COV LUS HAIS: Muaj ntau lub hom phiaj, cov kev tshawb fawb tswj tau tau ua hauv Internet duab liab qab. Cov kev tshawb pom tseem ceeb hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb no yog tias tsis yog lub sijhawm siv sijhawm saib porn nyob hauv Is Taws Nem tsis yog qhov cuam tshuam tus cwj pwm cuam tshuam txog qib kev qhia txog teeb meem nrog kev siv porn porn (IAT sex score). Hloov chaw, nws yog qhov siv ntawm cov kev paub thiab cov nyiaj tshiab (qhib cov ntawv thov sib txawv) uas muaj qhov tseeb… tawm tswv yim tias cov qib dopamine tau nyob ntawm kev ua si. Feem ntau nws tau xav tias kev xav ua qhov tsis zoo ntawm tus kheej yog dab tsi ua rau kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj, tej zaum nws yuav yog qib dopamine, ntau qhov tsis xws ntawm tus kheej.
Thaum nws hloov tawm, theem ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws (piv txwv, kev ntxhov siab, kev nyuaj siab, thiab kev sib txeeb) zoo nkaus li ua rau muaj kev sib luag li cas, thiab cov ntawv siv (qib tshiab). Qhov no yog qhov uas ib tug yuav cia siab tias yuav muaj kev tiv thaiv. Los ntawm txoj kev sib tham, hauv qab no:
"Txawm hais tias peb tsis tau txheeb xyuas lub hlwb sib txheeb ntawm kev saib cov duab liab qab hauv Internet hauv peb txoj kev tshawb nrhiav, peb pom thawj cov pov thawj sim txog qhov muaj feem cuam tshuam ntawm kev sib tham ntawm cov kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet rau cov duab liab qab thiab muaj lub siab xav rau cybersex quav."
Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2011 Jun; 14 (6): 371-7. doi: 10.1089 / cyber.2010.0222. Epub 2010 Nov 30.
Hom M, Laier C, Pawlikowski M, Schächtle U, Schöler T, Altstötter-Gleich C.
Tau qhov twg los
General Psychology: Cognition, University of Duisburg-Essen, Forsthausweg 2, Duisburg, Lub teb chaws Yelemees. [email tiv thaiv]
Abstract
Kev siv ntau dhau los yog siv Internet yuav txuas tau rau ntau yam kev ua online, xws li Internet gaming lossis cybersex. Kev siv cov kev pornography hauv Internet yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib deev hauv online. Lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj hauj lwm tam sim no yog los soj ntsuam cov neeg muaj peev xwm ntawm txoj kev xav txog cybersex qhov kev sib thooj ntawm kev tsis txaus siab hauv lub neej txhua hnub vim muaj kev sib deev hauv online. Peb tsom rua qhov kev paab cuam tshuam ntawm kev pornography kws muaj feem cuam tshuam rua kev sis dleev dlev hab kev xaav hab kev xaav rua kev xaav hab kev xaav rua kev xaav. Peb soj ntsuam 89 heterosexual, txiv neej koom nrog ib txoj hauj lwm sim assessing subjective sexual arousal thiab siab ntsws ntawm Internet pornographic duab.
Kev Tiv Thaiv Kev Siv Hauv Internet (IAT) thiab kev hloov kho ntawm IAT rau kev sib deev hauv Internet (IATsex), thiab ntau cov lus nug ntxiv ntsuas kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab kev sib raug zoo ntawm tus kheej kuj tau muab rau cov neeg koom.
Cov txiaj ntsig tau qhia tias cov teeb meem ntawm tus kheej nyob rau hauv txhua txhua hnub yog txuas nrog kev sib deev hauv internet tau muab kwv yees los ntawm kev sib deev kev ntxub ntxaug ntawm cov khoom pornographic, thoob ntiaj teb qhov mob ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws, thiab ntau hom kev sib deev siv thaum nyob rau hauv Internet qhov chaw sib deev nyob hauv txhua txhua lub neej, thaum lub sij hawm siv rau hauv Internet qhov chaw sib deev (feeb hauv ib hnub) tsis tshua tau piav qhia txog qhov txawv ntawm IATsex tus qhab nia. Cwj pwm ntawm tus kheej tsis sib raug zoo nrog cov qhab nia IATsex.
Txoj kev tshawb no qhia txog lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov kev xav kom muaj tus kheej thiab cov kev puas siab puas ntsws xws li muaj peev xwm cuam tshuam txog txoj kev loj hlob lossis kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev sib deev hauv internet ntau.
KEV KAWM [tables rho tawm]
Introduction
Niaj hnub no, Internet yog siv nyob rau hauv txhua txhua lub neej raws li lub cuab tam pab tau. Txawm li cas los xij, qee cov tib neeg muaj peev xwm tswj tsis tau lawv txoj kev siv Internet thiab tej zaum lawv muaj teeb meem hauv lawv lub neej txhua hnub nrog rau kev sib raug zoo nrog kev sib raug zoo, kev ua haujlwm lossis kev kawm txuj ci, teeb meem nyiaj txiag, thiab kev xav hauv lub siab zoo li cas.1-3 Tus phenomenon ntawm ntau Kev siv Internet feem ntau hu ua kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet (xws li, Hluas, 2 Block, 4 Chou thiab lwm tus, 5 Widyanto thiab Griffiths, 6 thiab Praterelli thiab Browne7), tab sis nws tau raug hais txawv hauv cov khoom tsis ntev los no.8-11
Ib hom kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet muaj ntau qhov cybersex, uas zoo li yog qhov teeb meem nce, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws. Qee tus sau phau ntawv hais tias cybersex muaj lub peev xwm tshaj plaws rau kev tsim kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet. 8 Cov kev tsis zoo ntawm ntau tus cybersex muaj kev siv cov duab liab qab hauv los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv chaw ua haujlwm, 12 qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev kis tau cov kab mob sib kis los ntawm kev sib deev rau cov tib neeg uas feem ntau nrhiav kev sib deev cybersex chaw, 13 thiab-ua ib qho piv txwv dhau los - qhov kev sib txuas ntawm kev saib duab liab qab thiab kev sib ntxub.14 Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev txheeb xyuas sib txuas ntawm cov cybersex ntau dhau kuj yog kev nyuab siab los ntawm Kafka.15
Txawm hais tias lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev siv cybersex muaj kev kuaj mob siab tshaj plaws, nws tau tu siab rau qhov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los. 16,17 Hauv feem ntau ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb txog kev txawj ntse los yog tus neeg muaj feem xyuam nrog kev ua si hauv Internet feem ntau, online / computer gamers feem ntau muaj nyob hauv cov samples18-20 los sis tsis muaj qhov txawv ntawm cov kev ua hauv online sib txawv tau ua tiav lawm. 21-24 Cov Kev tshawb fawb uas tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws tshawb xyuas cov peev xwm ua ntawm kev siv cybersex yog qhov uas ploj lawm.
Cybersex muaj ntau yam ntaub ntawv, xws li nrhiav kev sib deev hauv lub neej, kev sib deev chats, kev sib deev ntawm lub web camera, thiab lwm yam. Kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cyberpornography kuj yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cybersex. 16,17,25 Young16 tau npaj siab tias qhov kev cia siab ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav kev sib deev thiab kev pub txiaj yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev txhawb zog rau cybersex (saib ntawm cov neeg siv cyberpornography). kuj Young26). Qhov no yog lub hauv paus tsev kawm ntawv raws li nws tus kheej cov lus qhia ntawm cov kev sib tw uas siv cyberpornography.3 Txawm li cas los xij, raws li tau teev tseg los ntawm Griffith, 27 tsis muaj zog thev ob lub ntsiab lus muaj nyob rau hauv cov lus pom zoo los ntawm Young.28 On aoretical level, qhov kev xav tau xav tias cov ntsiab lus uas muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm cybersex kev paub zoo los ntawm kev sib deev arousal thaum haus cybersex qhov chaw. Nws kuj yog cov ntsiab lus uas siv cybersex chaw excessively muaj kev ua siab zoo rau kev txhawb siab txog kev sib deev arousal (saib kev sib tham ntawm '' xav 'thiab' nyiam 'ob yam khoom ntawm nqi zog, piv txwv li Berridge thiab al.3,26 ). Txawm li cas los xij, cov kev qhia no yuav tsum tau ntsuam xyuas kom paub tseeb.
Nyob rau ntawm ib qho kev ntsuas hypothesized, peb pom qee qhov sib txawv ntawm kev txawj ntse thiab lub hlwb mechanisms uas muaj feem xyuam rau kev tswj xyuas cov cybersex ntau thiab cov uas tau piav qhia rau cov neeg uas muaj kev quav tshuaj yeeb los yog coj cwj pwm (xws li, kev twv txiaj ntsig). Piv txwv, nws paub hais tias lub hlwb ntawm cov ntsiab lus nrog kev quav dej quav cawv los yog lwm yam quav tshuaj cuam tshuam txog kev xav (kev siv ntawm lub ventral striatum) thaum raug teeb tsa cov yeeb yaj duab los ntawm yeeb cawv- lossis yeeb tshuaj-yeeb-tshuaj. 30-32 Lwm cov kev tshawb fawb kuj hais tias cov kev xav tshuaj (cue -iactivity) tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus nrog kev coj cwj pwm, xws li kev twv txiaj XYUMX thiab-tshaj plaws-txawm tias tseem muaj kev ua si ntawm Ntiaj Teb ntawm Warcraft33 lossis lwm lub computer games.19 Cov kev tshawb fawb txuas mus rau qhov kev xav tias kev xav ntawm kev saib xyuas menyuam stimuli tseem ceeb heev ntawm cov kev coj tus cwj pwm.
Txoj kev limbic thiab para-limbic hais txog (xws li, ventral striatum) kuj muaj kev cuam tshuam rau tus cwj pwm kev sib deev thiab muaj kev cob cog nrog lwm cov hauv kev hauv lub hlwb uas ua cov luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev sib deev arousal thiab kev sib deev. 34-40 Yog li, nws zoo nkaus li cov hlwb hauv cheeb tsam koom hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev sib deev, thiab kev sib deev kev ua si thiab kev ua haujlwm, nrog rau kev sib haum xeeb rau cov tib neeg nrog kev coj cwj pwm, tseem yog qhov tseem ceeb rau txoj kev loj hlob thiab kev saib xyuas ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm nyob hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cybersex.
Cov homphiaj thiab kev pom ntawm qhov kev kawm tam sim no
Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev tshawb nrhiav tam sim no yog los tshuaj txog kev muaj peev xwm thiab cov kev xav ntawm kev tsis txaus siab hauv lub neej txhua hnub vim muaj kev sib deev hauv online (xws li kev ntsuas tus ciam rau cybersex) hauv qhov chaw kuaj sim. Raws li lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov lus tsis txaus siab no, peb xav txog qhov kev ntsuam xyuas tus kheej ntawm cov duab cyberpornographic, uas yog, qhov kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov duab 'arousal. Peb kuj tau soj ntsuam cov kev puas siab puas ntsws xws li kev ntxhov siab, kev nyuaj siab, thiab kev sib txeeb. Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, peb tau soj ntsuam cov kev siv cov kev siv cybersex, nrog rau ntau yam ntawm cov cwj pwm ntawm tus cwj pwm (nqi zog, khaus).
18,19,30-33 ua ke nrog cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov teeb meem mob hlwb hauv cov khoom nrog kev coj cwj pwm thiab kev mob ntawm kev tswj hwm tsis tau, 41-44 peb tshwj xeeb tshaj tawm hais tias ib qho qhov kev xav rau cybersex qhov kev tiv thaiv-hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntsiab lus tsis zoo ntawm cybersex nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub-yog kwv yees los ntawm kev sib deev hauv kev sib deev thaum saib hauv Internet pornographic cov khoom thiab thoob ntiaj teb hnyav ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws. Peb kuj pom tias qhov ntau ntawm cov kev sib deev hauv online (cov xov tooj ntawm kev sib deev hauv online siv) thiab lub sijhawm siv rau Internet qhov chaw sib deev ntxiv thiab kwv yees txog cov teeb meem ntawm tus kheej tshaj tawm hauv lub neej txhua hnub vim ntau cybersex. Lub hypotheses kuj tau sau ua ke hauv 1.
Cov Ntaub Ntawv thiab Txoj Kev Koom Tes
Peb soj ntsuam 89 heterosexual txiv neej (mean age 23.98, SD¼4.09 xyoo). Kev kawm ntawv ntawm tus qauv yog 13.42 xyoo (SD¼1.71). Cov neeg koom tes tau nrhiav los ntawm ib lub xov xwm hauv zos thiab raug them nyiaj hauv ib xuab moos rau kev koom tes (10.00 e / hour). Cov lus tshaj tawm qhia tias cov txiv neej poj niam raug caw tuaj koom nrog kev tshawb fawb hauv Internet pornography thiab hais tias cov ntsiab lus yuav muaj teeb meem hauv Internet cov duab liab qab. Yav dhau los siv ntawm qhov chaw cybersex tsis yog qhov tsim nyog rau qhov kev koom tes. Cov menyuam hauv qab no yuav tsum muaj cov neeg tsis muaj keeb kwm txog kev mob hlwb lossis kev puas hlwb, raws li tau txiav txim los ntawm kev ntsuam xyuas. Tej yam kab mob uas muaj feem xyuam nrog kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj yog kev cais tawm. Tag nrho cov neeg koom tau muab kev pom zoo tso cai ua ntej kev tshawb nrhiav.
Ib tug tag nrho ntawm 51 cov neeg koom (57.3%) tau koom nrog kev sib koom tes, 35 (39.3%) yog tib, thiab 3 (3.3%) tsis teb rau lo lus nug no. Lub hnub nyoog hauv kev siv Internet thawj zaug yog 13.90 (SD¼2.88) xyoo lub ntsiab lus tias qhov nruab nrab siv sijhawm siv Internet yog 10.08 (SD¼2.88) xyoo. Cov ntsiab lus nruab nrab ntawm ib lub lim tiam ntawm kev siv hauv Internet yog siv 6.44 (SD¼1.13) thiab cov ntsiab lus siv nruab nrab ntawm 223.87 (SD¼107.88) feeb hauv Internet rau hauv internet (txhais tias siv 26.12 teev ib lub lim tiam). Hais txog kev siv cybersex, tag nrho 89 ntsiab lus qhia. 1. Kev qhia ntawm kev kwv yees hais txog kev yees cybersex ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntsiab lus tsis zoo ntawm kev sib deev hauv online ntawm txhua yam hauv lub neej. 2 HOM ET AL. tias lawv tau siv cybersex qhov chaw tsawg kawg ib zaug hauv lawv lub neej. Lub ntsiab lus hnub nyoog ntawm thawj kev sib deev hauv Internet yog 16.33 (SD¼3.56) xyoo. Qhov nruab nrab ntawm ib lub lim tiam ntawm cybersex siv yog 2.0 (SD¼1.85, range¼0-7) thiab cov ntsiab lus siv rau nruab nrab 36.07 (SD¼31.21, range¼0-150) feeb hauv ib hnub ntawm cov chaw cybersex (72.14 feeb ib lub lim tiam, SD¼62.44, range¼0-300). Cov ntsiab lus yav dhau los yog raws li tau qhia yav dhau los. 25,45,46
Tus txheej txheem
Tag nrho cov lus nug thiab cov kev sim paradigm tau muab rau cov neeg koom hauv qhov chaw kuaj mob. Tag nrho cov dej num thiab cov lus nug tau siv computer raws li tsuas yog Daim Ntawv Ceeb Toom Txog Kev Ntsuas. Qhov kev ntsuam xyuas tag nrho nrog rau cov lus qhia thiab kev sib tham tau kwv yees li 75 feeb.
seev
Kev sim paradigm.
Rau qhov kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm qhov kev ntsuam xyuas kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab kev coj ua thaum muaj kev kub ntxhov thaum saib cov duab liab qab hauv Internet, peb siv 40 tus qauv duab uas qhia txog ib tus poj niam lossis tus poj niam / poj niam thaum muaj kev sib deev. Cov cwj pwm kev sib deev tau hais meej rau ntawm txhua daim duab. Cov poj niam / txiv neej tau pom muaj hnub nyoog qis nruab nrab ntawm 20 thiab 35 xyoo. Yuav kom cov duab ua piv rau qhov tseeb hauv lub ntiaj teb, peb siv tus qauv browser qhov rai uas peb tau muab cov duab sib txawv. Nyob rau hauv qhov rais qhib, lub Web site chaw nyob tau nrog rau ib lub vas sab uas tsis muaj kab tshuam (www.sexbild.de). Tag nrho lwm yam ntaub ntawv qhia (lub sijhawm, cov kev pabcuam tau qhib, thiab lwmyam) kuj tau txais kev qhia. Nyob rau txhua daim duab, tsuas yog ib qho duab tau tshwm nyob nruab nrab ntawm qhov rais qhib qhov rais. Cov duab raug xaiv los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yooj yooj yim rau cov Web site uas muaj cov ntsiab lus raug cai thiab uas tau dawb xwb. Cov duab tsis muaj qhov fetish cov ntsiab lus.
Cov ntsiab lus raug thov kom muab txhua qhov duab sib piv nrog rau kev sib deev arousal (qhov ntsuas ntawm 1 rau 7, qhov twg 1¼'o kev sib deev arousal '' thiab 7¼'high sexuality arousal ''), kev siab ntsws (ntsuas ntawm xNUMX mus rau 1, qhov twg 7¼''egative lub siab ntsws '' thiab 1¼ 'spositive siab ntsws' ', thiab sawv cev rau cov khoom siv cyberpornographic (teev ntawm 7 rau 1, qhov twg 7¼''the duab tsis yog tus sawv cev' 'thiab 1¼' daim duab no yog tus neeg sawv cev ''). Qhov ntsuam xyuas ntawm qhov sawv cev ntawm cov duab tau muab los xyuas kom meej tias peb tau xaiv cov ntaub ntawv uas yog tus sawv cev ntawm cov duab uas noj nyob hauv txhua txhua hnub. Qhov kev txiav txim ntawm daim duab qhia tau yog randomized. Sab hauv lub cev (Cronbach's ib qho) ntawm kev ntsuas: kev sib deev kev txheeb xyuas kev sib deev (a¼7), qhov kev ntsuam xyuas kev xav ntawm lub cev (a¼0.951), thiab kev pov haum sawv cev (a¼0.962).
Ob lub versions ntawm Internet Kev Txhaum Tshuaj.
Cov lus tsis txaus siab nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub vim muaj kev siv ntau dua hauv Internet thiab muaj cov tsos mob ntawm kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet raug soj ntsuam los ntawm German version ntawm Internet Kev Txheeb Zeem (IAT). 47,48 Tus thawj cov lus Askiv tau muab txhais ua lus Yelamas los ntawm ob hom lus Askiv / German tham thiab retranslated los ntawm ob tus neeg hais ob hom lus. Tsis tas li ntawd, peb tau siv ib daim ntawv hloov tshiab ntawm IAT uas cov ntsiab lus '' hauv Internet '' lossis 'Internet' nyob rau hauv IAT daim tseem raug hloov los ntawm cov ntsiab lus '' kev sib deev hauv kev ua si '' thiab '' Internet sex sites ' ntsig txog (peb lub npe no hloov kho IATsex). Qhov IATsex tau siv los txheeb xyuas cov lus tsis txaus siab ntawm kev ua neej txhua hnub vim muaj kev sib deev hauv internet thiab tej yam tshwm sim ntawm cybersex qhov kev tiv thaiv. Ib qho piv txwv rau ib qho ntawm IAT tus thawj thiab qhov hloov kho version (IATsex) yog: '' Muaj pes tsawg zaus uas koj pom tias koj nyob online tshaj li qhov koj xav tau? '' (Thawj IAT) thiab '' Muaj pes tsawg zaus koj pom tias koj nyob twj ywm hauv Internet qhov chaw sib deev ntev tshaj li qhov koj xav tau? '' (IATsex). Ob qhov IAT versions siv txhaj 20, thiab qhov ntsuas siv ntawm 1 rau 5 ('' tsis tshua '' rau 'ib txwm' '), ua rau muaj peev xwm ntawm 20 thiab 100. Sab hauv lub cev (Cronbach's tus) ntawm cov ntsuas no tau IAT (a¼0.878) thiab IATsex (a¼0.842).
Xav paub ntxiv txog kev sib deev hauv online.
Cov tswvcuab tau thov kom sau qhia ntau npaum li cas (nyob rau ntawm 0 rau 4, qhov twg 0¼''never thiab '4¼'alalways thaum online') lawv siv ntau hom cybersex (xws li, duab liab qab, yeeb yaj kiab, ntawv nyeem, sib deev ntawm lub koob yees duab web, sib deev sib tham, nrhiav kev sib deev nrog lwm tus). Lawv tau nug ntau npaum li cas (rau ntawm 0 rau 4, nyob qhov twg 0¼''everever thiab '4¼'alalways thaum online') lawv xav tau ntau hom kev saib duab liab qab (xws li, ib tug tib neeg liab qab los yog masturbating poj niam, ib tug poj niam nrog ib tug txiv neej, ob tug poj niam thiab ib tug txiv neej, ob tug txiv neej thiab ib tug poj niam, pab pawg neeg poj niam txiv neej, poj niam txiv neej ntawm ob tug poj niam los sis nruab nrab ntawm ob tug txiv neej). Thaum kawg, ntau cov kev ua haujlwm sib deev lossis fetishes (piv txwv li, qhov chaw mos, qhov ncauj, lossis qhov quav nkag, striptease, tawv, fisting, mature, spanking, etc.), thiab cov ntsiab lus tau nug seb puas los yog lawv tsis muaj qhov preference rau cov khoom pornographic nyob rau hauv Internet (teb hom muaj / tsis muaj; tag nrho ua ke 18 cov kev coj / fetishes raug txheeb xyuas).
Cov kev puas siab puas ntsws-puas siab puas ntsws, kev ua haujlwm zoo siab, thiab kev txaj muag.
Cov kev mob hlwb (psychiatric-psychiatric) raug soj ntsuam los ntawm Symptom Check List (SCL-90-R), 49 uas muaj kaum qhov loj: somatization, obsessive-compulsiveness, interpersonal rhiab heev, kev nyuaj siab, ntxhov siab, chim siab-kev ua siab phem, phobic ntxhov siab, paranoid ideation, thiab psychoticism. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub ntiaj teb qhov mob hnyav yuav raug muab suav ua ke. Tsis tas li ntawd, peb siv cov lus luv luv ntawm German 50 ntawm BIS / BAS scale51 kom ntsuam xyuas qhov txiaj ntsim zoo dua thiab muaj kev kub ntxhov. Peb kuj soj ntsuam kev sib daj sib deev thiab kev ua haujlwm nrog Shyness thiab Sociable Scales los ntawm Asendorpf.52
tau
Cov qhab nia kev ntsuas qes ntawm peb qhov ntev tau nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov nplai qhov ntau: cov kev sib daj sib deev txhais tau tias yog ¼3.65 (SD¼1.04), kev xav ntawm lub siab txhais tau tias yog ¼3.65 (SD¼0.96), thiab kev sawv cev txhais tau tias ¼4.88 (SD¼1.16) Cov. Cov qhab-nees IAT thiab cov qhab-nees IATsex yog: IAT mean¼30.67 (SD¼9.2, thaj tsam 20–66), IATsex meanse23.66 (SD¼5.56, thaj tsam 20-56). Qhov phem pes tsawg ntawm cov kev coj ua rau cov ncauj lus kawm twg nyiam thaum siv Is Taws Nem Qes Qib Liab yog 5.61 (SD¼.2.86) Lub IAT thiab IATsex tau sib txheeb sib luag heev (r¼0.657, p <0.001). Lub bivariate kev sib txheeb ntawm cov duab ua ke, IATsex, thiab lwm yam hloov tau muaj nyob hauv Daim Duab 1 thiab 2.
Txhawm rau soj ntsuam ntxiv cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm IATsex tus qhab nia (raws li qhov sib txawv ntawm cov neeg sib tos) thiab cov kev twv txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sib deev, kev txhawj xeeb ntawm kev puas siab ntsws thoob ntiaj teb, txhais tag nrho kev siv hauv Internet kev sib deev, thiab lub sijhawm siv Internet qhov chaw sib deev (saib qhov kev pom zoo) , peb xam ib qhov kev tsom hierarchical regression (tag nrho lub zog ntawm lub zog). XYUMX Qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov haujlwm muaj nyob rau hauv qhov kev ntsuam xyuas regression nruab nrab yog qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov kwv yees (saib cov kev xav) (hypothesized significance). Ua thawj kauj ruam, qhov kev sib deev kev ntxub ntxaug yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm IATsex tus qhab nia (R53¼2, F¼0.06, df5.76¼1, df1¼2, p¼87). Thaum kev ntxiv (thib ob kauj ruam) lub ntiaj teb qhov kev mob ntawm qhov kev puas siab puas ntsws (SCL GSI score) raws li ib qho kev twv, cov kev hloov hauv R0.018 tseem ceeb, ua rau ib qho piav qhia tag nrho ntawm IATsex tus qhabnias ntawm 2% (kev hloov hauv R12.7¼2, cov kev hloov hauv F¼0.06 , df6.34¼1, df1¼2, p¼86). Los ntawm kev nkag mus rau qhov kev siv ntawm kev sib deev hauv Internet raws li ib qho kev qhia ntxiv (thib peb kauj ruam), cov kev hloov hauv R0.014 kuj tseem ceeb, ua rau ib qho piav qhia tag nrho ntawm IATsex tus qhabnias ntawm 2% (kev hloov hauv R23.7¼2, cov kev hloov hauv F¼0.11, df12.33¼1, df1¼2, p¼85). Thaum kawg, nkag mus rau hauv lub sij hawm hauv feeb / hnub tau siv hauv Internet qhov chaw sib deev (thib plaub kauj ruam) tsis tau ua rau kev piav qhia ntawm qhov txawv ntawm IATsex qhab nia (hloov hauv R0.001¼2, hloov hauv F¼0.004, df0.49¼1, df1¼2, p¼84; saib Table 0.485 ntxiv qhov tseem ceeb).
kev sib tham
Peb nrhiav tau kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib deev hauv kev sib deev thaum saib cov duab pornographic duab hauv Internet thiab cov teeb meem ntawm tus kheej hauv lub neej txhua hnub vim qhov kev cybersex tshaj qhov ntsuas los ntawm IATsex. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev tshawb fawb txog kev ntxub ntxaug, kev siv lub ntiaj teb tseem ceeb ntawm cov kev mob puas hlwb, thiab ntau hom kev qhia txog kev sib daj sib dee yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm IATsex tus qhab nia, thaum lub sij hawm siv internet hauv qhov chaw sib deev tsis tau ua rau kev piav qhia ntawm qhov txawv ntawm IATsex.
Kev tshawb nrhiav qhov kev sib deev hauv kev sib deev thaum saib cov duab pornographic hauv Internet muaj feem xyuam rau cov teeb meem ntawm tus kheej hauv lub neej niaj hnub vim ntau qhov kev siv cybersex qhov chaw yuav raug txhais raws li lub teeb ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los rau cov neeg muaj kev quav yeeb tshuaj lossis kev coj cwj pwm. Raws li tau teev nyob rau hauv kev taw qhia, cue reactivity li ib qho mechanism uas muaj feem xyuam nrog txoj kev saib xyuas tus cwj pwm ntawm kev quav yeeb tshuaj tau pom hais tias nyob hauv ntau pawg neeg mob nrog ob yam khoom muaj yees lossis kev coj cwj pwm. 18,19,30-33 Cov kev tshawb fawb txuas mus rau qhov kev xav tias kev xav ntawm kev saib xyuas kev tiv thaiv txog kev tiv thaiv menyuam yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm. Txawm tias peb tsis pom lub hlwb sib txuas ntawm kev saib cov duab liab qab duab hauv peb txoj kev kawm, peb pom thawj qhov kev sim ua pov thawj rau qhov kev sib txuas ntawm qhov teeb meem tshwm sim hauv Internet kev ua plees ua ywj siab thiab kev xav rau cybersex kev quav tshuaj.
Txoj kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov teeb meem ntawm tus kheej hauv lub neej txhua hnub uas txuas rau cybersex (IATsex) thiab ntau cov kev mob puas siab puas ntsws yog raws li txoj kev kawm yav dhau los ntawm Yang et al.43 uas SCL-90-R kuj tau siv los ntsuas cov kev mob puas hlwb hauv cov ntsiab lus siv ntau hauv Internet siv sib piv thiab cov neeg siv me me. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no los ntawm Yang et al., Tsis muaj kev sib txawv ntawm ib hom kev siv Internet (gaming, sex sites, etc.). Hauv peb tus qauv, lub ntiaj teb kev mob nyhav heev (SCL GSI), thiab kev sib tham nrog cov neeg muaj kev ntxhov siab, kev nyuaj siab, kev xav kev xav thiab kev xav ntawm psychoticism, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrog IATsex tus qhab nia. Hauv kev sib piv, lub sijhawm siv rau ntawm cov chaw cybersex (feeb hauv ib hnub) mas tsis ncaj rau cov kev mob puas hlwb. Lub sij hawm siv ntawm cybersex qhov chaw kuj tseem tsis tau muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog cov qhab nia IATsex. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias kom muaj teeb meem hauv lub neej txhua hnub (piv txwv li, txo kev tswj cov kev ua hauv kev sib deev hauv internet, teeb meem nrog tus khub los sis lwm cov neeg sib raug zoo, nrog rau teeb meem hauv kev kawm lossis ua haujlwm hauv lub neej), lub sijhawm siv cybersex qhov chaw tsis yog kwv yees.
Cov kev tshwm sim ntawm peb txoj kev tshawb nrhiav-tshwj xeeb tshaj yog qhov sib txheeb ntawm kev sib deev kev ntxub ntxaug ntawm kev saib duab liab qab thiab qhia tsis zoo ntawm cybersex hauv txhua lub neej-nyob rau hauv kab nrog Young.26 Nws xav tias qhov kev cia siab ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav kev sib deev yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib tham rau kev sib deev hauv internet. 3 Peb cov ntsiab lus tseeb hais tias kev sib daj sib deev nce siab sib txuas nrog txoj kev xav mus ua cybersex thiab lwm yam teeb meem hauv lub neej txhua hnub.
Thaum kawg, peb yuav tsum qhia txog qee yam tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev kawm tam sim no. Ua ntej, cov qauv me me. Txawm li cas los xij, ib tug yuav tsum nco ntsoov hais tias cov uas tau kawm hauv qhov kev tshawb nrhiav no raug soj ntsuam hauv qhov kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm tus kheej, uas ua rau cov ntaub ntawv qhia tawm tau zoo dua rau cov kev tshawb fawb siv cov lus nug hauv online vim hais tias peb tau tswj rau tej kev hloov tshiab uas tej zaum feem xyuam cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov haujlwm. Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, peb tau soj ntsuam cov kab mob kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab cov keeb kwm yav dhau los, uas tseem tuaj yeem ua rau homogeneity ntawm tus qauv. Txawm tias peb tsis tau kawm nrog rau tej yam khoom uas muaj feem rau teeb meem, peb tsis teev tam sim no tshuaj siv nyob rau hauv kom meej (eg, haus dej cawv, cannabis). Cov kev tshawb fawb yav tom ntej tuaj yeem hais txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm txoj kev nyiam mus rau cybersex kev quav tshuaj thiab kev noj cov tshuaj sib txawv. Qhov thib ob, peb tau ua haujlwm pub dawb rau peb cov neeg tuaj koom, los ua cov qauv uas muaj 'normal' cov neeg noj qab nyob zoo. Raws li, peb muaj cov qauv tshuaj tsis muaj mob, tab sis qee cov ntsiab lus tau tshaj tawm IATsex cov qhab nia, uas feem ntau qhia tau tias mob hnyav uas ua rau cov kev kuaj pom tus cwj pwm kev coj cwj pwm zoo.54 Peb cov ntaub ntawv xav tau cov ntaub ntawv ntau dua nrog cov kev tiv thaiv kev sib deev. Nyob rau hauv yav tom ntej kev tshawb fawb, tej zaum correlates ntawm cybersex yees nyob rau hauv cov poj niam thiab kuj nyob rau hauv homosexual cov txiv neej thiab cov poj niam yuav tsum tau soj ntsuam. Nyob rau hauv peb txoj kev tshawv no, tsuas yog heterosexual txiv neej twb muaj, thiab cov duab liab qab stimuli siv nyob rau hauv lub sim tsim raug xaiv nrog thiab rau cov txiv neej ob lub qhov muag. Cov kev tshawb fawb ntxiv yuav siv cov duab liab qab ntxiv rau lwm cov kev kuaj mob nrog rau poj niam txiv neej thiab kev plees kev yi. Txawm hais tias cov kev txwv hais yuav tsum tau khaws cia nyob rau hauv lub siab, peb xaus uas peb txoj kev tshawb no qhia thawj reference rau qhov tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm ntawm subjective arousal thiab puas siab puas ntsws tsos mob li tej zaum correlates ntawm txoj kev loj hlob los yog txij nkawm ntawm ntau online sib deev yam kev ua si nyob rau hauv heterosexual txiv neej. 16,17,28 peb txoj kev tshawb nrhiav tam sim no yuav pab sau qhov kev sib txawv thiab yuav vam tias yuav txhawb kev tshawb nrhiav yav tom ntej ntawm lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv yees cybersex.3
Daim Ntawv Qhia Txog Kev Tshaj Tawm: Tsis muaj kev sib tw nyiaj txiag.
References
1. Cov Hluas KS. Kev quav yeeb yaj kiab hauv Is Taws Nem: Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev kho kab mob tshiab. CyberPsychology & Tus Cwj Pwm 1998; 1: 237–44.
2. Cov hluas KS. Kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet: Lub tswv yim tshiab tshwm sim thiab nws lub txim. American Behavioral Scientist 2004; 48: 402-15.
3. Cov hluas KS. Kev sib deev hauv kev sib daj sib deev: Kev muaj feem cuam tshuam, theem ntawm kev loj hlob, thiab kev kho mob. American Behavioral Scientist 2008; 52: 21-37.
4. Block J. Cov teeb meem rau DSM-V: Siv Internet. American Journal of Psychiatry 2008; 165: 306-7.
5. Chou C, Condron L, Belland JC. Kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm kev tshawb xyuas txog kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet. Kev Psychology Kev Tshawb Fawb Kawm 2005; 17: 363-87. Cov lus 3. Xaab siab Regression Analysis nrog lub IATsex tau raws li lub Yus kuj tsis paub meej b T p Main los '' kev sib deev arousal ntsuam xyuas '' 0.25 2.40 0.018 '' lub ntiaj teb no heev index '' 0.26 2.52 0.014 '' kev pab ntawm Internet nrog txiv neej pw daim ntaub ntawv '' 0.34 3.51 0.001 '' min / hnub hauv Internet sib deev qhov chaw '' 0.07 0.70 0.485
6. Widyanto L, Griffiths M. '' Kev quav rau Is Taws Nem '': Cov kev tshuaj xyuas tseem ceeb. Phau Ntawv Xov Xwm Thoob Ntiaj Teb Txog Kev Puas Hlwb & Kev Tsim Kho Xyoo 2006; 4: 31–51.
7. Pratarelli ME, Browne BL. Kev lees paub cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv Is Taws Nem thiab kev quav yeeb tshuaj. CyberPsychology & Cwj Pwm 2002; 5: 53–64.
8. Meerkerk GJ, van den Eijnden RJJM, Garretsen HFL. Kwv yees tau siv compulsive Internet: Nws yog txhua yam ntawm kev sib deev! CyberPsychology & Cwj Pwm 2006; 9: 95–103.
9. Caplan SE. Siv Internet siv teeb meem thiab kev noj qab nyob zoo rau kev coj noj coj ua: Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev ntsuas ntawm kev xav ntawm kev ntsuas thiab kev coj cwj pwm. Computers hauv Kev Coj Tus Cwj Pwm 2002; 18: 553-75.
10. Davis RA. Ib tug qauv cognitive-tus cwj pwm kev siv ntawm kev siv Internet. Computers hauv Kev Coj Tus Cwj Pwm 2001; 17: 187-95.
11. LaRose R, Lin CA, Eastin MS. Kev siv internet tsis raug cai: Kev tiv thaiv, kev coj tus cwj pwm, lossis kev ua tsis ncaj ncees rau tus kheej? Media Psychology 2003; 5: 225-53.
12. Cooper A, Golden GH, Kent-Ferraro J. Kev coj tus cwjpwm sib deev hauv chaw haujlwm: Chaw saib xyuas tib neeg thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm pabcuam tau teb tau li cas? Kev sib deev & Kev sib deev xyoo 2002; 9: 149–65.
13. McFarlane M, Sheana S, Rietmeijer C. Hauv Internet ua ib qho chaw tshiab uas yuav ua rau muaj kabmob kis tau ntawm kev sib deev. Phau ntawv Journal of American Medical Association 2000; 284: 443-6.
14. Kingston DA, Fedoroff P, Firestone P, li al. Kev siv duab liab qab thiab kev sib deev sib deev: Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm qhov ntau thiab ntau hom kev siv duab liab qab siv rau kev rov qab ua txhaum ntawm cov neeg ua txhaum kev sib deev. Cwj Pwm Cuam Tshuam 2008; 34: 341-51.
15. Kafka MP. Hypersexual teeb meem: Ib qho kev kuaj mob rau DSM-V. Archives ntawm Sexual Behavior 2010; 39: 377-400.
16. Dox ring NM. Internet txoj kev cuam tshuam rau kev ua plees ua yi: Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm 15 xyoo tshawb nrhiav. Computers hauv Kev Coj Tus Cwj Pwm 2009; 25: 1089-101.
17. Griffiths M. Kev siv Is Taws Nem Ntau Heev: Ua rau cuam tshuam txog tus cwj pwm kev sib deev. CyberPsychology & Cwj Pwm 2000; 3: 537–52.
18. Thalemann R, Wo¨lfling K, Gru¨ sser SM. Kev ua haujlwm cue reactivity ntawm cov kev ua si hauv computer kev ua si hauv ntau gamers. Cwj Pwm Kev Ntseeg 2007; 121: 614-8.
19. Ko CH, Liu GC, Hsiao S, li al. Lub hlwb kev ua si nrog kev ua si ntawm kev ua si hauv online gaming. Phau Ntawv Txog Kev Hloov Psychiatric 2009; 43: 739-47.
20. Teng C. Kev coj tus cwj pwm sib txawv ntawm cov neeg ua si online thiab cov tsis sib tw ua qauv. CyberPsychology & Tus Cwj Pwm 2008; 11: 232–4.
21. Chak K, Leung L. Paub txaj muag thiab paub yoog raws li kev twv ua ntej ntawm kev muaj yees hauv Is Taws Nem thiab kev siv Is Taws Nem. CyberPsychology & Cwj Pwm 2004; 7: 559–70.
22. Lu H. Hnov-nrhiav-kev nyiam, siv Is Taws Nem siv tsis tau, thiab kev dag ntxias online. CyberPsychology & Tus Cwj Pwm 2008; 11: 227–31.
23. Morahan-Martin J, Schumacher P. Ntseeg thiab sib cuam tshuam ntawm txoj kev siv internet ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm hauv tsev kawm qib siab. Computers hauv Kev Coj Tus Cwj Pwm 2000; 16: 13-29.
24. Niemz K, Griffiths M, Banyard P. Ntau ntawm kev siv internet pathological ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm hauv tsev kawm qib siab thiab kev sib txheeb nrog kev ntseeg tus kheej, cov lus nug txog kev noj qab haus huv (GHQ), thiab kev txwv tsis pub tuaj. CyberPsychology & Cwj Pwm 2005; 8: 562–70.
25. Cooper A, Scherer CR, Boies SC, li al. Kev sib deev hauv Is Taws Nem: los ntawm kev tshawb txog kev sib deev rau lub suab pathological. Kws Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij: Kev Tshawb Fawb & Kev Siv Xyoo 1999; 30: 154–64.
26. Cov hluas KS. (2001) Tangled nyob rau hauv lub vas sab: Nkag siab txog cybersex los ntawm kev xav rau kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj. Bloomington, IN: Sau ntawv.
27. Cavaglion G. Cyber-porn dependence: Cov suab lus tsis zoo nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw Italian tus kheej pab zej zog. Phau Ntawv Xov Xwm Thoob Ntiaj Teb rau Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv & Quav Ntxiv 2009; 7: 295–310.
28. Griffiths M. Sex nyob rau hauv Internet: Kev ntsuam xyuas thiab cuam tshuam rau kev sib deev hauv Internet. Phau ntawv ntawm Kev Sib deev Kev 2001; 38: 333-42.
29. Berridge KC, Robinson TE, Aldridge JW. Tshaj tawm cov nqi zog: "'Liking,' '' 'wanting,' 'thiab kev kawm. Tam sim no lub tswv yim hauv Pharmacology 2009; 9: 65-73.
30. Braus DF, Writting J, Gru¨ sser S, li al. Kev haus cawv muaj cawv cuaj caum qhib lub ventral striatum hauv abstained alcoholics. Phau ntawv Journal ntawm Neural Kis Tau 2001; 108: 887-94.
31. Garavan H, Pankiewicz J, Bloom A, li al. Cue hob yuam kev ua yeeb yaj kiab: Neuroanatomical tseem ceeb rau cov neeg siv yeeb tshuaj thiab kev siv tshuaj yeeb. Tus American Journal of Psychiatry 2000; 157: 1789-98.
32. Gru¨ sser S, Wrase J, Klein S, li al. Cue hos ua kom muaj ntawm cov striatum thiab paj hlwb prefrontal cortex yog txuam nrog kev rov qab ua rau hauv abstinance alcoholics. Psychopharmacology 2004; 175: 296-302.
33. Potenza MN, Steinberg MA, Skudlarski P, li al. Kev twvtxiaj twvtxiaj hauv txoj kev twvtxiaj: Kev ua haujlwm magnetic resonance kev tshawb nrhiav. Archives ntawm General Psychiatry 2003; 60: 828-36.
34. Balfour Kuv, Yu L, Coolen LM. Kev coj cwj pwm sib deev thiab kev sib daj sib deev ntawm ib puag ncig cats qhib lub tshuab mesolimbic hauv cov txiv neej nas. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004; 29: 718-30.
35. Bancroft J. Lub lag luam ntawm kev sib deev hauv kev sib deev. Phau ntawv Journal of Endocrinology 2005; 186: 411-27.
36. Georgiadis JR, Holstege G. Neeg lub hlwb ua kom lub sij hawm muaj kev sib deev ntawm chaw mos. Cov Phau Ntawv ntawm Comparative Neurology 2005; 493: 33-8.
37. Holstege G, Georgiadis JR, Paans AMJ, li al. Lub hlwb ua kom lub sij hawm tib neeg txiv neej ejaculation. Cov Phau Ntawv ntawm Neuroscience 2003; 23: 9185-93.
38. Hu SH, Wei N, Wang Q, li al. Cov qauv ntawm lub hlwb ua kom thaum lub visually evoked kev sib deev arousal txawv ntawm homosexual thiab heterosexual cov txiv neej. American Journal of Neuroradiology 2008; 29: 1890-6.
39. Paul T, Schiffer B, Zwarg T, li al. Lub hlwb lub hlwb kom pom kev sib deev hauv kev sib deev nyob rau hauv heterosexual thiab homosexual caug. Human Brain Mapping 2008; 29: 726-35.
40. Redoute J, Stole rau S, Txaus siab rau MC, li al. Lub hlwb ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua kom pom kev sib deev hauv tib neeg cov txiv neej. Human Brain Mapping 2000; 11: 162-77.
41. Hom M, Franke-Sievert C, Jacoby GE, li al. Neuropsychological correlates kev txiav txim siab hauv bulimia nervosa. Neuropsychology 2007; 21: 742-50.
42. Yang C. Cov xeeb ceem ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas uas siv cov computers kom dhau. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia 2001; 104: 217-22.
43. Yang C, Choe B, Txias M, li al. SCL-90-R thiab 16PF profiles ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv qib siab uas muaj kev siv ntau hauv Internet. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 2005; 50: 407-14.
44. Yen J, Ko C, Yen C, thiab lwm tus. Cov kev mob tshwm sim hauv kev puas siab ntsws ntawm kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet: Cov Kev Tiv Thaiv Mob Huam Teeb thiab Kev Tiv Thaiv Mob Siab (ADHD), kev nyuaj siab, kev phobia, thiab kev ua siab phem. Ntawv Tshaj Tawm Rau Cov Tub Ntxhais Hluas 2007; 41: 93-8.
45. Cooper A, Delmonico DL, Griffin-Shelley E, li al. Kev sib deev online: Kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov teeb meem uas muaj teeb meem. Kev sib deev & Kev sib deev xyoo 2004; 11: 129–43. 6 HOM TSHUAJ LI AL.
46. Delmonico D, Miller J. Qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam txog kev sib deev hauv Is Taws Nem: kev sib piv ntawm kev sib deev tsis sib xws nrog kev sib deev tsis sib xws. Sib deev thiab Kev Sib Raug Zoo 2003; 18: 261–76.
47. Cov Hluas KS. (1998) Ntes hauv net: Yuav ua li cas paub txog cov cim ntawm kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj hauv Internet - Thiab lub tswv yim kom rov zoo. New York: John Wiley & Tub.
48. Widyanto L, McMurran M. Qhov kev xav ntawm lub siab ntawm txoj kev sim tshuaj tiv thaiv kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj hauv Is Taws Nem. CyberPsychology & Cwj Pwm 2004; 7: 443–50.
49. Franke GH. (2002) SCL-90-R-Die Symptom-Checklist los ntawm LR Derogatis. Mus tom ttingen, lub teb chaws Yelemees: Beltz Test.
50. Hartig J, Moosbrugger H. Die '' ARES-Skalen '' zur Erfassung der individuellen BIS-und BAS-Sensitività t: Entwicklung einer Lang- und einer Kurzfassung. Zeitschrift fu¨ r Differentielle thiab Diagnostis kev puas siab ntsws 2003; 24: 291-308.
51. Carver CS, Dawb TL. Kev coj tus cwj pwm, kev coj tus cwj pwm, thiab cov lus teb rau lub txiaj ntsig thiab rau txim: BIS / BAS teev Phau ntawv Journal ntawm Cwm pwm & Social Psychology 1994; 67: 319–33.
52. Asendorpf J. (1997) Schu- chternheits- und Geselligkeitsskalen fu¨ r Erwachsene [Shyness thiab kev sib luag zos cov neeg laus]. Berlin: Humboldt-University, Lub koom haum ntawm Psychology.
53. Cohen J, Cohen P, West SG, li al. (2003) Siv ntau hom kev hloov regression / correlation rau kev coj cwj pwm. 3rd ed. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
54. Albrecht U, Kirschner NE, Gru¨ sser SM. Kev ntsuas ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm tsis zoo: Tus txheej txheem cej luam. GMS Psycho-Social-Medicine 2007; 4: 1-11.
Chaw nyob ntawv mus rau: Matthias Brand, Ph.D. General Psychology: Cognition University of Duisburg-Essen Forsthausweg 2 47057 Duisburg Lub teb chaws Yelemees E-mail: [email tiv thaiv]
;