Kev saib duab liab qab "Kev Xaiv Select Raug": Tso Nws Mus, Cia Nws Tso II (2021) los ntawm Paul J. Wright

Wright, PJ  Tus poj niam txiv neej Behav 50, 393-399 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-021-01922-z

“Tso nws mus, cia nws mus

Tsis tuaj yeem tuav nws ntxiv lawm

Tso nws mus, tso nws mus

Tig mus thiab plam lub qhov rooj ”(Elsa - Disney's khov)

Hauv lwm Tsab Ntawv hauv qhov teebmeem no, kuv tau sau ib qho kev qhia luv luv txog ntawm ntau qhov kev phom sij ntawm qhov tam sim no mus rau cov neeg thib peb hauv kev saib duab liab qab nyob rau kev tshawb fawb (Wright, 2021)). Kuv vam tias cov neeg nyeem tsab ntawv no yuav nyeem nws cov txheej txheem ua ntej, tab sis nws thesis yog tias cov neeg tshawb xyuas saib duab liab qab yuav tsum kho cov thib peb yam tseem ceeb raws li kev twv ua ntej (piv txwv li, cov xwm txheej uas sib txawv ntawm cov zaus thiab hom duab liab qab siv), kev sib kho ), los yog nruab nrab (tib neeg thiab cov ntsiab lus uas tab kaum los sis pab cuam uas cuam tshuam nrog cov duab liab qab),

Txog ib xyoo caum lig rau cov khov tog, muaj kuv tus ntxhais nyuam qhuav nyuam qhuav muaj hnub nyoog sib tw nrog Abraham, Kuv tau hais Elsa hauv kev nug kuv cov npoj yaig "Cia mus" ntawm "muaj peev xwm tsis meej pem" qauv thiab txav mus rau hauv "kev twv, txheej txheem, thiab txuas" qauv. Raws li kuv tau sau tseg, cov lus ntuas no yog ob peb xyoos hauv kev txiav txim siab thiab kuv xav tias yuav zoo siab muaj qhov kawg, ua ntu zus, hais nws.

Hnub tom qab, txawm li cas los xij, lub siab ntawm "kev ua lag luam tsis tiav" tau nce zuj zus tuaj. Kuv paub muaj lwm cov lus nyob ntev uas xav tau kev qhia. Tig mus Nkaub II tam sim no rau kev tshoov siab (raws li kuv tus ntxhais tau hloov mus rau Elsa thiab Anna txoj kev lom zem tom ntej), Kuv hais qhia Anna thiab xav kom kuv cov npoj yaig pom qhov tsis zoo ntawm nws cov lus thaum lawv tam sim no siv rau "xaiv-raug raws li lwm cov lus piav qhia" hauv kev sib tham Kev tshawb nrhiav saib duab liab qab.

Cov Teeb Meem Tam Sim No.

“Qee yam yeej muaj tseeb; Qee yam yeej tsis hloov ”

(Anna - Tus Disney Frozen II)

Raws li ib tus neeg nyeem txawm tias ib txwm paub txog ntawm cov kev sib tham ntawm cov duab liab qab cuam tshuam cov ntaub ntawv siv cov ntaub ntawv hla ib ntu paub, nws yog qhov kev lees paub tias cov kws sau ntawv yuav ceeb toom tias ib lub koom haum twg lawv pom ntawm kev siv duab liab qab (X) thiab kev ntseeg, cwj pwm, lossis kev coj hauv qab kev kawm (Y) tej zaum yuav yog vim "raug xaiv-kis" (piv txwv li, cov neeg twb muaj kev ntseeg, cwj pwm, lossis tus cwj pwm coj los cuam tshuam rau cov ntsiab lus kev sib deev uas piav qhia nws) tsis yog kev sib deev (piv txwv li, tib neeg raug cuam tshuam los ntawm cov ntsiab lus kev sib deev nyob hauv kev coj ntawm kev ntseeg, cwj pwm, lossis cwj pwm). Hauv lwm lo lus, cov kws sau ntawv yuav los txais yuav lub stance uas txawm hais tias cov nplooj ntawv ntawm cov kev xav thiab theoretical sib cav lawv mob siab rau ua pov thawj a X → Y dynamic hauv lawv cov ntawv nyeem piav txog ntu, nws tsuas yog zoo li tus neeg ntawd Y → XCov. Tus kws sau ntawv yuav hu rau "kev tshawb nrhiav ntev ntev" rau "daws" qhov qhia txog ntawm kev sib raug zoo. Kev txheeb xyuas cov lus sib tham ntawm xyoo thiab xyoo dhau los txog niaj hnub no qhia tias nws yeej ib txwm muaj tseeb tias cov duab liab qab hla – cov koom haum tau tshwm sim tsuas yog vim muaj kev xaiv-kis zoo li kev sib deev; qhov no “yeej tsis hloov,” hais txog Anna.

Qhov no yog, ntawm chav kawm, antithetical rau kev kawm. Tsis muaj ib yam "yeej ib txwm muaj tseeb" hauv kev tshawb fawb, vim hais tias kev paub txog "hloov" thaum cov kev paub tshiab yog tsim tawm. Raws li Arendt thiab Matthes (2017), “Kev tshawb fawb muab tso rau hauv kev nkag siab hais tias txhua qhov kev tshawb fawb tsim tau haujlwm dhau los” (p. 2). Raws li Hocking thiab Miller (1974), “Cov kws tshawb fawb tsis xav pib tshawb fawb los ntawm kos. Lawv tuaj yeem tsim kho lub zog ua ntej ntawm kev paub "(p. 1). Raws Li Sparks (2013), txuj ci “qhib rau kev hloov kho – raws li sijhawm, cov pov thawj tshiab yuav cia siab tias yuav tau hloov txoj kev xav tam sim no” (p. 14).

Raws li ib tus neeg nyeem txawm tias ib txwm paub txog ntawm cov kev sib tham ntawm cov duab liab qab cuam tshuam cov ntaub ntawv siv cov ntaub ntawv hla ib ntu paub, nws yog qhov kev lees paub tias cov kws sau ntawv yuav ceeb toom tias ib lub koom haum twg lawv pom ntawm kev siv duab liab qab (X) thiab kev ntseeg, cwj pwm, lossis kev coj hauv qab kev kawm (Y) tej zaum yuav yog vim "raug xaiv-kis" (piv txwv li, cov neeg twb muaj kev ntseeg, cwj pwm, lossis tus cwj pwm coj los cuam tshuam rau cov ntsiab lus kev sib deev uas piav qhia nws) tsis yog kev sib deev (piv txwv li, tib neeg raug cuam tshuam los ntawm cov ntsiab lus kev sib deev nyob hauv kev coj ntawm kev ntseeg, cwj pwm, lossis cwj pwm). Hauv lwm lo lus, cov kws sau ntawv yuav los txais yuav lub stance uas txawm hais tias cov nplooj ntawv ntawm cov kev xav thiab theoretical sib cav lawv mob siab rau ua pov thawj a X → Y dynamic hauv lawv cov ntawv nyeem piav txog ntu, nws tsuas yog zoo li tus neeg ntawd Y → XCov. Tus kws sau ntawv yuav hu rau "kev tshawb nrhiav ntev ntev" rau "daws" qhov qhia txog ntawm kev sib raug zoo. Kev txheeb xyuas cov lus sib tham ntawm xyoo thiab xyoo dhau los txog niaj hnub no qhia tias nws yeej ib txwm muaj tseeb tias cov duab liab qab hla – cov koom haum tau tshwm sim tsuas yog vim muaj kev xaiv-kis zoo li kev sib deev; qhov no “yeej tsis hloov,” hais txog Anna.

Qhov no yog, ntawm chav kawm, antithetical rau kev kawm. Tsis muaj ib yam "yeej ib txwm muaj tseeb" hauv kev tshawb fawb, vim hais tias kev paub txog "hloov" thaum cov kev paub tshiab yog tsim tawm. Raws li Arendt thiab Matthes (2017), “Kev tshawb fawb muab tso rau hauv kev nkag siab hais tias txhua qhov kev tshawb fawb tsim tau haujlwm dhau los” (p. 2). Raws li Hocking thiab Miller (1974), “Cov kws tshawb fawb tsis xav pib tshawb fawb los ntawm kos. Lawv tuaj yeem tsim kho lub zog ua ntej ntawm kev paub "(p. 1). Raws Li Sparks (2013), txuj ci “qhib rau kev hloov kho – raws li sijhawm, cov pov thawj tshiab yuav cia siab tias yuav tau hloov txoj kev xav tam sim no” (p. 14).

Yog tias tsis muaj kev tshawb nrhiav ntev ntev los sib piv txog kev sib deev ntawm kev sib deev thiab kev xaiv-raug piav qhia, nws yuav yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev cuam tshuam los ntawm cov duab liab qab cuam tshuam los ntawm kev tshawb fawb kom ua rau pom qhov tom kawg ua cov lus piav qhia sib luag rau cov koom haum tseem ceeb lawv pom ntawm kev saib duab liab qab-siv thiab cov txiaj ntsig (cov) lawv kawm. Tau luam tawm ntau tus ntawv ntawm cov ntawv hla ntev ua cov ntawv pov thawj pom txog kev sib deev tab sis tsis xaiv kev sib deev, Kuv paub tias muaj cov kev tshawb fawb no, txawm li cas los xij. Ib txoj kab ke hla kev ntev ntev uas siv txoj kev tshawb no siv cov ntaub ntawv vaj huam sib luag los sib piv X → Y thiab Y → X kev piav qhia rau lub directionality ntawm lub XY kev sib raug zoo. Vim tias cov theem ntxov ntawm cov txheej txheem muaj suav nrog covariate, lub koom haum yav tom ntej tseem ceeb qhia tias cov twv ua si muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog cov kev hloov ib leeg ntawm cov txheej txheem hauv lub sijhawm.

Txhawm rau saib yog tias muaj lwm yam kev tshawb fawb dhau ntawm kuv tus kheej, kuv tau tshawb nrhiav Google Scholar tshawb nrhiav siv cov lus hauv qab no: (1) "duab liab qab" "xaiv-raug" "hla" thiab (2) "duab liab qab" "rov ua kom raug" "Hla kev." Vim tias ob qhov muaj zog tuaj yeem siv thaum mus ua si (Slater, 2015), Kuv kuj tau tshawb “duab liab qab” “sib pab” “hla kev.”

Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav no raug ua kom pom tseeb hauv Table 1Cov. Ntawm 25 qhov kev tshawb fawb, feem ntau (14) pom cov pov thawj ntawm kev sib deev kev sib deev xwb; kev saib duab liab qab ua ntej siv tom ntej los kwv yees ib lossis ntau ntawm cov txiaj ntsig tau kawm, tab sis cov lus sib cav tsis yog (piv txwv li, theem ua ntej ntawm cov txiaj ntsig lossis txiaj ntsig tsis tau twv ua ntej tom qab siv cov duab liab qab). Kaum txoj kev tshawb nrhiav pom cov pov thawj ntawm qhov ua rov zoo (piv txwv li, ua ntej pom zoo ua rau muaj qee tus neeg nyiam haus cov duab liab qab ntau dua li lwm tus thiab cov neeg no tau cuam tshuam tom qab los ntawm lawv cov kev sib raug zoo). Tsuas yog ib txoj kev tshawb nrhiav pom cov pov thawj ntawm kev xaiv-kis nkaus xwb. Txawm li cas los xij, raws li cov ntsiab lus ntxaws hauv cov lus taw qhia hauv cov lus, cov qauv ntawm kev sib txheeb ua ke dav dav qhia txog kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev cuam tshuam rov qab los yog tsis cuam tshuam rau ib qho twg.

Kuj tseem ceeb toom yog kev tshawb nrhiav vaj huam sib luag ntev uas tau pom cov duab liab qab tseem ceeb associa koom nrog cov txiaj ntsig, tom qab kev txheeb xyuas cov txiaj ntsig tau ntxov dhau los. Piv txwv ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb no tau teev nyob hauv Table 2Cov. Raws li Collins li al. (2004) tau teev nyob rau hauv ib ntawm thawj qhov kev tshawb fawb txog kev sib deev ntawm kev sib deev, "peb cov kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas rau cov tub ntxhais hluas theem ntawm kev sib deev ntawm lub hauv paus, piav qhia txog kev rov ua txhaum rau peb txoj kev tshawb pom qhov tseeb" (p. 287).

Hauv kev xaus, qhov kev xav tias cov kev sib cuam tshuam tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv duab liab qab thiab kev ntseeg, tus yam ntxwv, thiab tus cwj pwm hauv kev tshawb fawb txog kev tshawb fawb tuaj yeem yog vim muaj kev xaiv tag nrho-kev cuam tshuam yog qhov tsis sib haum nrog cov ntawv pov thawj uas muaj ntau ntxiv thiab tsuas yog txhawb nqa los ntawm lub tswv yim (los tawm tsam Arendt & Matthes, 2017; Hocking & Miller, 1974; Sparks, 2013) espousing tias kev kawm yog noncumulative thiab txhua qhov kev tshawb fawb yog cais cais uas sawv ntawm nws tus kheej; cov kws tshawb fawb yuav tsum pib los ntawm kos txhua qhov kev tshawb nrhiav – lawv tsis tuaj yeem txhim kho ntawm lub cev ua ntej ntawm kev paub; thiab qhov kev tshawb fawb ntawd tsis qhib kev hloov kho – tsis hais txog lub sijhawm dhau los thiab cov pov thawj tshiab, txoj kev xav txog qhov xwm txheej yuav tsum tsis txhob rov kho dua.

Cov Lus Taw Qhia rau Cov Ntawv Sau, Cov Khoom Kho, thiab Cov Tshuaj Xyuas

Muab cov lus saum toj no, Kuv pom zoo cov hauv qab no rau cov kws sau ntawv, cov hloov kho, thiab cov tshuaj xyuas cov duab liab qab cuam tshuam txog kev tshawb fawb tshawb pom kev kwv yees lub koom haum tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv duab liab qab thiab kev ntseeg, cwj pwm, thiab kev coj.

sau phau ntawv: Tsis txhob hais tias kev xaiv-kis yog ib qho kev piav qhia sib luag rau koj qhov kev tshawb pom. Yog tias cov kuaj xyuas thiab cov hloov kho xav tau koj ua, muab daim ntawv no rau lawv. Yog tias lawv tseem xav tau, sau tsab ntawv uas yuav tsum tau ua "txwv" qhov tsis zoo rau koj tus kheej los ntawm qhov tsis pom zoo ntawm lub tswv yim thiab siv Daim Ntawv no.

Cov Neeg Tshuaj Xyuas: Tsis txhob nug tus sau phau ntawv hais tias qhov kev xaiv ua kis las yog qhov kev piav qhia sib txig sib luag rau lawv cov txiaj ntsig tshwj tsis yog koj tuaj yeem qhia tshwj xeeb vim li cas lawv cov ntaub ntawv thiab kev tshawb pom muaj xws li tshwj xeeb thiab tshiab cov ntaub ntawv uas cov pov thawj tau muab pov thawj rau qhov tsis sib xws. Muab lub xeev ntawm cov ntawv nyeem, theus yog nyob ntawm koj rau kev txiav txim siab vim li cas kev saib duab liab qab ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv tau piav qhia yog qhov tseeb tiag tiag xaiv-raug. Yog tias cov sau phau ntawv ua cov lus lawv tus kheej, xav kom lawv tshem nws thiab qhia lawv hauv tsab ntawv no.

Kho kom raug: Ntau dhau cov neeg soj ntsuam tsis paub txog uas xav tau tias cov kws sau ntawv xaiv ua kom raug xaiv. Qhia rau cov neeg sau tsab ntawv no thiab hais tias thaum ib rooj plaub sib hais sib hloov tau, ib rooj plaub rau kev xaiv raug tsuas yog yam tsis paub meej muab rau lub xeev ntawm cov ntawv nyeem tam sim no.

Rooj 1 - Hla kev tsis ntev txog kev saib duab liab qab cuam tshuam txog kev tshawb fawb sib piv kev sib deev kev sib deev thiab xaiv cov lus piav qhia

Rooj 2 - Kev ntsuas hloov txawv txav ua ntev ntev txog kev saib duab liab qab kev sib deev ntawm kev sib deev

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