Sib tw raug mob methamphetamine thiab tus cwj pwm kev sib deev ua rau cov txiaj ntsig zoo tom qab tshuaj yeeb thiab ua rau tus cwj pwm kev sib deev hauv cov txiv neej (2011)

J Neurosci. 2011 Nov 9;31(45):16473-82. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4013-11.2011.

Frohmader KS, Lehman MN, Laviolette SR, Coolen LM.

Tau qhov twg los

Department of Anatomy thiab Cell Biology, Schulich Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Tshuaj thiab Kev Kho Mob, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A5C1, Canada.

Abstract

Methamphetamine (Meth) cov neeg siv qhia tias muaj kev sib daj sib deev, sib txuam nrog coob leej ntau tus, thiab kev sib daj sib deev uas tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv vim tsis muaj kev txwv tswj. Qhov kev coj tus cwj pwm ntawm kev sib deev no yuav pab txhawb cov kev sib kis ntawm kev sib deev, tab sis lub hlwb neural rau qhov no tsis paub. Peb yav tas los tsim ib qho kev coj noj coj ua rau kev coj tus cwj pwm ntawm cov txiv neej sib deev hauv cov txiv neej nas uas muaj kev mob ntsws los ntawm lithium chloride yog sib deev nrog kev coj tus cwj pwm (Davis thiab al., 2010; Frohmader et al., 2010a). Txoj kev tshawb xyuas tam sim no kuaj xyuas cov teebmeem ntawm Meth cov kev khiav haujlwm hauv kev sib deev, kev coj tus cwj pwm kev sib deev, thiab kev sib deev los yog Meth nqi zog. Ua ntej tshaj, pom tau hais tias xya txhua hnub kev tswj hwm ntawm 2 mg / kg, tiam sis tsis 1 mg / kg, Meth tau nce latencies mus pib mating. Qhov kev tsis taus no yog tshwm sim 30 tom qab dhau Meth cov thawj coj, tab sis tawm tom qab 1 los yog 7 d ntawm kev siv tshuaj yaj yeeb tom ntej. Rov ua dua 1 mg / kg Meth raug cuam tshuam nrog kev sib deev nrhiav kev sib deev 2 lub lis piam tom qab dhau Meth administration. Cov nyhuv no yog nyob ntawm kev tswj hwm ntawm Meth nrog kev sib deev nrog kev sib deev thiab tsis tau pom hauv cov tsiaj txhu paub txog kev sib deev uas tau txais cov pa Meth ib leeg. Tsis tas li ntawd, Meth thiab kev sib deev nrog kev sib deev zoo tshaj qhov chaw nyiam (CPP) rau Meth, thiab rau Meth thiab mating piv nrog Meth los yog mating ib leeg. Hauv kev sib thooj, CPP rau mating ib leeg yog poob. Ua ke, cov ntaub ntawv no qhia tau tias kev koom tes ntawm kev siv yeeb tshuaj thiab kev sib khawm yuav tsum tau ua kom pom ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm kev sib deev thiab nrog sib ntxiv ntawm kev nrhiav dua rau Meth raug mob thiab mating.

Introduction

Cov kab mob kev sib deev hauv cov neeg quav yeeb quav tshuaj muaj kev paub txog kev siv yeeb tshuaj los ntawm kev sib deev, vim kev siv tshuaj yeeb dej caw muaj feem xyuam nrog kev sib daj sib deev tsis zoo uas ua rau muaj kev sib ntxiv ntawm cov kab mob sib kis los ntawm kev sib deev, nrog rau tus kab mob human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)Crowe thiab George, 1989; Peugh thiab Belenko, 2001; Sánchez li al., 2002; Raj thiab al., 2007; Fisher li al., 2011). Cov teebmeem ntawm cov yeeb tshuaj ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm yog zoo sau tseg rau hauv kev xav methamphetamine (Meth). Cov neeg siv meth feem ntau qhia txog kev sib daj sib deev, kev coj noj coj ua, thiab kev txaus siab thiab qhia txog cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev siv tshuaj (Semple li al., 2002; Schilder li al., 2005; Ntsuab thiab Ringitis, 2006). Tsis tas li ntawd, kev ua phem rau Meth feem ntau yog txuam nrog kev tswj kev tiv thaiv kev sib deev lossis kev coj cwj pwm sib deev ntawm kev sib deev (Halkitis et al., 2001; McKirnan li al., 2001; Rawson li al., 2002; Ntsuab thiab Ringitis, 2006) thiab nce tus kab mob HIV (Frosch li al., 1996; Halkitis et al., 2001; Parsons thiab Nres, 2002).

Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tib neeg pom Meth siv los ua ib qho kev ntxias ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm ntawm kev sib deev raws li nws tus kheej cov lus qhia los ntawm Meth cov neeg siv uas tsis muaj kev txhim kho kev lag luam rau kev sib raug zoo ntawm Meth siv thiab kev coj tus cwj pwm (Frohmader li al., 2010b). Yog li, qhov kev tshawb xyuas hauv Meth raug vim muaj kev hloov hauv kev sib deev hauv kev sim tswj kev sim siv tus tsiaj qauv yog to taub txoj kev sib koom tes ntawm Meth thiab kev coj tus cwj pwm.

Tsis ntev tas los, peb qhov kev kuaj sim kuaj qhov mob Meth ntawm kev sib daj sib deev-nrhiav cov txiv neej (Frohmader li al., 2010a). Cov kev tshawb fawb no siv ib qhov kev sib daj sib deev uas muaj kev sib daj sib deev paradigm uas cov txiv neej nas kawm tau nrog cov mating nrog cov kab mob ntsig txog tom qab (Peters, 1983; Agmo, 2002). Thaum sib koom ua ke ntawm mating thiab cov avulst stimulus yog tsim, tsiaj tsis pib pib mating tus cwj pwm (Davis li al., 2010; Frohmader li al., 2010a). Meth pretreatment ntawm ib lub lis piam txhaj tshuaj ua ntej txias cuam tshuam rau kev nrhiav tau ntawm kev sib deev cov lus teb (Frohmader li al., 2010a). Yog li, Meth-pretreated txiv neej nas tau nrhiav kev coj tus cwj pwm txawm tias mating tau txuam nrog ib qho avulear stimulus; qhov no tau hais ua lus maum los yog yuam kev mmat.

Raws li cov kev tshawb fawb yav tas los kuaj qhov teebmeem ntawm kev siv tshuaj yeeb thiab kev tshawb fawb soj ntsuam cov teebmeem ntawm Meth rau kev coj tus cwj pwm ntawm txiv neej tus cwj pwm tsawg, lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev kawm tam sim no yog los tshuaj xyuas cov teebmeem ntawm Meth cov kev tswj hwm ntawm kev sib txawv ntawm kev sib deev kev ua haujlwm, kev sib tw nrhiav kev sib deev, thiab nqi zog. Ua ntej, cov teebmeem ntawm rov Meth ntawm mating raug kuaj tom qab kev siv yeeb tshuaj thiab tom qab lub sij hawm ntawm kev siv tshuaj yaj yeeb kom paub qhov txawv txav luv thiab ntev ntawm Meth ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Tom ntej no, qhov teebmeem ntawm Meth cov kev pabcuam rov los ntawm kev coj tus cwjpwm kev sib deev raug tshawb fawb, siv qhov kev sibtxiag kev sib deev nrog kev sib deev paradigm. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tau txiav txim siab seb puas muaj cov koom haum kawm ua ke ntawm kev rov ua dua Meth thiab kev coj tus cwj pwm yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tshwm sim ntawm Meth ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm sib deev. Thaum kawg, nws tau sim seb puas tau rov ua dua Meth raug mob siab rau Meth thiab / los yog mating, raws li tau txiav txim los ntawm qhov chaw nyiam qhov chaw nyiam (CPP) txoj kab lus.

Qeb TshoojTom ntej Tshooj

Ntaub ntawv thiab kev

kawm

Cov txiv neej Sprague Dawley nas (210-225 g) tau txais los ntawm Charles River Laboratories thiab muaj nyob rau hauv tib-poj niam txiv neej pw hauv lub Clex Plexiglas cages (tsev cages) uas muaj daim PVC cov yeeb nkab rau kev txhawb siab. Cov tsiaj txhu tau nyob hauv ib chav nyob hauv 12 / 12 h rov qab qhib lub teeb / tsaus nti (teeb tawm ntawm 11: 00 AM) nrog zaub mov thiab dej ad libitum. Tag nrho cov kev ntsuam xyuas tau ua thaum lub voj voog tsaus nti raws li xim liab. Stimulus pojniam (200-225 g; Charles River Laboratories) siv rau kev coj tus cwj pwm sib deev tau tawm ntawm cov tshuaj ovariectomized thiab tau txais cov tawv nqaij uas muaj 5% estradiol benzoate thiab 95% cov cholesterol. Ua kom tsis muaj kev sib deev, cov poj niam tau ua tus 0.5 mg ntawm progesterone nyob rau hauv 0.1 ml ntawm cov roj sesame (sc) 4 h ua ntej kev coj tus cwj pwm. Kev soj ntsuam tau raug pom zoo los ntawm Tsiaj Ceg Tsib Pawg Saib Xyuas Tsiaj Cuam hauv University of Western Ontario thiab University of Michigan Committee on Animal Care and Use thiab tau pom zoo nrog cov txheej txheem uas tau teev tseg los ntawm Pawg Saib Xyuas Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv thiab Cov Tsev Kawm Ntawv Hauv Lub Tebchaws ntawm Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv.

Kev ntsuam xyuas

Kev coj cwj pwm sib deev

Tamsim no kev sim tau tshawb xyuas qhov teebmeem ntawm Meth rau kev sib deev kev ua haujlwm thiab kev txhawb zog tam sim ntawd tom qab kev siv tshuaj thiab tom qab siv tshuaj yeeb yaj kiab lawm. Pebcaug-peb tus txiv neej nas tau txais kev sib deev hauv qhov kev xeem sib tw (mating arenas; 60 × 45 × 50 cm) uas muaj ntaub pua plag thaum lub sij hawm tsib zaug txhua lub lim tiam. Thaum lub sij hawm sib kho mating, muaj cib fim nrog phooj ywg poj niam kom txog thaum pom ib tus ejaculation los yog 1 h, seb qhov twg tshwm sim ua ntej. Ib lub lis piam tom qab qhov kev sib kho zaum kawg, tus cwj pwm tau zoo rau cov kev sim thiab tau txais cov tshuaj xinos ml ml / kg rau peb hnub sib law liag. Tom qab txhaj tshuaj tag, tsiaj tau muab tso rau hauv Plexiglas locomotor activity chambers (1 × 40.5 cm; Med Associates) nruab nrog 40.5 × 16 photobeam arrays; qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm locomotor tau kaw rau 16 min. Ntxiv nrog rau kev sau cov kev coj cwj pwm hauv tsev kho mob tom qab txhaj tshuaj, tso cov txiv neej hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm locomotor los ntawm qhov chaw uas muaj yeeb tshuaj los ntawm qhov kev coj tus cwj pwm. Tom ntej no, caug tau txais kev txhaj tshuaj txhua hnub 30 los yog 1 mg / ml / kg Meth los yog tsheb (saline, 2 ml / kg; n = 11 txhua) rau 7 hnub sib law liag. Tom qab txhaj tshuaj tas, cov txiv neej tau muab tso rau hauv qhov chaw ua haujlwm ntawm qhov chaw ua haujlwm thiab qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub plab zom tau raug kaw rau 30 min, tom qab uas lawv rov qab mus rau lawv cov quav cages. Hnub kawg ntawm Meth cov neeg khiav dej num, cuaj txiv tau raug tshem tawm ntawm chav ua haujlwm ntawm locomotor tom qab 30 min thiab muab tso rau hauv lub mating arena mus sim rau qhov teeb meem ntawm Meth ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm. Cov tsiaj txhu tau sim dua rau kev coj tus cwj pwm ntawm kev sib deev hauv cov mating arenas tom qab 1 d lossis 1 lub lim tiam ntawm kev siv yeeb tshuaj.

Thaum lub sij hawm cov mating zaug, tus qauv tsis muaj kev sib deev raug cai thiab kaw tseg, nrog rau cov latencies rau mount (lub sij hawm ntawm kev taw qhia txog poj niam mus rau tus thawj ntu) thiab nkag mus (lub sij hawm ntawm kev taw qhia txog poj niam mus rau tus thawj nkag), uas yog kev qhia txog kev sib deevHull li al., 2002), zoo li latency rau ejaculation (lub sij hawm ntawm thawj intrusation rau ejaculation), tus naj npawb ntawm nce thiab intromissions ua ntej ejaculation, thiab postejaculatory luv, uas yog ntsuas ntawm kev sib deev kev ua tau zoo (Hull li al., 2002; Pfaus, 2009)). Kev sib txawv ntawm cov pab pawg tau txiav txim siab rau txhua qhov sib txawv ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm kev sib deev siv tsis sib xws Kruskal – Wallis tsom xam thiab Dunn's ncej hoc kev sib piv, ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm 0.05.

Qhov kev ua ub ua no

Kev siv lub zog Locomotor tom qab txhua Meth txhaj tshuaj tau raug soj ntsuam siv Med Associates tsom software raws li kev deb nrug deb li 5 feeb sib nrug. Cov pab pawg sib txawv tau kuaj xyuas siv nonparametric Kruskal – Wallis tsom xam thiab Dunn's ncej hoc sib piv. Yuav kuaj qhov tseeb ntawm Meth tsiv qhov tsom xam cov xoos xoom, Qhov mob Meth ua rau thaum lub 10 min ntawm txoj kev kuaj no tau muab coj los sib piv nruab nrab ntawm thawj hnub thiab xya hnub txhaj tshuaj hauv txhua pawg tshuaj kho mob uas siv khub t kev ntsuam xyuas. Ib qhov tseem ceeb ntawm 0.05 tau siv rau txhua qhov kev sib piv.

Ntsig kev sib daj sib deev

Xyaum 1.

Ua ntej, 50 tus txiv neej nas tau noj tau los rau saline txhaj rau peb hnub sib law liag thiab txiv neej tau paub kev sib deev thaum peb lub sij hawm mating. Ua ntej txhua qhov kev sib tw, cov tsiaj raug txhaj tshuaj nrog 1 mg / kg Meth los yog 1 ml / kg saline (sc), muab tso rau hauv mating arenas, thiab, 30 min later, tau txais kev phooj ywg nrog ib tus poj niam kom txog thaum ejaculation los 1 h. Cov kev hloov ntawm kev sib deev raug kaw thiab tshawb xyuas (saib Kev Cwj Pwm Kev Sib Deev, saum toj no). Ob lub lim tiam tom qab, cov tsiaj tau raug mus rau qhov kev sib daj sib deev ntxim nyiam sib deev paradigm. Cov txiv neej tau raug faib ua plaub pawg ua raws li kev ua ntej (Meth los yog saline) thiab txias [lithium chloride (LiCl) -paired lossis -unpaired]; pawg neeg tau saline-unpaired (n = 12), Meth-unpaired (n = 12), saline-paired (n = 13), thiab Meth-paired (n = 13). Cov aversion paradigm conditioned consisted ntawm yim sib xyaw 2 days sib tw. Thawj hnub, tag nrho cov txiv neej tau muab tso rau hauv lub mating arena rau 10 min habituation, uas tom qab uas tau txais ib tug poj niam uas tau txais kev pom zoo. Poj niam tau ntxhiab los ntawm swabbing almond cov roj ntawm lub caj dab thiab lub hauv paus ntawm tus Tsov Ua Ntej ua ntej mating, raws li cov cf tau ua kom pom cov txiv neej txoj kev coj tus cwj pwm thiab txhawb zog siab (Lawrence thiab Kiefer, 1987; Agmo, 2002). Cov txiv neej tau tso cai rau khub niam txiv 30 los yog kom txog thaum ib tug ejaculation. Yog hais tias intromissions tsis tshwm sim hauv thawj 15 min, mating raug kaw. Ib feeb tom qab ejaculation lossis xaus kev sib tw, txiv neej tau txhaj ib 127.2 mg / kg intraperitoneal txhaj ntawm 10 ml / kg LiCl (paired cousins) los yog saline (tsis muaj txiv neej). LiCl los yog saline raug muab los tsis hais seb puas yog mating tshwm sim. Hnub tom qab, cov txiv neej tsis tau cwj pwm tau txais 10 ml / kg ntawm LiCl thaum ob tus txiv neej tau txais saline. Tsiaj txheeb tau rov qab rau hauv tsev tawb tom qab txhaj tshuaj tas.

Xyaum 2.

Yuav kuaj seb puas muaj cov teebmeem ntawm Meth ua rau tus poj niam cev xeeb tub uas tau ua txhaum kev sib daj sib deev yog nyob ntawm tus tib neeg Meth thiab mating los yog vim Meth ib leeg xwb, kev sim ua ntxiv. Txiv neej nas (n = 20) tau txais kev sib deev thaum lub sij hawm tsib mating zaug, tab sis tsis muaj Meth lossis saline kho (n = 10 txhua). Xwb, 1 lub lis piam tom qab kev sib deev, lawv tau txais xya ib zaug-txhua hnub ntawm cov tshuaj Meth (1 mg / kg, sc) los yog saline thiab 2 lub lis piam tom qab raug kev sib daj sib deev qhov kev sib deev paradigm (saib Xyaum 1, saud).

Rau ob qho kev sim thiab thaum lub sij hawm txhua qhov kev sim txiav txim siab, cov kev txwv tsis pub muaj kev sib daj sib deev raug soj ntsuam thiab cov kev sib txawv ntawm cov pawg raug txiav txim siab rau txhua qhov kev sib tw sim siv ob txoj kev ANOVA (yam: Meth / saline pretreatment, conditioning). Pearson χ2 kev ntsuam xyuas raug siv los piv cov sib txawv ntawm cov pawg hauv cov feem pua ​​ntawm cov txiv neej uas pom tias kev nce nqi, kev cuam tshuam, los yog ejaculation nyob rau hauv txhua txoj kev khiav dej num.

Txaus siab nyiam qhov chaw

Txhawm rau ntsuas seb Meth pretreatment cuam tshuam txog cov khoom plig rau Meth lossis kev coj tus cwj pwm kev sib deev, CPP cov kev sim tau ua. Lub tshuab muaj peb qhov sib xyaw ua ke (Med Associates) uas muaj ob chav loj dua sab nraud (28 × 22 × 21 cm) nrog qhov pom tau qhov sib txawv thiab pom tau zoo thiab sib cais los ntawm qhov chaw me me (13 × 12 × 21 cm), tau siv rau tag nrho CPP kev sim Cov. Lub qhov rooj ntawm ob sab ntawm nruab nrab qhov nruab nraub cais cov tsev sib txawv, thiab tuaj yeem tsa kom cia cov tsiaj txav tau zoo thoob plaws hauv lub tshuab, lossis txo qis kom kaw lawv rau thaj chaw tshwj xeeb. Cov cuab yeej cuab tam tau nruab nrog photobeams los ntsuas lub sijhawm nyob rau hauv txhua chav. Thawj thawj hnub, 15 feeb pretest tau ua los txiav txim rau txhua tus tsiaj pib chav xum, qhov uas txhua tus tsiaj raug tso cai khiav ncaj ncaj ntawm chav ntawm CPP apparatus. Tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb xav tau nyob rau ib tshooj twg tau tshawb pom ntawm cov pawg sim. Cov tsiaj tau raug cais tawm ntawm txoj kev tshawb no yog tias lawv tau nthuav tawm txoj kev nyiam ntxiv rau chav tshwj xeeb (qhov sib txawv dhau 120 s; qhia los ntawm <10% ntawm cov ncauj lus). Kev kho mob tau ua tiav nyob rau hnub 2 thiab 3. Thaum lub sijhawm txias, chav tsis tau pib (chav sib tw) tau tsim los ntawm qhov khoom plig nqi zog rau 30 min. Cov khoom siv ua ntej (chamber tsis tau) tau txuas nrog kev tswj kom zoo. Qhov kev txiav txim nyob rau hauv uas cov tsiaj kis mus rau chav paired thiab tsis tsim ua ke tau counterbalanced nyob rau hauv txhua pawg sim. Ib qho posttest uas tau ua cov txheej txheem zoo ib yam li kev twv ua ntej hnub plaub thiab hnub kawg.

Xyaum 1.

Ua ntej, 50 tus txiv neej nas tau noj tau los rau saline txhaj rau peb hnub sib law liag thiab txiv neej tau paub kev sib deev thaum peb lub sij hawm mating. Thaum lub sij hawm txhua mating kev sib kho, cov tsiaj raug txhaj tshuaj nrog 1 mg / kg Meth los yog 1 ml / kg ntsev (sc), muab tso rau hauv kev xeem cages, thiab, 30 min later, pub tus phooj ywg nrog ib tus poj niam kom txog thaum ejaculation los 1 h. Cov kev hloov ntawm kev sib deev tau raug kaw thiab tshawb xyuas (rau kev piav, saib kev sib deev, saum toj saud). Ib lub lis piam tom qab, cov tsiaj raug muab faib ua plaub pawg kev sib sim rau kev kho tshuaj thiab kev sib daj sib deev rau kev ntsuas CPP. Thaum lub caij txias, cov txiv neej raug txhaj tshuaj nrog Meth los yog saline (txuam cov tshuaj kho mob ua ntej) thiab 30 min later tau pub niam txiv mus txog thaum ejaculation. Ib feeb tom qab ejaculation, tus tsiaj raug muab tso rau hauv lub khawm ob tog. Lub chamber unpaired tau txuam nrog kev txhaj tshuaj (Meth los yog saline) los yog mating tsis muaj kev txhaj tshuaj. Tom qab qhov kev xa rov qab, tus qhab nia (qhov feem pua ​​ntawm cov sij hawm siv hauv lub khawm ob lub sij hawm ua ntej thiab tom qab lub sijhawm dhau los ntawm kev siv lub sijhawm sib khom ntawm lub khawm ob lub tsev sib faib ua ke nrog 100) thiab CPP qhab nia (Xeem 1; lub sij hawm siv nyob rau hauv lub khawm ob chav nyob rau lub sij hawm xa rov qab rho tawm qhov pretest) raug muab xam rau txhua qhov kev kawm. Xaiv cov qhab nia tau muab piv rau hauv cov kev sim pawg uas siv ob tus khub t cov qhab nia sib tw thiab CPP cov qhab nia tau muab piv ntawm cov pawg sim uas siv ib-seem-ANOVA thiab Fisher qhov tsawg tshaj qhov sib txawv sib txawv rau ncej hoc sib piv, tag nrog 95% kev ntseeg siab.

Xyaum 2.

Kom ntsuam xyuas seb puas muaj teeb meem ntawm Meth ua rau CPP rau Meth los yog mating yog nyob ntawm tib lub sij hawm raug Meth thiab mating los yog vim Meth ib leeg xwb, kev sim ua ntxiv. Txiv neej nas tau txais Meth (1 mg / kg) thiab mating ib txhij rau 4 hnub sib law liag (n = 10). Ob pawg tswj kev sib deev muaj kev sib deev thiab tau txais Meth los yog saline (n = 10 txhua). Ib lub lim tiam tom qab, CPP rau Meth tau ua tiav. Txhua tus txiv neej tau txais ib qho kev txhaj tshuaj ntawm Meth nyob hauv qhov chaw sib tw ua ke thiab ib qho kev txhaj tshuaj los yog raug mob nrog lub chamber unpaired. Xaiv cov qhab nia tau muab xam thiab muab piv rau hauv cov kev pab pawg uas yog siv ob tog t xeem nrog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm 0.05.

Xyaum 3.

Yog xav sim seb qhov twg txuam nrog Meth thiab mating tseem ceeb rau kev hloov siab ntawm kev sib deev, ib txoj kev tshawb nrhiav MPP tau tshawb xyuas. Txiv neej nas tau txais Meth (1 mg / kg) los sis saline ib txhij nrog mating rau plaub hnub sib law liag (n = 10 txhua). Ib lub lim tiam tom qab, CPP rau kev coj tus cwj pwm raug kuaj. Tag nrho cov txiv neej raug muab tso rau hauv lub khawm ob chav tom qab mating thiab tsis muaj mating yog txuam nrog lub unpaired Chamber. Xaiv cov qhab nia tau muab xam thiab muab piv rau hauv cov kev pab pawg uas yog siv ob tog t xeem nrog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm 0.05.

Txaus qhov chaw aversion

Yuav kom ntsuam xyuas seb Meth raug cuam tshuam dab tsi los ntawm qhov mob LiCl-vim raug mob, qhov kev ua kom muaj qhov mob txaus ntshai (CPA). CPA kuaj tau ua thaum thawj ib nrab ntawm lub sijhawm tsaus ntuj uas siv cov khoom siv tib yam uas siv rau CPP kev sim (saib Kev nyiam qhov chaw, saum toj saud). Rau peb hnub sib law liag, cov txiv neej nas tau txais kev sib deev nrog concert nrog Meth (1 mg / kg) los yog saline (n = 10 txhua). Ib lub lim tiam tom qab, tag nrho cov txiv neej tau txais qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv LiCl (10 ml / kg, ip) nrog rau lub chamber thawj zaug, thaum sib npaug ntawm saline raug mob nrog thawj chest unpreferred Chamber. Ua raws li qhov kev xav tau, qhov qhab nia qis dua (qhov feem pua ​​ntawm cov sij hawm siv nyob rau hauv qhov chaw sib tw ua ntej lub sij hawm ua ntej thiab tom qab lub sijhawm dhau los ntawm kev siv lub sijhawm sib faib rau cov khub sib faib sib faib sib faib ua ke ntawm tus khub xovtooj 100) thiab qhov qhab nias ntawm CPA (qhov txawv ntawm lub sijhawm lub khawm ob lub thawv tom qab lub sijhawm rho tawm ntawm qhov chaw tshaj tawm) raug muab xam rau txhua qhov kev kawm. Xaiv cov qhab nia tau muab piv rau hauv cov kev sim pawg uas siv ob tus khub t cov kev xeem, thaum cov qhab nias CPA raug muab piv rau cov pab pawg neeg uas tau siv tsis siv t cov kev ntsuam xyuas, tag nrho cov tseem ceeb ntawm 0.05.

Qeb TshoojTom ntej Tshooj

tau

Kev coj cwj pwm sib deev

Meth kuj cuam tshuam kev pib ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm thaum lub mating tau ntsuam xyuas 30 min tom qab txhaj tshuaj zaum kawg. Cov nyhuv no yog koob tshuaj ntawm 2 mg / kg, tiam sis tsis 1 mg / kg, Meth. Meth ho nce lub nkoj thiab nkag mus rau cov latencies (p = 0.001 thiab 0.002, feem ntau) nrog cov roj ntsha tswj (Daim duab. 1A). Meth tsis cuam tshuam qhov feem pua ​​ntawm cov txiv neej uas pib ua tus cwj pwm, thiab 100% ntawm caug txiv neej nyob rau hauv peb pawg neeg kho mob. Meth tsis tau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntev rau kev pib ntawm kev sib deev, vim Meth-pretreated txiv neej tsis pom kev hloov mating tus cwj pwm piv txwv nrog kev tswj hwm ntawm kev tswj thaum lub sij hawm sib mog kuaj thaum siv tshuaj yaj yeeb hnub 1 thiab 7 (Daim duab. 1B,C). Thaum kawg, Meth tsis cuam tshuam kev sib deev txhua lub sijhawm thaum twg tsis muaj teebmeem rau kev latencies mus ejaculation (Daim duab. 1) lossis cov xov tooj ntawm cov nce nqi thiab cov khoom nkag (cov ntaub ntawv tsis qhia). Yog li, rov ua dua Meth impaired pib ntawm mating thaum kuaj tau sai tom qab kev tswj hwm, tiam sis tsis muaj teeb meem rau kev sib deev los sis kev ua haujlwm ntev.

Daim duab 1.   

Saib loj version:   

Daim duab 1.   

Cov teebmeem ntawm Meth ntawm kev sib deev. A-C, Tso Tawm Mus rau Mount (ML), nkag mus hauv tsev (IL), thiab ejaculation (EL) tom qab kev tswj hwm ntawm 0, 1, lossis 2 mg / kg Meth 30 min after xya thiab zaum kawg txhaj tshuaj (A) thiab siv tshuaj tua kab mob hnub xNUMX (B) thiab 7 (C). Cov ntaub ntawv raug nthuav qhia ua ke SEM. * Cov kev sib txawv ntawm cov txiv neej raug tshuaj txhaj tiv thaiv zoo (p <0.05).

Qhov kev ua ub ua no

Meth ntawm 1 los yog 2 mg / kg koob tshuaj muaj zog npaum li cas nrog cov tswj ()p <0.001, 1 thiab 2 mg / kg; Daim duab. 2A,B). Cov tshuaj Meth dua tshiab tuaj yeem ua rau cov tshuaj xoos xom lees uas muaj xaam xoom xoom xoom xoom xoom xom xom xom xom xom xom xom xom xem xom xom xom xom xem xom xom xom xom xem xom xom xom xom xom xom xom xom xom xom xom xom xip = 0.042; Daim duab. 2C). Hauv kev sib piv, 2 mg / kg Meth tau ua rau cov kev ua kom tsis muaj zog nyob rau hnub kawg uas piv nrog thawj hnub (p = 0.009; Daim duab. 2C), uas yog qhov qhia tau tias yuav ua rau tus cwj pwm tsis txaus ntseeg siab dua.

Daim duab 2.   

Saib loj version:   

Daim duab 2.   

Teebmeem ntawm Meth ntawm kev ua haujlwm. A, B, Nres tsheb ntawm cov txiv neej tau xuas 0, 1, los yog 2 mg / kg Meth tom qab thawj zaug (A) thiab lub xeem (B) Meth txhaj tshuaj. Cov ntaub ntawv raug nthuav qhia ua ke SEM. * Muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm kev tswj hwm rau txhua pawg neeg kho mob (p <0.05); #qhov sib txawv ntawm 1 mg / kg Meth thiab tswj nkaus xwb (p <0.05). C, Meth-vim kev hnov ​​mob ntawm lub plawv. Nrug cov tub ntxhais hluas tau xuas 0, 1, los yog 2 mg / kg Meth tom qab thawj zaug thiab zaum kawg Meth txhaj tshuaj thaum lub 10 ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm ntawm locomotor. Cov ntaub ntawv raug nthuav qhia ua ke SEM. * Muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm poj niam txiv neej poj niam txiv neej ntawm tib pab pawg (p <0.05).

Ntsig kev sib daj sib deev

Kev coj cwj pwm sib deev

Thaum lub sij hawm Meth pretreatment theem ntawm Xyaum 1, kev coj tus cwj pwm tsis zoo los ntawm 1 mg / kg Meth kev kho mob rau txhua lub sijhawm peb tom ntej piv nrog cov me nyuam ntsiag to-pretreated txiv neej (rooj 1). Cov txiaj ntsig tau no paub tseeb tias tsis muaj teeb meem ntawm qhov tshuaj ntawm Meth ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm, txawm tias thaum nyob hauv tib cheeb tsam. Tsis tas li ntawd, Meth pretreatment tsis hloov kev coj tus cwj pwm thaum thawj hnub ntawm qhov kev txiav txim siab qhov kev nyab xeeb (ua ntej los ntawm kev sib qiv; rooj 1) los yog thaum lub sij hawm muaj kev sib tw rau hauv cov koom haum LiCl-unpaired. Cov txiaj ntsim tau los xyuas tau tseeb tias Meth tsis tau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntev txog kev sib deev.

Saib cov lus qhia:   

Cov lus 1.    

Ntsuam xyuas tus cwj pwm kev sib deev

Kev coj tus cwj pwm sib deev

Xyaum 1.

Hauv kev sib piv, rov kho Meth tau pab txhawb kev sib deev compulsive. Hauv kev tswj, noj cov tsiaj txhu ua kom tsis muaj zog, kev sib daj sib deev sib deev tsis zoo rau kev coj tus cwj pwm. Tshwj xeeb, tsawg dua cov feem pua ​​ntawm cov tub rog uas tau muab coj los ua ke thiab cov neeg sib tw nrog cov neeg tsis muaj cwj pwm uas tsis muaj kev sib raug zoo yog thawj zaug ntawm lub rau (p = 0.039) txias mus sib hais thiab pheej ua kev kub ntxhov hauv 7 (p = 0.005; cov ntaub ntawv tsis qhia) thiab 8 (p <0.001; Daim duab. 3B). Ib qho tseem ceeb sib txawv hauv cov feem pua ​​ntawm cov txiv neej uas ejaculated yog thawj zaug nyob rau plaub (p = 0.041) txias sim neej thiab thawm niaj thoob txias (p <0.001; Daim duab. 3C). Txawm li cas los xij, Meth pretreatment tau cuam tshuam kev sib daj sib deev ntxub, raws li Meth-pretreated txiv neej paired nrog LiCl tsis tau loj hlob inhibition kev sib deev tus cwj pwm kom txog rau thaum kawg kev txiav txim sim nrog piv nrog Meth-pretreated txiv neej unpaired. Tshwj xeeb, feem pua ​​ntawm Meth-pretreated LiCl-paired cwj pwm saib cov intromissions thiab ejaculation tau ho poob thaum lub caij sim txias 8 (p = 0.03 thiab p = 0.011, feem). Yog li, Meth pretreatment 2 lub lis piam ua ntej qhov pib ntawm kev kho mob tau ua rau kev coj tus cwj pwm yuam kev lossis kev yuam deev.

Daim duab 3.   

Saib loj version:   

Daim duab 3.   

Cov teebmeem ntawm kev sibntsib (sib daj sib deev) (Meth) thiab Meth pretreatment rau kev sib deev sib deev (Kev Xeem 1). A, Cov kws kho mob muaj cov tshuaj saline- (Sal) los yog Meth-pretreated txiv neej uas tau txais cov tshuaj Liree tom qab mating (Paired cousins) thiab saline- los yog Meth-pretreated txiv neej uas tau txais kev kho mob tom qab mating (Tsis muaj txiv neej). Lub sijhawm thib ob ntawm txhua qhov kev sib txeeb kev sib txeeb, cov txiv neej muaj txiv neej tau txais cov txiv neej thiab cov txiv neej tsis tau txais kev pab tau txais LiCl. B, C, Feem pua ​​ntawm cov txiv neej mounting (B) thiab ejaculating (C) Thaum lub sij hawm muaj kev sib deev sib deev tom qab Meth pretreatment tau siv tib lub sijhawm nrog kev sib deev. * Muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov me nyuam yaus ntses-pretreated unpaired caug (p <0.05); #qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov Meth-pretreated unpaired caus (p <0.05).

Xyaum 2.

Qhov teebmeem ntawm Meth tau ua rau tus neeg tau txais kev ua plees ua plees ua ywj pheej yog nyob ntawm Meth thiab mating kev. Tshwj xeeb, kev sib daj sib deev tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov txiv neej tau ntsib kev sib daj sib deev uas tau txais Meth pretreatment thiab mating kev ntawm ntau lub sij hawm (tsis hloov). Feem pua ​​ntawm Meth-pretreated LiCl-paired cov txiv neej uas pom tias nce thiab ejaculations tsis txawv ntawm saline-pretreated paired caug (Daim duab. 4). Cov ntaub ntawv no qhia tias thawj zaug ntawm kev sib koom tes ntawm Meth thiab kev sib deev yog qhov zoo tshaj rau cov teebmeem ntawm Meth ntawm kev sib deev ntawm kev sib deev.

Daim duab 4.    

Saib loj version:    

Daim duab 4.    

Teebmeem ntawm kev sib deev tsis sib luag (kev sib deev) thiab Meth pretreatment rau ntawm kev sib deev sib deev (Kev sim 2). Feem pua ​​ntawm cov txiv neej mounting (A) thiab ejaculating (B) Thaum lub sij hawm tau haus dej los ntawm lub cev los ntawm kev sib daj sib deev raws li Meth pretreatment tsis txuam nrog kev sib deev. Muaj ob pawg raug sau: LiCl-paired pretreated nrog saline thiab LiCl-paired pretreated nrog Meth.

Txaus qhov chaw aversion

Tej kev sim tswj xyuas ntxiv pom tau tias qhov tsis muaj peev xwm ua rau cov neeg tsis muaj peev xwm ua raws li Meth pretreatment tsis yog vim muaj qhov tsis zoo rau qhov mob LiCl uas ua rau mob ntsws, raws li tag nrho cov txiv neej ua aversion rau lub chamber nrog ib koob ntawm LiCl. Tshwj xeeb, ob leeg noj-thiab Meth-pretreated txiv neej siv sijhawm tsawg dua nyob rau hauv lub LiCl-paired chamber thaum lub sij hawm xa rov qab piv nrog qhov pretest (p = 0.037 thiab 0.045, feem ntau; Daim duab. 5A). Ntxiv mus, qhov sib txawv ntawm lub sijhawm siv nyob rau hauv lub Chamber of LiCl-paired Chamber tom qab lub posttest tiv tiag pretest twb zoo tib yam hauv Meth- thiab saline-pretreated pawg (Daim duab. 5B).

Daim duab 5.    

Saib loj version:    

Daim duab 5.    

Kev sib tw ntawm cov mating (sib daj sib deev) thiab Meth ua tiav rau ntawm cov Nqis CPA ntawm LiCl. A, B, Qhov qhab-nees (sij hawm siv rau qhov khoob khoob khoob ob tog faib raws lub sijhawm ua ke khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khawm + xNUMX; A) thiab tus qhab nia ntawm CPA (qhov sib txawv ntawm lub sij hawm siv nyob rau hauv qhov chaw sib tw ua ke thaum lub sij hawm dhau mus tshaj tawm; B) hauv mated txiv neej pretreated nrog saline (Sal; poj niam txiv neej + saline) los yog Meth (poj niam txiv neej + Meth). Cov ntaub ntawv raug nthuav qhia ua ke SEM. * Qhov sib txawv ntawm pretest hauv tib pab pawg (p <0.05).

Txaus siab nyiam qhov chaw

Xyaum 1

Kev tshawb fawb tus kheej qhia tau tias Meth siv txoj kev sib deev siab zoo thiab yog thawj txoj kev txhawb nqa kev siv yeeb tshuaj (Semple li al., 2002; Schilder li al., 2005; Ntsuab thiab Ringitis, 2006). Qhov no Meth raug vim li cas ntawm kev sib deev Library tsis tau kuaj hauv tus qauv rodent. Yog li ntawd, CPP qhov kev coj noj coj ua siv los sim seb kev coj tus cwj pwm nrog Meth yog txiaj ntsim zoo dua li cov mating los yog Meth ib leeg xwb. Hauv kev pom zoo nrog cov kev tshawb fawb dhau los (Agmo thiab Berenfeld, 1990; Pfaus thiab Phillips, 1991; Tenk et al., 2009), mating hauv kev tswj xyuas tus cwj pwm ntawm tus txiv neej-CPC-txiv neej tau siv sij hawm ntau dua hauv kev sib daj sib deev + saline-paired chamber dua lub saline-paired chamber thaum lub sijhawm dhau los (p = 0.001; Daim duab. 6C,D). Tsis tas li ntawd, tswj caug tsis ua raws li kev nyiam poj niam txiv neej pw nrog tus txiv neej pw ua ke, ua kom pom tias kev tso dej los ntawm mating tsis cuam tshuam kev sib deev (Daim duab. 6C,D). Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias Meth nce CPP rau kev sib deev piv nrog leej mating los yog Meth ib leeg. Cov txiv neej siv sijhawm ntau dua thaum lub sijhawm dhau los ntawm kev sib daj sib deev + Meth-paired chamber tshaj qhov chaw sib deev-khub (p <0.001; Daim duab. 6C) lossis Meth-paired Chamber (p = 0.02; Daim duab. 6C), los yog muab piv nrog pawg tswj hwm (p = 0.002 thiab 0.05, feem ntau; Daim duab. 6D). Yog li ntawd, tus cwj pwm kev sib deev nrog Meth zoo li muaj txiaj ntsim tshaj kev sib deev los yog Meth ib leeg nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj uas tau ua rau kev sib deev thiab Meth sib npaug.

Daim duab 6.    

Saib loj version:    

Daim duab 6.    

Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib cav sib ceg (kev sib daj sib deev) thiab Meth pretreatment rau mating- thiab Meth induced CPP (Experiment 1). Muaj plaub pawg. A, Ob pawg neeg tau txais kev sib daj sib deev + saline (Sal) ua ntej thiab kev kho mob nram qab no nyob rau hauv qhov kev sib tw / tsis sib txig zos: kev sib daj sib deev + saline / sex, sib deev / saline / saline. Thawj pab pawg tau ua kev tswj tsis zoo, raws li saline tsis xav kom hloov CPP rau kev pw ua ke. Cov pab pawg neeg thib ob tau ua haujlwm zoo, vim kev sib daj sib deev xav kom ua rau CPP. B, Lwm pawg ob leeg tau txais kev sib daj sib deev + Meth pretreatment thiab cov hauv qab no nyob rau hauv cov khub / kev tsis sib txuam ua ke: sib deev + Meth / sex los yog poj niam txiv neej + Meth / Meth. Qhov kev txiav txim nyob rau hauv uas cov tsiaj raug tshwm sim rau cov khub thiab cov haujlwm tsis muaj kev sib txuas lus yog qhov sib npaug ntawm txhua pawg kws kho mob. C, Qhab nia qhab nees (sij hawm siv rau qhov kev sib tw ua ke muab faib raws sij hawm hauv khub + tsis ua haujlwm chamber × 100). Cov ntaub ntawv raug nthuav qhia ua ke SEM. * Qhov sib txawv ntawm pretest hauv tib pab pawg (p <0.05). D, CPP qhab nia (qhov txawv ntawm lub sij hawm siv nyob rau hauv lub khawm ob chav nyob rau lub sij hawm tom qab rho tawm qhov pretest). Cov ntaub ntawv raug nthuav qhia ua ke SEM. * Cov kev sib txawv ntawm cov poj niam / tus ntsev / pw ua ke (p <0.05).

Xyaum 2

Tom qab ntawd, nws tau txiav txim siab tias kev sib cav ua ke ntawm Meth thiab kev sib daj sib deev cuam tshuam CPP rau Meth ib leeg piv nrog kev kho saline nyob rau hauv pawg neeg tsis muaj vaj huam sib luag. Xwb, Meth-pretreated caug uas hais tias mated concurrently nrog txhua txoj kev txhaj tshuaj los ua tus nyiam rau Meth-paired Chamber (p = 0.01; Daim duab. 7). Hauv kev sib piv, cov txiv neej uas tau txais cov tshuaj saline dua los yog Meth cov tshuaj tsis muaj lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov kabmob tsis pom kev nce qib ntxiv rau Meth-paired Chamber thaum lub sijhawm dhau los.

Daim duab 7.    

Saib loj version:    

Daim duab 7.    

Teebmeem ntawm kev sib daj sib deev (kev sib deev) thiab Meth pretreatment ntawm Meth vim raug CPP (Experiment 2). Qhov qhab nia (sij hawm siv ntawm qhov chaw sib tw ua ke muab faib ua ke los ntawm lub sij hawm hauv khub + tsis muaj neeg saib xyuas lub chaw xxxxxx) nyob rau hauv cov txiv neej ua ntej nrog saline (Sal), Meth, los yog poj niam txiv neej + Meth. Cov ntaub ntawv raug nthuav qhia ua ke SEM. * Muaj qhov txawv ntawm pretest hauv tib pab pawg neeg (p <0.05).

Xyaum 3

Thaum kawg, nws tau ntsuam xyuas seb Meth thiab mating pretreatment cuam tshuam rau CPP rau mating ib leeg. Cov txiv neej ua ntej nrog Meth thiab mating tsis tsim ib qho kev nyiam rau kev sib deev tus cwj pwm, evidenced los ntawm tsis muaj lub sij hawm nce siv nyob rau hauv lub sib deev-paired Chamber. Hauv kev sib piv, cov txiv neej uas tau kho nrog saline thiab mating ua ib qho kev nyiam rau lub chaw pw ua ke-paired (p = 0.003; Daim duab. 8). Ua ke, cov ntaub ntawv no qhia tias kev sib koom ntawm Meth thiab mating ua rau muaj kev txhawb siab rau Meth thaum tsis muaj mating thiab rau mating concurrently nrog Meth, tab sis txo kev mob siab rau mating thaum tsis muaj cov tshuaj.

Daim duab 8.    

Saib loj version:    

Daim duab 8.    

Cov teebmeem ntawm kev sibntsib (sib daj sib deev) (Meth) thiab Meth pretreatment ntawm mating-vim CPP (Experiment 3). Cov qhab-nees (lub sijhawm siv rau ntawm qhov chaw sib tw ua ke muab faib ua ke los ntawm lub sijhawm ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv khub + tsis muaj neeg kaw) 100) cov txivneej tabtom nrog pw ua ke + ntsev (pw) lossis pw ua ke + Meth. Cov ntaub ntawv raug nthuav qhia ua ke SEM.

Qeb TshoojTom ntej Tshooj

kev sib tham

Txoj kev tshawb xyuas tam sim no tau sim cov teebmeem ntawm Meth rau kev coj tus cwj pwm uas muaj kev tshwj xeeb rau kev sib deev kev ua haujlwm, kev ua haujlwm lossis kev sib deev, lossis kev sib foob thiab / lossis Meth nqi. Tnws qhov kev tshawb nrhiav ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb no yog tias Meth pretreatment tsis cuam tshuam kev piav qhia ntawm kev sib deev tus cwj pwm, tab sis ua rau compulsive sexual behavior nyob rau hauv lub lis piam tom qab ua ntej pretreatment. Qhov kev txuam ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm ntawm kev sib deev yog nyob ntawm kev sib tw nrog Meth thiab mating. Tsis tas li ntawd, concurrent Meth thiab mating pretreatments tau kho Meth nqi zog, tab sis txo nqi zog ntawm kev sib deev. Ua ke, cov kev tshawb fawb no qhia tau tias kev koom tes ntawm Meth thiab mating yog qhov tseem ceeb rau txoj kev loj hlob lossis kev qhia ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm sib deev thiab kev hloov ntawm kev sib deev thiab tshuaj yeeb.

Meth pretreatment, thaum concurrent nrog mating, tau mus sij hawm ntev rau cov kev muaj peev xwm ntawm lub conditioned deev aversion paradigm kom inhibit kev coj tus cwj pwm. Cov nyhuv no tsis nkag siab los ntawm kev ua rau kev kawm lossis kev nco, vim Meth-pretreated txiv neej tsis tau muaj pov thawj ntawm kev tsis taus kev kawm thaum lub sij hawm CPP los yog LiCl vim raug kev sib deev paradigms. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tsis zoo li tias kev rov ua hauj lwm dua ntawm kev txo cov tshuaj Meth los ntawm qhov kev paub tsis meej thiab cov paj hlwb uas feem ntau pom muaj tom qab kis tau tus kab mob siab Meth hauv nas (Walsh thiab Wagner, 1992; Friedman li al., 1998; Chapman li al., 2001; Schröder li al., 2003) thiab tib neeg (Ornstein li al., 2000; Simon thiab al., 2002; Kalechstein li al., 2003), raws li ib hnub Meth bingeing paradigms uas siv tib lub koob tshuaj raws li qhov kev tshawb fawb tam sim no tsis tuaj yeem tsis pom qhov khoom zoo siab thiab tsis ua rau muaj kev sib daj sib deevMarshall li al., 2007). Lwm cov lus piav qhia ntxiv rau cov tsis hnov ​​lus lossis kev qhia ntawm kev sib daj sib deev yog qhov ua tsis tau zoo txog LiCl. Txawm li cas los xij, cov tsiaj kuj sib npaug sib npaug ntawm cov tau txais kev ua av tom ntej rau ib chav ua haujlwm nrog LiCl. Yog li, Meth-pretreated txiv neej tsis tau muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb losyog cov neeg tsis nco qab lossis txo cov kev xav rau cov mob LiCl lossis LiCl. Nws zoo nkaus li tias Meth pretreatment los ntawm kev tsim txom lossis kev yuam deev luag poj luag txiv, txawm kawm tsis zoo, uas yog nyob rau hauv tib neeg cov ntaub ntawv (Frosch li al., 1996; Halkitis et al., 2001; McKirnan li al., 2001; Rawson li al., 2002; Somlai li al., 2003; Ntsuab thiab Ringitis, 2006; Springer li al., 2007).

Ntxiv mus, cov nyhuv ntawm Meth thiab mating pretreatment ntawm kev txo kev txwv tsis zoo ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm kev sib deev tsis nkag siab los ntawm ib qho kev ua zoo tshaj qub txuam nrog mating. Hauv kev sib piv, hauv cov tsiaj uas tau txais Meth thiab mating kev, nqi zog-nrhiav kev nrog mating raug txo. Yog li, yuav tsum tau piav qhia ntxiv rau cov teebmeem ntawm Meth thiab mating pretreatment rau kev qhia txog kev coj tus cwj pwm sib deev. Kev tshawb nuroanatomical tsis ntev los no los ntawm peb qhov chaw kuaj mob pom cov cheeb tsam ntawm lub hlwb uas Meth tau kho cov teeb meem ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm (Frohmader li al., 2010c). Ntawm no, kev ua kom tsis taus neural los ntawm mating los yog Meth tau siv cov kev siv neural ua cim xws li Fos lossis phosphorylation ntawm MAPK, feem. Meth thiab mating coactivated neurons nyob rau hauv lub nucleus accumbens, basolateral amygdala, thiab anterior cingulate cheeb tsam ntawm lub prefrontal cortex (Frohmader li al., 2010c) thiab nyob rau hauv lub orbitofrontal cortex (Frohmader thiab Coolen, 2010). Cov prefrontal thiab orbitofrontal cortices ntawm cov paj laum tshwj xeeb thaum lawv tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij (Kalivas thiab Volkow, 2005; Kalivas li al., 2005; Lasseter li al., 2010; Winstanley li al., 2010). Ntxiv mus, qhov hypoactivity ntawm cov cheeb tsam hauv lub hlwb tau txuas nrog ob peb qhov kev mob hlwb nrog kev poob ntawm kev tswj tsis ua haujlwm (Graybiel thiab Rauch, 2000; Taylor li al., 2002; London li al., 2005). Cov ntawv pov thawj no qhia tias Meth yuav ua rau hauv cov frontal cortices los ua rau kom ntev-ntev uas yuav hloov tau tus cwj pwm ntawm kev sib daj sib deev. Nyob hauv txoj kab no, qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib deev compulsive tau pom tias muaj kev sib tshua nrog lwm cov kev puas siab puas ntsws, nrog rau kev quav tshuaj, kev ntxhov siab, thiab kev siab ntsws (Bancroft, 2008). Tsis tas li ntawd, tshuaj yeeb dej caw ntawm cov tshuaj prefrontal thiab cov kab mob hauv orbitofrontal yog hypothesized los ua lub luag hauj lwm rau kev txo hwj chim tswj kev tswj hwm (Brewer thiab Potenza, 2008; Fineberg li al., 2010) thiab kev coj tus cwj pwm kev sib daj sib deev pom nyob hauv ntau cov neeg quav tshuaj (Jentsch thiab Taylor, 1999; Bancroft, 2008). Kuvn qhov kev pom zoo nrog qhov no, qhov chaw ntawm cov ciaj ntawm cov nqaij mos ntawm cov txiv neej ua rau cov poj niam txiv neej ua rau hauv kev sib deev nrog kev sib deev nyob hauv qhov kev sib tw nrog kev sib deev uas siv rau kev tshawb fawb tam sim no (Davis li al., 2010).

Cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau pom tau hais tias kev ua haujlwm kom rov qab mus rau kev puas siab puas ntsws los yog cov opiates yuav pab txhawb nqa kev ua yeeb yam tshuaj raws li ntsuas los ntawm CPP (Lett, 1989; Shippenberg thiab Heidbreder, 1995; Shippenberg li al., 1996). Tsis tas li ntawd, kev sib deev kev ua rau tshwm sim tom qab ntawd d-nqi khoom plig zoo nkauj (Pitchers li al., 2010). Hauv kev tshawb xyuas tam sim no, cov teeb meem ntawm Meth thiab / lossis kev sib deev ntawm Meth CPP tau raug sim nyob rau hauv cov neeg mob uas tsis tau xav tias yuav ua rau cov tshuaj yeeb-tshuaj CPP: tsawg koob Meth, ib qho kev sim ua rau txias, thiab sim thaum lub sijhawm tsaus ntuj ntawm hnub thaum lub sij hawm ntawm CPP qis dua (Webb li al., 2009a,b). Qhov kev paub txog qhov rov tuaj dua Meth los yog kev sib deev uas siv rau hauv txoj kev tshawb xyuas tam sim no tsis ua rau Meth CPP tau zoo dua. Txawm li cas los xij, Meth cov kev sib tw ua ke nrog cov mating tau txhawb nqa Meth nqi zog, qhia tias kev sib koom tes ntawm Meth thiab mating ua rau kev nce qib hauv kev nrhiav Meth. Cov txiaj ntsim tau tshwm sim hauv kev pom zoo nrog tib neeg cov lus ceeb toom ntxiv Meth nrhiav qhov kev nyiam kev sib deev thaum lub caij Meth tau siv ua thawj tsav rau kev siv yeeb tshuaj (Semple li al., 2002; Schilder li al., 2005; Ntsuab thiab Ringitis, 2006). Nws yog tam sim no tsis meej uas yam ntawm kev sib deev tus cwj pwm yog qhov tseem ceeb rau txoj kev koom tes ntawm Meth thiab mating. Hauv txoj kev tshawb nrhiav tam sim no, txhua caug mog rau ejaculation. Txawm li cas los xij, peb cov kev tshawb pom yav dhau los qhia hais tias kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib haum xeeb muaj peev xwm txaus los ntxias kev coj tus cwj pwm txawv ntawm kev sib deev (Frohmader li al., 2010a).

Neural substrates uas yuav kho tau qhov teebmeem ntawm Meth thiab mating pretreatment ntawm Meth cov nqi zog muaj xws li cov nucleus accumbens thiab basolateral amygdala. Cov kev hloov pauv ntev hauv dendritic qaum kev nrawm thiab kev hloov ntawm cov kab mob tshwm sim los ntawm kev siv tshuaj yeeb (Brown thiab Kolb, 2001; Robinson li al., 2002; Li li al., 2003; Robinson thiab Kolb, 2004) lossis kev sib deev (Meisel thiab Mullins, 2006; Pitchers li al., 2010), thiab muaj kev ntxub ntxaug rau kev kho kom haum xeeb ntawm tus yeeb yaj kiab thiab lub nqi zog ntawm kev ntxim ntxub (Pierce thiab Kalivas, 1997; Vanderschuren thiab Kalivas, 2000; Li li al., 2004). Tus basolateral amygdala yog ib qho tseemceeb rau kev nco txog kev noj qab haus huv stimuli nrog txoj kev siv yeeb tshuaj (Grace thiab Rosenkranz, 2002; Laviolette thiab Hlub, 2006) thiab muab kev koom tes rau kev qhuas thiab txhawb zog (Everitt li al., 1999; Cardinal li al., 2002; Saib, 2002). Lub cev los yog kev tsis ua hauj lwm ntawm qhov basolateral amygdala thaiv qhov khoom (Whitelaw li al., 1996) thiab kev qhia (Grimm thiab Saib, 2000) ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm tau siv rov ua dua. Ntxiv mus, basolateral amygdala qhov teeb meem tshwm sim nyob rau hauv kev poob teb rau conditioned stimuli paired nrog zaub mov (Everitt li al., 1989) lossis kev sib daj sib deev (Everitt li al., 1989; Everitt, 1990) hauv cov kaus mom. Yog li ntawd, nws muaj peev xwm hais tias kev hloov pauv-thiab kev sib hloov ntawm kev sib hloov hauv cov khoom ntiag tug thiab basolateral amygdala ua rau muaj nqi zog ntawm Meth.

Kev pom zoo ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb tshuaj tau pom tias yog ua kom muaj kev sib deev nrog kev sib deev. Ua tib zoo xav txog kev ua ntej d-amphetamine (10 txhua txhua hnub ntawm 1.5 mg / kg) pab txhawb tus cwj pwm kev sib deev (Fiorino thiab Phillips, 1999a,b) nrog rau txoj kev coj tus cwj pwm mus rau kev sib deev (Nocjar thiab Panksepp, 2002). Cov kev tshawb fawb hauv cov pojniam nas pretreated nrog Meth (peb niaj hnub txhaj tshuaj ntawm 5 mg / kg) ua rau muaj kev coj tus cwj pwm zoo (Holder li al., 2010). Hauv kev sib piv, txoj kev tshawb xyuas tam sim no tsis tau pom los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm Meth kev kho tus cwj pwm kev sib deev. Cov lus piav qhia tau rau qhov kev tsis sib haum no muaj xws li siv cov tshuaj tsawg dua hauv kev tshawb xyuas tam sim no, kev ntsuam xyuas txawv ntawm kev sib deev, thiab kev sib deev sib txawv (Becker thiab Hu, 2008).

Cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov hniav Meth tau tsis ntev los no hais txog kev siv tshuaj yeeb muag tshuaj rau kev soj ntsuam los ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav Meth vim raug tus cwj pwm tsis zoo (Belcher li al., 2008; Izquierdo li al., 2010; O'Dell li al., 2011), cov kev hloov neuroplastic (Brennan li al., 2010), thiab neurotoxicity (Moszczynska li al., 1998; Kuczenski li al., 2007; Graham li al., 2008). Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb no yog ua kom tau cov tshuaj yeeb nyob hauv cov nqaij nyob ze ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv cov neeg Meth cov quav. Hauv kev sib piv, txoj kev tshawb xyuas tam sim no tau pom tias ib zaug ib hnub ua haujlwm ntawm kev txo qis Meth yog txaus los ua rau kev coj cwj pwm sib deev ntev. Ib qho meth bingeing paradigm tsis siv rau cov tswv yim zoo: cov koob tshuaj Meth impair kev coj tus cwj pwm (Frohmader li al., 2010a) thiab cov neeg siv tib neeg feem ntau siv kev sib deev ua kom zoo dua cov tshuaj kom tswj tau kev sib deev (Semple li al., 2009). Lub hom phiaj ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb tam sim no yog los tshuaj xyuas kev sib deev thiab kev sib tw ntawm cov tsiaj txhu nrog kev coj tus cwj pwm tsis zoo. Cov kev tshwm sim qhia tau hais tias kev coj tus cwj pwm ntawm kev sib daj sib deev thiab kev hloov tshuaj yeeb thiab kev sib deev ntawm kev sib deev tuaj yeem yog tshwm sim los ntawm kev siv tshuaj yeeb tsawg tsawg thaum sib luag nrog kev sib deev thiab tsis nyob rau ntawm kev muag cov theem ntawm Meth hauv lub hlwb.

Ua ke, cov kev tshawb fawb tam sim no ua ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev to taub zoo txog Meth cov teeb meem ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm kev sib deev thiab cov koom haum ntawm cov yeeb tshuaj thiab kev sib deev. Dua li, cov ntaub ntawv no yog cov uas qhia txog cov neeg quav yeeb quav tshuaj; Yog li, tus txiv neej nas tsuag tau siv ntxiv los kuaj xyuas cov molecular thiab cov qauv ntawm Meth cov teebmeem ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm thiab kev pabcuam yav tom ntej txog kev quav tshuaj yeeb.

Qeb TshoojTom ntej Tshooj

Tshooj ntawv

    • Tau txais Lub yim hli ntuj 4, 2011.
    • Kho nqi lus tau txais Cuaj hlis 8, 2011.
    • txais Cuaj hlis 23, 2011.

  • Cov haujlwm no tau txhawb los ntawm Canadian Institutes of Health Research Grant RN 014705 rau LMC

  • Cov sau phau ntawv tshaj tawm tsis muaj kev sib tw nyiaj txiag.

  • Kev xa xov yuav tsum raug xa mus rau Lique M. Coolen, University of Michigan, Department of Molecular thiab Integrative Physiology, Medical Science II, Chav 7732B, 1137 E. Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5663. [email tiv thaiv]
Qeb Tshooj    

 

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    (2010) Methamphetamine ua kom cov poj niam tus cwj pwm coj zoo thiab ua kom muaj kev ua kom lub cev muaj zog rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm amygdala thiab ventromedial nucleus ntawm hypothalamus. Psychoneuroendocrinology 35:197-208.

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    1. Hull EM,
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    (2002) nyob rau hauv Hronicones lub hlwb thiab tus cwj pwm, Txiv neej tus cwj pwm, eds Pfaff DW, Arnold AP, Etgen AM, Fahrbach SE, Rubin RT (Elsevier Science, San Diego), pp 1-138.

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    (2010) Reversal kev kawm tsis tau tom qab lub qhov muag ntawm lub qhov muag ntawm methamphetamine hauv cov nas: kev koom tes ntawm striatal dopamine. Neuropsychopharmacology 35:505-514.

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    1. Jentsch JD,
    2. Taylor JR

    (1999) Impulsivity ua tau los ntawm frontostriatal kawg nyob rau hauv kev siv tshuaj yaj yeeb: qhov cuam tshuam rau kev tswj ntawm tus cwj pwm los ntawm stimuli ntawm stimuli. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 146:373-390.

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    (2003) Methamphetamine kev vam khom yog nrog kev puas siab ntsws nyob rau hauv thawj theem ntawm abstinence. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 15:215-220.

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    1. Kalivas PW,
    2. Volkow ND

    (2005) Lub hlwb neural ntawm txoj kev quav: ib hom pathology ntawm kev txhawb siab thiab kev xaiv. Kuv J Psychiatry 162:1403-1413.

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    (2005) Unmanageable txug kev ywj pheej: ib hom pathology hauv prefrontal-accumbens glutamate kis. Neuron 45:647-650.

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  39. Teb zoo!
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    (2007) Cov kab mob sib kis tau ntev tshaj ntawm cov kabmob methamphetamine raug rau cov kab mob ntawm lub neocortex thiab limbic system hauv tus nas. Exp Neurol 207:42-51.

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    (2010) nyob rau hauv Tus cwj pwm coj ntawm kev quav yeeb tshuaj, Prefrontal cortical kev cai ntawm kev siv tshuaj yaj yeeb nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj qauv ntawm kev rov mob ntsws, eds Self DW, Staley Gottschalk JK (Springer, Berlin), pp 101-117.

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    (2006) Cannabinoids muaj zog ntawm kev xav paub kev zoo nyob hauv cov hlab hlwb ntawm cov paj hlwb ntawm prefrontal cortex los ntawm basolateral amygdala inputs. J Neurosci 26:6458-6468.

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    1. Lawrence GJ,
    2. Kiefer SW

    (1987) Cessation ntawm txiv neej npau suav tus cwj pwm siv kev mob raws li kev rau txim: facilitation nrog ib tug tsw tsw tshiab. Behav Neurosci 101:289-291.

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  43. Teb zoo!
    1. Lett BT

    (1989) Rov ua dua qub ntxiv tsis txhob cuam tshuam qhov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm amphetamine, morphine, thiab yeeb yaj kiab. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 98:357-362.

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  44. Teb zoo!
    1. Li Y,
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    3. Robinson TE

    (2003) Qhov chaw ntawm cov kev hloov ntawm amphetamine-ntxias cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv qhov ceev ntawm dendritic spines on medium spiny neurons nyob rau hauv nucleus accumbens thiab caudate-putamen. Neuropsychopharmacology 28:1082-1085.

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    1. Li Y,
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    3. Robinson TE

    (2004) Qhov qis ntawm tus cwj pwm coj cwj pwm yog txuam nrog cocaine induced plasticity hauv cov tub ntxhais (tiam sis tsis plhaub) ntawm cov keeb kwm nucleus. Eur J Neurosci 20:1647-1654.

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  46. Teb zoo!
    1. London ED,
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    3. Voytek B,
    4. Simon SL,
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    (2005) Cov kab mob cerebral metabolic dysfunction thiab impaired vigilance nyob rau hauv recent abstinent methamphetamine abusers. Biol Psychiatry 58:770-778.

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  47. Teb zoo!
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    (2007) Methamphetamine-induced neural thiab kev paub hloov hauv cov nas tsuag. yees 102:61-69.

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  48. Teb zoo!
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    (2001) Cov kev xav ntawm kev sib deev "kev khiav tawm" thiab kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev sib deev thiab kev haus cawv muaj feem xyuam cov txiv neej thiab pojniam txivneej. J Subst Abuse 13:137-154.

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  49. Teb zoo!
    1. Meisel RL,
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    (2006) Kev paub txog kev sib daj sib deev nyob rau hauv cov poj niam hluas: cov cellular cells thiab cov kev ua haujlwm zoo. Lub hlwb mis 1126:56-65.

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  50. Teb zoo!
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    (1998) Phaj qib theem ntawm cov antioxidant glutathione muaj tsawg dua tom qab binge administration of methamphetamine. Neurosci Lett 255:49-52.

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  51. Teb zoo!
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    2. Panksepp J

    (2002) Cov kabmob ntev ntev ntawm amphetamine pretreatment yuav pab tau yav tom ntej tus cwj pwm kev noj qab haus huv rau kev siv tshuaj yeeb-thiab natural-reward: kev sib cuam tshuam nrog tej yam txawv. Behav hlwb Res 128:189-203.

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  52. Teb zoo!
    1. O'Dell SJ,
    2. Feinberg LM,
    3. Marshall JF

    (2011) Ib qho kev txiav txim siab neurotoxic ntawm methamphetamine impairs novelty paub raws li kev ntsuas los ntawm kev ntxhiab tsw-raws li haujlwm. Behav hlwb Res 216:396-401.

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  53. Teb zoo!
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    (2000) Cov kev paub ntawm cov kev paub tsis meej hauv kev ua rau mob amphetamine thiab heroin abusers. Neuropsychopharmacology 23:113-126.

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  54. Teb zoo!
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    (2002) Cov kev sib deev thiab tshuaj yeeb-siv cov txiv neej muaj kab mob HIV uas zoo li cov pej xeem thiab kev lag luam deev. AIDS Kev Kho Mob 14:815-826.

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    (1983) Kawm aversions rau kev coj tus cwj pwm ntawm cov txiv neej nas. Behav Neurosci 97:140-145.

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    (2001) Cawv, yeeb tshuaj thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev sib deev: kev tshuaj xyuas. J Psychoactive Tshuaj 33:223-232.

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  57. Teb zoo!
    1. Pfaus JG

    (2009) Cov hauj lwm ntawm kev sib deev muaj siab. J Kev Hais Txog Kev Sib Deev 6:1506-1533.

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    1. Pfaus JG,
    2. Phillips AG

    (1991) Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm dopamine nyob rau hauv kev xav thiab cwj pwm ntawm kev sib deev tus cwj pwm nyob rau hauv tus txiv neej nas. Behav Neurosci 105:727-743.

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  59. Teb zoo!
    1. Pierce RC,
    2. Kalivas PW

    (1997) Ib qho qauv duab ntawm kev qhia ntawm tus cwj pwm coj cwj pwm mus rau amphetamine zoo li psychostimulants. Kev Ntseeg Hauv Lub Hlwb 25:192-216.

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  60. Teb zoo!
    1. Pitchers KK,
    2. Balfour ME,
    3. Lehman MN,
    4. Richtand NM,
    5. Yu L,
    6. Coolen LM

    (2010) Neuroplasticity nyob rau hauv lub mesolimbic system induced los ntawm ntuj plig thiab tom qab nqi zog abstinence. Biol Psychiatry 67:872-879.

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  61. Teb zoo!
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    3. Cheng DM,
    4. Lub caij ntuj no M,
    5. Samet JH

    (2007) Cov koom haum ua dej num ntawm haus dej cawv, heroin, thiab yeeb yaj kiab siv thiab kev pheej hmoo siab ntawm kev sib deev ntawm cov neeg mob tsis zoo. Am J Siv yeeb tshuaj cawv 33:169-178.

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  62. Teb zoo!
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    4. Reiber C

    (2002) Tshuaj thiab kev sib deev: kev ua haujlwm ntawm hom tshuaj thiab poj niam txiv neej. J Subst Abuse Treat 22:103-108.

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  63. Teb zoo!
    1. Robinson TE,
    2. Kolb B

    (2004) Txuj kev zoo ntawm kev txuam nrog tshuaj yeeb ntawm kev tsim txom. Neuropharmacology 47(Khoom 1):33-46.

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    1. Robinson TE,
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    4. Kolb B

    (2002) Cov kab mob thoob plaws hauv thaj tsam ntawm cov kev sim ntawm tus kheej-piv txwv ntawm tus kheej-morphine rau dendritic spines hauv nucleus accumbens, hippocampus, thiab neocortex ntawm cov laus cov laus. synapse 46:271-279.

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  65. Teb zoo!
    1. Sánchez J,
    2. Comerford M,
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    4. Fernandez MI,
    5. McCoy CB

    (2002) Cov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev sib daj sib deev ntawm tus nees ej tus neeg tsis muaj keeb kwm uas tsis muaj keeb kwm kev siv tshuaj yeeb dej caw: qhov cuam tshuam rau kev pheej hmoo mob kas cees HIV. AIDS Kev Kho Mob 14:391-398.

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  66. Teb zoo!
    1. Schilder AJ,
    2. Lampinen TM,
    3. Miller ML,
    4. Npog RS

    (2005) Crystal methamphetamine thiab ecstasy txawv hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog kev sib deev tsis zoo ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas cov txiv neej. Tau J Public Health 96:340-343.

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  67. Teb zoo!
    1. Schröder N,
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    3. Marshall JF

    (2003) Neurotoxic methamphetamine regimen yog qhov ua rau kev sib raug zoo hauv kev sib raug zoo hauv cov nas. synapse 49:89-96.

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  68. Teb zoo!
    1. saib RE

    (2002) Neural substrates cov kev mob nkeeg-raug dua rov qab rau cov yeeb tshuaj nrhiav kev lag luam. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 71:517-529.

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    3. Grant I

    (2002) Kev mob siab nrog kev siv tshuaj methamphetamine siv cov kab mob HIV uas muaj kev sib deev nrog txiv neej. J Subst Abuse Treat 22:149-156.

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    1. Lub sijhawm SJ,
    2. Strathdee SA,
    3. Zians J,
    4. Patterson TL

    (2009) Kev coj cwj pwm sib deev nrog kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev siv tshuaj txiav yeeb (methamphetamine) thiab lwm yam tshuaj hauv tus qauv ntawm cov txiv neej HIV uas muaj kev sib deev nrog txiv neej. Kuv J Addict 18:65-72.

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  71. Teb zoo!
    1. Shippenberg TS,
    2. Heidbreder C

    (1995) Xiam tshaj tawm rau cov teebmeem ntawm kev ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov yeeb tshuaj: cov yeeb tshuaj ntawm lub cev thiab lub cev. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 273:808-815.

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  72. Teb zoo!
    1. Shippenberg TS,
    2. Heidbreder C,
    3. Lefevour A

    (1996) Hnov kom muaj kev cuam tshuam cov txiaj ntsim zoo ntawm morphine: pharmacology thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub cev. Eur J Pharmacol 299:33-39.

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  73. Teb zoo!
    1. Simon SL,
    2. Domier CP,
    3. Muaj T,
    4. Richardson K,
    5. Raws li RA,
    6. Ling W

    (2002) Kev paub txog kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov tshuaj methamphetamine thiab cocaine abusers tam sim no. J Addict Dis 21:61-74.

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  74. Teb zoo!
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    2. Kelly JA,
    3. McAuliffe TL,
    4. Ksobiech K,
    5. Hackl KL

    (2003) Cov kwv yees hais txog kev mob HIV ntawm tus cwj pwm ntawm kev sib deev hauv ib qho qauv ntawm kev siv yeeb tshuaj-siv txiv neej thiab poj niam. AIDS Behav 7:383-393.

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  75. Teb zoo!
    1. Springer AE,
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    3. Shegog R,
    4. Dawb DL,
    5. Kelder SH

    (2007) Methamphetamine kev siv thiab kev coj cwj pwm kev sib deev nyob hauv US cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv: tshawb pom los ntawm kev soj ntsuam cov kev coj cwj pwm teb chaws. Prev Sci 8:103-113.

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  76. Teb zoo!
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    4. Koeppe RA

    (2002) Ib txoj kev kawm hauv lub cev muaj zog ntawm tus mob schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 58:159-172.

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  77. Teb zoo!
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    2. Wilson H,
    3. Zhang Q,
    4. Pitchers KK,
    5. Coolen LM

    (2009) Kev sib deev tau txais txiaj ntsig hauv cov txiv neej nas: cov teebmeem kev sib deev ntawm kev nyiam qhov chaw nyiam nrog ejaculation thiab intromissions. Horm Behav 55:93-97.

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  78. Teb zoo!
    1. Vanderschuren LJ,
    2. Kalivas PW

    (2000) Cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv dopaminergic thiab glutamatergic kis tau rau hauv qhov kev qhia thiab qhia txog tus cwj pwm coj cwj pwm: qhov tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev tshawb xyuas kev tshawb fawb. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 151:99-120.

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  79. Teb zoo!
    1. Nqaij SL,
    2. Wagner GC

    (1992) Lub cev tsis muaj zog tom qab methamphetamine-vim raug tus kabmob neurotoxicity hauv nas. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 263:617-626.

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  80. Teb zoo!
    1. Webb IC,
    2. balthazar RM,
    3. Lehman MN,
    4. Coolen LM

    (2009a) Bidirectional kev sib tshuam sib txawv ntawm cov voj voog thiab cov nqi zog tshaj lij: cov khoom noj muaj kev txwv tsis pub nkag mus rau ib qho ze ze? Eur J Neurosci 30:1739-1748.

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  81. Teb zoo!
    1. Webb IC,
    2. balthazar RM,
    3. Wang X,
    4. Pitchers KK,
    5. Coolen LM,
    6. Lehman MN

    (2009b) Qhov txawv ntawm kev hloov hauv ntuj thiab yeeb tshuaj, mesolimbic tyrosine hydroxylase, thiab lub sij hawm qhia lub suab hauv tus txiv neej. J Biol Rhythms 24:465-476.

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  82. Teb zoo!
    1. Whitelaw RB,
    2. Markou A,
    3. Robbins TW,
    4. Everitt BJ

    (1996) Excitotoxic qhov chaw ntawm lub caij tsheb cawv hauv plawv tsis zoo los ntawm kev siv cocaine-searching nyob rau hauv ob-lub sij hawm ntawm qhov cuab lub zog. Psychopharmacology 127:213-224.

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  83. Teb zoo!
    1. Winstanley CA,
    2. Olausson P,
    3. Taylor JR,
    4. Jentsch JD

    (2010) Kev pom zoo rau kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb thiab kev quav yeeb tshuaj los ntawm kev tshawb fawb siv cov tsiaj qauv. Haus dej cawv ua noj haus 34:1306-1318.

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