gwero
Dipatimenti ya Biology ya Cell, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Kudalirika
MALANGIZO:
Kulephera kulepheretsa makhalidwe nthawi yomweyo kukhala matenda osokoneza bongo ndi mbali ya matenda ambiri a matenda a maganizo, ndipo mgwirizano wamkati wamkati (mPFC) umadziwika kuti ndi mkhalapakati wotsutsa khalidwe. Kafukufuku wamakono akuyesedwa ngati mPFC ikuphatikizidwa mu kulepheretsa khalidwe la kugonana pamene likugwirizana ndi zotsatira zotsutsa.
ZITSANZO:
Pogwiritsa ntchito makoswe, zotsatira za zilonda za infralimbic ndi prelimbic madera a mPFC powonetsa khalidwe la kugonana komanso kuthetsa kusamalidwa zinayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito chiganizo chotsutsana.
ZOKHUDZA:
Zilonda zamkati zamtundu wa cortex zamtunduwu sizinasinthe malingaliro a kugonana. Mosiyana ndi izi, mPFC zotsekedwa zamasulidwa kuti zikhale zogonana komanso zowonongeka zinyama zimapitirizabe kukwatirana, mosiyana ndi zizoloŵezi zowonongeka zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa mPFC zinyama zamtundu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti XMUMX% ya nyama zowonongeka zikhalebe zokha. Komabe, makoswe omwe ali ndi mPFC zotupa amatha kupanga malo okonda kugonana ndi malo osungirako mankhwala a lithiamu chloride, omwe amasonyeza kuti zilonda izi sizinasinthe kuphunzira kapena kusamalitsa kwa lithiamu chloride.
MAFUNSO:
Kafukufuku wapano akuwonetsa kuti nyama zomwe zili ndi zotupa za mPFC zitha kupanga mayanjano ndi zotsatira zoyipa zamakhalidwe awo koma sizitha kupondereza kufunafuna mphotho yakugonana poyang'ana zovuta zina. Izi zitha kuthandiza kuti mumvetsetse bwino za matenda omwe amayamba chifukwa cha zovuta zowongolera, chifukwa chizolowezi chogonana chimakhala chofala kwambiri chifukwa cha matenda amisala komanso matenda a Parkinson.
MAU OYAMBA
Mgwirizano wamakono (mPFC) umakhudzidwa ndi ntchito zambiri zapamwamba za dongosolo la mitsempha ya mammalia kuphatikizapo kuthetsa kukhumudwa kwa maganizo, khalidwe lodzidetsa nkhaŵa, komanso kusintha kwa khalidwe komanso kusankha zochita (1-5). Kupanga njira zopangira mphoto kumaganiziridwa kukhala kolamulidwa ndi dera la neuronal lomwe lili ndi mPFC, amygdala, ndi striatum (6) momwe mPFC imagwira ntchito ngati "woyang'anira"7,8). Chigawo chapadera cha kupanga mapangidwe othandizira mphoto ndi luso lotha kuyang'ana "machitidwe oyanjanitsa" maubwenzi pa nthawi (9). Mwanjira iyi, pamene zotsatira zokhudzana ndi khalidwe labwino zimakhala zosasangalatsa, nthawi zambiri zochitazi zimachepa. Izi zimabweretsa kusintha kwa khalidwe, ndipo yankho limeneli limadalira ntchito yogwira ntchito ya mPFC (8, 10). Kulephera kusinthira zochita zowonongeka pokhapokha atayambitsa mavuto ndi chizindikiro chofala ku matenda osiyanasiyana osokoneza bongo (11-15).
Mchitidwe wamakhalidwe achiwerewere wamwamuna ndi chikhalidwe chokhazikitsidwa ndi mphotho zomwe machitidwe oyanjanirana amayang'anitsitsa kuti akwaniritse zolinga zawo (16). Komabe, makoswe amapewa kugwirizanitsa pamene khalidwe la chiwerewere limayendetsedwa ndi lithiamu chloride (LiCl; 17, 18). Ntchito ya mPFC yakhala ikugwirizana ndi khalidwe lachiwerewere la abambo mu makoswe (19-25) ndi anthu (26). Komabe, udindo weniweni wa mPFC mu chiwerewere sichidziwika bwino. Cholinga cha phunziroli chinali kufotokoza zotsatira za mPFC zilonda pazinthu za kugonana, komanso pakupeza khalidwe loletsa khalidwe la kugonana ndi makoswe pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo chotsutsana. Zilondazo zinaphatikizapo infralimbic (IL) ndi prelimbic (PL) nuclei ya mPFC, monga madera awa asonyezedwa kuti azikonzekera kumadera okhudza ubongo (20). Zotsatira za phunziroli zikuwonetsa kuti ntchito yabwino ya mPFC siyenela kuwonetsera khalidwe lachiwerewere. M'malo mwake, zotsatirazi zimatsimikizira lingaliro lakuti mPFC imayendetsa kuchitidwa kwa khalidwe loletsa khalidwe la kugonana pomwe khalidwe ili likugwirizana ndi zotsatira zotsutsa.
ZIDA NDI NJIRA
nyama
Amuna akuluakulu (250-260 gramu) Amakopera makoswe a Dawley omwe amapezeka ku Harlan mabala (Indianapolis) ankakhala pa chipinda chodziwika bwino pa mdima (12: 12 h, kuwala kwa 10 AM) kutentha kwa 72 ° F. Chakudya ndi madzi zinalipo nthawi zonse. Ovariectomized, estrogen (sc silastic capsule ndi 5% 17-beta-estradiol benzoate) ndi progesterone (sc injection 500 μg mu 0.1 ml ya mafuta a sesame) Mphungu ya Sprague Dawley (210-225 gramu) anayamba maola anayi kudayamba kwa nthawi ya mdima ndi khalidwe linachitidwa mu khola laling'ono la Plexiglas (60 × 45 × 50 masentimita) pansi pa kuwala kofiira. Ndondomeko zonse zinavomerezedwa ndi Komiti Yogwiritsa Ntchito Zanyama ndi Yogwiritsira ntchito ku University of Cincinnati, University of Western Ontario Animal Care Komiti, ndipo ikugwirizana ndi malangizo a NIH ndi CCAC okhudza zinyama zofufuzira.
Kupanga Opaleshoni
Nyama zinkasakanizidwa ndi 1-ml / kg mlingo (87 mg / kg Ketamine ndi 13 mg / kg Xylazine). Nyama zinayikidwa mu zida za stereotaxic (Kopf zomangamanga, Tujunga, CA USA), zinapangidwa kuti zivumbulutse chigazacho, ndipo mabowo anagwedezeka pamwamba pa malo ojambulidwa pogwiritsa ntchito dmermel (Dremmel, USA). Ibotenic acid (0.25μl, 2% mu PBS) idagwiritsidwa ntchito palimodzi pogwiritsira ntchito jekeseni ziwiri pamakonzedwe osiyanasiyana osiyana siyana, pa nthawi ya minda ya 1.5 pogwiritsa ntchito singano ya 5μl Hamilton pamakalata otsatirawa ndi Bregma (ali ndi fupa losanjidwa pamwamba): PL ndi IL zilonda: AP = 2.9, ML = 0.6, DV = -5.0 ndi -2.5. Mankhwalawa amachitika pogwiritsa ntchito njira zomwezo, koma amagwiritsa ntchito jekeseni wa galimoto (PBS). Zinyama zonse zinaloledwa kubwezera masiku a 7-10 musanayese kuyesa khalidwe.
Design
Kulongosola za khalidwe la kugonana
PL ndi IL zilonda zinachitidwa pa nyama zomwe zinali zogonana musanayambe opaleshoni. Atachira, nyamazo zinaloledwa kukwatirana kamodzi pa sabata mpaka kuwonetsetsa kamodzi kokha, kwa chiwerengero cha masabata anayi otsatira pambuyo pa opaleshoni. Kusiyanasiyana kwa zochitika za kugonana (mwachitsanzo, latencies kuti ziwoneke, kuthamanga, kuthamangitsidwa, ndi kuchuluka kwa mapiritsi ndi kutulutsa mkati) mkati mwa kuyesedwa kulikonse anafufuzidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira imodzi ya ANOVA ndi opaleshoni ya zilonda ngati chinthu. Kuyerekeza kwapadera kunkachitika pogwiritsa ntchito mayesero a Fishers PLSD, onse omwe ali ndi chiwerengero cha 5%.
Yowonjezera Yowonjezera Maze Zosintha
Nyama zokhala ndi zilonda kapena chithandizo chamanyazi zinayesedwa pafupipafupi kwambiri (EPM). Mayesowa anachitidwa masabata asanu pambuyo pa opaleshoni komanso sabata imodzi pamapeto pake. EPM inapangidwa ndi Plexiglas bwino ndipo inali ndi mikono inayi yofanana kutalika kuchokera ku malo ozungulira omwe anapanga mawonekedwe a chizindikiro chowonjezera. Zida ziwiri zija zinatseguka kumalo akunja ndipo mbali zina ziwiri zazitalizo zinkazungulira ndi mdima wamkati (40cm mkulu) womwe unatambasula kutalika kwake kwa mkono. Mphepete pakati pa dera lapakati ndi mikono zinatanthauzidwa ndi mikwingwirima yoyera pamikono yomwe ili 12cm kuchokera pakati pa maze. Kuyesera kwa EPM kunkachitika pang'onopang'ono, ma 1-4 maola atangoyamba nthawi yamdima. Kusiyanasiyana pakati pa nyama zamphongo ndi zowonongeka zinatsimikiziridwa pogwiritsa ntchito mayeso a ophunzira ndi 5% mlingo wofunikira.
Kugonjetsedwa kwa kugonana kwachisokonezo
Amphaka ankagonjera katatu kuti athe kupeza chilakolako chogonana asanatuluke kapena kupaleshoni yamanyazi. Zinyama zomwe zimasonyeza kupweteka kwapakati pa mayesero awiri osachepera atatu opaleshoni ophatikizidwa anaphatikizidwa mu phunziro ili ndipo mwagawikana anagawa magulu anayi oyesera: Sham-LiCl, Lesion-LiCl, Sham-Saline, ndi Lesion-Saline. Opaleshoni ya ululu kapena sham anachitidwa masiku a 3 pambuyo pa maphunziro omaliza. Nyama zinaloledwa kubwezera kwa sabata imodzi pambuyo pa opaleshoniyo asanayambe kukhazikitsa nthawi. Pakati pa masewera olimbitsa thupi, theka la amuna omwe amamenya mankhwalawa ndi LiCl atangokhalira kumenyana (Sham-LiCl ndi Lesion-LiCl), pamene theka la amuna ndi amuna omwe amalephera kupitilira mankhwalawa anali ngati maulamuliro ndi saline atangothamanga (Sham-Saline ndi Lesion-Saline). Pogwiritsa ntchito tsiku la 1, nyama zimaloledwa kukamenyana ndi kukamwa ndipo zimayikidwa mkati mwa mphindi imodzi pambuyo pa kutaya magazi ndi 20ml / kg mlingo wa 0.15M LiCl kapena saline ndikubwezeretsanso m'nyumba zawo. M'maŵa tsiku la 2, amuna onse anayesedwa ndipo nyama zowonongeka zimapatsidwa 20ml / kg mlingo wa 0.15M LiCl, pomwe nyama za LiCl zimalowetsedwa ndi mlingo woyenera wa saline. Paradigm iyi inabwerezedwa patsiku la makumi awiri mphambu zotsatizana zokwanira khumi zokambirana. Zolemba za chiwerewere zinalembedwa panthawi iliyonse yoyesedwa. Kusiyanasiyana kwa ziwerengero za zinyama zomwe zinawonetsa mapulaneti ndi kutulutsa mkati, kapena ejaculations anali kufufuzidwa pa yesero lirilonse pogwiritsa ntchito Chi-square kusanthula ndi chiwerengero cha 5% chofunika. Popeza panalibe kusiyana pakati pa Sham-Saline ndi magulu a Lesion-Saline, magulu awiriwa anaphatikizidwa kuti azitha kufufuza (n = 9) ndipo amafanizidwa ndi gulu la Lesion-LiCl kapena Sham-LiCl.
Wokonzedwa Kumalo Otchuka
Zilombo zogonana zogonana zinachitidwa opaleshoni ya zilonda monga momwe tafotokozera pamwambapa ndipo tinaloledwa kubwezera kwa sabata imodzi musanayese kuyeretsa khalidwe. Kuyesera kwa khalidwe lonse kunayamba maola a 4 pambuyo pa nthawi ya mdima. Zipangizo zamakono zomwe zinkaikidwa m'malo mwake zinagawidwa m'zipinda zitatu ndi chipinda chosalowerera pakati. Mbali imodzi ya chipindacho chinali ndi makoma oyera ndi galasi pansi, pomwe mbali inayo inali yakuda ndi ndodo zosapanga dzimbiri monga pulasitiki, chipinda chapakati chinali ndi imvi ndi Plexiglas pansi (Med Associates, St. Albans, VT). Choyamba, kuyesedwa koyambirira kunayesedwa pofuna kukhazikitsa chilengedwe cha munthu aliyense asanakhazikitsidwe, nyama zonse zidaperekedwa m'chipinda chapakati ndikukhala ndi ufulu kwa zipinda zonse za mphindi zisanu ndi zisanu ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri ndipo nthawi yonse yomwe amathera m'chipinda chilichonse inalembedwa. Tsiku lotsatira, mwachitsanzo tsiku lachilendo 1, amuna amamenyera pakhomo pawo pakhomo pawo pomwe iwo anakaikidwa m'chipinda choyambirira chomwe sichidakondedwa kwa mphindi makumi atatu popanda kuzipinda m'chipinda china kapena kuikidwa m'chipinda chawo choyambirira maminiti makumi atatu popanda chiwerewere choyambirira. Pa tsiku lachiwiri lachikhalidwe, amuna adalandira zosiyana. Paradigm yokhazikikayi inabwerezedwa kamodzinso. Tsiku lotsatira, patsiku lotsatiridwa anayesedwa zomwe zinali zofanana ndi zisanachitike. Mitengo iwiri yapadera inagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti mudziwe ngati mPFC inawonetsa nyama zimapanga malo okonda kugonana. Choyambirira choyambirira chinali chiwerengero cha kusiyana, kutanthauza kusiyana pakati pa nthawi yomwe yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito m'chipinda choyambirira komanso nthawi yomwe inakhalapo m'chipinda choyambirira chosasankhidwa. Mapulogalamu amtunduwu ankatchulidwa ngati nthawi yomwe amachitira chipinda choyambirira chosasankhidwa chogawidwa ndi nthawi yomwe amachitikira m'chipinda choyambirira chosasankhidwa kuphatikizapo nthawi yomwe amachitira chipinda choyambirira. Zomwe amakonda komanso kusiyana kwake zinkafaniziridwa ndi nyama iliyonse pakati pa mayesero oyambirira ndi mayeso omwe amawunikiridwa pogwiritsa ntchito mayesero a ophunzira a 5%. Kafukufuku wammbuyo adasonyeza kuti zotsatira zokhudzana ndi kusamalidwa zimakhala ndi malo okonda malo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito pulojekitiyi, ndipo kuti machitidwe ochizira samapanga kusintha kosakondera (27-29).
Malo Oyika Mavuto
Zilombo zogonana zokhudzana ndi kugonana zinachitidwa opaleshoni yamaliseche kapena yapamwamba monga momwe tafotokozera pamwambapa ndipo tinaloledwa kubwezera kwa sabata imodzi musanayese kuyeretsa khalidwe. Kuyesera kwa khalidwe lonse kunayamba maola a 4 pambuyo pa nthawi yoyamba. Pogwiritsira ntchito zipangizo za CPP zomwe tazitchula pamwambapa, LiCl kapena jekeseni ya saline anali palimodzi ndi chipinda choyambirira kapena chosasankhidwa potsatira mayesero awiri ovomerezeka. Mayesero oyamba komanso apambuyo ankayendetsedwa ndi deta monga momwe tafotokozera pamwambapa pogwiritsa ntchito mayesero a ophunzira omwe ali ndi ziwerengero za 5%.
Kutsimikizika kwa zilonda
Pakuti zinyama zowonongeka zamoyo zinapangidwira transcardially ndi 4% paraformaldehyde ndi ubongo zinagawidwa (coronally). Zigawo zinalipo ndipo zimatetezedwa kuti zikhale ndi neuronal marker NeuN pogwiritsira ntchito antiserum yoyamba mu njira yotsitsimutsa kuzindikira NeuN (anti-NeuN antiserum; 1: 10,000; Chemicon) ndi njira zomwe zimayendera immunoperoxidase (19). Malo ndi kukula kwa zilonda za ibotenic zinatsimikiziridwa pofufuza malo omwe ali pafupi ndi mPFC magawo opanda madontho a NeuN neuron. Zilonda za mPFC zambiri zimawonekera mtunda kuchokera kwa AP + 4.85 mpaka + 1.70 pafupi ndi bregma (Chithunzi 1A-C). Zilondazo zinkawoneka kuti zangwiro ngati 100% ya IL ndi 80% ya PL inawonongedwa, ndipo nyama zokhala ndi zilonda zokwanira zinaphatikizidwa mu kufufuza kwa chiwerengero (Kuchita zogonana, zilonda n = 11, sham n = 12; = 5, sham n = 4; kuyerekezera kugonana kwachitsulo, sham-saline n = 4, sham-LiCl n = 9, zilonda-saline n = 5, zilonda-LiCl n = 12; ; kuyesedwa kwa malo osokoneza malo, sham n = 5, chilonda n = 12).
Chithunzi 1
ZINTHU
Kugonana
PL / IL zilonda sizinakhudze zogonana zilizonse zomwe zimayesedwa kwa amuna omwe anali osowa pogonana asanayambe opaleshoni (Chithunzi 1D-F). Pogwirizana, palibe zotsatira za PL / IL zilonda pazochitika zogonana anadziwika mwa amuna omwe ali ndi chiwerewere kuphatikizapo chidziwitso chogonana chogonana, pachiyeso choyamba, choncho asanalowetse LiCl ndi khalidwe la chiwerewere (Gulu 1). Chifukwa chake, PL / IL zilonda sizinakhudze khalidwe la kugonana popanda kudziwa zogonana.
Gulu 1
Zowonjezera Zowonjezera
Mogwirizana ndi malipoti apitayi (27-29), makoswe amphongo ndi mPFC zilonda zamwamuna zimasonyeza zolemba zambiri m'magulu a EPM poyerekeza ndi maulamuliro (Chithunzi 1G), kutanthauza kuti ntchito ya mPFC ndi yofunika kwambiri pa zinthu zomwe zimafuna kuyesedwa koopsa.
Kugonjetsedwa kwa kugonana
Zotsatira za chikhalidwe cha LiCl pankhani ya kugonana
Chikhalidwe cha LiCl chinapangitsa kuchepetsa kwakukulu kwa magawo a amuna amphongo omwe ankaonetsa mapulaneti, mavitamini, kapena kutsekemera poyerekeza ndi mankhwala a sham saline (Chithunzi 2A-B). Komabe, mPFC zotupazo zatsekedwa kwathunthu chitetezo choyambitsa LiCl chikhalidwe. Kusanthula kwapakati pamtunduwu kunasonyeza kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa magulu omwe amadziwika mwa magawo a zinyama zomwe zinawonetsa mapulaneti (Chithunzi 2A), zosokoneza (zosasinthidwa; deta yofanana Chithunzi 2A), kapena ejaculations (Chithunzi 2B). Makamaka, peresenti ya amuna omwe amawonetsa mapulaneti, kutulutsa mpweya, kapena kutsekemera kunali kochepa kwambiri mu gulu la Sham-LiCl poyerekeza ndi ziweto zogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi saline (Sham ndi Lesion), zomwe zimasonyeza kusokoneza kwa LiCl kukonzekera kugwirizana kwa Sham animals. Mosiyana, palibe zotsatira za chikhalidwe cha LiCl chomwe chinawonedwa ku Lesion-LiCl amuna (Zizindikiro 2A-B). Choncho, ntchito ya mPFC ndi yofunika kwambiri kuti munthu apeze chikhalidwe choletsa kugonana. Komabe, n'zotheka kuti PL / IL zilonda zisamaphunzire kuyanjana ndi kugonana, motero pamaphunziro osiyana a PL / IL zilonda pa kupeza malo ovomerezeka a mphotho za kugonana anayesedwa.
Chithunzi 2
Kuyika malo okonda ndi kusokonezeka
Mphungu ndi mPFC zotupa zimapanga kuphunzira kwachidziwitso kwachidziwitso cha zochitika zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi mphotho ya kugonana, monga momwe zikusonyezedwera ndi kusiyana kwakukulu kwa mapiritsi ndi mapiritsi okhudzidwa pamapeto a mayeso (Chithunzi 3A-B). Kuwonjezera apo, zilonda sizinakhudze kuphunzira kwachidziwitso ndi zomwe LiCl-inachititsa malaise, zomwe zikuwonetseratu ndi kuchepa kwakukulu ndi zozizwitsa zomwe zimaperekedwa panthawi ya test post (Chithunzi 3C-D).
Chithunzi 3
KUKANGANANI
Mu phunziro lino, timanena kuti zilonda za m'madera a IL ndi PL za mPFC sizikukhudzani machitidwe a chiwerewere, komanso kupezeka kwa malo ovomerezeka kumakhudzana ndi mphotho ya kugonana. M'malo mwake, zilonda zimapewa kugonana kwabwino. Zotsatira izi zimapereka umboni wogwira mtima wa lingaliro lakuti kuthekera kwa kusintha kusintha kwa khalidwe kumayendetsedwa ndi madera a IL ndi PL a mPFC.
Deta yapitalo kuchokera ku labotore yathu inasonyeza kuti mPFC neurons imasinthidwa pa khalidwe la kugonana mu makoswe amphongo (20). Komabe, mPFC yomwe imayang'aniridwa ndi makoswe mu phunziro lino ndi yosazindikiritsidwa ndi makoswe olamulira amtundu uliwonse muzochitika zogonana zokhudzana ndi kugonana. Mogwirizana ndi malipoti apitayi (30, 32) MPFC zotupa zinapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala ndi nkhawa chifukwa cha zomwe zimachitika pafupipafupi. Chifukwa chake, zotsatira zamakono zimasonyeza kuti kuyambitsidwa kwa magawo a IL ndi PL kumagulu a mPFC pa nthawi yogonana sikoyenera kuwonetsera khalidwe lachiwerewere. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, phunziro lapitalo la Agmo ndi ogwira nawo ntchito likuwonetsa kuti zilonda za m'kati mwake (ACA) zowonjezera kuwonjezeka kwa mapiritsi ndi kuchepa kwazitsulo komanso kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha amuna omwe adapanga (25). Choncho, n'zotheka kuti ACA imathandizira kuchita chiwerewere, pamene zigawo za PL ndi PL zimayambitsanso chizoloŵezi cha khalidwe kamodzi zokhudzana ndi zotsatira zotsutsa.
Ngakhale kuti mPFC zotupa zakhala zikusokoneza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kukumbukira kukumbukira (33, 34), zotsatira za mPFC zotupa pa chizoloŵezi cha khalidwe lofotokozedwa pano sizingakhale zolembedwera ku zoperewera zophunzira. Pachigawo chosiyana cha mayesero a mPFC omwe adawonedwa amuna adayesedwa kuti athe kukhazikitsa malo okonda kugonana. Maphunziro othandizana ndi mphoto anakhalabe ogwira ntchito mu mPFC yomwe inkawona nyama monga momwe amunawa amatha kukhazikitsa malo okondwerera malo oponderezedwa ogonana. Zomwe akupezazi zikugwirizana ndi kafukufuku wapitawo pofufuza udindo wa PL kapena kumaliza mPFC pofuna kupeza psychostimulant yomwe inachititsa CPP (35, 36), Komanso, kuphunzira kwadzidzidzi kuti zitsitsimutse LiCl sizinakhudzidwe ndi mPFC zotupa, zogwirizana ndi malipoti apitalo omwe PFC zotupa sizinalepheretse kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa chilakolako choyipa (34). Deta zonsezi zimasonyeza kuti kuwonetseratu kwa PL / IL mkati mwa mPFC,20) sikofunikira kuti munthu adziwe maphunziro othandizana ndi mphoto, komabe ndi zofunikira kuti agwiritse ntchito bwino mfundoyi molingana ndi kuchitidwa kwa kayendetsedwe ka khalidwe. Lingaliro limeneli likugwirizana ndi kutsutsana komwe kulipo kuti ILI yogwira ntchito ndi yofunikira kuti ifufuze ndikuchita zinthu zoletsedwa ndi zosangalatsa zomwe zimapereka chidziwitso chokhudza mphotho ya mphotho (37). Komanso, nyama zokhala ndi PL (35) kapena IL (8, 37, 38) zotupa zimasonyeza kuti zimatha kuwonongeka ngakhale kuti simungagwiritse ntchito mfundoyi kuti mupange zisankho zolinga.
Pomalizira, kafukufuku wamakono akuwonetsa kuti zinyama zokhala ndi mPFC zilonda zingathe kupanga maubwenzi ndi zotsatira zowononga za khalidwe lawo, koma sungathe kuthetsa kufunafuna mphotho ya kugonana pakakhala mavuto aakulu. Kwa anthu kukakamiza kugonana ndikumvetsa zovuta zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza malingaliro-zamaganizo zimatanthawuza ngati chitsimikizo cha mtundu wa hedonic chili chokwanira kuchita monga kugonana (39). Deta yamakono ikuwonetsa kuti kuchepa kwa mPFC kungapangitse chiopsezo cha kugonana kutenga kapena kukakamiza kuchita chiwerewere. Kuwonjezera apo, mPFC yosavomerezeka yakhala ikugwirizanitsidwa ndi matenda angapo okhudza matenda a maganizo (13, 40) kutanthauza kuti kukanika kwa mPFC kungakhale vuto lalikulu lomwe limagwirizanitsa ndi mavuto ena ndipo kuti khalidwe lachiwerewere lingagwirizane ndi mavuto ena. Zoonadi, mwa anthu, kugonana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kapena kuti kugonana kwachinyengo, kunenedwa kuti ali ndi chiwerengero chokwanira ndi matenda a maganizo (kuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, nkhawa, ndi matenda a maganizo) (41), komanso pafupifupi 10% peresenti mu Matenda a Parkinson pamodzi ndi kugula mokakamiza, njuga, ndi kudya (42-44).
Mawu a M'munsi
Chodzikanira cha Wosindikiza: Imeneyi ndi fayilo ya PDF ya zolembedwa zosavomerezeka zomwe zavomerezedwa kuti zifalitsidwe. Monga ntchito kwa makasitomala athu ife tikupereka malemba oyambirira a zolembedwazo. Mipukutuyi idzayambanso kujambula, kufotokozera, ndi kubwereza umboni umene umapezekapo musanatulutsidwe mawonekedwe ake omalizira. Chonde dziwani kuti panthawi yopanga zolakwika zingapezeke zomwe zingakhudze zomwe zili, komanso zotsutsana ndi malamulo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa magaziniyo.
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