv hais tias kev siv sijhawm ntau dhau online hauv nws tus kheej tuaj yeem ua rau muaj ntau txoj kev pheej hmoo-ua rau txhua tus tub ntxhais hluas thiab tsis tas rau cov neeg kuaj mob PIU. Ntau lub sijhawm dhau los online tseem yuav yog ib qho teeb meem nruab nrab hauv kev sib raug zoo ntawm PIU thiab kev coj tus cwj pwm pheej hmoo; txawm li cas los xij, kev tshawb fawb ntxiv los tshawb txog kev sib raug zoo no yog qhov tsim nyog.

5.6. Tub los ntxhais Kev Sib Koom Tes

Qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam txog ntawm kev cuam tshuam txog pojniam los pojniam pom tau tias cov koom haum ua haujlwm tseem ceeb pom ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm pheej hmoo thiab PIU raug faib tawm ntawm cov txivneej thiab pojniam. Qhov no yog qee qhov tsis sib xws nrog kev tshawb nrhiav yav dhau los, uas feem ntau qhia tau tias PIU thiab kev pheej hmoo-kev coj tus cwj pwm tshwj xeeb rau txiv neej poj niam txiv neej. Qhov hloov tub los ntxhais no yuav yog qhov qhia tau tias tus tub los ntxhais sib txawv rau qhov pheej hmoo-coj tus cwj pwm yuav ua rau nqaim ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas nyob sab Europe.
Los ntawm lwm qhov kev xav, kev sib raug zoo ntawm poj niam txiv neej thiab kev pheej hmoo-kev coj tus cwj pwm tuaj yeem sib kho los ntawm lub ntsiab thib peb, xws li psychopathology. Hauv kev tshawb nrhiav qhov loj, poj niam txiv neej ntawm cov hluas (n = 56,086) hnub nyoog 12 – 18 xyoo, kev nthuav dav rau PIU tau kwv yees tias yog 2.8% ntawm tag nrho cov qauv nrog qhov ntsuas pom zoo hauv txiv neej (3.6%) piv rau poj niam ( 1.9%) [72]. Cov kev tshawb fawb muaj sau tseg tias cov pojniam uas muaj teeb meem kev xav, xws li kev tsis txaus siab lossis cov tsos mob me me, muaj qhov PIU ntau dua li cov txivneej uas muaj cov tsos mob zoo sib xws. Kev qhia txog poj niam txiv neej ua kev tshawb nrhiav kev cuam tshuam txog kev sib daj sib deev ntawm PIU yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua ua ntej rau kev taw qhia yav tom ntej ntawm PIU kev tshawb fawb.

5.7. Griffiths Cov Qauv Txheej Txheem

Griffiths cov cheebtsam ua qauv tiv30] kwv yees tias kev quav yeeb quav cawv (xws li, PIU) thiab cov tshuaj muaj yees sib ntxiv ua ntej los ntawm cov txheej txheem sib luag me ntsis thiab sib qhia txog lub cev ntau yam. Cov txheej txheem sib ntxiv ntawm cov sib txuam rau hauv cov qauv tseem ceeb hauv cov qauv no yog (1) kev hloov siab, (2) kev hloov siab, (3) kev zam, (4) kev thim rov qab, (5) kev tsis sib haum thiab (6) rov cuam tshuam. Kuss li al. [73] ntsuas cov Cheebtsam cov qauv ntawm kev yees rau hauv ob qho piv txwv ywj pheej (n = 3105 thiab n = 2257). Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias cov qauv qauv ntawm PIU haum cov ntaub ntawv tau zoo heev hauv ob qho piv txwv.
Hauv kev kawm tam sim no, YDQ kev ntsuas tau siv los ntsuas thiab ntes cov hluas nrog kev tsis zoo thiab pathological muaj feem xyuam rau lawv txoj kev siv Is Taws Nem thiab kev coj online. Raws li YDQ ntsuas muaj tag nrho rau qhov kev muaj yees nyob rau hauv Griffiths cov qauv, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov txiaj ntsig tau qhia nyob rau hauv qhov kev tshawb fawb no tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm cov tswv yim kev ua haujlwm.

5.8. Qhov ua tau zoo thiab Cov Kev Txwv

Qhov loj, sawv cev, piv txwv hla hauv teb chaws yog lub zog loj ntawm qhov kev kawm no. Cov txheej txheem homogenous thiab cov txheej txheem qauv siv hauv txhua lub tebchaws nce qhov kev siv tau, kev ntseeg siab thiab sib piv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Raws li peb qhov kev paub, thaj tsam thaj tsam hauv Tebchaws Europe yog qhov loj tshaj plaws uas tau coj los ua kev kawm txog PIU thiab kev pheej hmoo-tus cwj pwm.
Muaj kuj muaj qee qhov kev txwv ntawm kev kawm. Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tus kheej yog tus nquag nco qab thiab cov kev xav tau ntawm kev sib raug zoo, uas zoo li yuav sib txawv ntawm lub teb chaws thiab kev coj noj coj ua. Tus qauv hla kev tsis tuaj yeem lees paub txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub cev, yog li cov txiaj ntsig tsis tuaj yeem txiav txim. Hauv GSHS kev ntsuas, cov subcategories ntawm cov kev coj noj coj ua tsuas yog sawv cev ib feem ntawm kev xav coj cwj pwm; yog li, ceev faj yuav tsum tau siv thaum txhais cov ntsiab lus soj ntsuam.

6. Cov lus xaus

Feem pua ​​ntawm cov pawg tam sim no muaj nyob thoob plaws AIU, MIU thiab PIU tau pom nyob hauv txhua qhov kev pheej hmoo (kev siv tshuaj, kev xav-nrhiav thiab kev ua neej zoo li cas). Cov tub ntxhais hluas qhia txog kev pw tsaug zog tsis zoo thiab kev pheej hmoo tiv thaiv kev pheej hmoo qhia pom tias cov koom haum muaj zog tshaj plaws nrog PIU, tom qab kev haus luam yeeb, kev noj zaub mov tsis zoo thiab lub cev tsis ua haujlwm. Lub koom haum tseem ceeb tau pom ntawm PIU thiab cov kev pheej hmoo, nrog rau tus nqi sib koom ua ke siab, qhia qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev txiav txim siab PIU thaum kuaj, kho lossis tiv thaiv tus cwj pwm pheej hmoo siab hauv cov hluas.
Ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas hauv PIU pawg, 89.9% tau pom tias muaj ntau tus cwj pwm pheej hmoo. Yog li, cov kev siv zog yuav tsum tsom cov hluas uas siv Internet ntau dhau, raws li tau teev tseg tseem ceeb tau teev nyob hauv online teev ib hnub thiab ntau yam kev pheej hmoo-tus cwj pwm. Cov qauv zoo li no nyob thoob plaws txhua pawg neeg siv Is Taws Nem hais tias ntau teev online hauv nws tus kheej yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev pheej hmoo-kev coj tus cwj pwm. Cov kev tshawb pom no yuav tsum tau rov qab ua dua thiab tshawb nrhiav ntxiv ua ntej ua kom tiav lawv cov kev xav.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Txoj haujlwm SEYLE tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm Kev Sib Tham Cov ntsiab lus 1 (Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv) ntawm European Union Seventh Framework Program (FP7), Daim Ntawv Pom Zoo Cog Lus No. HEALTH-F2-2009-223091. Cov kws sau ntawv tau ywj pheej ntawm cov peev nyiaj hauv txhua yam ntawm kev kawm tsim, tshawb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv thiab sau cov ntawv sau no. Tus Thawj Coj Pabcuam thiab Tus Saib Xyuas Txoj Haujlwm SEYLE yog xibfwb qhia hauv Psychiatry thiab Suicidology Danuta Wasserman, Lub Chaw Haujlwm Karolinska (KI), Lub Chaw Haujlwm Ntawm Lub Tebchaws Kev Tshawb Nrhiav Kev Tiv Thaiv thiab Tiv Thaiv Mental Ill-Health thiab Suicide (NASP), ntawm KI, Stockholm, Sweden. Lwm tus tswvcuab ntawm Cov Txwj Laus Tswj Haujlwm yog Cov Laus Lecturer Vladimir Carli, Lub Chaw Haujlwm Hauv Lub Tebchaws rau Kev Tshawb Xyuas Kev Tiv Thaiv thiab Tiv Thaiv Kev Puas Hlwb (NASP), Lub Koom Haum Karolinska, Lub Tebchaws Stockholm, Sweden; Christina WH Hoven thiab Anthropologist Camilla Wasserman, Chav Saib Xyuas Menyuam thiab Tub Ntxhais Hluas Txoj Kev Ntsej Muag, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, Tebchaws USA; thiab Marco Sarchiapone, Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv, University of Molise, Campobasso, Ltalis. SEYLE Consortium muaj chaw nyob hauv 12 lub tebchaws European. Cov thawj coj hauv txhua qhov chaw thiab lub teb chaws yog: Danuta Wasserman (NASP, Karolinska Institute, Sweden, Lub Chaw Haujlwm Sib Koom Tes), Christian Haring (University for Medical Information Technology, Austria), Airi Varnik (Estonian Swedish Mental Health & Suicidology Institute, Estonia), Jean-Pierre Kahn (University of Lorraine, Nancy, Fabkis), Romuald Brunner (Tsev Kawm ntawm Heidelberg, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees), Judit Balazs (Vadaskert Menyuam thiab Tsev Neeg Lub Tsev Kho Mob Hlwb, Hungary), Paul Corcoran (Lub Tebchaws Txoj Haujlwm Tshawb Nrhiav Kev Ua Haujlwm, Tebchaws Ireland), Alan Apter (Schneider Cov Tsev Kho Mob Me Nyuam ntawm Israel, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel), Marco Sarchiapone (University of Molise, Ltalis), Doina Cosman (Iuliu Hatieganu University of Tshuaj thiab Tshuaj, Romania), Vita Postuvan (University of Primorska, Slovenia ) thiab Julio Bobes (University of Oviedo, Spain). Kev them nyiaj yug rau "Cov teeb meem kev coj ua hauv kev tshawb fawb nrog cov menyuam yaus thiab lwm pawg neeg raug mob" tau txais los ntawm nyiaj pab los ntawm Botnar Foundation, Basel, rau cov xibfwb txog kev coj ncaj ncees, Stella Reiter-Theil, Lub Chaw Kho Mob Puas Hlwb ntawm Basel University, uas tau ua haujlwm pabcuam tus kws pab tswvyim ywj pheej rau SEYLE tes num.

Sau cov tswv yim

Tony Durkee yog thawj tus uas sau thiab tshawb nrhiav uas tau tsim qauv tshawb fawb, ua qhov kev sojntsuam zoo thiab ntsuas txhua ntu ntawm cov ntawv sau. Vladimir Carli, Birgitta Floderus thiab Danuta Wasserman koom nrog qhov kev tshawb nrhiav tsim thiab ua cov kev hloov kho tseem ceeb rau cov ntawv sau. Camilla Wasserman, Christina W. Hoven, Michael Kaess thiab Peeter Värnik muab kev sab laj thiab muab cov lus tseem ceeb hloov kho rau daim ntawv sau cia. Marco Sarchiapone, Alan Apter, Judit A. Balazs, Julio Bobes, Romuald Brunner, Paul Corcoran, Doina Cosman, Christian Haring, Jean-Pierre Kahn thiab Vita Postuvan yog thawj tus kws tshawb nrhiav rau qhov haujlwm SEYLE hauv lawv cov tebchaws thiab muab kev txhawb pab rau cov thawj coj. Bogdan Nemes thiab Pilar A. Saiz yog cov thawj tswj haujlwm hauv SEYLE qhov haujlwm hauv lawv lub tebchaws thiab koom nrog cov kev hloov kho tseem ceeb rau cov ntawv sau cia.

Tsis sib haum xeeb

Cov sau phau ntawv tshaj tawm tsis muaj teebmeem dabtsi.

abbreviations

Cov ntawv sau hauv qab no yog siv rau hauv phau ntawv no: 

SEYLE
Kev Txuag thiab Ua Kom Yaum Cov Hluas Cov Neeg Nyob Hauv Europe
YRBSS
Txoj Cai Kev Tiv Thaiv Kom Yooj Yim Raug Hluas
GSHS
Kev Tshuaj Ntsuam Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Tsev Kawm Ntawv Thoob Ntiaj Teb
YDQ
Young Cov Lus Nug Txog Kev Ntsuam Xyuas
GLMM
Generalized linear mixed qauv
ANOVA
Kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas ib seem txawv
PIU
Siv Pathological Internet
MIU
Siv Maladaptive Internet
AIU
Siv Adaptive Internet
CI
Kev ntseeg siab ntawm ncua sij hawm
SEM
Txheem yuam kev ntawm lub ntsiab lus
M
Txhais tau tias

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