Qhov teeb meem ntawm kev ua si (video), kev siv yeeb tshuaj, thiab teeb meem kev nyuab siab rau cov hluas (2014)

J Behav Addict. 2014 Sep;3(3):157-65. doi: 10.1556 / JBA.3.2014.013.

VAN Rooij AJ1, Kuss DJ2, Griffiths MD3, Shorter GW4, Schoenmakers MT1, VAN DE Mheen D5.

Abstract

AIMS:

Txoj kev tshawb xyuas tam sim no tau tshawb nrhiav qhov teeb meem ntawm cov teeb meem (yees duab) video gaming (PVG) thiab lub koom haum nrog hom kev ua si, kev noj qab haus huv, thiab kev siv yeeb tshuaj.

KEV HLOOV:

Cov ntaub ntawv tau muab coj los siv cov ntawv tshawb fawb thiab cov cwj mem qhuav hauv chav kawm. Peb kuaj tau ua kom tiav ib qho qauv ntawm 8478 nws tus tub ntxhais hluas. Kev ntsuas kev ua si nrog kev ntsuas kev ua si, kev ntaus phaib, kev ua si yees duab, yees duab kev ua si yees duab (VAT), kev nyuaj siab, kev xav tsis zoo, kev kho siab, kev ntxhov siab, kev kawm ntawv, thiab siv cov cannabis, cawv thiab nicotine.

COV LUS QHIA:

Kev tshawb pom tseeb teeb meem gaming yog feem ntau ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas ua si hauv gamers uas ua si hauv multiplayer. Cov tub hluas (60%) tau ua si hauv online games dua li cov ntxhais (14%) thiab cov teeb meem gamers muaj feem ntau yog cov tub (5%) tshaj cov ntxhais (1%). Cov teeb meem loj yog teeb meem ntawm kev nyuaj siab ntawm kev nyuaj siab, kev kho siab, kev ntxhov siab, kev tus kheej tsis zoo, thiab kev qhia tus kheej rau tus kheej. Nicotine, cawv, thiab cannabis siv cov tub hluas yuav luag ob zaug tshaj tias yuav qhia txog cov PVG siab dua cov tsis muaj cov neeg siv.

TXHEEJ XWM:

Nws pom tias kev twv txiaj hauv online feem ntau tsis tas yuav cuam tshuam nrog cov teeb meem. Txawm li cas los xij, cov teeb meem kev twv txiaj zoo li ua si online ua si ntau dua, thiab ib pawg me me ntawm cov tub ntxhais ntaus kis las - tshwj xeeb yog cov tub - pom tias muaj kev puas hlwb qis dua thiab qib qis dua. Ntxiv mus, cov koom tes nrog dej cawv, nicotine, thiab cannabis siv yog pom. Nws yuav tshwm sim tias qhov muaj teeb meem kev twv txiaj yog qhov teeb meem tsis txaus siab rau tus neeg sib tw me ntawm gamers. Cov kev tshawb pom txhawb kom tshawb nrhiav ntxiv txog lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj xiam hlwb siv hauv kev twv txiaj.

KEYWORDS:

Internet Gaming Hlwb; cov tub ntxhais hluas; cawv; cannabis; kev nyuaj siab; kev kho siab; tsis pom tus kheej; online ua si; problematic video gaming; haus luam yeeb; kev ntxhov siab

Introduction

Muaj teebmeem gaming thiab 'game addiction'

Txawm hais tias lo lus 'kev tiv thaiv kev ua si' thiab nws cov lus hais xws li compulsive, ntau, thiab siv problematic tsis tu ncua thiab siv sib piv (Kuss & Griffiths, 2012b), qhov kev soj ntsuam kom siv tau thiab yuav tsum muaj ntawm ib qho tshiab 'kev ua si yees' uas yog tseem tsis tshua meej meej (Kardefelt-Winther, 2014). Txawm li cas los xij, ib qho kev mob siab rau Internet Gaming Disorder tau muab tso rau hauv Daim Ntawv Rhais Tom Qab (Tshooj 3) ntawm DSM-5 thiaj li tsim tsa kev tshawb fawb ntxiv rau hauv nqe lus (American Psychiatric Association, 2013; Petry & O'Brien, 2013). Qhov kev kuaj no yog txhais tau tias yog "p] ersistent thiab rov qab siv hauv Internet mus koom nrog kev ua si, feem ntau nrog rau lwm cov players, uas ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj lossis kev nyuaj siab raws li tau qhia los ntawm tsib (lossis ntau tshaj) ntawm cov [hauv] cov txheej txheem hauv 12 lub hli "(American Psychiatric Association, 2013, p. 795).

Ntau cov haujlwm tam sim no ntawm 'kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj' tau ua los ntawm kev siv cov kev tshawb fawb. Thaum muaj ntau yam twj paj nruag muaj, lawv nyiam muab los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm cov qauv siv rau 'kev siv tshuaj tiv thaiv kev quav yeeb tshuaj' thiab 'kev twv txiaj kev tsis txaus siab' - tom kawg yog tib qho kev coj ua tsis zoo nyob hauv DSM-5Griffiths, 2005; Lemmens, Valkenburg & Peter, 2009; Rehbein, Kleimann & Mößle, 2010; van Rooij, Schoenmakers, van den Eijnden, Vermulst & van de Mheen, 2012). Siv qhov kev qhia no, kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Teb Chaws Asmeskas, Norway, Lub Nroog Tebchaws thiab Netherlands qhia tias 'kev tiv thaiv kev ua si' feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv 0.6% rau 11.9% cov tub ntxhais hluas (Gentile, 2009; Huab tais, Delfabbro & Griffiths, 2012; Mentzoni li al., 2011; Rehbein li al., 2010; van Rooij, Schoenmakers, Vermulst, van den Eijnden & van de Mheen, 2011). Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm Ferguson thiab al. xaus qhov kev kwv yees tawm ntawm ib ncig ntawm 3.1% feem ntau yog qhov tseeb (Ferguson, Coulson & Barnett, 2011).

Thaum nug txog lawv tus cwj pwm kev ua si, feem coob ntawm gamers qhia tias muaj teeb meem tswj lawv tus cwj pwm. Muab cov teeb meem nrog kev ntsuas, nws tsis paub tias qhov twg qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm cov teeb meem uas muaj teeb meem (Ferguson li al., 2011) hauv cov neeg muaj kev noj qab haus huv thiab / lossis cov piv txwv gamer txhais rau qhov xwm txheej tshwm sim ntawm kev quav tshuaj. Muaj laj thawj rau kev ceeb toom raws li kev tshaj tawm hauv chav tsev kho mob nyob hauv Netherlands - 411 tus neeg twv txiaj hauv kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj (Wisselink, Kuijpers & Mol, 2013) - diverge los ntawm kev saib xyuas cov neeg Dutch muaj hnub nyoog txog 1.5% mus rau 2% (Lemmens li al., 2009; van Rooij li al., 2011). Kev kuaj mob tseem tsis yooj yim thaum muaj kev pom zoo me ntsis hauv kev ntsuas mob. Txawm hais tias cov lus pom zoo rau kev teev moo tshiab tau ua (Petry li al., 2014), cov no yog cov tsis raug cai thiab muab coj los ntawm cov txheej txheem 'pov ntawv tawm suab'. Lub caij no, cov ntawv ntsuas ntsuas tsis sib thooj sib tam rau DSM-5 cov cai tam sim no (Huab tais, Haagsma, Delfabbro, Gradisar & Griffiths, 2013).

Tus sau phau ntawv muaj kev tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv kev siv cov kev quav tshuaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv tshawb fawb ntawm ib tus me nyuam lub hnub nyoog. Yog li, peb hais txog teeb meem (video) gaming (PVG) hauv txoj kev tshawb nrhiav tam sim no ntawm cov qauv kev noj qab haus huv. PVG txhais tias yog tus cwj pwm zoo li tus cwj pwm uas muaj xws li: (a) tsis muaj kev tswj hwm tus cwj pwm, (b) tsis sib haum xeeb nrog nws tus kheej thiab nrog lwm tus, (c) preoccupation nrog gaming, (d) kev siv kev ua si rau cov laj thawj ntawm kev txhawj xeeb / kev hloov kho, thiab (e) cov tsos mob tawm (van Rooij, 2011; van Rooij li al., 2012). Qhov kev ntsuas no (saib 'Txoj Kev Siv') qhov chaw PVG rau ntawm qhov ntev (Helzer, van den Brink & Guth, 2006) thiab xam cov ntsiab loj ntawm kev siv internet / kev ua si (Lortie & Guitton, 2013). Cov menyuam yaus thaum ntxov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb no. Qhov no yog lub sij hawm tseem ceeb heev hauv kev loj hlob, ib pab pawg hnub nyoog uas tau txais kev siv technology (gaming), thiab ib pab pawg neeg uas nquag xa mus rau hauv (chaw kuaj mob) txog kev ua si (Tag Nrho, Juvonen & Gable, 2002; Subrahmanyam, Greenfield, Kraut & Suav Ntxiv, 2001).

Lub koom haum ntawm kev ua si hauv online thiab problematic gaming

PVG yog feem ntau txuam nrog kev ua si hauv online multiplayer (Council on Science thiab Public Health, 2007; van Rooij, Schoenmakers, van den Eijnden & van de Mheen, 2010). Ib hom kawm German (N = 7761, tsuas yog cov tub hluas) pom cov tub ntxhais kawm uas yog "tus neeg nyob" (peb qho kev hloov los yog siab dua qhov nruab nrab ntawm lawv qhov kev sib tw). Thaum cov lus pom zoo nrog DSM-5 lub tswv yim txog 'internet gaming teeb meem', qhov peev xwm siv yees hauv kev ua si thiab kev ua si (smartphone) yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv cov ntawv nyeem (Rehbein & Mößle, 2013)). Txawm hais tias cov txheej txheem uas ua rau muaj kev twv txiaj kev twv txiaj tsis paub, cov sau cia tau xav txog lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov khoom plig muaj txiaj ntsig, kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev ua si online, kev ua tsis tiav (King et al., 2012), thiab kev txaus siab ntawm ntau yam kev ua si (Kuss, Louws & Wiers, 2012). Cov nram qab no hypotheses canbe formulated:

  • Hypothesis (1): Hauv internet gamers yog xav kom muaj teeb meem tshaj plaws (teeb meem) video gaming, zoo li cov neeg ua si offline thiab ua si xws li.
  • Hypothesis (2): Cov teeb meem gamers yog xav siv ntau lub sij hawm ntawm kev ua si hauv online, zoo li cov neeg ua si offline thiab ua si xws li.

Psychosocial huv thiab tsev kawm ntawv kev ua tau zoo

Cov neeg tshawb nrhiav tau pom zoo sib thooj ntawm cov kev ntsuas ntawm PVG thiab cov teeb meem kev mob hlwb (piv txwv li Ko, Yen, Chen, Chen & Yen, 2005; Ng & Wiemer-Hastings, 2005; Rehbein li al., 2010; van Rooij li al., 2011; Ntoo, Gupta, Derevensky & Griffiths, 2004). Kev kawm tsis zoo los ntawm tsev kawm ntawv kuj tau txuam nrog PVG. Thaum txoj kev sib raug zoo ntawm PVG thiab kev noj qab haus huv hauv kev noj qab nyob zoo yog tshwm tag, lawv cov txhais lus tsis yog. Qee tus sau phau ntawv tawm tsam tias PVG yuav zoo dua yog qhov kev tshwm sim ntawm qhov teeb meem xws li kev nyuaj siab lossis kev kho siab (piv txwv li Ntoo, 2007). Nrog rau qhov no, feem ntau txuam nrog kev coj tus yam ntxwv ntawm kev coj noj coj ua yog raug tshawb: kev nyuaj siab ntxhov plawv (Han & Renshaw, 2011; Mentzoni li al., 2011), kho siab (Caplan, Williams & Yee, 2009; van Rooij, Schoen-ua, van den Eijnden, Vermulst & van de Mheen, 2013), kev ntxhov siab (Cole & Hooley, 2013; Gentile li al., 2011), kev txo tus kheej (Ko et al., 2005), thiab qhia txog tus kheej (tshaj tawm)Gentile li al., 2011) hauv cov uas muaj cov qhab nees siab ntawm PVG thiab cov uas tsis tshua muaj qhab nia. Saib ntawm cov huab mob yog qhov tseem ceeb raws li kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib tw ntawm kev ua si thiab kev mob hlwb yuav yog curvilinear nyob rau hauv, nrog cov huab mob kev xiam oob qhab (Allahverdi-ncuav, Bazargan, Farhadinasab & Moeini, 2010; van Rooij li al., 2011). Qhov no muab cov lus qhia nram qab no:

  • Hypothesis (3): Cov tub ntxhais hluas uas ua si hauv online games tau txo kev noj qab nyob zoo hauv kev sib piv nrog cov uas tsis ua si hauv online.
  • Hypothesis (4): Cov teeb meem kev ua si tau ua rau muaj kev puas siab puas ntsws ntau dua li cov neeg tsis muaj teeb meem.

Qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov dav tus cwj pwm: haus, haus luam yeeb, thiab siv cannabis

Kev coj tus cwj pwm yog ib lub sij hawm sim ua ke nrog rau ob qho yeeb yam thiab kev coj cwj pwm phem xws li kev twv txiaj (Volberg, Gupta, Griffiths, Olason & Delfabbro, 2010; Winters & Anderson, 2000). PVG tuaj yeem pom raws li kev pheej hmoo tus cwj pwm vim nws nkag mus thiab muaj feem xyuam nrog ntau yam teeb meem (Rehbein li al., 2010; Sublette & Mullan, 2012). Yog tias peb lees txais qhov ua ntej uas qee cov neeg muaj peev xwm muaj feem cuam tshuam txog kev mob caj dab thiab / los yog puas siab ntsws rau txoj kev xav / siv teeb meem siv los ua qhov no yuav tshwm sim rau qhov nce ntawm PVG thiab siv yeeb tshuaj. Piv txwv li, zoo tib yam tsis paub tseeb txog kev twv txiaj thiab kev quav yeeb tshuajGoudriaan, Oosterlaan, de Beurs & van den Brink, 2006). Ua ntej, cov kev ua kom tsis muaj neurocognitive nrog kev quav tshuaj muaj nyob rau PVG thiab (Kuss & Griffiths, 2012a). Kev ua tsis tau zoo, ua ib qho piv txwv, tau pom tias yuav yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau qhov teeb meem coj tsis tus (nrog rau kev haus dej haus cawv) hauv cov neeg hluas (Evenden, 1999; Khurana li al., 2013) thiab problematic gaming (Gentile li al., 2011; Chaw Ua Si, Kim, Bang, Yoon & Cho, 2010; van Holst li al., 2012). Tntawm no muaj ntau yam kev phom sij rau ntau hom dej cawv thiab lwm yam teeb meem tshuaj hauv cov neeg hluas (Hawkins, Catalano & Miller, 1992), ntawm cov uas muaj ntau yam tau kawm thiab nrhiav tau rau PVG thiab; xws li kev ua yeeb yam hauv tsev kawm ntawv, teeb meem kev sib raug zoo, teeb meem kev coj, hom neeg, thiab teeb meem (Kuss & Griffiths, 2012b).

Obviously ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov neeg siv nrog cov teeb meem no yuav ua rau koom nrog gaming problem lossis siv cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev quab yuam muaj cuab kav yuav ua rau sib luag, raws li peb paub los ntawm cov ntawv nyeem uas sib tshooj ntawm ntau yam kev quav yeeb koob heev (Sussman, Lisha & Griffiths, 2011). Cov kev tshawb pom pom tau hais tias kev coj tus cwj pwm sib txawv ua ke. Qhov no suav cov qauv xws li kev siv tshuaj yeeb thiab kev twv txiaj (Fisoun, Floros, Siomos, Geroukalis & Navridis, 2012; Floros, Siomos, Fisoun & Geroukalis, 2013; Griffiths, 2002; Lee, Han, Kim & Renshaw, 2013; Wood et al., 2004), thiab teeb meem siv computer (kev ua si) siv thiab siv yeeb tshuaj (Grüsser, Thalemann, Albrecht & Thalemann, 2005) lossis kev twvtxiaj (Wood et al., 2004). Thaum cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm PVG thiab cov yeeb tshuaj siv tau kawm ua ntej, cov txiaj ntsim tau tsim thiab tsim cov qauv me me. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, kev tshawb fawb German pom tsis muaj cov koom haum tseem ceeb (Grüsser li al., 2005). Peb yuav tsom xyuas qhov kev tshwm sim ntawm ob hom kev pheej hmoo tus cwj pwm: kev siv tshuaj yeeb thiab cov PVG.

  • Hypothesis (5): Cov tub hluas ntxhais hluas uas ua si hauv online siv cov khoom siv tshuaj (nicotine, cannabis, cawv) ntau dua li cov uas tsis ua si hauv online.
  • Hypothesis (6): Cov tub ntxhais hluas cov khoom siv tshuaj yeeb (nicotine, cannabis, cawv) ntau dua yuav ua teeb meem gamers dua cov neeg siv khoom tsis yog.

Qhia txog txoj kev kawm

Txoj kev tshawb xyuas tam sim no siv cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov qauv qis loj los muab cov lus qhia txog teeb meem (hom ua si). Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm kev ua si, kev noj qab haus huv, thiab kev siv yeeb tshuaj tau tshawb nrhiav, nrog qhov kev cia siab tias kev ua si hauv online, poob hauj lwm, thiab kev siv tshuaj yeeb dej caw yuav muaj feem nrog PVG. Muab piv rau cov hauj lwm qub, qhov kev tshawb kawm tam sim no muaj txiaj ntsig thiab nthuav tawm raws li qhov hauj lwm uas tau ua los ntawm kev piav qhia thawj cov ntaub ntawv loj tshaj plaws ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev siv yeeb tshuaj thiab PVG.

txoj kev

Cov neeg koom nrog thiab cov txheej txheem

Txoj kev tshawb no muaj cov 2009, 2010 thiab 2011 cov qauv ntawm Kev Ntsuam Xyuas Lub Hli Xyoo ntawm 'Internet thiab Cov Hluas'. Txoj kev kawm ntawv no thiab cov ntawv sau cwj pwm no siv cov qauv kev xaiv los xaiv cov tsev kawm ntawv rau kev koom tes raws li cheeb tsam, nroog, thiab theem kev kawm nyob rau hauv Netherlands. Hauv 2009, kaum lub tsev kawm ntawv tau txais (4909 cov lus nug raug muab faib tawm), kaum lub tsev kawm ntawv koom rau hauv 2010 (4133 muab faib) thiab 13 cov tsev kawm ntawv koom rau hauv 2011 (3756 muab faib). 83% (n = 4063; 2009), 91% (n = 3745; 2010), thiab 84% (n = 3173; 2011). Cov lus teb tsis tshua tau yog vim muaj kev cuam tshuam rau tag nrho cov chav kawm poob qis vim muaj teeb meem nrog kev ua haujlwm. Nrog rau cov chav kawm no tsis suav, qhov nruab nrab ntawm cov lus teb raug 93% (2009), 93% (2010), thiab 92% (2011).

Nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb nrhiav tam sim no cov qauv tau muab siv rau hauv qhov kev sib tshooj lus xaus thiab aggregated tshaj peb lub xyoos; cov sij hawm longitudinally dua raug muab tshem tawm kom tau txais ib qho dataset nrog cov tib neeg. Piv txwv tias yog tus neeg tau koom dua tom T2, tom qab tau sau rau hauv T1, qhov no tau muab tshem tawm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm ntawm 2010 (thiab tej zaum 2011). Txo qhov no, qhov kawg ntawm cov khoom muaj nqis ntuav muaj 8,478 ua tiav cov rooj plaub. (Yog xav paub ntxiv txog kev ua haujlwm pom: van Rooij li al., 2010, 2012, 2011).

Kev ntsuas

Demographic zog

Cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv muaj kev sib deev nrog kev sib deev, kev kawm qib siab (xws li qis, xws li kev cob qhia kev kawm lossis siab, piv txwv li pre-college lossis college), thiab Dutch secondary education year (thawj, ob, peb, lossis plaub).

Siv kev ua si

Siv cov xuab moos thiab txhua lim tiam siv hauv online gaming, xws li (browser) gaming, thiab offline gaming. Peb hom kev ua si tau paub qhov txawv: (multiplayer) ua si hauv online (xws li, Hu Xov Tooj, Ntiaj Teb ntawm Warcraft), xws li (browser) freebrowsergames.com), thiab thaum kawg ua si offline (xws li Sims 2). Cov xuaj moos ntawm ib lub lis piam tau siv rau hauv cov kev sib tw no tau muab los ntawm kev sib tw ntawm ob lub sij hawm ntsuas hnub ntawm ib lub lim tiam ntawm gaming (tsis txog [hnub] txhua hnub) thiab nruab nrab cov sij hawm ntawm kev ua si hauv ib hnub twg lawv ua si (tsis yog 9 + teev) nyob hauv txoj kab kev tshawb fawb dhau los (van Rooij li al., 2010, 2011). Qhov no kuj sawv cev tam li ib qho kev siv binary lossis tsis yog siv hom kev ua si. Feem coob ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas uas tshawb fawb tau ua si tsawg kawg qee hom kev ua si (N = 6757, 80%). Ua si ntau hom kev ua si yog hom; 41% ntawm gamers ua si ob hom kev ua si, thaum 22% ntawm cov gamers ua si tag nrho peb hom kev ua si.

Kev ua si yees duab yees (VAT). 14-khoom VAT nplai (van Rooij et al., 2012) siv ntau yam ntawm kev coj cwj pwm, xws li: kev tswj tsis tau, kev tsis sib haum xeeb, kev ua haujlwm tsis txaus siab, kev txhawj xeeb / kev hloov kho, thiab cov tsos mob tawm. Tus VAT pom muaj kev ywj siab zoo hauv qhov qauv tam sim no (Cronbach's a = 0.93). Piv txwv VAT cov khoom muaj xws li: 'Tham pes tsawg koj puas pom tias nyuaj nyuaj rau kev ua si?' thiab 'Koj xav ntau npaum li cas txog kev ua si, txawm tias thaum koj tsis nyob online?' thiab teb cov lus xaiv ntawm 'tsis txhob' (qhab nia 0), tsuj tsawg (1), qee zaum (2), 'feem ntau' (3) thiab 'ntau zaus' (4) ntawm tsib-point scale.

Qhov qhab nia nruab nrab ntawm 14 VAT cov khoom muaj qhia txog qhov nruab nrab ntawm qhov teeb meem qhov teeb meem ntawm tag nrho cov khoom. Qhov nruab nrab yog xam thaum tsawg kawg yog ob feem peb ntawm qhov teev tiav, tiam sis 99% ntawm VAT cov qhab nia raug xam cov khoom 13 lossis 14. Hauv txoj kev tshawb nrhiav tam sim no, lub hom phiaj yog mus tshuaj xyuas cov pab pawg uas tau qhab nia siab ntawm VAT. Yuav kom paub qhov txawv ntawm pawg no, cov qhab nias nruab nrab tau muab faib ua ob pawg. Qhov nruab nrab cov qhab nees nruab nrab yog 'tsis tau' rau 'qee zaus', thaum cov lus teb rau pawg thib ob ntawm 'feem ntau' rau 'ntau zaus'. Qhov tom kawg pab pawg no yog pawg uas qhia txog qib siab ntawm PVG.

Kev siv yeeb tshuaj cwj pwm tsis zoo / tsis siv

Kev haus dej cawv, haus luam yeeb, thiab cov kwj tshuaj siv tau siv los siv lossis tsis siv, raws li tau qhia los ntawm kev siv rau ob hnub (Monday txog hnub Thursday) lossis hnub so hnub (Friday txog Hnub Sunday) hauv lub hli tas los.

Psychosocial zog

Cov kev ntsuas tau siv los tsim muaj ntau yam ntawm kev noj qab nyob zoo ntawm kev xav, xav txog kev ntseeg tus kheej, kev kho siab, kev nyuaj siab, thiab kev ntxhov siab. Xub thawj, Rosenberg lub 10-khoom Kev Ntsuas Tus Kheej (Rosenberg, 1965) tau siv thiab recoded xws li tias cov qhab nia dua tau qhia qis dua tus kheej (Cronbach tus a = 0.87). Cov lus teb tau muab rau ntawm ib qho kev ntsuas plaub teev. Qhov thib ob, UCLA 10-qhov khoom kho siab (Russell, Peplau & Cutrona, 1980) tau siv nrog tsib lub suab lus teb (Cronbach's a = 0.85). Thirdly, txhais lus Dutch ntawm 6-khoom Tshawb Sim Mob Siab (Engels, Finkenauer, Meeus & Deković, 2001; Kandel & Davies, 1982, 1986) tau siv, nrog 5-point teb nplai (Cronbach's a = 0.81). Thaum kawg, Txoj Kev Hloov Txoj Kev Kev Puas Tsuaj Rau Kev Tshwm Sim rau Cov Menyuam Yaus (La Greca & Pob Zeb, 1993(substance) Kev Tshaj Tawm thiab Kev Ris Dej (A = 0.85, 6 yam khoom) thiab kev tawm tsam thiab kev nyuaj siab ntau (a = 0.81, 4 yam) siv nrog lub 5-point teb nplua, xws li 'tsis nyob txhua qhov (1)' 'ntau heev (5)'. Cov kev hloov no tau siv ntau yam kev tshawb fawb Dutch ua ntej (van Rooij li al., 2013, 2011). Rau tag nrho plaub txoj kev ntsuas, qhov qhab nias siab dua ntawd qhia tau hais tias muaj teeb meem tshaj tawm thiab cov qhab nia nruab nrab ntawm tag nrho cov khoom hauv lub nplai tau siv los soj ntsuam.

Qhia txog kev kawm ntawv tus kheej. Kev soj ntsuam (self-disciplineed) kev kawm, cov menyuam kawm ntawv tau nug cov lus nug nram qab no: "Koj ua li cas hauv tsev kawm ntawv?", Nrog cov lus teb xws li 'phem heev (1)' los 'zoo heev' (7).

Tshawb nrhiav

Cov ntaub ntawv siab ntawm PVG thiab kev siv tshuaj yeeb dej cawv yog xav tias yuav tsum muaj cov tsis muaj zog nyob hauv Dutch cov hluas (van Rooij li al., 2011; Verdurmen li al., 2011). Raws li cov kev xav hais txog cov xwm txheej ntawm cov cwj pwm no, txoj kev sib raug zoo tsis yog qhov pib ntawm qhov kev ntsuam xyuas thiab cov kev kuaj ntsuas kev ntsuas tsis tau ntsuas thaum siv. Rau kev ntsuas kev nruam, piv rau kev siv tus kheej t-tests, qhov loj ntawm Cohen's d ntawm> 0.2 tau saib raws li cov nyhuv me,> 0.5 li nruab nrab, thiab> 0.8 loj (Cohen, 1992).

Ethics

Cov txheej txheem kev tshawb fawb tau muab coj los ua raws li Tshaj Tawm ntawm Helsinki. Muab cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, tsis muaj kev pom zoo rau kev cai sab nraud raws li Tsoom Fwv cov cai. Cov menyuam yaus thiab cov niam txiv tau txais lub sijhawm rau kev tsis kam koom nrog txhua lub sijhawm tsis muaj qhov yuav tshwm sim: qhov no tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim.

tau

Qauv yam ntxwv

Cov qauv no muaj cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv los ntawm Dutch qib high school kawm ib xyoo (43%) thiab xyoo ob (32%). Kev kawm xyoo peb thiab plaub (25%) raug muab tso ua ke vim kev kawm xyoo plaub muaj tsawg tus neeg teb rov qab. Lub hnub nyoog hauv thawj xyoo yog 13.2 xyoo rau nruab nrab, 14.3 nyob rau hauv xyoo ob, thiab 15.5 nyob rau hauv peb lub xyoo / plaub. Tas nrho cov txhais tau tias hnub nyoog yog xyoo 14.2 (SD = 1.1). Cov menyuam tub ua 49% ntawm cov qauv, thiab kev kawm ntawv tau muab faib ua ntej college / university (kev kawm siab) (59%) thiab kev kawm ua ntej xyaum ua haujlwm (tsawg) (41%).

Cov sib piv ntawm cov gamers hauv internet thiab tas cov qauv

rooj 1 muab cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov gamers hauv internet thiab tus so ntawm cov qauv (tsis yog hauv online gamers) rau ntau qhov kev sib piv tseem ceeb. Cov kev tshawb xyuas pom tau hais tias cov tub hluas muaj ntau tshaj 4.4 lub sij hawm ntau dua cov ntxhais kom muaj kev ua si hauv online (Cov txheeb ze yuav los yog RR). Qhov thib ob, cov neeg kawm ntawv qib siab (cov menyuam kawm ntawv yau) tau ntau dua li xyoo kawm ntawv ua si hauv online (39% thawj xyoo thiab 31% hauv peb lub xyoo). Thaum siv cov nyhuv me me los kuj siv rau kev siv cannabis (RR = 1.25), nws tsis tuaj yeem ua raws li lub hauv paus rau kev xav tau. Hauv internet gamers tau pom tias ua tau nce siab dua tsis yog online gamers hauv PVG kev ntsuas (Cohen's d = 0.79). Muaj qee tus qaug zog (Cohen's d <0.20) taw qhia tias cov neeg twv txiaj hauv online tsis tshua muaj kev npau taws thiab muaj kev ntseeg tus kheej zoo dua li tus tsis siv khoom gamers. Cov kev tshawb pom tsis raug ntxiv loj dua pom tias ua rau muaj kev nyob ib leeg, kev ntxhov siab hauv zej zog hauv cov xwm txheej tshiab, thiab kev phem tshwm sim ntawm tus kheej lub tsev kawm ntawv rau cov gamers online.

Cov lus 1. 

Demographics thiab yeeb tshuaj siv rau online gamers thiab cov uas tsis yog hauv online gamers (so ntawm cov qauv)

Qhov teeb meem kev ua si thiab nws cov neeg koom siab uas muaj kev ntseeg siab

Poj niam txiv neej yog lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv gaming: feem ntau yog cov tub ntxhais hluas ua si ntev ntev thiab ntau dua. Cov kev tshawb pom los ntawm rooj 1 qhia qhov no muaj tseeb rau kev ua si hauv online, uas yog ib qho kev txuam nrog PVG thiab poj niam txiv neej. Yog li ntawd, cov lus tshawb hauv rooj 2 tau faib los ntawm poj niam los txiv neej. Raws li rooj 2 muaj cov neeg tuaj teb uas sau VAT daim ntawv teev npe, uas yuav raug cuam tshuam los ntawm cov neeg tsis-gamers, lub rooj muaj cov ntsiab lus rau kev sib tw gamer.

Cov lus 2. 

Kev siv tshuaj yeeb dej caw thiab cov cim neeg pej xeem los faib tawm yees duab kev sib tw yees duab

Rau cov tub hluas, gamers uas ua si hauv online ua si yuav luag plaub zaug ntau dua yuav tsum tau qhab nia siab ntawm PVG dua li cov neeg tsis nyiam hauv Internet (RR = 3.84). Tsis muaj qhov txawv li cas rau cov hom qes thiab offline. Rau tag nrho peb hom kev siv yeeb tshuaj, cov kev sib txawv tau pom: cov neeg haus cawv (RR = 1.9), haus luam yeeb (RR = 1.8), los yog siv cov cannabis (RR = 2.4) tau kwv yees li ob zaug tshaj kom ua siab tshaj ntawm PVG. On nruam ntsuas, lub siab teeb meem gamer pab pawg pom tau siv sijhawm ntau dua ua si hauv online (cov nyhuv loj, Cohen tus d = 0.97), ntau lub sij hawm ua si offline offline (nruab nrab nyhuv, Cohen tus d = 0.49), thiab ntau lub sijhawm ua si rau cov kev ua si xws li (me nyhuv, Cohen tus d = 0.31). Lub sij hawm siv rau hauv internet ua si ntau heev dua li nruab nrab, nrog 23 teev rau cov teeb meem gaming siab, tiv thaiv 11 cov sij hawm siv rau kev ua si offline thiab 4 cov sij hawm ntawm kev ua si xws li. Cov txiv neej muaj teeb meem txog gamer tseem pom tau tias qis dua ntawm kev noj qab nyob zoo rau kev noj qab nyob zoo; ib qho txiaj ntsim loj heev tau pom muaj kev nyuab siab rau kev nyuaj siab, cov teebmeem teebmeem tshwm sim rau kev kho siab, kev ntxhov siab (kev sib hloov thiab kev hloov tshiab), kev pom tus kheej tsis zoo, thiab qhov tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsim zoo rau kev kawm qib siab.

Ntawm cov ntxhais, cov teeb meem muaj teeb meem me me piv rau cov txiv neej ntawm 1.3% ntawm cov poj niam gamers (piv rau 4.8% ntawm cov tub hluas tau qhab nia siab ntawm PVG). Thiaj li, cov zauv nyob hauv rooj 2 rau cov ntxhais tau qis, nrog qhov siab kawg ntawm 30 hauv pawg teeb meem. Qhov no yuav tsum tau ceev faj nrog kev txhais lus ntawm kev kuaj ntsuas-hla Chi-square kuaj, qhov twg qee lub hlwb pom muaj tsawg dua 10 kis thiab qee qhov cia siab ntawm lub xov tooj qis dua tsib. Txawm li cas los xij - thiab zoo ib yam li cov tub hluas - cov tub ntxhais hluas sib tw hauv online zoo li muaj feem ntau yuav tau qhab nia siab ntawm PVG (RR = 20.0). Cov poj niam quav yeeb siv tshuaj (RR = 3.3) thiab haus dej cawv (RR = 9.0) kuj zoo li yog qhov muaj teeb meem kev twv txiaj. Lub sijhawm siv rau ob qho online thiab offline ua si tau pom tias muaj ntau dua nyob hauv pawg muaj teebmeem ntawm cov poj niam gamers, uas muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov nruab nrab lub sijhawm nyob rau lub sijhawm siv los ntawm cov kev sib tw no los ntawm cov menyuam ntxhais zoo li qis rau kev ua si online, nrog nyob rau thaj tsam li 14 teev hauv ib lub lis piam. Ib zaug ntxiv, cov pab pawg muaj teeb meem tau qhab nia phem rau ntawm txhua qhov ntsuas ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws: muaj zog tshwm sim muaj kev ntxhov siab txog kev xav thiab kev txhawj xeeb hauv zej zog, thiab cov teebmeem nruab nrab rau kev nyob ib leeg, kev xav tus kheej tsis zoo, kev ntxhov siab hauv cov xwm txheej tshiab, thiab txo qis kev kawm ntawv.

kev sib tham

Txoj kev tshawb xyuas tam sim no siv cov qauv ntaub ntawv loj heev (N = 8,478) los kawm txog teebmeem (ntaus phaj) hauv ib pab pawg neeg hluas. Kev tshawb xyuas tau paub tseeb tias qhov teeb meem gaming yog feem ntau ntawm cov neeg ua si hauv gamers uas ua si hauv multiplayer hauv internet. Gamers uas ua si hauv online ua si yuav luag plaub zaug ntau dua yuav tau siab siab ntawm kev ntsuas ntawm PVG. Cov tub ntxhais hluas (60%) tau ua si hauv online games dua li cov ntxhais (14%) thiab cov teeb meem gamers muaj feem ntau yog cov tub (5%) tshaj cov ntxhais (1%). Thaum muaj teeb meem gamers siv sij hawm ntau rau txhua qhov peb hom gaming, online gaming pom ob lub sij hawm ntau tshaj xuaj moos (23 teev ib as thiv twg) thiab qhov siab tshaj qhov loj nce ntxiv (Cohen tus d = 0.97) rau siab teeb meem txiv neej gamers.

Tshaj dhau ntawm tus txiv neej, ib nyuag hluas dua, thiab nquag dua rau PVG, tsis muaj qhov sib txawv loj heev tau pom ntawm cov neeg sib tw hauv online ntawm cov sib tw thiab tus qauv tas. Piv txwv li, tsis muaj nce hauv kev siv cov tshuaj muaj yees thiab tsis muaj ntau ntxiv nyob hauv cov teeb meem kev xav. Txawm li cas los xij, PVG siab tau cuam tshuam nrog kev siv tshuaj ntau dua thiab cov teeb meem kev xav rau ob leeg tub thiab ntxhais. Nicotine, haus dej cawv, thiab cannabis siv cov tub hluas tau yuav luag ob zaug feem ntau tshaj qhia qhov siab PVG. Lub siab PVG pab pawg ntawm cov ntxhais yog qhov tsawg heev hauv qhov tsis nkag siab (n = 30). Yog li, muaj qee qhov taw qhia tias kev puas siab ntsws-siv cov menyuam ntxhais, tshwj xeeb yog haus cawv thiab cannabis, tau qhab nia ntawm PVG ntau dua, tab sis ceev faj yog lees nrog txhais lus vim yog cov pab pawg me. Yuav tsum muaj kev nkag siab zoo rau pawg no, thiab kev tshawb fawb yav tom ntej tuaj yeem xav tshawb txog PVG hauv cov menyuam ntxhais. Cov muaj teeb meem loj txog kev twv txiaj - ob leeg tub thiab ntxhais - pom nce ntawm kev nyuaj siab lub siab (muaj cov txiaj ntsig loj), kev kho siab, kev ntxhov siab hauv zej zog (ob qho tib si dav dav thiab cov xwm txheej tshiab), kev saib tus kheej tsis zoo, thiab kev qhia tus kheej kev kawm qis dua.

Cov kev tshawb nrhiav tam sim no ua ke nrog cov ntaub ntawv dhau los thiab nthuav tawm los ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav ntawm kev sib koom ntawm kev siv yeeb tshuaj thiab PVG. Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm online multiplayer ua si nyob ntawm no yog kev txhawb los ntawm lwm cov kev tshawb fawb (Council on Science thiab Public Health, 2007; Rehbein li al., 2010; van Rooij li al., 2010). Ua ke, cov kev tshawb pom no yuav qhia tau tias yav tom ntej kev tshawb fawb yuav tsum xyuas cov tswv yim tshwj xeeb thiab cov cwj pwm uas muaj hauv cov kev ua si hauv online thiab kom lawv muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj yees. Lub DSM-5 tsom xyuas tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob hauv internet (online) gaming. Tsom ntsoov rau ntawm ib hom kev ua si zoo li qub ua ntej muab cov ntaub ntawv qhia ntawm no. Thaum lub sijhawm ua si hauv online yog pom muaj teeb meem tshaj plaws, ua si ntau hom kev ua si (63% gamers ua si ob los sis ntau dua). Ua si hauv online kuj yuav pab tau tus cwj pwm teeb meem (Griffiths, King & Demetrovics, 2014).

Thaum ob peb cov kev tshawb fawb tau ua los ntawm qhov kev sib txuas ntawm PVG thiab kev siv tshuaj yeeb dej caw, cov kev tshawb pom haum nrog cov txiaj ntsig hauv cheeb tsam ntawm kev twvtxiaj. Griffiths thiab Sutherland pom tias cov hluas (11-16 xyoo) muaj feem ntau haus dej cawv, haus luam yeeb, thiab noj tshuaj txhaum cai (Griffiths, Parke & Ntoo, 2002; Griffiths & Sutherland, 1998). Kev tshawb nrhiav tam sim no pom muaj PVG siab thiab siv tshuaj yeeb dej cawv feem ntau yuav tshwm sim, tsis zoo li qub German ua haujlwm (Grüsser li al., 2005). Peb cov kev tshawb pom tej zaum yuav muab qee cov kev txhawb rau lub tswv yim ntawm qhov muaj kev ruaj ntseg los ntawm kev coj 'tus cwj pwm coj uas ua rau yav dhau los rau cov tub ntxhais hluas rau ob hom kev coj cwj pwm phem (Hawkins li al., 1992; Shaffer li al., 2004).

Ib qho kev sib raug zoo tau pom ntawm qhov txo qis kev txhawj xeeb ntawm lub hlwb, kev kawm tsis tau zoo, thiab PVG siab. Kev ntxhov siab, kev xav hauv zej zog, tsis pom tus kheej, kev nyob ib leeg, thiab kev ua haujlwm hauv tsev kawm tau txhua qhov tsis zoo hauv PVG pawg - rau cov tub thiab ntxhais. Thaum cov lus pom zoo nrog cov ntaub ntawv, lawv muab qhov kev qhia tias pawg neeg ntawm cov teeb meem gamers teeb meem tshaj qhov teeb meem dhau PVG tus cwj pwm nws tus kheej. Raws li qhov kev kawm tam sim no siv txoj kev sib tshuam los ntawm kev tsim qauv, nws tsis tuaj yeem paub yog tias cov txo qis yog vim los ntawm PVG. Cov ntaub ntawv qhia tias nws yuav yog ob qho tib si. Ua ntej, muaj qee cov pov thawj tias cov menyuam yaus muaj teeb meem kev nyuab siab, xws li kev ntxhov siab, xav tau kev sib tham hauv online sib (Valkenburg & Peter, 2011). Secondly, ob-yoj qhov kev tshawb kawm ntawm 543 Dutch gamers (Lemmens, Valkenburg & Peter, 2011) tau pom tias kev sib raug zoo, kev saib tus kheej, thiab kev kho siab yog kwv yees cov kev hloov hauv PVG (nrog rau qhov tsis muaj teebmeem tsawg), thaum kho siab tseem yog qhov tsim nyog. Lwm txoj kev tshawb nrhiav pom tias ntau dua ntawm kev ua si, qis dua kev muaj peev xwm, thiab ntau dua kev tsis pom kev yog qhov muaj feem cuam tshuam rau PVG thaum muaj kev nyuab siab, kev ntxhov siab, kev phobia, thiab qis dua tsev kawm ntawv kev ua tau zoo li qhov ua tau (Gentile li al., 2011).

Kev siv cov qauv loj loj, cov qauv qog no yog lub zog ntawm txoj kev tshawb no. Txawm li cas los, txoj kev tshawb no kuj muaj qee yam kev txwv. Ua ntej, cov hom kev ua si tau muab faib ua peb pawg. Qhov no ua rau kev txiav txim zoo li kev tshawb fawb dhau los kuj tau siv qhov kev sib txuam no (van Rooij li al., 2010), tab sis nws poob cov ntsiab lus xws li hom kev ua si (Elliott, Golub, Ream & Dunlap, 2012; Ghuman & Griffiths, 2012). Tshaj tawm cov nplai rau PVG muab cov ntaub ntawv los qhia qhov txawv thiab tsis muaj teeb meem pawg tab sis qhov txiav tawm ntawm qhov txiav tawm, uas tau txais kev pom zoo, yuav raug debated (van Rooij li al., 2011). Tsis tas li ntawd, tau muab qhov tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim ntawm qee qhov kev tshwm sim uas peb xav tau, peb yuav kho tsis tau cov kev ntsuam xyuas rau cov teeb meem ntawm cov teeb meem (xws li los ntawm hoob kawm lossis xyoo). Thaum kawg, cov ntaub ntawv hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb no yog kev qhia tshwj xeeb rau tus kheej. Cov kev tshawb nrhiav yav tom ntej yuav tau txais txiaj ntsim los ntawm kev siv cov txiaj ntsig siv tau los ntawm kev soj ntsuam, xws li cov qhab nia los sis cov kev coj ua raws li cov software (Griffiths & Whitty, 2010).

Thaum xaus, txoj kev tshawb nrhiav tam sim no siv ntau tus qauv los nthuav cov kev tshawb nrhiav pom ntawm peb qhov teeb meem ntawm cov teeb meem (hom ua si): lub luag hauj lwm ntawm hom kev ua si, kev siv tshuaj, thiab kev mob hlwb. Kev tshawb pom ices ib daim duab sib xyaw. Nws pom tias kev ua si hauv online feem ntau tsis yog txuam nrog cov teeb meem. Qhov tseeb, muaj qee cov kev qaug zog vim tias nws yog txuam nrog kev nyuaj siab me ntsis thiab paub tus kheej zoo. Txawm li cas los xij, kev ua si hauv online feem ntau yog siv rau kev siv teeb meem zoo li cas, thiab cov neeg siv teeb meem ua rau pom muaj kev poob siab thiab qib siab. Ntxiv mus, koom haum ua dej num nrog cawv, nicotine, thiab cannabis siv rau cov tub hluas. Cov kev tshawb pom nyob ntawm no txhawb kom tshawb ntxiv txog lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev siv cov tshuaj psychoactive siv hauv PVG thiab qhia tias nws yuav ntxov ua rau tsis quav ntsej txog txoj haujlwm ntawm kev ua si hauv internet hauv kev kawm txog 'Internet Gaming Disorder'.

Cov chaw pab nyiaj

Txoj kev tshawb nrhiav tam sim no tau pab los ntawm qhov nyiaj pab (# 31200010) tau txais los ntawm Lub Koom Haum Saib Xyuas Kev Nyab Xeeb thiab Kev Txhim Kho (ZonMw).

Tus sau phau ntawv pab nyiaj

Tus thawj sau tau sau thawj daim ntawv, sau thiab tshawb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv. Thawj plaub phau ntawv sau tau ncaj qha koom tes nrog cov ntaub ntawv tshawb xyuas. Tag nrho cov neeg sau ntawv tau muab sau rau qhov kev sau ntawv thiab kev rov xyuas cov ntawv sau.

Teeb meem ntawm kev txaus siab

Tsis muaj.

Acknowledgements

Cov kws sau ntawv ua tsaug rau cov koomhaum hauv qab no rau kev pab nyiaj rau cov ntaub ntawv sau los ntawm Monitor Study 'Internet thiab Cov Hluas': Lub Koom Haum Tebchaws Netherlands Rau Kev Tshawb Nrhiav Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv & Kev Loj Hlob (ZonMw, qhov project. Ntxiv mus, peb ua tsaug rau tus nyeem ntawv ywj siab Edwin Szeto rau nws txoj kev koom tes.

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