Biomed Res Int. 2014; 2014: 425924. doi: 10.1155 / 2014 / 425924. Epub 2014 Jul 1.
Wölfling K, Beutel Kuv, Dreier M, Müller KW.
Abstract
Kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet yog suav tias kev noj qab haus huv muaj kev mob nkeeg ntau nyob thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb nrog muaj zog ntawm 1-2% hauv Tebchaws Europe thiab mus txog 7% hauv qee lub tebchaws Esxias. Cov kev tshawb fawb soj ntsuam tau qhia tias kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet yog nrog kev poob siab, kev poob siab rau kev ua haujlwm, kev tawm kev rov qab, thiab muaj kev nyuab siab heev. Cov kev pabcuam tshwjxeeb yog xav tau los tiv thaiv qhov teebmeem no uas tau tsis ntev los no tau ntxiv rau daim ntawv ntxiv ntawm DSM-5. Thaum muaj ntau cov kev tshawb fawb soj ntsuam cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov neeg mob uas muaj kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet, txoj kev paub txog kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov kev pabcuam khomob muaj kev txwv. Txawm hais tias ib qho kev qhia tsis ntev los no tau hais tias cov kev qhia no tshwm sim, ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb soj ntsuam xav tau ntawm no. Ntxiv kev txawj ntse, peb tau tshawb xyuas ib qhov kev tshawb fawb txog cov teeb meem ntawm ib qho kev pab cuam tsim kho tus cwj pwm kev coj cwj pwm kev coj cwj pwm rau IA. 42 txiv neej cov laus lub rooj sib tham txog kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet tau cuv npe. Lawv cov xwm txheej IA, cov tsos mob ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws, thiab pom tias kev cia siab rau qhov kev cia siab ntawm tus kheej tau raug tshuaj xyuas ua ntej thiab tom qab kev kho mob. Cov txiaj ntsig tau qhia tias 70.3% ntawm cov neeg mob tau kho tas li. Tom qab kho cov tsos mob ntawm IA tau qis heev. Psychopathological cov tsos mob tau raug txo kom zoo li cov teeb meem kev mob hlwb. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm txoj kev kawm no yog qhia txog kev tshawb pom los ntawm kev sojntsuam xwb.
1. Introduction
Ntau cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm lub xyoo dhau los taw tes rau Internet kev coj cwj pwm li kev noj qab haus huv qhov teeb meem ntawm ntau qhov chaw ntawm cov pej xeem. Cov kev kwv yees li ntawm 6.7 hauv cov tub ntxhais hluas thiab cov tub ntxhais hluas nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Asia [1], 0.6% hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas [2], thiab 1 thiab 2.1% hauv cov teb chaws Europe [3, 4] nrog cov tub hluas ntxhais hluas (xws li, [4]). Raws li cov kev soj ntsuam no, APA tau txiav txim siab kom muaj Internet Gaming Disorder-ib hom kev siv tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv Internet (IA) hauv Section III ntawm DSM-5 "raws li qhov kev lees paub kev soj ntsuam ntau yam kev soj ntsuam thiab kev ua ua ntej nws yuav raug muab xam rau xam nyob rau hauv phau ntawv tseem ceeb raws li ib qho kev tsis raws cai "[5].
Cov neeg uas cuam tshuam los ntawm IA qhia cov tsos mob zoo li cov uas paub txog cov khoom siv thiab lwm yam kev tsis haum nrog (xws li, kev twv txiaj tsis zoo) kev quav tshuaj muaj yees. Lawv pom tias muaj kev kub ntxhov rau hauv Internet, xav tias kev siv nyiaj ntau dua (online), ua yeeb yaj kiab uas siv online (kam), xav khaus thiab tsis nto thaum lawv nkag mus siv online los yog tsis pom zoo (tshem tawm), cia mus hauv online txawm tsis zoo nyob rau hauv (xws li, tsis sib haum nrog cov neeg hauv tsev neeg thiab tsis tshua tau zoo hauv tsev kawm ntawv, kawm qib siab, lossis haujlwm), thiab tsis muaj peev xwm txiav rov qab los ntawm lawv tus cwj pwm (kev tswj tsis tau). Vim tias cov lus qhia ntxiv tau raug tshaj tawm txog cov kev sib txuas lus neurobiological (xws li, [6]; kev saib xyuas [7]) thiab kev zoo sib xws hauv kev sib raug zoo ntawm tus kheej (xws li [8, 9]), nws tau raug xa kom pom IA ua lwm tus hom kev tsis sib raug zoo nrog kev tsis sib haum. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev nce nqi ntawm cov neeg mob hauv IA hauv cov neeg mob kev txom nyem los ntawm lwm yam kev tiv thaiv uas tau raug qhia txog qhov kev xav no [6, 10].
Cov kev tshawb fawb sojntsuam hauv qab tsim muaj cov tsos mob ntawm psychopathological thiab cov kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo hauv cov neeg mob [11], tsis zoo ntawm lub neej [12], kev tawm kev tawm, thiab kev cais tawm [13], thiab cov qib siab ntawm psychosocial thiab psychopathological [14, 15 ]. Piv txwv li, Morrison thiab Gore [16] qhia txog theem siab ntawm kev nyuaj siab nyob rau hauv ib qho qauv ntawm 1319 cov neeg tuaj koom kawm. Ib yam li ntawd, Jang thiab cov npoj yaig [17] tau teev muaj kev nyuaj siab ntau dua, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hais txog kev mob plawv thiab kev nyuaj siab rau cov tub hluas ntxhais hluas ntawm IA.
Txij li thaum IA muaj ntau dua li lees paub tias muaj kev puas siab puas ntsws hnyav thiab ua rau tsis muaj teeb meem rau cov uas cuam tshuam los ntawm nws, ntxiv dag zog los tsim thiab sau cov tswv yim sib txawv muaj tshwm sim, nrog rau kev pab rau psychotherapeutic thiab psychopharmacological rau IA [18]. Txawm hais tias ib leeg yuav tsum lees tias cov kev soj ntsuam xyuas tam sim no tsis muaj cov qauv kev soj ntsuam los yog muaj raws li cov qauv kuaj me me sib piv (rau kev ntsuam xyuas cov kev ntsuam xyuas kho mob ntawm IA saib King thiab al. [18]), thawj cov lus teb hais txog kev teb thiab kev kho mob tom qab kev kho hauv IA muaj kev cog lus.
Ib txoj kev tshawb nrhiav uas tau ntsib ntau ntau cov qauv kev soj ntsuam kev tshawb fawb soj ntsuam raws li kev soj ntsuam los ntawm King thiab al. [18] tau tshawb xyuas qhov teebmeem ntawm kev sib txig sib luag ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas nrog IA [19]. 32 cov neeg mob tau kho vim yog IA muaj kev sib piv nrog cov pawg neeg tos npe (wait-list control group) tsis tau txais kev kho mob (24 compound). Lub sijhawm xaus ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb no muaj kev ntsuas tus kheej rau IA (Internet Overuse Kev Ntsuas Tus Kheej los ntawm Cao thiab Su [20]) nrog rau kev qhia txog kev ntsuas tus kheej kom ntsuas cov sij hawm kev tswj thiab kev mob hlwb. Cov kev hloov ntawm cov txiaj ntsim tau los no raug tshuaj xyuas ua ntej, tom qab ntawd, thiab tom qab kho tas. Ib qho kev ua raws tau ua rau 6 lub hlis tom qab kho tas. Cov txiaj ntsim tau pom tias, nyob rau ob qho tib si, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm IA-cov tsos mob tau pom tau thiab tseem ruaj khov rau lub sij hawm 6 lub hlis. Txawm li cas los xij, tsuas yog pab pawg neeg kho mob tau pom kev txhim kho kev txhim kho thaum lub sij hawm tswj kev lag luam thiab txo cov teeb meem ntawm kev nyuaj siab txog kev ntxhov siab thiab kev sib raug zoo.
Ib yam li, kev tshawb nrhiav kev kho mob psychopharmacological tau qhia tias cov neeg mob IA tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm SSRI thiab methylphenidate [21, 22], sib piv ntawm cov pov thawj hauv kev kho mob ntawm cov neeg mob uas muaj kev twv txiaj [23].
Tsis tas li ntawd, txoj kev tshawb nrhiav kev tshawb nrhiav los ntawm Winkler thiab cov npoj yaig [24] uas muaj 16 clinical sim nrog cov kev kho sib txawv ntawm kev kho mob raws li 670 cov neeg mob qhia tias cov kev kho mob zoo ntawm IA: cov ntsiab lus qhia tau hais tias muaj qhov sib txawv raws li hom ntawm kev kho mob nrog kev paub txog tus cwj pwm kev coj tus cwj pwm () ntawm cov kev mob tshwm sim hauv IA dua li lwm cov kev xav psychotherapeutic (). Txawm li cas los xij, cov ntsiab lus taw qhia tau hais tias txhua txoj kev kho mob tau soj ntsuam tau qhov teeb meem loj.
Txawm li cas los xij, cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev ua tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv IA yog tseem muaj ob qho kev tsis tshua muaj neeg tsis muaj kev hloov siab thiab heterogeneous, raws li nws tau sau los ntawm cov sau phau ntawv hais saum toj no-hais txog meta-analysis [24, phab 327]: "Tiam sis qhov kev kawm no qhia txog kev tshawb nrhiav kev kho mob, kev tshawb nrhiav txog kev kho mob hauv Internet, kev tshawb nrhiav kev txuas ntawm "East" thiab "West" thiab yog thawj kauj ruam hauv kev tsim cov kev pom zoo rau kev pov thawj. "Qhov no txhawj xeeb rau ntau qhov kev soj ntsuam kom paub tseeb tias cov kev pab kho kom raug. Nyob rau hauv lub teeb ntawm cov teeb meem no, peb yuav qhia ib qho kev pabcuam psychotherapeutic kho mob rau IA thiab muab thawj cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm kev tshawb fawb txog kev siv nws cov txiaj ntsim thiab nws cov teebmeem. Txawm hais tias txoj kev kawm no kuj yuav ua raws li tus qauv qis me me thiab tsis muaj cov koom nrog pawg neeg tos tswj, peb xav tias nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tau luam tawm cov ntaub ntawv no.
1.1. Kev Kho Mob Ntev rau Kev Siv Hauv Internet thiab Lub Khoos Tshaj (Computer Game) (STICA)
Txij thaum 2008, pawg ua haujlwm ntawm Chaw Pab Kho Mob rau Kev Coj Tus Cwj Pwm hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees muab kev pab tswv yim rau cov neeg mob uas muaj ntau yam ntawm IA. Lub sijhawm ntawd, txog 650 cov neeg mob-feem ntau cov txiv neej hnub nyoog ntawm 16 thiab 35 xyoo-qhia lawv tus kheej ua cov neeg nrhiav kev kho mob. Nyob rau hauv qhov pom ntawm cov neeg mob sib raug zoo, ib qho kev pabcuam kev mob hlwb rau IA raug tsim tawm thiab ib phau ntawv kho mob tau tsim (STICA) [25] uas yog los ntawm kev paub txog tus cwj pwm kev coj cwj pwm uas paub los ntawm cov kev pab kho mob lwm hom kev coj tus cwj pwm. STICA txhais tau hais tias siv rau kev kho mob uas tsis muaj mob thiab muaj 15 pawg kev sib ntsib nrog ntxiv yim zaug ntawm kev kho tus kheej.
Txawm hais tias tus neeg cov kev sib tham muaj feem xyuam nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm tus kheej, cov kev sib koom ntawm pab pawg no yog ua raws li cov qauv ntawm lawv tus kheej. Nyob rau thawj peb ntawm txoj kev pabcuam, cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yog los ntawm kev tsim cov kev pabcuam ntawm tus kheej, qhov kev txhim kho ntawm Internet daim ntawv thov uas yog txuam nrog cov tsos mob ntawm IA, thiab tus cwjpwm ntawm qhov kev tshawb nrhiav ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav txog kev xav hauv psychopathological, qhov tsis zoo, cov kev pabcuam, thiab comorbid ntshawv siab. Cov tswv yim txhawb nqa kuj tau siv los txhim kho cov neeg mob siab xav txo tus cwj pwm tsis zoo. Hauv qhov thib ob peb, cov ntsiab lus ntawm psychoeducative tau pib thiab sib zog ua ke ntawm kev siv Internet, tus cwj pwm ntawm tus neeg mob thiab kev xav txog tus neeg mob ntawm kev paub, kev xav, kev xav, kev xav, thiab tus cwj pwm hauv qhov teeb meem ntawd (SORKC-scheme, [18]) , yog ua tau. Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm qhov theem no yog kev tsim tus kheej qauv ntawm IA rau txhua tus neeg mob, raws li kev sib tham ntawm daim ntawv thov siv Internet, kev tso dag thiab tswj tus yam ntxwv ntawm tus neeg mob (xws li, tus yam ntxwv ntawm tus kheej) thiab cov neeg mob lub zej zog. Nyob rau theem kawg ntawm txoj kev kho, cov xwm txheej nrog kev yees duab kom tau txais hauv online yog ntxiv teev thiab tswv yim los tiv thaiv kev rov mob siab. Ib qho kev nthuav dav txog cov qauv ntawm STICA yog muab los nthuav qhia hauv 1.
tab1
Cov Ntaub Ntawv 1: Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov kev pabcuam kho "Cov kev pabcuam luv hauv internet thiab kev sib tw siv computer" (STICA).
1.2. Cov Lus Nug Txog
Nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no, peb tsom xyuas cov ntaub ntawv khaws tseg ua ntej ntawm cov txiaj ntsim ntawm STICA. Peb kuj tseem xav kom cov neeg mob muaj tus cwj pwm tsis zoo, kev tuaj yeem, thiab tus cwj pwm txawv uas muaj peev xwm ua tau lub luag haujlwm rau kev kho mob txog kev tsim kho kev sib koom tes thiab kev sib txawv hauv kev kho mob [13]. Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, qhov teebmeem ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm kev nyuaj siab thaum pib ntawm txoj kev khomob thiab kev coj tus cwj pwm ntawm kev kho mob. Xws li, peb xav muab qhov kev sib piv ntawm cov neeg mob tsis tu ncua kev kho mob (cov ua tiav) thiab cov uas tshem tawm ntawm qhov kev zov me nyuam (tawm).
2. Cov ntaub ntawv thiab txoj kev
2.1. Kev Tshaj Tawm Cov Ntaub Ntawv thiab Cov Qauv Tshawb Fawb
Hauv kev sim li no, cov ntaub ntawv tau khaws tseg los ntawm 42 cov neeg mob sib law liag lawv tus kheej mus rau lub Chaw Kho Mob rau Kev Cuam Tshuam Kev Cuam Tshuam nyob hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees vim yog IA (soj ntsuam cov kab mob yooj yim). Cov neeg mob no raug tso tawm ntawm cov kev kuaj mob 218 cov neeg nrhiav kev kho mob thawj zaug. Los ntawm cov no, 74 (33.9%) tau raug tshem tawm vim yog tsis ua raws li cov cai ntawm IA. 29 (13.3%) ntau cov ntsiab lus yuav tsum tau cais tawm vim hais tias muaj hnub nyoog hauv 17. 73 ntxiv cais tawm (33.5%) tau vim muaj mob hnyav heev, tsis kam txais psychotherapeutic treatment, lossis mob hnyav ntawm IA ua tus neeg mob. Cov neeg mob tau thov kom muab cov ntaub ntawv rau tus kheej rau kev tshawb fawb thiab muab kev pom zoo tso cai. Kev tshawb xyuas yog nyob rau hauv txoj kab nrog cov lus tshaj tawm Helsinki. Vim cov ntaub ntawv uas ploj lawm lossis tsis tiav los ntawm thawj qhov kawg ntawm T1, 5 compound yuav tsum tau tawm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv kawg lus.
Cov kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm IA raws li AICA-S (Scale rau Kev Soj Ntsuam hauv Internet thiab Computer Game Addiction, AICA-S [26]; saib cov lus 2.2) thiab kev sib tham nrog kev soj ntsuam ntawm IA (AICA-C, Ntawv txheeb xyuas rau cov Kev soj ntsuam ntawm Internet thiab Computer Game Addiction, [15]). Tsis tas li ntawd, txiv neej poj niam txiv neej thiab hnub nyoog tshaj li 16 xyoo tau ntxiv.
Cov cwj pwm cais tawm raug xa mus rau cov mob hnyav tuaj yeem ua rau mob (lwm yam kab mob kev nyuab siab, kev puas hlwb, kev nyuab siab loj, kev tsis sib haum xeeb, kev tsis sib haum xeeb rau tus kheej, thiab kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm tus kheej). Tsis tas li ntawd, cov neeg mob qhia txog cov tshuaj noj tam sim no vim muaj kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab cov kev ceeb toom rau kev kho mob hlwb raug tshem tawm ntawm kev tshawb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv.
Ua qhov xaus, qhov kev tiv thaiv ntawm IA raws li tus qauv qhia tus kheej (AICA-S) tau txhais. Raws li ob qho kev xaus, kev hloov ntawm cov seem hauv qab no tau raug soj ntsuam: qhov tsis zoo ntawm kev mob hlwb, lub sijhawm siv online, kev tsis zoo ntawm kev siv Internet, thiab kev cia siab rau tus kheej.
Cov ntaub ntawv raug tshuaj xyuas thaum pib ntawm txoj kev kho (T0) thiab tam sim ntawd tom qab kev txiav tawm ntawm kev kho (T1). Kev soj ntsuam cov ntaub ntawv raug ceeb toom rau ob qho tib si, kev kho mob (nrog rau cov neeg mob uas xa tawm ntawm kev kho mob) thiab ua tiav. Rau qhov kev xav ntawm-rau-kho cov kev soj ntsuam, qhov kev soj ntsuam dhau los rau pem hauv ntej (LOCF) tau siv. Lub LOCF tau siv los siv cov ntaub ntawv kawg uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus uas tsis muaj kev kho mob tsis tu ncua. Hauv kev tshawb xyuas tam sim no, cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm T0 tau siv rau cov ntsiab lus xa tawm ntawm kev kho mob ua ntej T1 raug soj ntsuam.
Rau kev ntsuam xyuas tshwm sim, chi-square tests raug siv rau kev sib piv ntawm cov kev sib txawv ntawm cov sib txawv nrog cramer-v raws li kev ntsuas ntawm qhov txiaj ntsim loj. Cov kev hloov hauv cov thawj thiab theem obpeem tau raug ntsuas raws li kev siv ob leeg ua ke rau kev ua ntej thiab postcomparison rau ib qho qauv, nrog rau kev ntsuas ntawm qhov loj ntawm cov khoom siv tub yees. Raws li lub tswv yim los ntawm Dunlap li al. [27], yoog raug muab xam yog tias qhov kev sib txheeb ntawm cov kab lus ua ntej thiab cov tub qiv ntawm cov tub qhev uas tau hloov yog loj tshaj 0.50. Tag nrho cov kev txheeb xyuas tau raug siv SPSS 21.
2.2. Seev
Rau qhov kev cais ntawm IA, ob qho kev ntsuas tau siv rau ntawm T0. Rau kev ntsuas ntawm kev soj ntsuam hauv Internet thiab Computer Game Addiction (AICA-S, [26]), kev ntsuas tus kheej tau tshaj tawm tau siv qhov kev ntsuam xyuas IA raws li kev haum xeeb rau kev twv txiaj thiab kev quav tshuaj muaj yees (piv txwv, , tshem tawm, thiab kev tswj tsis tau). Txhua qhov kev ntsuas ntawm IA raug soj ntsuam los ntawm tsib-piv Likert nplai (tsis ntau zaus) los yog hauv ib hom ntawv (yog / tsis yog) thiab ib qho qhab nia ntawm qhov hnyav tau muab los ntawm qhov txuam nrog cov khoom kuaj mob. Ib qho kev txiav ntawm 7 ntsiab lus (uas sib thooj rau tag nrho 4 cov txheej xwm uas tau ua tiav) tau pom tias muaj qhov kev kuaj xyuas zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev soj ntsuam IA (qhov tseeb = 80.5%; qhov tseem ceeb = 82.4%) hauv kev tshawb xyuas ntawm cov neeg mob nkag rau hauv peb cov neeg mob chaw kho mob. Raws li kev tshawb xyuas yav dhau los, AICA-S yuav suav tau tias yog qhov qhia tau hais tias muaj kev puas siab ntsws zoo (Cronbach's), tsim kom muaj qhov tseeb, thiab soj ntsuam kev mob [11]. Txij li thaum AICA-S los kuj yog thawj qhov kawg, nws kuj tau soj ntsuam ntawm T1.
Yuav kom paub tseeb tseeb tias kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm IA, ib qho kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas tau raug coj los siv. Cov ntawv txheeb xyuas Internet thiab Computer Game Addiction (AICA-C, [15]) yog siv rau qhov hom phiaj no. AICA-C muaj rau 6 tus txheej txheem rau IA (kev ua neej tsis muaj nqis, kev tswj tsis tau, kev tshem tawm, kev tsis zoo, kev vam meej, thiab kev yees) uas yuav tsum tau pom los ntawm ib tus kws tshaj lij ntawm 6-point scale xws li 0 = ntsuas tsis tau rau 5 = ntsuas tau raws nraim. Raws li kev soj ntsuam ntawm nws qhov kev tshawb nrhiav qhov tseeb, qhov kev txiav tawm ntawm 13 cov ntsiab lus tau muab qhov zoo tshaj qhov tseem ceeb (qhov tseeb = 85.1%; qhov tseem ceeb = 87.5%). Nws tau ntse tau soj xyuas nws cov kev puas siab puas ntsws (Cronbach's) thiab nws qhov kev soj ntsuam [15].
Kev Siv Tus Kheej Kev Siv Tawm (GSE; [28]) yog siv los txheeb xyuas qhov kev tsim ntawm kev siv tus kheej qhov kev cia siab ntawm kaum yam. GES yog to taub tias ntau qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm kev txiav txim siab ntawm tus kheej lub peev xwm ua kom muaj teeb meem thiab cov teeb meem niaj hnub. Muaj ntau cov kev tshawb fawb tau qhia tias GSE yuav tsum yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua kom muaj zog, nrog GSE paub txog kev hloov ntawm tus cwj pwm hloov thiab txhawb cov tib neeg kom mob siab rau lub ntsej muag [29]. GSE tau muab tso rau hauv T0 thiab T1.
Cov lus nug txog NEO Five-Factor [30] yog siv los ntsuas tsib yam ntawm Tsib-Faj Fab. Nws muaj 60 yam khoom ntawm 5-Point Likert nplai thiab yog ib feem ntawm kev siv tus kheej tshaj tawm kev ntsuas hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm tus cwj pwm. Ntau cov kev tshawb fawb tau stress nws zoo psychometric zoo thiab validity [4]. NEO-FFI tau siv rau hauv T0 los kuaj xyuas lub zog ntawm tsib yam hauv kev kho mob thiab ua raws li kev kho mob.
Ntawm qhov ntsuas kev ntsuas, T0 thiab T1, cov kev mob tshwm sim ntawm psychopathological raug soj ntsuam siv Xeem Xeem 90R [31], siv cov lus nug dav dav siv nrog suab paj hlwb [32]. Psychopathological nyuab siab yog soj ntsuam 90 yam khoom (0 = tsis muaj tsos mob rau 4 = muaj zog cov tsos mob) loading ntawm cuaj subscales. Tus SCL-90R yog hais txog qhov kev kawm uas tau tshwm sim cov tsos mob nyob rau lub lim tiam dhau los. Lub ntiaj teb qhov mob hnyav (GSI) -ib ntiaj teb qhab nees nyob thoob plaws lub kaum qhov kev ntsuas-sawv cev rau kev nyuab siab.
3. Ntsiab lus
3.1. Nqe lus piav ntawm cov qauv
Cov kev soj ntsuam ntawm kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov neeg nrhiav kev kho mob tuaj yeem nrhiav tau nyob hauv Table 2.
tab2
Cov lus 2: Cov ntaub ntawv soj ntsuam ntawm cov neeg thov kev kho mob nrog rau hauv kev sib hais no.
Raws li tau muab tau los ntawm Table 2, feem ntau cov neeg mob tsis koom nrog nrog ze li ntawm ib nrab ntawm lawv tseem nyob hauv tsev nrog lawv niam lawv txiv. Feem ntau ntawm cov neeg nrhiav kev kho mob tsis tau ua haujlwm tab sis yog muaj kev kawm theem siab.
Feem coob ntawm cov neeg mob tau teeb pom kev siv kev siv online-computer ua ke (78.4%). 10.8% tau siv cov kev sib txawv hauv Internet addictively, 8.1% siv qhov chaw sib tham, thiab 2.7% tau ua cov kev tshawb fawb ntev heev hauv cov ntaub ntawv cov ntaub ntawv.
Raws li subclinical nta, cov nram qab no muaj nyob rau NEO-FFI: () rau neuroticism, () rau extraversion, () rau kev qhib siab, () rau kev txaus siab, thiab () rau kev pom zoo.
3.2. Cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub Koom Haum Me Nyuam Yaus thiab Yam Kev Kawm Qib Siab
70.3% (26) ua tiav cov kev kho kom tsis tu ncua (ua tiav), 29.7% (11) cov neeg mob tawm hauv lub sijhawm kawm (tawm). Cov kev tshwm sim qhia tau tias cov neeg ua tiav tau muaj qhov kev txhim kho tseem ceeb hauv tsev kawm thiab feem ntau ntawm cov kev kawm tiav theem ob. Lub pre-and postcores ntawm thawj theem thiab secondary kev xaus rau cov neeg ua tiav tau muab los ntawm
Cov lus 3: Cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv thawj thiab ob qhov kawg ntawm cov neeg ua tiav.
Raws li pom hauv 3, qhov txo qis ntawm AICA-S pom tau tom qab kho tas. Tshaj ntawd, cov sij hawm siv hauv online ib zaug ib hnub dhau ib hnub thiab tsis sib haum vim muaj kev siv internet hauv tsib ntawm 6 qhov chaw soj ntsuam tau pom. Ib yam li, qhov tseem ceeb hauv GSI tau pom muaj, nrog cov neeg ua tiav cov kev ntsuas tawm ntawm cov kev ntsuas tom qab kho hauv xya ntawm 9 qhov kev ntsuas ntawm SCL-90R.
Raws li kev cia siab, kev kho mob zoo rau qee qhov me me thaum ntxiv cov kev tawm tsam mus rau kev soj ntsuam. Txawm li cas los xij, txoj kev ntsuam xyuas cov kev xav tau kuj qhia tau tias tom qab kho, qhov qhab nia AICA-S poob qis (,,;). Tib yam tau tshwm sim rau qhov nruab nrab ntawm lub sij hawm siv online ntawm ib hnub ntawm hnub so (,;) thiab tag nrho cov kev tsis zoo cuam tshuam nrog kev siv hauv Internet (,; Tsis tas li ntawd, hauv cov tsos mob ntawm psychopathological, qhov tseem ceeb ua ntej thiab postchanges tau tshwm sim, hais txog GSI (,;) thiab SCL-qhov loj tshaj obsessive-compulsive (,;), social insecurity (,;), kev nyuaj siab (,;), ntxhov siab (,; ), aggression (,;), phobic ntxhov siab (,;), thiab psychoticism (,;). Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov kev cia siab rau qhov kev cia siab ntawm tus kheej nce ntau tom qab kev kho mob (,;).
3.3. Cuam Tshuam Txog Kev Kho Mob
Cov kev soj ntsuam ntawm kev sib txawv ntawm kev ua tiav thiab cov tawm tsis pom zoo tsis pom kev muaj feem xyuam nrog lub hnub nyoog, kev koom tes, kev muaj txij nkawm, kev nyob, lossis kev ua haujlwm. Qhov txawv ntawm qhov txawv ntawm qhov kev kawm tseem ceeb (saib; cramer-v =. 438) muaj nyob rau hauv kev kawm nrog kev nthuav qhia kev kawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv qib siab (76.9%) tshaj li qhov tawm (63.7%).
Hais txog tus cwj pwm ntawm tus cwj pwm ntawm tus cwj pwm ntawm kev kho mob, tsis muaj kev sib txawv ntawm cov pawg tau pom los ntawm, tsis suav cov kev qhib qhov ncauj. Ib qhov tseem ceeb tshwm sim tau qhia tawm tias cov neeg ua tiav (;) tau pom cov qhab nia siab tshaj qhov kev tawm mus (;,;). Ib yam li, tsis muaj pab pawg sib txawv li cas txog kev mob hlwb hauv T0 (SCL-90R) los yog qhov ntsuas ntawm kev cia siab rau yus tus kheej (GSE). Tsis tas li ntawd, IA-cov tsos mob heev tsis cais ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab cov tawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv tsis pub siv npaum li cas hauv online (suav los ntawm AICA-S).
4. Kev sib tham
Nyob rau hauv qhov kev tshawb fawb no, peb tshawb xyuas qhov teebmeem ntawm tus txheej txheem luv thev khuab (short term psychotherapy) ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov neeg mob nyob hauv IA. Qhov laj thawj no, tag nrho cov neeg 42 thawj zaug tau raug kho raws li qhov kev pab cuam kho mob nrog lawv qhov kev mob nkeeg ntawm kev puas siab ntsws thaum kuaj nkag mus rau thiab tom qab nws xaus lawm. Ua qhov xaus, peb soj ntsuam cov tsos mob ntawm IA raws li kev ntsuas tau thiab siv tau tus kheej qhia txog kev ntsuas (AICA-S; [26]). Tsis tas li ntawd, lub sijhawm siv Internet, tsis zoo tshwm sim los ntawm cov kev ua hauv Internet, kev cia siab rau tus kheej, thiab cov kev mob tshwm sim rau psychosocial txhais tau tias yog qhov xaus.
Txog 70% ntawm cov neeg thov kev kho mob dhau qhov kev pabcuam kho mob tiav, thiab txog li ib feem peb tawm ntawm qhov kev kho mob. Yog li, tus tawm ntawm qhov poob qhwv tau zoo nyob rau hauv qhov kev tawm hauv kev tawm mus sab nraud hauv kev kho mob hlwb (saib [33]; 19-51%), tab sis tshaj qhov qhia tawm los ntawm Winkler thiab cov ua haujlwm ua ke (saib [24]; 18.6%). Cov kev tshwm sim tau ntxiv qhia tias qhov kev kho mob muaj kev cia siab. Tom qab kho, ib qho kev txo qis ntawm IA-cov tsos mob yuav raug pom. Qhov ntau qhov teebmeem tau pom ntawm no muab suav ua rau cov neeg ua tiav thiab rau tag nrho cov qauv nrog rau kev tawm tsam. Raws li lub ntsiab lus ntawm Cohen [34], qhov no tuaj yeem ntshai raws li qhov qhia tau tias muaj teebmeem loj. Tshaj li, nws sib raug rau qhov loj me me ntawm IA-txheej xwm tom qab kev kho mob hlwb (; nrog kev ntseeg ntawm cov neeg .84 thiab 2.13) qhia tawm hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm Winkler et al. [24]. Ib yam li, lub sijhawm siv sijhawm hauv online ntawm cov hnub so tau txo qhov tom qab kho qhov teeb meem loj dua () uas yog tsawg dua me dua piv rau cov ntaub ntawv muab los ntawm qhov tseeb meta-analysis ntawm lub npe ntawd (saib [24];).
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb los piav tias lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj kev kho mob no tsis yog ua kom cov neeg mob tsis txhob siv cov kev siv Internet. Es tsis txhob, cov hom phiaj tshwj xeeb yog tsim raws li cov ntsiab lus ntawm ib qho kev sib tham uas siv Internet uas siv tus cwj pwm ntawm tus neeg mob yog cov ntsiab lus thiab teeb meem siv Internet. Txoj kev kho mob xav tau kev txhawb nqa tus neeg mob los ua kom tsis txhob muaj kev quab yuam los ntawm kev siv Internet raws li tau hais txog tub ntxhais cov tsos mob ntawm IA, xws li kev tswj tsis tau thiab kev yees. Yog li, tus nqi nruab nrab ntawm zero xuab moos siv hauv online tsis xav tau. Tseeb, qhov nruab nrab hauv online ntawm 2.6 teev ib hnub yog zoo nyob rau hauv qhov ntau ntawm cov pej xeem German pejxeem. Hauv ib daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas txog kwv yees li 2500 German cov ntsiab lus, Müller li al. [35] tau tshaj tawm tias lub sijhawm nruab nrab hauv online ntawm ib hnub ntawm hnub so yog 2.2 teev nyob rau hauv cov neeg siv Internet.
Tsis tas li ntawd, feem ntau ntawm ob qho kawg ntawm lub ntiaj teb hloov tau hloov thaum lub sij hawm kho. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, teeb meem tshwm sim los ntawm kev siv yees siv hauv Internet tsis muaj ntau qhov chaw, tsis hais txog kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm tsev neeg, kev tsis lees paub txog lwm yam kev ua si, kev noj qab nyob zoo nrog cov phooj ywg, thiab tsis zoo rau tsev kawm ntawv lossis kev ua haujlwm. Kev tswj tus kheej tau nce siab nrog lub nruab nrab qhov loj thiab qhov qhab nia nruab nrab ntawm GSE tom qab kev kho mob yog piv rau ib qho tawm ntawm cov pej xeem German [28]. Qhov no qhia tau hais tias qhov kev cia siab ntawm kev xav ntawm tus neeg ntawd kev muaj peev xwm loj tshaj qhov teeb meem tshwm sim thiab cov kev cov nyom los mus txog qib tom qab qhov kev kho mob. Yog tias qhov txawv ntawm qhov kev cia siab ntawm tus kheej cov neeg mob tom qab kho tas yuav yog ib qho kev twv rau kev kho nruab nrab thiab kev kav ntev, qhov teeb meem yuav tsum raug tshawb xyuas hauv cov kev tshawb nrhiav tom qab.
Thaum kawg, cov kev mob tshwm sim hauv kev puas siab ntsws nrog IA kuj ho poob qab tom qab kho tas. Qhov no yog cov ntaub ntawv rau lub ntiaj teb qhov kev mob hnyav nyob rau hauv xws li rau xya ntawm 9 qhov kev ntsuas ntawm SCL-90R. Loj qhov loj loj tau ua tiav rau lub ntiaj teb hnyav Index thiab obsessive-compulsive thiab depressive cov tsos mob, thiab rau kev tiv thaiv kev ruaj ntseg.
Kuj ceeb tias, peb tsis pom muaj zog txawv ntawm cov neeg mob dhau txoj kev kho kom tiav thiab cov neeg xa tawm ntawm qhov kev zov me nyuam uas tau ua hauj lwm ua cov cim tseem ceeb rau txoj kev kho kom zoo. Muaj ib qho kev tshwm sim qhia tau tias cov neeg mob uas muaj feem ntau ntawm cov kev qhia ntawv muaj feem ntau yuav kho qhov kev kho kom tsis tu ncua. Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, peb pom-ib yam li ib txoj kev sib-uas cov neeg mob ua tiav cov kev kho dua cov qhab nees hauv cov cwj pwm kom zoo. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tus kheej, kev qhib siab piav yog kev xav ua lwm yam kev xav thiab kev coj ua thiab pom kev xav paub cov tshiab thiab kev xav ntawm [36]. Ib qho yuav xaus los ntawm qhov no hais tias cov neeg mob tau qhab nia siab ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws no muaj peev xwm muaj tus cwj pwm zoo dua txog tus kws kho mob thiab vim li no lawv thiaj li yuav tau lawv tus kheej mus rau qhov kev hloov ntawm kev kho siab. Txawm li cas los xij, txoj kev sib raug zoo qhia ntawm no tsuas yog tseem ceeb. Qhov no tej zaum yuav piav qhia los ntawm tus qauv me me, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hais txog cov neeg mob xa tawm ntawm kev kho mob. Kom meej meej, kev tshawb xyuas ntau ntxiv yuav tsum tau los ntsuas cov kev twv ntawm kev kho tiav hauv cov neeg mob uas muaj IA.
Txoj kev tshawb no muaj ntau cov kev txwv uas yuav tsum tau hais. Ib qhov loj tshaj plaws yuav tsum tau pom nyob rau hauv pawg tsis muaj kev tswj, seb puas muaj npe tos tswj (WLC) los yog kev kho ib yam li ib txwm pab pawg (TAU). Txij thaum muaj ib qhov mob ntawm ib pawg neeg kho mob, cov ntaub ntawv (ntawm kev sib piv ntawm kev sib piv) thiab kev txwv tsis pub muaj kev txwv. Nws tsis muaj peev xwm pib los txiav txim siab tias qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tsos mob ntawm IA thiab kev mob ntsws ntawm psychopathological yog vim muaj kev tiv thaiv psychotherapeutic los yog keeb kwm los ntawm cov kev hloov uas tsis tswj rau. Qhov thib ob, qhov kev ntsuam xyuas yooj yim ntawm cov neeg nrhiav kev kho mob tau kuaj xyuas yam tsis muaj ib txoj kev xaiv. Qhov no nce tau cov lus nug yog tias tus neeg koom tes ntawm txoj kev tshawb no yuav tsum tau saib raws li xim. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov kev ntsuam xyuas tus qauv hauv kev tshawb nrhiav tau ua los ntawm 42 txiv neej xwb. Qhov no yog qhov loj me me piv txwv uas tsis tau tso cai rau kev ntsuam xyuas tob tob (piv txwv, tus cwj pwm ntawm ntau hom IA ntawm kev kho mob). Txij li cov qauv no tsuas yog muaj cov txiv neej nkaus xwb, qhov kev tshawb pom tsis tuaj yeem thoob plaws rau cov poj niam. Thaum kawg, txoj kev tshawb fawb no tsis suav nrog ib qho kev ua raws li, yog li ntawd nws tsis muaj peev xwm los kos cov lus xaus ntawm kev ruaj ntseg ntawm txoj kev kho tus mob uas tau pom sai sai tom qab kev kho mob. Txhawm rau kho cov lus tsis txaus no, cov sau phau ntawv no tau ua ib qho kev soj ntsuam tom qab [17]. Qhov project no yog hom phiaj ntawm 193 cov neeg mob ntawm IA muaj ntau yam kev ntsuam xyuas randomized thiab tswj nrog kev soj ntsuam 12 lub hlis tom qab txiav qhov kev kho.
5. xaus
Raws li cov ntaub ntawv muab rau hauv qhov kev tshawb fawb no, nws tsim nyog xav tias psychotherapeutic kho mob ntawm cov neeg mob ntawm IA yog qhov zoo. Tom qab kev thov ntawm kev kho tus cwjpwm-kev coj tus cwj pwm, peb pom cov kev hloov ntawm IA, lub sijhawm siv online, kev tsis zoo rov qab tom qab siv Internet, thiab cuam tshuam txog kev mob hlwb, nrog rau cov kev mob tshwm sim hauv kev nyuaj siab thiab obsessive-compulsive. Txoj kev tshawb no yog kev tshawb nrhiav, uas tau ua rau cov lus hais tias pib qhov kev sib tw loj, kev sib tw, thiab kev tswj hwm, kev pom zoo cov lus xaus uas Winkler thiab cov npoj yaig [24] tau kos los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lawv qhov kev ntsuas: IA zoo nkaus li yog kev puas hlwb uas tuaj yeem kho tau los ntawm cov tswv yim psychotherapeutic - yam tsawg kawg yog thaum xa mus rau qhov kev kho mob tam sim ntawd.
Teeb meem ntawm Cov Ntxhais
Cov sau phau ntawv tshaj tawm tias tsis muaj teebmeem txog kev xav txog daim ntawv no.
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