Mbelata LPP maka ihe oyiyi mmekọahụ na nsogbu ndị na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ nwere ike daba na ụdị ahụ riri ahụ. Ihe niile dabere na ihe nlereanya (Commentary on Prause, Steele, Staley, Sabatinelli, & Hajcak, 2015)

Teknụzụ Internetntanetị na-enye ohere dị omimi na nke a na-amaghị aha na ọtụtụ ihe ndị na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ (Cooper, 1998). Ihe omuma a na-egosi na 67.6% nke nwoke na 18.3% nke ụmụ nwanyị na-eto eto Danish (18-30 afọ) na-eji ihe ndị na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ kwa izu (Hald, 2006). N'etiti ụmụ akwụkwọ kọleji USA 93.2% nke ụmụ nwoke na 62.1% ụmụ agbọghọ nọ na-ekiri ihe ndị na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ n'ịntanetị tupu ha eruo afọ 18 (Sabina, Wolak, & Finkelhor, 2008). Maka ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ọrụ, ikiri ihe na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ na-ekere òkè na ntụrụndụ, mkpali, na mmụọ nsọ (Rothman, Kaczmarsky, Burke, Jansen, & Baughman, 2014) (Häggström-Nordin, Tydén, Hanson, & Larsson, 2009), mana maka ụfọdụ , ikiri ihe na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ bụ isi iyi nke nhụjuanya (ihe dị ka 8% nke ndị ọrụ dị ka Cooper et al., 1999) wee bụrụ ihe kpatara ịchọrọ ọgwụgwọ (Delmonico na Carnes, 1999; Kraus, Potenza, Martino, & Grant, 2015; Gola, Lewczuk, & Skorko, 2016; Gola na Potenza, 2016). N'ihi mgbasa ozi ya zuru ebe niile na nchọpụta ahụike na-emegiderịta onwe ya, ikiri ihe na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ bụ okwu mmekọrịta dị mkpa, na-etinye anya nke ukwuu na mgbasa ozi, (dịka, ihe nkiri dị elu: "Ihere" nke McQueen na "Don Jon" nke Gordon-Levitt) ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị (dịka, praịm minista UK David Cameron's 2013 okwu banyere ihe ndị na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ nke ụmụaka), yana nchọpụta neuroscience (Steele, Staley, Fong, & Prause, 2013; Kühn na Gallinat, 2014; Voon et al., 2014). nke ajụjụ a na-ajụkarị bụ: ma ikiri ihe na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ ọ ga-eri ahụ?

Nchọpụta nke Prause, Steele, Staley, Sabatinelli, & Hajcak, (2015) nke e bipụtara na mbipụta June nke Biology Psychology na-ewepụta data dị mma na isiokwu a. Ndị nnyocha ahụ gosipụtara na ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị na-akọ akụkọ nsogbu na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ na-ele (N = 55),1 gosipụtara obere ihe nwere ike ime (LPP - ihe omume nwere ike inwe ihe mgbaàmà EEG gụnyere njikọta na nrube isi nke ntụrụndụ) na ihe oyiyi mmekọahụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe na-abụghị mmekọahụ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere nzaghachi nke njikwa. Ha na-egosipụtakwa na ndị na-ekiri ihe na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ ndị na-enwe ọchịchọ agụụ mmekọahụ ka elu nwere esemokwu LPP dị nta maka esemokwu mmekọahụ na nke mmekọahụ. Ndị dere kwubiri na: "Ụdị ihe a pụtaghị na ụfọdụ na amụma ndị na-eme ka ụdị ahụ riri ahụ" (p. 196) ma kwupụta nkwubi okwu a n'isiokwu isiokwu ahụ: "Ụdị mmepụta ihe dị mma site n'ihe oyiyi mmekọahụ na ndị ọrụ nsogbu na njikwa na-ekwekọghị na "Ọgwụ ọjọọ riri ahụ" ".

O di nwute, n'isiokwu ha, Mee et al. (2015) akọwaghị n'ụzọ doro anya ụdị ihe riri ahụ ha na-anwale. Nsonaazụ ndị e gosipụtara mgbe a tụlere ya na njikọta na ụdị kachasị ewu ewu anaghị enye nkwenye doro anya nke nkwupụta ahụ na nsogbu ihe ndị na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ na-eji bụ ahụ riri ahụ (dị ka ihe gbasara Mmetụta Ahụhụ Ebumnuche; Robinson na Berridge, 1993; Robinson, Fischer, Ahuja, Lesser, & Maniates, 2015) ma ọ bụ kwado echiche a (dịka ọ bụrụ na Ọrịa Ngwọta wardgwọ Ọrụ; Blum et al., 1996; 1996; Blum, Badgaiyan, & Gold, 2015). N'okpuru ebe m na-akọwa ya na nkọwa.

Adreesị ozi-akwụkwọ: Ụlọ ọrụ Swartz maka Ngwá Ọrụ Neuroscience, Institute for Computations Neural, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093-0559, USA. Adreesị ozi ịntanetị: [email protected]

1 Okwesiri ighota na ndi edeputara ihe nchoputa nke ndi nwoke na ndi nwanyi na-achota, ebe ihe omumu ndi ozo gosiri na ihe omumu nwoke na nwanyi di iche iche di iche n'etiti ndi nwanyi (lee Wierzba et al., 2015)

2 Eziokwu a na-akwado eziokwu bụ na e dere ederede na Prause et al. (2015) na-ezo aka na IST (wölfling et al., 2011

Ihe mere usoro ihe ederede na echiche zuru oke bu ihe

Dabere na otutu ojiji nke okwu a "cue-reactivity" site n'aka ndị edemede anyị nwere ike iche na ndị na-ede akwụkwọ na-eburu n'uche Theory Inspiration Salient Theory (IST) Robinson na Berridge (Berridge, 2012; Robinson et al., 2015).2 Usoro nhazi usoro a na-egosipụta ọdịiche abụọ dị mkpa nke omume mkpali - “chọrọ” na “mmasị”. Nke ikpeazụ nwere njikọ bara uru nke ụgwọ ọrụ ahụ, ebe onye nke mbụ metụtara uru atụmanya a na-atụ anya ya, nke a na-atụlekarị n'ihe metụtara amụma amụma. N'ihe banyere mmụta Pavlovian, ụgwọ ọrụ bụ ihe mkpali na-enweghị atụ (UCS) na akara ngosi metụtara ụgwọ ọrụ a site na mmụta bụ ihe nkwalite ọnọdụ (CS). Ndị CSs mụtara na-enweta nnabata na-akpali akpali ma na-akpali "ịchọ", gosipụtara na omume mkpali (Mahler na Berridge, 2009; Robinson & Berridge, 2013). N'ihi ya, ha na-enweta ihe ndị yiri ya dị ka ụgwọ ọrụ n'onwe ya. Dịka ọmụmaatụ quail anụ ụlọ ji obi ya na-eji ihe terrycloth (CS) ejikọtara na mbụ iji nwee ike iji nnụnnụ kwel (UCS) dọọ, ọ bụrụgodi ezigbo nwanyị dị (Cetinkaya na Domjan, 2006)

Dabere na IST, a na-ahụ ihe riri ahụ site na "ịchọrọ" (mmeghachi omume metụtara elu; ntụgharị LPP dị elu) ma belata "mmasị" (mmeghachi omume metụtara ụgwọ ọrụ; ntụgharị LPP dị ala). Iji kọwaa data n'ime IST kpuchie ndị na-eme nchọpụta ga-ewepụ n'ụzọ doro anya "ịchọ" na ụgwọ ọrụ metụtara "mmasị". Ihe nlere anya nke na-anwale usoro abụọ ahụ na-ewebata akara ngosi na ụgwọ ọrụ dị iche iche (ntụgharị Flagel et al., 2011; Sescousse, Barbalat, Domenech, & Dreher, 2013; Gola, Miyakoshi, & Sescousse, 2015). Mee et al. (2015) kama jiri ihe nlere kachasị dị mfe, nke isiokwu na-ele ihe osise dị iche iche anya na mmekọahụ na nke na-abụghị mmekọahụ. N'uzo nnwale nnwale di mfe ajuju di nkpa site na IST: Ihe oyiyi mmekọahụ ọ na-arụ ọrụ nke cues (CS) ma ọ bụ ụgwọ ọrụ (UCS)? Ya mere: ihe LPP a na-atụ anya ọ na-egosipụta "chọrọ" ma ọ bụ "mmasị"?

Ndị ode akwụkwọ chere na ihe onyonyo bụ ihe ngosi, na ntụgharị okwu ga-ebelata LPP dị ka ọnụọgụ nke "ịchọ" mbelata. "Ibelata" ịchọrọ n'ihe metụtara nkọwa ga-ekwekọghị n'ụdị IST riri ahụ. Ma ọtụtụ ọmụmụ ihe na-egosi na foto mmekọahụ abụghị ihe nkịtị. Ha na-akwụghachi ụgwọ n'ime onwe ha (Oei, Rombouts, Soeter, van Gerven, & Ma, 2012; Stoléru, Fonteille, Cornélis, Joyal, & Moulier, 2012; enyocha na: Sescousse, Caldú, Segura, & Dreher, 2013; Stoléru et al., 2012). Ilele ihe oyiyi mmekọahụ na-eme ka ventral striatum (usoro ụgwọ ọrụ) rụọ ọrụ (Arnowet al., 2002; Demos, Heatherton, & Kelley, 2012; Sabatinelli, Bradley, Lang, Costa, & Versace, 2007; Stark et al., 2005; Wehrum-Osinskyet) al., 2014), ntọhapụ dopamine (Meston na McCall, 2005) na ma onwe ha na-akọ ma jiri obi ụtọ tụọ agụụ mmekọahụ (nyocha: Chivers, Seto, Lalumière, Laan, & Grimbos, 2010).

Ngwongwo na-akwụghachi ụgwọ nke ihe oyiyi mmekọahụ nwere ike ịbụ ihe ebumpụta ụwa n'ihi eziokwu ahụ bụ na mmekọahụ (dị ka nri) bụ ụgwọ ọrụ mbụ. Mana ọbụlagodi na ụfọdụ na-ajụ ụdị ebumpụta ụwa dị otu a, enwere ike nweta ihe akwụ ụgwọ nke ihe na-akpata agụụ n'ihi mmụta Pavlovian. N'okpuru ọnọdụ ebumpụta ụwa, ihe ndị na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ (dị ka di ma ọ bụ nwunye gba ọtọ ma ọ bụ vidiyo na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ) nwere ike ịbụ akara (CS) maka inwe mmekọahụ na-eduga na ahụmịhe kachasị (UCS) n'ihi ma ọ bụ inwe mmekọahụ dyadic ma ọ bụ masturbation na-eso ihe oriri na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ. Ọzọkwa n'ihe banyere ikiri ihe na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ ugboro ugboro, a na-ejikọta ihe ndị na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ (CS) na orgasm (UCS) ma nwee ike ịnweta ụgwọ ọrụ (UCS; Mahler na Berridge, 2009; Robinson & Berridge, 2013) wee duga ( ị na-ekiri ihe ndị na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ) na omume na-eri nri (ntụgharị, elele anya tupu ị rute na njedebe).

N'agbanyeghi uru ebumnuche ma ọ bụ nke a mụtara, ọmụmụ ihe na-egosi na ihe oyiyi mmekọahụ na-akpali onwe ha, ọbụlagodi na enweghi ohere. N'ihi ya, ha nwere uru dị mkpa maka ụmụ mmadụ (Prévost, Pessiglione, Météreau, Cléry-Melin, & Dreher, 2010) yana rhesus macaques (Deaner, Khera, & Platt, 2005) .E nwere ike ịbawanye uru ha na-akwụghachi ụgwọ na nnwale. Ntọala, ebe enwere ahụmịhe kachasị (UCS) adịghị, dị ka ọmụmụ Prause et al. (2015) ("a gwara ndị sonyere na ọmụmụ a ka ha ghara igbo onwe ha oge ọrụ ahụ", p. 197). Dabere na Berridge, ọnọdụ ọrụ na-emetụta amụma ịkwụ ụgwọ (Berridge, 2012). N'ihi ya, ebe ọ bụ na ọ dịghị ihe ụtọ ọ bụla karịa ihe oyiyi mmekọahụ ebe a, ikiri foto bụ ụgwọ ọrụ kachasị elu (kama ịkọ ọnụ).

Mbelata LPP maka ụgwọ ọrụ mmekọahụ na nsogbu ndị na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ ọrụ na-adabere na ụdị ahụ riri ahụ

N'iburu ihe niile dị n'elu n'uche, anyị nwere ike iche na ihe oyiyi mmekọahụ na Prause et al. (2015) ọmụmụ, kama ịbụ akara ngosi, nwere ike ịbụ ọrụ ụgwọ ọrụ. Ọ bụrụ otú ahụ, dị ka usoro IST si kwuo, obere LPP maka mmekọahụ na foto ndị na-abụghị nke mmekọahụ na nsogbu ndị na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ na ndị isi nwere agụụ mmekọahụ dị elu na-egosipụta "mmasị" dị ala. Nsonaazụ dị otú a kwekọrọ na ụdị ahụ riri ahụ nke Berridge na Robinson kwuru (Berridge, 2012; Robinson et al., 2015). Agbanyeghị, iji nyochaa nkwupụta ahụ riri ahụ n'ime usoro IST, a na-achọ ihe ọmụmụ nnwale ndị ka elu, ihe na-ewepụ ụgwọ na ụgwọ ọrụ. Ejiri ezigbo ihe atụ nke usoro ihe omumu nke e mere nke ọma na ọmụmụ ihe banyere ndị ịgba chaa chaa Sescousse, Redouté, & Dreher (2010). Ọ na-etinye ego na mmekọahụ (ihe atụ atụ) yana ụgwọ ọrụ doro anya (mmeri ego ma ọ bụ foto mmekọahụ). N'ihi enweghị nkọwa doro anya na ụgwọ ọrụ nke ọma na Prause et al. (2015) ọmụmụ ihe, ọrụ nke foto mmekọahụ na-edoghị anya ma wee nweta nsonaazụ LPP na-enweghị isi n'ime usoro IST. N'ihe doro anya mmechi egosiputara n'isiokwu ihe omumu a "Mgbanwe nke oge ikike oma site na onyonyo nke ndi ochichi na ndi oru nsogbu na njikota ndi na adabaghi ​​na" oria ojoo "enweghi ihe omuma banyere IST

Ọ bụrụ na anyị ewere ụdị ọgwụ ọjọọ ọzọ a ma ama - Ụrịa Na-adịghị Akwụ Ụgwọ (RDS; Blum et al., 1996, 2015) data nke ndị dere na-ekwu na-akwado okwu nkwupụta ụta. Ihe ndọtị RDS na-ekwu na mkpụrụ ndụ ọdịdị mkpụrụ ndụ iji mee ka ngosipụta dopaminergic maka mmeghachi ihe na-akwụghachi ụgwọ (nke egosipụtara na BOLD na mmeghachi omume electrophysiological) na-achọ na ịchọpụta ihe, impulsivity na ihe ize ndụ dị elu nke ịṅụ ahụ. Ihe ndị nchọpụta nke ndị dere nke LPPs dị ala na ndị na-ahụ ihe na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ na-emetụta kpamkpam na ụdị RDS riri ahụ. Ọ bụrụ na Jirinụ et al. (2015) na-anwale ụdị ọzọ, nke a na-amaghị nke ọma karịa IST ma ọ bụ RDS, ọ ga-abụ ihe a na-achọsi ike iji chee ya obere oge n'ọrụ ha.

Okwu ikpeazụ

Ihe omumu nke Prause et al. (2015) na-enye data dị mma banyere nsogbu ikiri ihe nkiri.3 N'agbanyeghị nke a, n'ihi enweghị nkwupụta doro anya nke njirimara nke ịṅụ ọgwụ ọjọọ na-anwale ma gosipụta ihe omimi nke enweghị mgbagwoju anya (ike ịkọwapụta ọrụ nke foto efu), ọ gaghị ekwe omume ikwu ma ọ bụrụ na nsonaazụ ndị a megidere, ma ọ bụ na-akwado, nkwupụta banyere "Ihe ndị na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ na-eri ahụ." A na-akpọ ihe ọmụmụ ndị ka na-amụba amụba nke ọma. O di nwute na aha akwukwo nke Prause et al. (2015) akwukwo enweela mmetụta na mgbasaozi mgbasaozi,4 si otú a na-eme ka nkwubi okwu na-ezighi ezi na nkà mmụta sayensị. N'iburu na okwu gbasara ihe ndị na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ dị mkpa na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ndị na-eme nchọpụta kwesịrị iji nlezianya dị ukwuu dọpụta nkwubi anya n'ọdịnihu.

3 O kwesiri ịmara na na Prause et al. (2015) ndị ọrụ nsogbu na-ekpo ihe na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ na nkezi maka 3.8 h / izu (SD = 1.3) ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị na-ahụ maka ihe nkiri na-adịghị njọ na Kühn na Gallinat (2014) na-eri na nkezi 4.09 h / izu (SD = 3.9) . Na Voon et al. (2014) ndị ọrụ nsogbu bụ ndị na-akọ 1.75 h / izu (SD = 3.36) na nsogbu nke 13.21 h / izu (SD = 9.85) - data nke Voon n'oge American Psychological Science ogbako na May 2015.

4 Ihe nrite nke utu aha nke sayensi sayensi banyere Prause et al. (2015): "Porn abụghị ihe na-emerụ ahụ dị ka ihe ndị ọzọ na-eri, nyocha na-ekwu" (http://metro.co.uk/2015/07/04/porn-is-not-as-harmful-as-other-addictions- nyocha-5279530 /), "Mkparịtaahụ Ịgba Anụ Ahụ Adịghị Adị" (http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/06/26/your-porn-addiction-isn-t-real.html) , "Porn 'Addiction' Ọ bụghị Mmekọahụ, Neuroscientists Say" (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/06/30/porn-addiction- n7696448.html)

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