Luam tawm: Lub Xya hli ntuj 25, 2016
Abstract
Objectives
Peb tau soj ntsuam cov feem ntawm thiab kev sib deev-cuam tshuam txog kev puas tau sib deev nrog cov poj niam txiv neej poj niam txiv neej (FSWs) ntawm cov neeg hluas muaj kev sib deev. Peb kuj tau piav qhia txog tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov hluas uas tau tshaj tawm txog kev siv hnab looj tsis raws cai nrog FSWs.
txoj kev
Qhov no yog qhov kev tshawb nrhiav ntu (cov lus teb: 73%) ntawm 300 heterosexually tus txiv neej hluas ua haujlwm ntawm 16 txog 19 xyoo mus koom hauv chaw txhaj tshuaj STI hauv tebchaws Singapore ntawm 2009 thiab 2014. Peb tau ntsuas cov kab mob ecological (tus kheej, niam txiv, phooj ywg, kev cuam tshuam hauv tsev kawm ntawv thiab hauv nruab nrab) thiab kev coj tus cwj pwm sib deev nrog siv daim ntawv qhia txog tus kheej. Poisson regression tau siv los txhawm rau kom tau txais cov kev hloov kho kom sib kis tau zoo (aPR) thiab kev ntseeg siab (CI).
tau
Qhov feem ntawm heterosexual txiv neej tub hluas uas tau sib deev nrog FSWs yog 39%. Kev tshawb fawb ntau yam pom tau hais tias muaj feem tseem ceeb ua rau muaj kev sib deev nrog FSWs yog kev sib daj sib deev ua ntej 16 xyoo (aPR 1.79 CI: 1.30 – 2.46), tsis muaj ib tus hluas nkauj tau sib deev (aPR 1.75 CI 1.28 – 2.38), qhia tus kheej qis dua cov qhab nia siab (aPR 0.96 CI: 0.93 – 0.98), cov qhab nia siab dua (aPR 1.03 CI: 1.00 – 1.07) thiab ntau dua saib cov duab liab qab (aPR 1.47 CI: 1.04 – 2.09). Lub neej siv tsis raws sijhawm ntawm kev siv hnab looj nrog FSWs yog 30%.
cov lus xaus
Feem coob ntawm cov txiv neej hluas tub nyiam poj niam mus kawm rau hauv tsev kho mob tus kab mob STI tau muaj kev sib deev nrog FSWs. Cov phiaj xwm cuam tshuam uas cuam tshuam nrog ntau theem ntawm tus neeg rau tus cwj pwm no yog xav tau. Qhov no tseem ntau dua vim tias qhov ntau ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas tau qhia txog kev siv hnab looj tsis raug cai nrog FSWs, uas yuav ua tus choj ua tus kabmob STI xa mus rau zej zog. Kev tshuaj ntsuam thoob ntiaj teb ntawm cov hluas txoj kev noj qab haus huv yuav tsum suav nrog kev ntsuas cov zaus mus ntsib poj niam txiv neej thiab siv hnab looj nrog FSW rau kev tshuaj xyuas mus ntev thiab kev soj ntsuam.
Nuj nqis
Citation: Ng JYS, Wong ML (2016) Cov Neeg Txuas Txhaum Cai ntawm Cov Neeg Hluas Hluav Taws Xob Muaj Kev Sib Deev nrog poj niam pw ua ke hauv tebchaws Singapore. PLOS ONE 11 (1): e0147110. doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0147110
editor: Jesse Lawton Clark, David Geffen Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv Kho Mob ntawm UCLA, UNITED STATES
Tau txais: Lub Xya hli ntuj 26, 2015; Tau txais: Hlis 29, 2015; Luam tawm Lub ib hlis ntuj 25, 2016
Copyright: © 2016 Ng, Wong. Nov yog kev qhib nkag mus saib cov ntsiab lus xa tuaj nyob rau hauv nqe lus ntawm Creative Commons Attribution Licence, uas tso cai siv, kev faib khoom, thiab kev tsim tawm hauv txhua qhov nruab nrab, los ntawm tus thawj tus kws sau ntawv thiab qhov chaw muaj npe.
Cov Ntaub Ntawv Muaj Peev Xwm: Vim tias qhov raug cai yuav tsum hais txog tus neeg koom nrog kev ceev ntiag tug, cov ntaub ntawv teev cia tsawg kawg nkaus yuav ua rau muaj thaum thov. Kev thov rau cov ntaub ntawv yuav raug xa mus rau tus sau tus coj ([email tiv thaiv]).
Nyiaj: Txoj kev tshawb no yog nyiaj txiag los ntawm National Medical Research Council (NMRC), Singapore. Tsis muaj qhov teeb meem tsis sib haum xeeb. NMRC TSIS koom nrog 1) kev kawm tsim; (2) kev sau, tshuaj xyuas, thiab txhais cov ntaub ntawv; (3) kev sau ntawv qhia; thiab (4) kev txiav txim siab xa cov ntawv rau kev tshaj tawm.
Kev nyiam kev sib tw: Cov sau phau ntawv tau tshaj tawm tias tsis muaj kev sib tw txaus siab.
Introduction
Cov neeg siv cov poj niam deev poj niam (FSWs) yog cov pab pawg tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev sib kis kab mob sib kis (STIs) thiab tib neeg cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob (HIV) hauv Asia. [1] Hauv Suav Teb, cov neeg tau txais FSWs tau pom tias muaj 12 lub sijhawm thiab 6 lub sijhawm muaj kev sib txawv ntawm kev kis tus kabmob HIV thiab mob syphilis feem ntau piv rau cov pejxeem neeg loj. [2] Txawm hais tias muaj kev pheej hmoo, los ntawm kev sib deev ntawm kev ua lag luam yog saib raws li kev sib raug zoo hauv Asia. [3, 4]
Kev tshuaj ntsuam thoob ntiaj teb ntawm 46,961 Cov txiv neej sib deev hauv Is Nrias teb tau tshaj tawm tias cov txiv neej hluas muaj qhov siab dua mus yuav cov kev pabcuam kev sib deev piv rau cov neeg laus. [5] Hauv txoj kev tshawb no, 15 txog 24 xyoo yog ob zaug ntau dua li cov neeg hnub nyoog 45 thiab saum toj no tau muaj kev sib deev nrog FSWs hauv ib lub xyoo dhau los. Ntawm cov nyob nruab nrab ntawm 15 txog 24 xyoo, 41% tsis siv cov hnab looj kom xwm yeem nrog FSWs. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev faib ua feem ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas, txhais tias yog 10 txog 19 xyoo los ntawm World Health Organization, uas tau koom nrog kev sib deev nrog FSWs thiab cov ntsiab lus cuam tshuam nrog tus cwj pwm no tsis tau hais qhia hauv qhov kev tshawb fawb no. Raws li qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm peb cov kev paub, tam sim no tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam tshwj xeeb rau tus cwj pwm tshwj xeeb no rau cov hluas hauv Asia tej zaum vim tias cov peev txheej tau tso rau cov kev cuam tshuam rau cov laus cov txiv neej thiab FSWs. Lwm qhov laj thawj tuaj yeem yog vim muaj qhov paucity ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm qhov loj ntawm tus cwj pwm no thiab nws cov txuam nrog, uas tuaj yeem ua rau txoj cai thiab kev coj ncaj ncees xws li niam txiv kev tso cai rau kev sau cov ntaub ntawv rhiab no. [6Txawm li cas los xij, kev tsom cov pab pawg no yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws vim tias nws tuaj yeem cuam tshuam lawv tus cwj pwm kev sib deev thaum lub sijhawm hluas. [7] Tsis tas li ntawd, Asia yog tus thib ob ntau ntawm tus kabmob HIV tshiab ntawm cov neeg hluas. [8] Txawm li cas los xij, muaj qhov tsis muaj kev nce qib hauv kev tiv thaiv tus kab mob HIV tshiab rau pawg neeg no vim tsis muaj ntaub ntawv txaus. [6]
Thaum uas feem ntau cov kev tshawb fawb txog correlates txuam nrog kev yuav poj niam txiv neej suav nrog cov txiv neej laus kuaj [2, 5, 9-11], qee leej ntsia mus rau hauv cov koom haum tshwj xeeb ntawm cov hluas. [12, 13] Cov kev tshawb pom ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim txom kev sib deev thiab kev coj tus cwj pwm pheej hmoo ntawm kev yuav poj niam txiv neej ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas tau pom zoo ib yam nkaus. Kev tshawb fawb hauv tebchaws Asmeskas hauv tebchaws Meskas tau txheeb xyuas cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov hluas thaum ntxov (hnub nyoog 12 txog 17 xyoo) uas cuam tshuam nrog kev yuav poj niam txiv neej nyob rau xyoo tom ntej (laus 18 txog 26 xyoo). [13] Nws tau tshawb pom tias keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim txom kev sib daj sib deev, kev siv yeeb tshuaj thiab kev khiav tawm hauv tsev yog qhov muaj kev pheej hmoo. Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, hauv kev tshawb fawb txog tsev kawm hauv tebchaws Canada, kev tsim txom kev sib daj sib deev thiab kev siv tshuaj yeeb tsis cuam tshuam nrog kev yuav cov kev pabcuam kev sib deev. Hauv qhov kev tshawb nrhiav no, 3% ntawm cov nyob nruab nrab ntawm 15 txog 18 xyoo twb tau yuav cov kev sib deev thiab lawv tau pom tias muaj kev sib daj sib deev ntau dua thiab tseem muaj cov neeg pom zoo rau kev ua niam ntiav. [12] Thaum qhov kev tshawb fawb no txhawm rau txhim kho kev nkag siab txog cov laj thawj cuam tshuam nrog kev yuav kev pabcuam kev sib deev ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas, peb kuj xav ua qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev coj tus cwj pwm sib deev nrog cuam tshuam nrog kev sib deev nrog FSWs. Qhov no ua rau lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb no, uas yog piav qhia txog qhov sib piv ntawm cov tub ntxhais sib deev tuaj mus rau pej xeem STI lub tsev kho mob hauv tebchaws Singapore uas tau muaj kev sib deev nrog FSWs, nrog rau cov xwm txheej hais txog kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev coj cwj pwm sib deev nrog rau qhov no cwj pwm. Lub hom phiaj thib ob yog kom piav qhia txog tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas uas tsis siv hnab looj hnab looj xwm yeem nrog FSWs. Qhov kev tshawb pom yuav pab qhia cov kev pab cuam rau cov txiv neej muaj hnub nyoog sib deev, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj hauv Singapore vim cov neeg hluas tau raug cais tawm los ntawm lub teb chaws tus cwj pwm soj qab saib rau kev sib deev.
Ntaub ntawv thiab kev
Cov tuaj koom thiab txais neeg ua haujlwm
Cov ntaub ntawv rau qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no tau kos los ntawm cov kev xav tau kev sojntsuam rau kev tiv thaiv kev noj qab haus huv (sau npe nrog ClinicalTrials.gov, tus lej NCT02461940) rau cov tub ntxhais hluas tau mus kawm chav Department of STI Control (DSC), tib lub chaw kho mob STI hauv tebchaws Singapore. Cov ntaub ntawv tau sau nruab nrab ntawm Kaum Ib Hlis 2009 thiab Kaum Ob Hlis 2014. Cov laj thawj rau kev ua kev tshawb fawb hauv qhov chaw kho mob no yog ob zaug. Xub thawj, kwv yees li 80% ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas uas tsis tshua muaj tus kabmob STIs hauv tebchaws Singapore tau tuaj koom qhov chaw kuaj mob no ib xyoos ib zaug. [14] Qhov thib ob, cov hluas uas tuaj koom no tseem yog pab pawg sib kis ntawm cov kabmob STI ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas hauv Singapore. Cov ntsiab lus xam nrog rau qhov kev tshawb fawb no yog: tsis tau sib yuav tus txiv neej hluas uas tau tshaj tawm hais tias yog tus poj niam sib deev, txhais tau tias muaj kev sib deev nrog poj niam, thiab hnub nyoog 16 txog 19 mus koom hauv chaw kho mob thawj zaug. Raws li kev cai lij choj lub hnub nyoog ntawm kev sib deev hauv Singapore yog 16 xyoo, peb tsis nrhiav cov neeg hluas thaum qis dua 16 xyoo, uas yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv kev tshawb nrhiav tub ceev xwm rau kev ua txhaum cai.
Qhov kev tshawb fawb no tau pom zoo los ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv (National Health Group Domain Specific Review Board). Cov tub ntxhais hluas uas tau koom nrog qhov kev kawm no tau kos npe sau daim ntawv pom zoo tom qab tau txais cov lus piav qhia ntawm kev kawm, nyeem daim ntawv cov ntaub ntawv thiab tshab nug cov lus nug nrog tus neeg nug ntawv. Cov foos tso cai tau muab khaws cia rau hauv ib lub tub haujlwm hauv chaw kuaj mob DSC, tshwj tsis yog xa rov qab mus rau cov neeg koom. Qhov no yog vim tias, vim hais tias peb qhov kev kawm thiab lub hnub nyoog ntawm cov neeg tuaj koom, lawv tsis muaj peev xwm nqa cov ntaub ntawv uas qhia tias lawv mus ntsib DSC lub chaw kuaj mob. Hloov chaw, lawv yuav muab pov tseg cov ntawv kos npe uas ris lawv lub npe thiab tus lej cim hauv cov chaw pej xeem. Yog li ntawd, nws tsis raug nquahu kom xa cov ntawv kos npe rov qab rau cov neeg koom nrog. Txawm li cas los xij, daim ntawv kos npe tso cai tau tsim muaj rau tus neeg koom nrog hauv chaw kho mob yog tias tus neeg koom nrog xav tau nws. Raws li ib feem ntawm txoj kev tshawb no, raug nqi rau kev sim kab mob STI (txog li US $ 50) tau zam rau cov neeg koom.
Muaj ob ntu rau daim ntawv nug. Thawj qhov ntawm kev kawm ntawm haiv neeg thiab kev ua niam ua txiv raug tswj hwm tim ntsej tim muag los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv zos nrog cov neeg tuaj kawm nyob rau thaj chaw ntiag tug ntawm chaw kho mob. Qhov thib ob, uas tau tswj hwm tus kheej, muaj cov lus nug ntawm cov xwm txheej rhiab xws li kev pheej hmoo thiab tus cwj pwm kev sib deev thiab tau muab tso rau tom qhov kev tshawb fawb kawg. Yuav kom txo tau kev xav tau kev ncaj ncees, cov neeg tuaj koom tau lees tias qhov tsis pub leej twg paub thiab tsis qhia npe. Lawv tau hais qhia txog txoj kev tshawb nrhiav, uas yog kom nkag siab zoo dua lawv tus cwj pwm thiab siv cov lus tshawb pom los npaj cov phiaj xwm rau lawv.
Ntawm 409 cov tub ntxhais hluas uas tsim nyog uas tau mus ntsib tsev kho mob thaum lub sijhawm kawm, 300 (73%) tau pom zoo thiab ua tiav qhov kev tshawb fawb. Lub ntsiab yog vim li cas rau kev tsis tso cai yog qhov tsis muaj peev xwm ua txhaum kev sib deev kev kawm tshawb fawb txog kev sib deev. Tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov neeg teb thiab tsis teb rau cov hnub nyoog (p = 0.320) thiab haiv neeg (p = 0.704).
Kev ntsuas
Cov txiaj ntsig sib txawv.
Qhov no yog dichotomized kuj sib txawv ntawm puas tau muaj kev sib deev nrog FSWs, uas yog raws li cov nqe lus nug: "Koj tau muaj pes tsawg tus neeg ua niam ntiav txij li koj tau sib deev thawj zaug?" Cov neeg uas teb "1" lossis ntau dua tau raug cais raws li " ib txwm muaj kev sib deev nrog FSWs ”thaum cov neeg uas qhia" 0 "raug cais raws li" tsis tau sib deev nrog FSW ".
Cov ntsiab lus cuam tshuam nrog kev txuam nrog kev sib deev nrog FSWs.
Peb tau hloov ntau txoj kev ua qauv rau kev coj noj coj ua [15] txhawm rau ntsuas cov xwm txheej cuam tshuam nrog kev sib deev tas li nrog FSWs, uas suav nrog cov kev ntsuas uas ntsuas tus tib neeg, niam txiv, phooj ywg, tsev kawm ntawv thiab xov xwm cuam tshuam. Rau cov khoom tsim ua ntu, txhua yam tau raug ntsuas uas siv Likert nplai thiab cov khoom tau raug suav los tsim cov qhab nia.
Txhua tus qib: Peb tau soj ntsuam qhov sib txawv ntawm cov pej xeem (hnub nyoog, hom chaw nyob, haiv neeg, kev ntseeg, kev kawm ntawv thiab kev ua haujlwm thiab qib kev kawm), kev coj tus cwj pwm pheej hmoo, keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim txom kev sib deev thiab tus cwm pwm. Cov cwj pwm pheej hmoo muaj xws li haus luam yeeb, haus dej cawv, sib ntaus thiab siv yeeb tshuaj. Cov cwj pwm ntawm tus kheej suav nrog cov hauv qab no: 7-cov khoom tawm tsam (Cronbach's alpha = 0.62) [16], 6-khoom hnov-nrhiav (Cronbach's alpha = 0.78) [16], 4-cov khoom pom tau txais kev tswj sab nraud (Cronbach's alpha = 0.72) [17] thiab 10-yam khoom Rosenberg kev txhawb nqa tus kheej (Cronbach's alpha = 0.66) [18]. Txhua yam hauv tus cwjpwm kev coj zoo raug txheeb xyuas siv 4-point Likert nplai ntawm "Tsis zoo li kuv", "Txawv zoo li kuv", "Zoo li kuv" thiab "Ib yam li kuv".
Niam txiv theem: Niam txiv lub zog tau txheeb xyuas los ntawm kev siv 7-cov khoom uas xav tau kev ua niam ua txiv (Cronbach's alpha = 0.79) thiab 8-yam khoom tso cai niam txiv (Cronbach's alpha = 0.72) indices [19] nrog cov lus teb rau txhua yam tau ntsuas rau ntawm 4-point Likert nplai, nrog rau cov lus hais "Kuv xav tias kuv tuaj yeem mus rau niam txiv / s nrog cov lus nug txog kev sib deev".
Cov qib kev kawm: Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov phooj ywg tau raug ntsuas raws ob feem: 6-cov khoom sib luag siv kev sib txuas siv 4-point Likert nplai (Cronbach's alpha = 0.74) [20] thiab lo lus nug "Cov phooj ywg koj tau deev ntau npaum li cas rau koj?"
Tsev kawm theem: School kev ua tau zoo raug soj ntsuam los ntawm cov lus nug "Koj yuav teev koj tus kheej hauv kev ua tau zoo hauv tsev kawm ntawv qhov twg?" thiab "Koj yuav muab koj tus kheej tso rau qhov kev kawm ua ke hauv tsev kawm ntawv qhov twg?"
Media theem: Cov ntsiab lus kev sib daj sib deev hauv pawg xov xwm ntau tau raug soj ntsuam los ntawm 3 hom kev sib kis: 1) kev tshaj tawm rau pej xeem, 2) txwv tsis pub tshaj tawm hauv Singapore, uas yog, cov duab liab qab thiab 3) xov xwm tshaj tawm. Kev tshaj tawm pej xeem hais txog TV programs / movies / videos / nkauj qhia txog kev sib deev lossis kev sib deev. Qhov ntau zaus tau raug txheeb xyuas tau siv yog 3-yam khoom siv cov qhab nia ntawm kev sib deev, [21] nrog txhua yam ntawm 4-point nplai (tsis tshua muaj, ib zaug hauv lub sijhawm, ntau zaus, yuav luag txhua lub sijhawm). Qhia tawm txog kev saib duab liab qab yog txiav txim siab los ntawm kev nug tias, "Koj nquag nyeem lossis saib cov duab liab qab heev npaum li cas?" Tshaj tawm rau cov xov xwm tshaj tawm yog hais txog puas tau nyeem lossis saib TV program / movies txog ib tus neeg kis tus kabmob STIs / HIV / AIDS. Ib qhov piv txwv ntawm yog lossis tsis tau yog "Kuv tau nyeem hauv ntawv xov xwm lossis ntawv xov xwm txog ib tus neeg kis mob kas cees."
Kev sib deev.
Cov neeg koom nrog tau tshaj tawm lub hnub nyoog ntawm thawj zaug kev sib deev (uas tau txhais tias yog kev sib deev ntawm qhov ncauj, pojniam lossis ntawm lub qhov quav) thiab peb tau txhais tias kev sib deev thaum ntxov yog hauv qab ntawm 16 xyoo. Zuag qhia tag nrho kev siv hnab looj qhov chaw mos nrog txhua tus khub yog los ntawm "Koj lossis koj tus khub puas tau siv hnab looj qau rau pojniam deev qhov chaw mos?" Nrog cov kev xaiv "Ib txwm", "Qee Zaum", "Tsis yog" thiab "Tsis nco qab" Cov. Tib lo lus nug thiab cov kev xaiv tau siv rau hnab looj siv rau kev sib deev hauv qhov ncauj thiab qhov quav. Ib qho ntxiv, lawv tau hais kom qhia lawv thawj tus khub nrog kev xaiv ntawm "tus hluas nkauj, niam ntiav, tus thov kev pab, tus khub raug mob lossis lwm tus". Cov neeg koom nrog yuav tsum tau qhia tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg sib deev hauv lub neej thiab tseem qhia tus lej ntawm txhua tus khub hauv qab no, “Tus (cov hluas nkauj), Cov niam ntiav, cov neeg mob, cov neeg tsis paub / cov paub thiab lwm tus”.
Kev kuaj pom tus kabmob STIs tau lees paub nrog cov kev kuaj sim thaum lub sijhawm mus sau npe kawm. Cov no suav nrog kev kis mob syphilis, (ncauj tsev menyuam, zis, kab mob txha nqaj qaum, txhaws ntswg, lub qhov ncauj) mob gonorrhea, mob chlamydia, mob tsis-gonococcal tso zis, mob rau ntawm chaw mos, mob caj dab, chaw mos molluscum sib kis, mob ntshauv thiab HIV.
Cov xeeb ceem thiab cov kev xav.
Tus cwj pwm xav siv hnab looj tau raws li cov qhab nia ntawm 7 cov lus. Txhua nqe lus tau ntsuas nrog 5-point Likert nplai ntawm “Tsis Txaus Ntseeg kiag”, “Tsis Txaus Siab”, “Nruab Nrab”, “Pom Zoo” thiab “Pom zoo heev”. Cov no suav nrog: (1) Cov hnab looj qau yog ib txoj hauv kev zoo tiv thaiv tus kabmob STIs. (2) Cov hnab looj qau tawg yooj yim. (3) Kuv pom tias nws dhuav / tsis yooj yim rau siv hnab looj. (4) Cov hnab looj qau txo qhov kev sib deev txaus siab. (5) Cov hnab looj qau ua rau poj niam sib deev tsawg. (6) Cov hnab looj qau kim dua. (7) Yooj yim / yooj yim kom tau siv hnab looj thaum kuv xav tau. Cov khoom 2, 3, 4 thiab 6 tau rov qab coded. Peb siv “Koj xav li cas yog koj lub caij muaj feem kis tau STIs? Cov neeg koom nrog kuj raug hais kom xaiv cov lus uas zoo tshaj plaws hais tias lawv xav li cas txog kev sib deev ua ntej sib yuav.
Kev mus ntsib kev sib deev thiab siv cov hnab looj.
Cov neeg teb uas tau tshaj tawm tias lawv tau sib deev nrog FSWs kuj tau hais kom muab cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv txog tus cwj pwm no. Kev pom zoo siv hnab looj nrog FSWs tau raug txheeb xyuas los ntawm kev siv "Koj puas tau xav txog kev siv hnab looj nrog cov niam ntiav nyob rau xyoo 1 xyoo tas los?" Txoj kev xaiv "Kuv siv hnab looj txhua lub sijhawm nrog cov niam ntiav" tau txiav txim siab zoo li kev siv hnab looj thiab cov kev xaiv ntxiv " Kuv ib txwm tsis xav siv nws ”," Kuv tau xav txog nws tab sis tsis tau pib siv "," Kuv xav siv hnab looj tab sis kuv tsis paub "," Kuv tau siv hnab looj ua ntej tab sis tsis tam sim no "thiab" Kuv tau siv qee cov hnab looj qau "tau muab cais ua cov siv tsis raws hnab looj. Lawv kuj raug nug, nrog cov kev xaiv xaiv ntau dua ib qho lus teb, lub teb chaws (ntawd yog, Singapore, Thaib, Indonesia, Cambodia, Malaysia, Tuam Tshoj, lwm lub tebchaws Asia lossis sab hnub poob) thiab hom (uas yog, brothel, txoj kev, zaws parlors, tuav / pubs lossis tsev so) ntawm coj mus kuaj kev sib deev. Peb cais kev, zaws parlors, tuav / pub thiab cov chaw ntiav pw raws li cov chaw uas tsis yog tus niam ntiav.
Tshawb fawb tawm
Hauv kev txheeb xyuas bivariate, categorical hloov pauv tau raug ntsuas siv chi-square lossis kev ntsuas sib txawv, qhov kev hloov pauv tsis tu ncua raug soj ntsuam siv Wilcoxon qib-tawm xeem. Rau cov ntau ntawm kev tsom xam, Poisson regression nrog kev muaj zog tsis sib xws yog siv hloov chaw logistic vim qhov kev faib ua feem ntau (> 10%) ntawm cov hluas qhia hais tias tau muaj kev sib deev nrog FSWs. Peb siv rau pem hauv ntej stepwise txoj kev tsim qauv. Txhua qhov kev sojntsuam muaj kev ywj pheej nrog p <0.1 los ntawm kev tsom xam bivariate tau nkag mus rau hauv tus qauv, siv kev xaiv rau pem hauv ntej. Cov no suav nrog kev haus dej haus cawv, tawm tsam, kev ntseeg tus kheej, pom kev tswj hwm sab nraud, kev kawm, kev kawm ua si, kev qhia ua yeeb yam, saib duab liab qab, hnub nyoog ntawm kev sib deev ua ntej hnub nyoog 16 xyoo thiab puas tau deev hluas nkauj. Tus thawj sib txawv uas suav rau qhov sib txawv siab tshaj plaws hauv tus qauv tau xaiv, thiab tus thib ob sib txawv tau xaiv. Cov hloov pauv tom qab tau ntxiv kom txog thaum tsis muaj qhov sib txawv hauv qhov kev twv ua ntej ntawm cov txiaj ntsig sib txawv kom tau txais cov qauv feem ntau. Tus qauv raug hloov kho kom haum rau cov pej xeem (qhov ntawd yog, hnub nyoog, haiv neeg, hom chaw nyob, theem kev kawm) thiab xyoo xaiv neeg. Qhov zoo-ntawm-haum rau tus qauv kawg qhia tau tias tus qauv haum rau cov ntaub ntawv zoo (p = 1.00). Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntsiab lus tau muab teev tseg nyob rau hauv p <0.05 thiab tau hloov kho kom raws qhov feem sib txawv (aPR) tau tshaj tawm. Peb tau siv cov software software Stata 14.0 (Stata Corp, Tsev Kawm Qib Siab Cov Chaw Nres Tsheb, Tex) los ua qhov kev suav tawm.
tau
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm tib neeg thiab tus cwj pwm kev sib deev
Zuag qhia tag nrho, cov hnub nyoog nruab nrab ntawm cov neeg tuaj koom yog 18 xyoo (interquartile range [IQR]: 18 – 19). Me ntsis ntau dua ib nrab (57%) yog Suav, 33% yog neeg Malay thiab lwm tus yog cov neeg Indian thiab Eurasian. Muaj tsis muaj cov ntsiab lus zoo sib cuam tshuam ntawm kev sib txawv ntawm cov haiv neeg thiab cov tsiaj ntawv ywj pheej ib txwm muaj rau kev sib deev nrog FSWs. Plaub caug xya feem pua ntawm cov neeg tsis tuaj kawm ntawv. Txog 40% ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas muaj ≤10 xyoo kev kawm. Ntawm 140 uas tsis tau mus kawm ntawv rau ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb, 66 (47%) yog cov tso tawm hauv tsev kawm. Cov tib neeg-kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev coj tus cwj pwm pheej hmoo tau muab los piav nyob hauv rooj 1Cov. Cov poj niam nrab hnub nyoog nruab nrab yog 16 xyoo (IQR: 15 – 18) thiab cov lej nruab nrab ntawm cov neeg sib deev hauv lub neej yog 3 (IQR: 2 – 6). Tsis muaj leej twg ntawm cov neeg koom lawv yeej tau them nyiaj rau poj niam txiv neej. Plaub caug-xya feem pua tau zoo nrog STIs. Kuj tsis muaj qee leej nrhiav tau tus kabmob HIV.
Kev faib ua feem ntawm heterosexual txiv neej tub ntxhais hluas uas tau sib deev nrog FSWs thiab lwm yam txuam nrog kev puas tau deev nrog FSWs
Ib puas thiab kaum yim (39%, 95% CI: 34% -45%) tau tshaj tawm tias puas tau muaj kev sib deev nrog FSWs, nrog rau cov neeg Suav (44%) ntau dua li Malaysia (29%) (p = 0.02). Hauv txoj kev txheeb xyuas bivariate, cov uas tshaj tawm kev tawm tsam siab dua (p = 0.002), kev ntseeg tus kheej qis dua (p = 0.02) thiab kev nkag siab zoo dua sab nraud tswj hwm (p = 0.01) cov qhab nia, thiab ntsuas lawv cov kev kawm kev kawm nruab nrab lossis qis dua (p = 0.02 ) tau ntxim yuav muaj kev sib deev nrog FSWs. Kev ntsuas ntau dua ntawm saib duab liab qab (p <0.001) tau pom muaj ntau dua ntawm cov neeg uas tau sib deev nrog FSWs. Qib kawm kev kawm (p = 0.62), niam txiv kev cuam tshuam [Xav tau niam txiv kev ntsuas: p = 0.20; Cov ntsiab lus tso cai: p = 0.49] thiab tus phooj ywg kev sib txuas [Peer kev sib txuas: p = 0.85] tsis cuam tshuam nrog tus cwj pwm no.
Raws li tau qhia nyob rau hauv rooj 2, cov txiv neej tus txiv neej uas tau sib deev nrog FSWs tau nyiam sib deev ua ntej muaj hnub nyoog 16 xyoo (p = 0.01) thiab muaj kev sib deev ntau dua (p <0.001). Txawm li cas los xij, lawv tsis tshua pom muaj kev sib daj sib deev (p <0.001) thiab feem ntau yuav tshaj qhia txog kev siv hnab looj qau thoob lub neej nrog txhua tus neeg koom nrog rau lub paum (p <0.001), qhov ncauj (p <0.001) thiab deev qhov quav p = 0.048) nrog txhua hom kev koom tes.
On multivariate tsom xam (rooj 3), cov tub ntxhais hluas uas tau pib sib deev ua ntej 16 xyoo (aPR 1.79 CI: 1.30 – 2.46), tsis muaj tus hluas nkauj deev hluas (aPR 1.75 CI 1.28 – 2.38), qhia tus qhab nia tus kheej qis dua (aPR 0.96 CI: 0.93 – 0.98) , cov qhab nia siab dua (aPR 1.03 CI: 1.00 – 1.07) thiab saib cov duab liab qab ntau dua (aPR 1.47 CI: 1.04 – 2.09) yog cov muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog kev sib deev nrog FSWs.
Kev mus ntsib kev pw ua ke, siv hnab looj thiab kabmob STIs
Ntawm cov neeg uas tau sib deev nrog FSWs, 38% tshaj tawm tias lawv tau sib deev thawj zaug nrog FSW, thaum tus so feem ntau yog nrog tus hluas nkauj (41%) lossis tus khub sib xws (14%). Cov hnub nyoog nruab nrab hauv lub neej ntawm kev sib deev nrog FSWs yog 2 (IQR: 1 – 3). Feem ntau qhov chaw ntawm kev yuav cov kev pabcuam kev sib deev yog nyob hauv Singapore (51%), tom qab ntawd Thaib (40%) thiab Indonesia (17%). Zuag qhia tag nrho, 30% (n = 35) tsis tau siv hnab looj kom xwm yeem nrog FSWs hauv ib lub xyoo dhau los. Ib nrab ntawm cov neeg teb (51%) tau muaj kev sib deev nrog tus tub luam uas yog tus FSWs thiab 35% nrog cov neeg ua haujlwm txoj kev.
Peb pom tias Malay cov tub ntxhais hluas tsis tshua pom zoo siv hnab looj nrog FSWs piv rau cov tsis muaj neeg Malaysia (59% vs. 20%, p <0.001). Tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm kev sib deev nrog FSWs ntawm cov neeg uas siv hnab looj xwm yeem nrog FSWs thiab cov neeg uas tsis siv (Median (IQR): 2 (1-3) vs. 2 (2-3), p = 0.54 )). Cov siv hnab looj tsis tu ncua kuj tsis txawv ntawm cov neeg siv hnab looj tsis tu ncua hauv lawv cov cwj pwm kev xav txog kev siv hnab looj (Median (IQR): 23 (20-25) vs. 23 (21-25), p = 0.80).
Qhov feem ntawm kuaj pom tus kabmob STI ntawm kev nrhiav neeg ua haujlwm tau pom tias zoo sib xws ntawm cov neeg uas koom nrog kev sib deev nrog FSWs thiab cov uas tsis ua (41.9% vs. 49.7%, p = 0.19). Txawm li cas los xij, ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas uas tau sib deev nrog FSWs, kuaj pom tias tus kabmob STI tau nce siab dua ntawm cov uas tsis siv hnab looj xwm yeem nrog FSWs thiab txhua tus khub ntxiv piv rau cov siv hnab looj xwm yeem (59% vs. 17%, p <0.001). Kev kuaj mob STIs kuj tseem muaj ntau dua, txawm hais tias tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb, ntawm cov neeg uas tau sib deev nrog cov neeg tsis muaj niam ntiav tsuas yog piv rau cov neeg uas tau sib deev nrog brothel-based FSWs nkaus xwb (46% vs. 32%, p = 0.27). Cov npua 1 thiab 2 feem qhia tau feem pua ntawm cov neeg uas siv hnab looj tsis tu ncua los ntawm lub teb chaws thiab hom ntawm FSWs. Qhov feem ntau ntawm qhov tsis sib xws ntawm kev siv hnab looj (53%) tau tshaj tawm ntawm cov neeg uas yuav cov kev pabcuam kev sib deev hauv tebchaws Indonesia. Cov neeg koom nrog kev sib daj sib deev nrog cov neeg ua haujlwm txoj kev tshaj tawm qhia qhov feem pua ntawm kev siv hnab looj tsis raug cai (39%) thaum cov neeg uas tau sib deev nrog cov neeg ua haujlwm sib daj sib deev qhia qis tshaj (23%).
* Nyaj 10 Tuam Tshoj, 6 Malaysia, 2 Cambodia, 10 lwm lub tebchaws Asian thiab 2 Western cov tebchaws.
kev sib tham
Ib qho kev sib faib ntau heev (39%) ntawm cov txiv neej hluas muaj hnub nyoog uas tuaj koom cov neeg mob kas cees hauv Singapore hauv peb qhov kev tshawb fawb tau tshaj tawm tias lawv tau sib deev nrog FSWs. Qhov no yog qis dua qhov uas tau qhia hauv kev tshawb nrhiav lwm qhov chaw hauv chaw kho mob STI hauv Nyab Laj, nyob rau hauv 84% ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas hnub nyoog 14 txog 19 xyoo tau mus xyuas FSWs hauv ib lub xyoo dhau los. [9] Peb kuj tseem pom muaj ntau qib sib txawv ntawm tus cwj pwm no. Hauv tus qauv hloov ntau yam, peb pom tias cov tub ntxhais hluas qhia cov hnub nyoog yau txog kev sib deev, tus qhab nia tus kheej qis dua, cov qhab nia siab dua, tsis tau muaj ib tus hluas nkauj deev, thiab ntau dua saib cov duab liab qab feem ntau tau tshaj tawm tias puas tau muaj dua li nrog txiv neej pw nrog FSWs.
Raws li peb paub, tsuas muaj ib txoj kev tshawb nrhiav hais txog kev coj tus cwj pwm ntawm kev sib deev nrog poj niam txiv neej pw ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas thiab qhov no tau ua los ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm hauv tsev kawm qib siab Canadian uas muaj hnub nyoog 16 txog 18. [12] Qhov kev tshawb fawb hla qhov no tau saib mus rau yam tseem ceeb xws li kev sib daj sib deev (uas yog 13 xyoo lossis qis dua), muaj cov koom tes sib xws, saib duab liab qab online thiab saib cov kev ua plees ua yi xws li stripteases. Tom qab multivariate hloov kho, tsuas yog saib kev sib deev kev ua si tshwm sim los ua lub hauv paus tseem ceeb. Qhov no txawv ntawm peb qhov kev tshawb pom tshawb nrhiav, tej zaum vim muaj kev sib txawv thiab kev txiav txim siab sib txawv. Txawm li cas los xij, peb cov txiaj ntsig tau zoo sib xws nrog cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov neeg laus cov txiv neej koom nrog kev sib deev ua lag luam. Ib qho kev tshawb fawb txog cov txiv neej Spanish muaj hnub nyoog 18 txog 49 pom tias cov neeg uas tsis tau muaj txij nkawm thiab pib sib deev ua ntej 16 xyoo muaj feem ntau yuav mus pw ua ke. [11] Daim ntawv tshaj tawm hauv tebchaws Australia tau piav qhia tias cov neeg laus txiv neej uas yog ib leeg tsis muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj kev sib raug zoo hauv kev sib deev thiab xav rau FSWs rau kev sib raug zoo. [22] Tsis tas li ntawd, saib duab liab qab yog qhov tseem ceeb cuam tshuam nrog kev yuav cov kev pabcuam kev sib deev ntawm cov neeg tsiv tebchaws Asmeskas nrog lub hnub nyoog nruab nrab ntawm 27 xyoo, thiab nws tau xav tias kev saib duab liab qab ua rau lawv muaj tus cwj pwm zoo ntxiv rau kev them nyiaj pw ua ke. [23]
Peb qhov kev tshawb pom tseem qhia txog cov ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb rau cov neeg hluas, uas yog xwm yeem nrog Jessor Qhov Teeb Meem Kev Coj Tus Cwj Pwm. [24] Nws piav qhia txog qhov teeb meem cwj pwm (xws li koom nrog kev sib deev nrog FSWs [5]) tshwm sim thaum lub sijhawm tiav hluas vim tias muaj qhov tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm kev tswj hwm tus cwj pwm ntawm tus kheej (xws li kev ntseeg tus kheej qis thiab kev tawm tsam), qhov pom ntawm ib puag ncig (xws li xov xwm thiab duab liab qab) thiab kev coj tus cwj pwm (xws li hnub nyoog pib ntawm kev sib deev) Cov. Ntawm daim ntawv ceeb toom, kev ntseeg tus kheej tsis cuam tshuam nrog kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm kev sib deev (xws li kev sib daj sib deev thiab keeb kwm ntawm kabmob STIs) ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas hauv kev tshuaj xyuas lub cev. [25] Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog lub zog muaj zog cuam tshuam nrog kev sib deev tas li nrog rau FSWs hauv peb txoj kev kawm. Qhov no tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm lawv koom nrog kev sib deev nrog FSWs los ua qhov pab txhawb lawv tus kheej qis, uas tau los ntawm qhov tsis muaj peev xwm nrhiav tus hluas nkauj. Qhov no kuj ua ke nrog txoj kev tshawb nrhiav ntawm cov neeg Asmeskas Asmeskas cov tub ntxhais hluas uas tau pom tias lawv tau siv kev sib deev los txhim kho lawv tus kheej lossis los yog vim li cas khav theeb. [26] Txawm li cas los xij, peb yuav tsum tau ua kev tshawb fawb ntxiv kom nkag siab zoo txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm tus kheej tus kheej qis thiab yuav cov kev pabcuam kev sib deev. Cov kev cuam tshuam yuav tsum tsis yog hais txog ntau theem ntawm tus yam ntxwv, tab sis kuj hais txog qhov teeb meem kev coj cwj pwm ua kev sib koom tes ntawm cov teeb meem es tsis hais txog lawv ua ob leeg ua ke.
Peb tsis pom qhov kuaj mob STIs los cuam tshuam txog kev sib deev tas li nrog rau FSWs. Muaj qee cov lus piav qhia ua tau rau qhov no. Ua ntej, STIs raug kuaj thaum lub sijhawm ntawm kev nkag mus rau txoj kev kawm, hos peb cov txiaj ntsig kev kawm yog lub neej dav dav ntawm kev sib deev nrog FSWs. Yog li, cov neeg koom uas tau yuav kev sib deev ua ntej tuaj yeem ua rau muaj tus mob sib kis tau zoo thiab tau kho nws rau lwm qhov ua ntej mus rau chaw kho mob no. Thib ob, qhov pheej hmoo kis cov kabmob STIs los ntawm FSW kuj tseem nyob ntawm kev siv hnab looj nrog tus neeg pw ua ke thiab nws tus kabmob STI ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd kev sib deev. Qhov tseeb tiag, peb pom cov kabmob STI tau nce siab dua ntawm cov neeg uas tsis siv hnab looj siv ua ke nrog FSWs. Thaum kawg, kwv yees li ib nrab ntawm cov neeg koom nrog kev sib deev los ntawm cov tub luam nyob hauv Singapore. Txhua lub tsev ntiav nyob hauv tebchaws Singapore tau ntawv tso cai thiab 100% kev siv hnab looj tau raug teeb tsa. Ib qho ntxiv, cov neeg ntiav cov neeg ua haujlwm sib deev, nyob rau hauv Kev Kho Mob Saib Xyuas Kev Khomob, yuav tsum tau kuaj ob-hlis rau kev kuaj mob gonorrhea thiab mob chlamydia, thiab plaub-lub hlis tshuaj rau HIV thiab mob syphilis. Cov poj niam pw ua ke uas muaj tus kabmob STIs tau raug mus kho tom chaw kho mob thiab yuav tsum tsum tsis txhob ua haujlwm sib deev thaum lub sijhawm kho.
Muaj qee qhov kev txwv rau txoj kev kawm no uas npau taws rau cov dav dav rau lwm tus neeg. Ua ntej, txawm hais tias qhov no tsuas yog cov kws khomob tshwj xeeb STI hauv tebchaws Singapore uas mus rau ntau tshaj peb lub hlis ntawm cov kabmob kis STI ntawm cov neeg hluas, nws tsuas yog sawv cev ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas sib deev uas tuaj rau hauv chaw kuaj mob lossis tau xa mus rau nws kuaj thiab kho ntawm Cov kabmob STIs. Nco ntsoov, tsis yog txhua tus tub ntxhais hluas sib deev uas muaj tus kab mob STI thiab yog li, cov hluas uas mus rau hauv chaw kuaj mob STI yuav tsis sawv cev ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas sib deev hauv cov pej xeem. Ib qho ntxiv, cov tub hluas ntxhais hluas uas koom nrog kev sib deev nrog FSWs tej zaum yuav tsis muaj tus kabmob STIs thiab yog li ntawd, tej zaum yuav tsis nrhiav kev kho mob hauv chaw kuaj mob STI. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv yog ntu ntu hauv qhov xwm txheej, peb tsis tuaj yeem tsim kev mob ib ntus nruab nrab ntawm qhov kev pheej hmoo thiab puas tau muaj kev sib deev nrog FSWs. Hloov kev siv hnab looj lub neej nrog FSWs, peb tsuas yog ntsuas kev siv hnab looj nyob rau xyoo tas los Peb kuj tseem tsis tuaj yeem kos ib qho kev hais txog ntawm kev mob siab thiab lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev yuav poj niam txiv neej ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas, uas qhia qhov kev xav tau ntawm kev tshawb fawb uas tsim nyog. Peb qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas me me tseem txwv peb lub peev xwm los ntsuas qhov ywj pheej cuam tshuam nrog kev siv hnab looj nrog FSWs. Thaum kawg, qhov kev tshawb fawb soj ntsuam tsis tuaj yeem suav rau cov tub hluas ntxhais hluas uas tshaj tawm txog kev sib deev nrog txiv neej lossis poj niam txiv neej pw ua ke. Txawm li cas los xij, peb txoj kev kawm muaj qhov siab koom nrog thiab ntau tus qauv sib xyaw. Peb kuj tseem tau siv ib qho qauv kev coj cwj pwm zoo los txheeb xyuas qhov kev txuam nrog cov kev coj ua tau nrog qhov kev coj cwj pwm nyuaj no. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj, peb qhov kev tshawb pom tau qhia txog qhov kev coj cwj pwm ntawm kev yuav kev sib deev ntawm cov hluas thiab nws cov kev cuam tshuam rau kev noj qab haus huv.
Peb qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm qhov feem ntau ntawm kev yuav poj niam txiv neej ntawm cov neeg hluas tuaj yeem sib deev uas mus kawm kho mob STI yog qhov txhawj xeeb txog kev noj qab haus huv. Li ib feem peb ntawm cov hluas kuj tseem tsis siv hnab looj qau sib txig nrog FSWs. Lawv yog qhov muaj peev xwm cog lus thiab kis cov kab mob sib kis rau cov pej xeem xws li lawv ib txwm koom nrog lossis cov neeg koom nrog, uas lawv tau qhia txog kev siv hnab looj qis dua. [27] Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tub ntxhais hluas uas tau sib deev nrog cov neeg uas tsis nrog kev cai txog kev sib deev xws li cov neeg taug kev qhia tau tshaj tawm ntau dua ntawm kev siv hnab looj tsis raug cai piv rau cov neeg uas tau sib deev nrog cov neeg ua plees ua yi nyob hauv Singapore, qhov uas 100% kev siv hnab looj tau tsim. [28] Nws tseem nyuaj rau taug qab cov hluas Singaporean uas yuav deev los ntawm FSWs kev ua haujlwm tsis raug cai ntawm txoj kev lossis txawv teb chaws. Cov kev kawm kev sib deev tam sim no hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv hauv tebchaws Singapore tej zaum yuav rov kawm txog kev qhia cov hluas txog kev yuav kev sib deev thiab siv hnab looj. Txawm lub sijhawm ntawd los, cov uas tso menyuam kawm ntawv mus kawm yuav tsis muaj txiaj ntsig rau qhov program no.
Cov kev cuam tshuam rau cov tub ntxhais hluas mus kawm cov chaw txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv STI nyob hauv Singapore nkaus xwb uas yog qhov kev qhia paub thiab muaj peev xwm los muab kev tiv thaiv kabmob STI, kev tshuaj xyuas thiab kho rau cov hluas mus yuav kev sib deev los ntawm cov nyiaj no, txawm hais tias peb lees paub tias cov hluas yuav nrhiav kev kho mob los ntawm lwm qhov chaw. Lwm qhov laj thawj uas yog vim li cas kev tiv thaiv yuav tsum tau pib thaum tseem hluas, yog tias cov tub ntxhais hluas muaj qhov zoo dua rau kev coj tus cwj pwm txawv dua li cov neeg laus. [29] Qhov kev coj cwj pwm li no yuav tsum yog ua rau cov hluas ua kev sib deev nrog FSWs los ntawm kev hloov kho sib txawv ntawm cov kev cuam tshuam xws li tus neeg thiab xov xwm ntsig txog yam. Raws li kev tshawb pom los ntawm daim ntawv nug no hauv STI lub chaw kuaj mob, kev tshawb fawb hauv teb chaws txog kev coj tus cwj pwm kev sib deev yuav tsum suav nrog cov tub ntxhais hluas thiab sau cov lus nug ntawm kev sib deev nrog FSWs kom tso cai rau kev tshuaj xyuas ntev thiab soj qab xyuas tus cwj pwm no. Cov kev tshawb fawb yav tom ntej nrog ntau dua ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas sib deev nrog kev sib deev nrog FSWs tuaj yeem muab kev pom ntxiv rau lawv tus cwj pwm kev siv hnab looj.
cov lus xaus
Muaj feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov tub hluas ntxhais hluas mus kawm rau hauv chav kuaj mob STI uas tau tshaj tawm tias muaj kev sib deev nrog FSWs. Raws li kev faib ua feem tseem ceeb ntawm lawv tsis siv hnab looj, lawv yog tus choj rau tus kabmob STI xa mus rau cov pojniam dav dav hauv tebchaws Singapore thiab dhau mus. Yog li, cov phiaj xwm kev tiv thaiv yuav tsum tau pib thaum tseem hluas kom ua lub hauv paus rau txoj kev noj qab nyob zoo ua neej sib deev.
Cov Lus Qhia Txhawb
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Peb ua tsaug rau kev tswj hwm thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm DSC lub tsev kho mob uas pab txhawb txoj kev kawm. Peb tseem ua tsaug rau Dede Tham thiab Raymond Lim uas tau pab sau cov ntaub ntawv no. Txoj kev tshawb no yog ib feem ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav kev coj cwj pwm rau cov hluas cov nyiaj txiag los ntawm National Medical Research Council.
Sau cov tswv yim
Xeeb thiab tsim cov kev sim: WLM. Ua qhov kev sim: JYSN. Tshawb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv: JYSN WLM. Sau cov ntawv no: JYSN WLM.
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