Kusokoneza pepala la "pepala la gulu" loletsa zolaula ndi kugonana (November, 2017)

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Introduction

Kumayambiriro kwa Novembala, 2017 mabungwe atatu osachita phindu a kink (Center for Positive Sexuality, National Coalition for Sexual Freedom, ndi The Alternative Sexualities Health Research Alliance) adatulutsa pepala lolemba gulu "lotsutsana ndi chizolowezi chazovuta zokhudzana ndi chiwerewere komanso kuwonera zolaula. . ” Zofalitsa za magulu, Ndondomeko yotsutsana ndi kugonana / zolaula, anafotokoza zofuna zawo:

"Mabungwewa amatchula mawu a AASECT ngati chimodzi mwazifukwa zophatikizira mgwirizano wawo, komanso kutchulapo maphunziro ambiri asayansi omwe amakana chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito chizolowezi chogonana."

Mosiyana ndi zomwe ananena PR, palibe "maphunziro asayansi omwe amakana chizolowezi chomwa mowa mwauchidakwa," ndipo chilengezo cha ASSECT sichinapereke maphunziro othandizira malingaliro ake. Ponena za kulengeza kwamabungwe atatu a kink, "maumboni" awo onse (omwe tawunika pansipa) ali ndi PDF yothandiza iyi: Chizoloŵezi cha Kugonana / Kugonana Chikhalidwe.

Tikukayikira chifukwa chachikulu cholimbikitsana ndi anthu ena (monga zinalili ndi AASECT) ndikuti buku la World Health Organisation lomwe likubwera posachedwa, ICD-11, kuphatikizapo matenda a "Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder".  Chifukwa cha 2018, "Compulsive Sexual Behaeve Disorder" (CSB) idzagwira ntchito ngati ambulera yozindikira kuti ali ndi vuto logonana komanso zolaula. Ndipo magulu ena azakugonana amawawona molakwika ngati kuwukira kwamakhalidwe awo. Si choncho.

Mofanana ndi zinthu zina zomwe zikukankhidwiratu monga gawoli pangani kukana kwa "astroturf" ku zolaula / zakugonana, zomwe zalengeza pano zimadalira kafukufuku wopanda cholakwika kuti athandizire zonena zake zamtundu, pomwe munthawi yomweyo kunyalanyaza maphunziro opitilira 50 a mitsempha yomwe thandizo chitsanzo cha mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Kuti mudziwe zambiri, onani nkhaniyi: Mmene Mungadziŵire Zolemba Zosasokonezeka: Amatchula Prause et al 2015 (zabodza akunena kuti imayambitsa zolaula), Pamene Akusiyiratu Zambiri za 50 Neurological Supporting Porn Addiction.

Gawo loyamba la kulengeza

Tiyeni tiyambe ndi ndime yowonjezera, yomwe inasiya maphunziro a 50 ofunika komanso mauthenga a zokhudzana ndi mauthenga, ngakhale kuti sizinayambe kunena za maphunziro ambiri.

"Ngakhale malipoti ena ophunzira ndi akatswiri athandizira kugwiritsa ntchito chizolowezi chomazolowera chizolowezi chogonana komanso / kapena kuwonera zolaula (mwachitsanzo, Hilton & Watts, 2011; Kafka, 2010), ena akuwonetsa zovuta zazikulu kapena zovuta zenizeni zakumwa zoledzeretsa. chitsanzo cha mchitidwe wogonana komanso kuwonera zolaula (Ley, 2012; Ley, Prause, & Finn, 2014; Reid & Kafka, 2014; Giugliano, 2009; Hall, 2014; Karila et al., 2014; Moser, 2013; Kor, Fogel, Reid, & Potenza, 2013; Ley et al., 2014; Pembedzero & Fong, 2015; Pembedzero, Steele, Staley, Sabatinelli, & Hajcak, 2015). ”

Chimene chilengezochi chinasiya: 

Kenako, tiyeni tiwone chithandizo cha sayansi chifukwa cha mawu akuti "ena amanena za mavuto aakulu omwe angakhale nawo kapena omwe ali nawo potsata njira yogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso zolaula":

1) Eya, 2012: Osayang'aniridwa ndi anzawo. Ndi buku: Nthano ya Kugonana Kwachiwerewere ndi David Ley.

2) Ley, Pembedzero, & Finn, 2014: Chidutswa cha maganizo cholembedwa ndi magazini yaing'ono (Mauthenga Amakono Akugonana Amagonana). Wolemba wotsogolera sanafalitsepo kafukufuku wapachiyambi, koma adafunsidwa kupereka maganizo ake okhudzana ndi zolaula ndi kuledzera. Palibe kanthu kagawo kamene kamagwirizanitsidwa ndi maphunziro omwe atchulidwa. Izi zovuta zazikulu zowonongeka Ley et al., 2014 - pemphani pempho ndikulemba zolakwika zambirimbiri zafukufuku omwe olembawo adatchula. Mbali yochititsa mantha kwambiri ya pepala la Ley ndi yakuti inaletsa maphunziro ambiri omwe anafotokoza zotsatira zolakwika zokhudzana ndi zolaula kapena zolaula. Komanso dziwani zimenezo Mauthenga Amakono Akugonana Amagonana ali chofupi ndi chamwala mbiri. Idayamba kusindikiza mu 2004, ndipo idapita ku hiatus ku 2008, koma kuti iukitsidwe mu 2014, panthawi yoti ikhale ndi Ley Et al"ndemanga."

3) Reid & Kafka, 2014: Pepala ili limatsutsa chifukwa chake kugonana kosayenera sikunapangitse DSM-5 (Buku Lophatikiza ndi Kuwerenga). Komabe, onse a Reid & Kafka adakondera chiwerewere kuti aphatikizidwe mu DSM. Onani chithunzi ichi cha 2012 UCLA ndi Rory Reid: Sayansi imathandizira kugwiritsira ntchito chiwerewere ngati vuto lovomerezeka.

4) Giugliano, 2009: Purepala lakale, loyesa pulezidenti wakale wa SASH, adayesa kukayikira zakugonana, koma zotsatira sizinavomereze maganizo a wolembayo. Palibe paliponse pamene izo zimasonyeza kuti kuledzera kwa kugonana kulibe. Onani Papepala lapadera la kugonana ndi kugonana ndi zolaula.

5) Hall, 2014: Nkhani iyi ya Paula Hall yaku UK ikuthandizira kukhalapo kwa chizolowezi chogonana. Onani nkhani iyi ya TEDx ya Paula Hall - Tiyenera Kuyankhula Zokhudza Kugonana Kwachiwerewere.

6) Karila et al., 2014: Pepala ili likuthandiza kukhalapo kwa chiwerewere. Kuchokera ku zovuta: "Kugonana, komwe kumadziwika kuti matenda a hypersexual, kawirikawiri kunyalanyazidwa ndi amatsenga, ngakhale kuti vutoli limayambitsa mavuto aakulu a maganizo kwa anthu ambiri. "

7) Moser, 2013: Charles Moser ndi wotsutsa "kugonana". Ndipotu, monga gawo la Editor Mauthenga Amakono Akugonana Amagonana, ndi amene adamuitana Ley, Prause ndi Finn kuti apange ndemanga zawo zowonongeka, Ley et al., 2014.

8) Kor, Fogel, Reid, & Potenza, 2013: Pepala ili limathandizira kupezeka kwa chizolowezi chogonana. Kuchokera kumapeto: "Ngakhale pali mipata yambiri mukumvetsetsa kumvetsetsa kwathu kwa HD, deta yomwe ilipo imasonyeza kuti kuganizira za matenda okhudzana ndi chiwerewere pakati pa chiwerewere kungakhale koyenera komanso kothandiza."

9) Ley et al., 2014: Tsatanetsatane yomweyo monga #2.

10) Pembedzero & Fong, 2015: Chinthuchi sichinali chosinthidwa ndi anzawo. Ndimaganizo ochepa mu buku loyang'anapo, zambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito polemba mbiri nthano zakuzunza kwa Prause.

11) Pembedzero, Steele, Staley, Sabatinelli, & Hajcak, 2015: Kuphunzira kwa EEG kumodzi. Mapepala osakanizidwa oposa a 9 amati pepala ili, Prause et al., 2015, zimapereka chithandizo ku chitsanzo chowonjezera: Zolemba zotsatiridwa ndi anzawo Prause et al., 2015. Akatswiri a zamaganizo pa mapepala awa a 9 amanena zimenezo Prause et al. kwenikweni anapeza deensitization / habituation (mogwirizana ndi kukula kwa chizoloŵezi), monga Zochepa Kugwiritsira ntchito ubongo ku valala (zithunzi) kunkagwirizana wamkulu kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula.

Chifukwa chake, tiyeni tiwunikire mwachidule umboni wa ndawala ndi mabungwe atatuwa:

  • Asanu mwa maumboni khumi ndi limodziwo thandizo mawonekedwe osokoneza bongo,
  • Maumboni awiri sawunikiranso
  • Chimodzi mwazobwereza zomwe zatchulidwa kale

Maumboni atatu otsalawa amachokera kwa anthu atatu omwe nthawi zambiri akhala akuchita zolaula "debunk": David Ley, Chithunzi cha Nicole ndi Charles Moser. Ley ndi Prause analemba Ley et al., 2014 (yomwe Moser adalamula), ndi osachepera awiri Psychology Today zolemba blog (Ley tsopano akulipidwa ndi makampani azolaula omwe ndi xHamster kutsatsa masamba ake). Charles Moser adagwirizananso ndi Ley ndi Prause kuti "achite" zolaula ku February 2015 ISSWSH msonkhano. Anapereka ndemanga ya ola limodzi la 2: "Kugonana, Kugonana, kapena OCD wina? ” Phunziro lokhalo lamitsempha mwa atatu otsalawo (Prause et al., 2015) imawonedwa ndi mapepala 10 owunikiridwa ndi zogwirizana ndi chizolowezi chomwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo (chizolowezi cha ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pafupipafupi).

Chifukwa chiyani chilengezocho sichinatchulepo chilichonse cha Ndemanga za 30 zaposachedwa pamabuku & ndemanga ndi ena mwa apamwamba a sayansi ya sayansi yogwira ntchito ku Yunivesite ya Yale, University of Cambridge, University of Duisburg-Essen kapena Max Planck Institute? Chifukwa ndemanga zimapereka chithandizo ku chitsanzo cha mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kutsutsana ndi zomwe mabungwe awa amanena.

Chilengezo chigawaniza zotsutsa zake zonse mu zigawo zisanu: A, B, C, D, E.

Chilankhulo choyamba chachikulu (A)

A) American Psychiatric Association (APA) sichikutanthauza kugonana / zolaula monga matenda a maganizo. Mofananamo, American Association of Sexuality Educators, Counselors, and Therapists (AASECT) sadziwa kuti kugonana ndi zolaula ndizovuta monga matenda ndipo zimagwiritsa ntchito njira yosokoneza bongo "sizingatheke ngati chizoloŵezi chophunzitsira za kugonana, uphungu, kapena mankhwala ".

Re AASECT: Choyamba, AASECT si bungwe la sayansi ndipo silinatchulepo kanthu kuti zitsimikizire zowonjezera pamasulidwe ake - kupereka chithandizo chake chopanda pake.

Chofunika kwambiri ndi chidziwitso cha AASECT chinasunthidwa ndi Michael Aaron ndi anthu ena a AASECT omwe amagwiritsa ntchito "njira zamatsenga" monga Aroni adavomerezera Psychology Today positi pa blog: Kusanthula: Momwe AASECT Kugonjetsera Kugonana Kwadongosolo Kunalengedwa. Chidule chakufotokozera izi Kujambula AASECT "Udindo pa Zolakolako Zogonana, mwachidule mthunzi wa blog wa Aaron:

Kupeza AASECT kulekerera "njira yogwiritsira ntchito chizolowezi chogonana" kukhala "achinyengo kwambiri," mu 2014 Dr. Aaron adafuna kuthetsa chithandizo cha lingaliro la "chizolowezi chogonana" kuchokera ku AASECT. Pofuna kukwaniritsa zolinga zake, Dr. Aaron akuti adayambitsa dala mwadala mwadongosolo pakati pa mamembala a AASECT kuti awulule iwo omwe ali ndi malingaliro omwe sagwirizana ndi ake omwe, ndiyeno atsimikizire momveka bwino malingaliro awo pamene akutsogolera bungwe kuti liwane " chitsanzo. "Dr. Aaron anayenera kugwiritsa ntchito" zigawenga, guerilla [Sic] njira "poyesa kuti anali kutsutsana ndi" makampani opindulitsa "omwe amatsatira" njira yogwiritsira ntchito chiwerewere "zomwe zimamulepheretsa kuti asapititse kumbali yake ndi malingaliro ndi chifukwa. M'malo mwake, pofuna kusintha "mwamsanga" mu "mauthenga" a AASECT, adafuna kuonetsetsa kuti mauthenga okhudzana ndi kugonana osagwirizana nawo sanagwiritsidwe ntchito pazokambirana za kusintha kwa AASECT.

Kudzitama kwa Dr. Aaron kumadutsa mopanda pake. Nthawi zambiri anthu samanyadira, makamaka kufalitsa, kupondereza mkangano wa maphunziro ndi sayansi. Ndipo zikuwoneka zosamvetsetseka kuti Dr. Aaron anathera nthawi ndi ndalama kuti akhale CST chovomerezedwa ndi bungwe lomwe adawona "chinyengo kwambiri" patatha chaka chimodzi atalowa nawo (ngati si kale). Ngati zili choncho, ndi Dr. Aaron amene amawoneka achinyengo pamene akutsutsa "kugwiritsira ntchito chiwerewere" opaleshoni pokhala ndi ndalama zogwirira ntchito mu "chizoloŵezi chogonana", pamene, mwachiwonekere, ali ndi ndalama zofananamo pofuna kulimbikitsa maganizo ake otsutsa

Ndemanga zingapo ndi ndemanga zimasonyeza kufotokoza kwa AASECT pa zomwe ziridi zoona:

Re DSM-5 ndi ICD-11: Chachiwiri, pamene APA idasintha buku lake lothandizira mu 2013 (DSM-5), sizinaganizirepo za "zolaula pa intaneti," m'malo momangokhalira kukambirana za "matenda a hypersexual". DSM-5 Gulu la Ntchito Yogonana Pambuyo pa Zaka Zaka Zomwe zawunika. Komabe, mu ola la khumi ndi limodzi "chipinda cham'nyumba" gawo (molingana ndi membala wa Work Group), zina DSM-5 akuluakulu amatsutsa chiwerewere, kutchula zifukwa zomwe zafotokozedwa ngati zopanda pake.

Komanso, isanayambe DSM-5 buku la 2013, Thomas Insel, ndiye Mtsogoleri wa National Institute of Mental Health, adachenjeza kuti inali nthawi yoti munda wa matenda a maganizo uleke kudalira DSM. Ake "Kufooka ndiko kusowa kwake kweniyeni, "Adatero," ndi "sitingapambane ngati tigwiritsa ntchito magulu a DSM ngati "mulingo wagolide.Ananenanso, "Ndicho chifukwa chake NIMH idzayambiranso kufufuza kwake kutali ndi DSMs. ” Mwanjira ina, NIMH idakonza zoyimitsa kafukufuku wapa ndalama kutengera zolemba za DSM (ndikusowa kwawo).

Mabungwe aakulu azachipatala akusunthira patsogolo pa APA. Madokotala ndi ochita kafukufuku wa mankhwala American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) adasokoneza zomwe ziyenera kukhala zovuta kumapeto kwa bokosi la zolimbana ndi zolaula mu August, 2011 pogwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku wa zaka zambiri. Akatswiri otchuka oledzera a ASAM adawamasula kutanthauzira mwachangu za kuledzera. Zovuta kwambiri, zizolowezi zamakhalidwe zimakhudza ubongo m'njira zofanana ndi zomwe mankhwala amachitira. Mwanjira ina, Kuledzera ndiko makamaka matenda (chikhalidwe), osati ambiri. ASAM idafotokoza momveka bwino kuti "chizolowezi chogonana ”chilipo ndipo ziyenera kuti zimayambitsidwa ndi ubongo womwewo umasintha zomwe zimapezeka m'zizolowezi zamagetsi.

Mulimonsemo, a World Health Organization akuwoneka kuti ali wokonzeka kukhazikitsa bwino kuwonjezera pa APA. Magazini yotsatira yake yowunikira buku, a ICD, imachokera mu 2018. Gulu la beta la ICD-11 yatsopano imaphatikizapo kugonana kwa "Matenda opatsirana mwa kugonana," komanso limodzi la "Kusokonezeka chifukwa cha khalidwe lachiwerewere. ” Chifukwa chiyani mabungwe atatu sakutchula za chitukuko chofunikira ichi?

Kulengeza kwachiwiri kwakukulu (B)

B) "Kafukufuku omwe alipo akuthandizira chizolowezi chomwa mowa mwauchidakwa alibe tanthauzo lenileni komanso kukhwimitsa njira, ndipo amadalira kulumikizana. Nkhani zomwe zidalipo zomwe zitha kusintha kusintha kwakugonana komanso / kapena kuwonera zolaula sizinaganiziridwepo. Kafukufuku amafunikira omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mapangidwe oyeserera ndi akaunti pazosiyanasiyana zakunja (Ley et al., 2014). Ngakhale anthu ena angaganize molakwika kuti kuwonjezeka kwa dopaminergic panthawi yogonana kapena kuwonera zolaula (zomwe zikuyembekezeredwa) ndi umboni wa zosokoneza, Prause, Steele, Staley, Sabatinelli, ndi Hajcak (2015) adapeza mu kafukufuku wawo kuti omwe akutenga nawo mbali amafotokoza zovuta zakugonana sanawonetse mayankho ofanana a neural mogwirizana ndi zosokoneza zina zodziwika. Pali zifukwa zambiri zomwe zimapangitsa anthu kuti aziona zolaula, komanso zochitika zogonana pafupipafupi, zomwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa poyesa mayendedwe (Ley, 2012; Ley et al., 2014). "

Maphunziro a mitsempha pazakugonana komanso zolaula ndi okhwima kwambiri (kupatula Phunziro la 2 EEG la Prause), ndipo ambiri a iwo amachitidwa ndi ena mwa akatswiri azolankhula zaukadaulo kwambiri padziko lapansi. Nazi izi: Zotsatira za 52 za sayansi.

Malingaliro a chilengezo akuti "Kulumikizana"Amachititsa kufufuza zopanda phindu, amasonyeza kusadziwika kosazindikira (kapena kupota), monga kungakhale kosayenerera kuti awonetsere chizoloŵezi cha mtundu uliwonse m'mitu ya anthu. Kuwonjezera apo, sizowonongeka kuti anthu oledzera onse amabadwa ndi mavuto akuluakulu omwe amabwera chifukwa cha ubongo omwe amawonekera pofufuza kafukufuku wa ubongo pa nkhani zolaula / kugonana. Kodi zimakhala zotani? Zero. Mwachitsanzo, kusintha kwakukulu kwa ubongo ndikovuta kulimbikitsa, zomwe zingatheke pokhapokha ndikugwiritsa ntchito mosalekeza.

Chilengezochi sichinena kuti kafukufuku wamitsempha ndi kafukufuku wa "dopaminergic ntchito panthawi yogonana kapena kuyang'ana zolaula"Akuwulula kuti olemba a kulengeza uku sanawerenge maphunziro aliwonse omwe ali nawo. Palibe kafukufuku wina yemwe anafufuza ntchito ya dopamine! M'malo mwake, zofukufuku khumi ndi ziwiri za 3 zinayesa kukhalapo kwa chimodzi kapena zingapo za kusintha kwakukulu kwa ubongo zomwe zimakhudzana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi khalidwe: 1) Kusintha, 2) Kusintha, 3) Maulendo osayenerera operewera (osauka ntchito yogwira ntchito), ndi 4) Malo osokoneza maganizo osayenerera. Zonse za 4 za kusintha kwa ubongozi zapezeka pakati pa Kafukufuku wa 54 wokhudzana ndi sayansi ya ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pafupipafupi & osokoneza bongo:

  • Kafukufuku wolimbikitsa kulimbikitsa (kukonda-kuyambiranso & kulakalaka) mwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula / ogonana: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27.
  • Zofukufuku zomwe zimafotokoza kufunika kwa chilakolako kapena chizoloŵezi (zomwe zimapangitsa kulekerera) anthu ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula / olowerera kugonana: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.
  • Zofukufuku zomwe zimapereka ntchito yosauka kwambiri (zosasamala) kapena ntchito yowonongeka kwa anthu ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula / olowerera kugonana: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18.
  • Zofukufuku zomwe zimasonyeza kuti munthu ali ndi vuto losokoneza bongo anthu ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula / kugonana: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

Nanga bwanji zonena kuti Prause et al., 2015?

"Prause, Steele, Staley, Sabatinelli, ndi Hajcak (2015) adapeza mu kafukufuku wawo kuti omwe akutenga nawo mbali omwe amafotokoza zovuta zokhudzana ndi chiwerewere sanasonyeze mayankho ofanana ndi omwe amatsutsana nawo."

"Neural amayankha machitidwe"Amatanthawuza" cue-reactivity, "zomwe zimasonyeza kuti ubongo umasintha kwambiri - kumvetsetsa. Monga momwe mukuonera pamwambapa, panopa maphunziro a 27 pa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula / ogwiritsira ntchito zogonana akufotokoza zotsatira zomwe zimagwirizana ndi chizoloŵezi-chokhazikika, chidwi, kapena kukhumba. Ngakhale kulengeza kunali kolondola Prause et al., Zotsatira za 2015 zidatsutsana ndi kupezeka kwa cue-reactivity (sizitero), zingatenge zopitilira chimodzi (ndi zopanda pake) phunzirani ku "debunk" zaka makumi asanu ndi ziŵiri za khalidwe lochita kafukufuku!

Ndipo zotsatira zake zenizeni zinali zotani Prause et al., 2015? Poyerekeza ndi zowongolera "anthu omwe akukumana ndi zovuta zowonera zolaula" anali nazo m'munsi ubongo umayankha pakamwa kamodzi kwa zithunzi zolaula za vanilla. The olemba amati zotsatirazi "debunk bongo." Komabe, kwenikweni, zomwe apeza a Prause et al. 2015 iyanjana bwino ndi Kühn & Gallinat (2014), yomwe idapeza kuti zolaula zambiri zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuchepa kwa ubongo poyankha zithunzi za zolaula za vanila - kusintha kwa ubongo wokhudzana ndi zosokoneza bongo.

Pembedzero et al. zofufuziranso zikugwirizana ndi Banca et al. 2015. Kuwerenga kotsika kwa EEG kumatanthauza kuti maphunziro sanatengere chidwi ndi zithunzi. Mwachidule, ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zambiri sanasangalale ndi zithunzi zolaula za vanilla, poyerekeza ndi gulu lolamulira. Iwo anali otopetsa (ozolowera kapena osakhudzidwa), zomwe zitha kukhala umboni wazomwe zimachitika pakukonda ntchito. Onani izi YBOP yochuluka imatsutsa. Khumi Mapepala ogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anzawo amavomerezana kuti phunziroli lapezadi deensitization / habituation mumagwiritsa ntchito zolaula (mofanana ndi kuledzera): Zolemba zotsatiridwa ndi anzawo Prause et al., 2015

Chilengezo chachinsinsi chachikulu chachitatu (C)

C) "Kugonana / zolaula zimawonetsa kukondera pakati pa anthu (Klein, 2002; Williams, 2016), kuphatikiza njira zowunika zachipatala Joannides, 2012). Kusagwirizana pakati pa chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe kumaphatikizapo malingaliro okhudzana ndi kuyendetsa zachiwerewere, machitidwe azibwenzi, komanso zokonda ndi zikhalidwe zolaula. Chifukwa chake, anthu omwe ali ndi maina ena ogonana atha kukumananso ndi kusalidwa ndi kusankhidwa ndi omwe amalimbikitsa chizolowezi chogonana / zolaula. ”

Chotsatira chimodzi chokhachi ndizowerengedwera ndi anzanu: Williams, 2016. Ili mubuku laling'ono la anthu ogwira ntchito zomwe si PubMed indexed. Kuphunzira kokha kwa ubongo Williams zomwe zinatchulidwa zinali, inu mumaganiza, Prause et al. 2015. Williams, 2016 ndi lingaliro lalingaliro la chidutswa chomwe chimadalira Prause et al. Mabuku a 2015 ndi David Ley omwe akuwathandiza. Zimanyalanyaza 51 maphunziro ena a ubongo pa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula, Ndemanga za 25 zaposachedwa & ndemangandipo Zotsatira za 110 kulumikiza zolaula ku mavuto azakugonana komanso kukhutira ndi kugonana & kukhutira ndi ubale. Wiiliams, 2016 sizinthu zopanda kanthu.

Chidziwitso chachikulu chachinayi (D)

D) "Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti kupembedza komanso kusayanjana ndi anthu zimakhudza kwambiri chiwerewere / zolaula. Mwachitsanzo, Grubbs ndi anzawo (2010, 2015) adapeza kuti kupembedza komanso kusavomerezeka pamakhalidwe abwino anali olosera zamtsogolo zolaula, ngakhale zitakhala kuti zolaula zimayendetsedwa. Ofufuza ena anenanso zomwe zapezeka (Abell, Steenbergh, & Boivin, 2006; Kwee, Dominguez, & Ferrell, 2007; Leonhardt, Willoughby, & Young-Petersen, 2017). Ponena za kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula, a Thomas (2013, 2016) adagwiritsa ntchito kusanthula zakale kuti adziwe momwe ntchito yolowerera pakati pa Akhristu achikhristu idakhazikitsidwira. Akatswiri ena anena kuti malingaliro okhudzana ndi chiwerewere adatuluka mzaka za 1980 ngati njira yokomera anthu kuthana ndi zovuta zikhalidwe, ndipo avomerezedwa chifukwa chodalira kuchipatala komanso kuwonekera pachikhalidwe (Reay, Attwood, & Gooder, 2013; Voros, 2009) . ”

Kunena za kugonana / zolaula ndizo osati zokhudzana ndi chipembedzo mwa amuna. Choyamba, kuponderezedwa kwa maphunziro lipoti la kuchepetsa khalidwe lachiwerewere ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula mwachipembedzo (phunzirani 1, phunzirani 2, phunzirani 3, phunzirani 4, phunzirani 5, phunzirani 6, phunzirani 7, phunzirani 8, phunzirani 9, phunzirani 10, phunzirani 11, phunzirani 12, phunzirani 13, phunzirani 14, phunzirani 15, phunzirani 16, phunzirani 17, phunzirani 18, phunzirani 19, phunzirani 20, phunzirani 21, phunzirani 22, phunzirani 23, phunzirani 24).

Chachiwiri, maphunziro awiri omwe anafufuza odwala opatsirana pogonana omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV sanapeze ubale ndi chipembedzo. Mwachitsanzo, izi Kafukufuku wa 2016 pa odwala opaleshoni yolaula anapeza kuti kupembedza sizinagwirizane ndi zizindikiro zosayenerera kapena zowerengeka pafunso lachizoloŵezi chogonana. Izi Kafukufuku wa 2016 pa zofuna zogonana zogonana apezeka Palibe ubale pakati pa kudzipereka kwachipembedzo ndi machitidwe omwe amadziwika okha a khalidwe lachiwerewere komanso zotsatira zake.

Pankhani zokhudzana ndi makhalidwe ndi "chizoloŵezi chodziletsa" (pafupifupi maphunziro onse omwe ali mu ndondomeko yolengeza), kafukufuku watsopano akusonyeza kuti sali othandizidwa: Kodi Zithunzi Zolaula Zimagwiritsa Ntchito Zowonjezera-Zithunzi za 9 Zimasonyeza Kukhumudwa Kwenizeni pa Zithunzi Zolaula Zimagwiritsidwa Ntchito? Kufufuza Ntchito Yodziletsa. Phunziro latsopanoli likuti chipangizo chomwe Grubbs amagwiritsira ntchito mu maphunziro ake onse, CPUI-9, ndi cholakwika.

CPUI-9 imaphatikizapo mafunso osayanjana a 3 owona za kudziimba ndi manyazi, kotero Owerenga zolaula za CPUI-9 amawoneka pamwamba. Kupezeka kwa ziwonetsero zazikulu za CPUI-9 za ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula achipembedzo kunadyetsedwa kwa atolankhani ngati zomwe akuti, "anthu achipembedzo amakhulupirira kuti amamwa zolaula"Izi zinatsatiridwa ndi maphunziro angapo Kugwirizana ndi makhalidwe a CPUI-9. Popeza kuti anthu achipembedzo monga gulu amalephera kukonda makhalidwe, ndipo (motero) CPUI-9, ilo linatchulidwa (popanda chithandizo chenichenicho) chotsutsana ndi makhalidwe achipembedzo ndicho koona chifukwa cha zolaula zolaula. Izi ndizomwe zimatuluka, ndipo sizinayesedwe ngati za sayansi.

Kuonjezerapo, zotsatila ndi zifukwa zomwe zimayambira ndi CPUI-9 ndizosafunikira. Grubbs inakhazikitsa mafunso omwe sangathe, ndi sizinayambe zitsimikizirika, poyang'ana "zodziwika" kuchokera ku chizoloŵezi chenicheni: CPUI-9. Ndi zero sayansi yolingalira he alembedwanso CPUI-9 yake ngati "mafunso omwe amadziwika kuti amakonda zolaula". Kwa zambiri, zambiri onani “Kuphunzira kwatsopano kumalepheretsa Grubbs CPUI-9 kukhala chida choyesa "zolaula zolaula" kapena zovuta zolaula (2017). "

Pomaliza, manyazi achipembedzo samapangitsa kusintha kwa ubongo komwe kumafanana ndi omwe amapezeka mwa omwe amamwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Chifukwa chake magulu omwe akukakamira kuti "zogonana / zolaula ndizachipembedzo chabe" zonena zawo zimafunikabe kufotokoza zoposa khumi ndi zitatu maphunziro a ubongo Kukambirana ubongo wokhudzana ndi chiwerewere kumasintha kwa anthu ogwiritsira ntchito zolaula / ogwiritsira ntchito kugonana. Malinga ndi pa maphunziro a 40 okhudzana ndi zolaula / kugwiritsira ntchito zovuta za kugonana ndikukweza, amafunikanso kufotokoza pafupifupi 1000% ikukwera mu erectile yachinyamata yopanda ntchito kuyambira kubwera kwa masamba okulaula.

Chilengezo chachisanu chachinsinsi chachikulu (E)

Pomaliza, kulengeza uku kumaphatikizapo mfundo za 2 zokhudzana ndi "udzu":

E) Kugonana / kuwonetsa zolaula kumaonetsa kuti khalidwe la kugonana monga njira yothetsera vutoli ndi chizindikiro cha kuledzera, koma sizingaganize kuti kugonana kungakhale njira yabwino yothetsera vutoli.

Kugonana / kuwonetsa zolaula sizimapangitsa kuganiza koteroko. Zimakhudzidwa ndi anthu omwe sangathe kuwongolera khalidwe lawo ngakhale atakhala ndi zotsatira zoipa. Izi ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi "kulimbana."