MAFUNSO: Phunziroli anafufuza zotsatira za kugonana kwa maanja, koma anafunsanso anthu okhaokha (pachibwenzi, zaka zakubadwa 28.5), osati maanja (pamodzi). Kuwonjezera pa kusiya anthu omwe sali pachibwenzi, iwo sanatenge maanja omwe wokambirana nawo adanena okha ena mnzanga amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Izi zinali osati chitsanzo choimira,
monga 75% mwa ophunzirawo anali akazi, ndipo 59% ya akazi ankagwiritsa ntchito zolaula (zochuluka kwambiri kusiyana ndi magawo ophunzirira). 38% ya omwe anafunsidwa anali okwatira. Zotsatirazo:
Amuna, omwe palibe amene anagwiritsidwa ntchito, adakondwera kwambiri ndi chiyanjano kusiyana ndi mabanja omwe anali ndi ogwiritsa ntchito. Izi zikugwirizana ndi kafukufuku wakale (Cooper et al., 1999; Manning, 2006), kuwonetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito nokha zolaula kumabweretsa zotsatirapo zoipa ... Ogwiritsa ntchito payekha amavomereza kuti sagwirizane kwambiri ndi kudzipereka mu ubale wawo kusiyana ndi osakhala ogwiritsa ntchito komanso ogwiritsa nawo ntchito.
Mofanana ndi kafukufuku wina, ogwiritsa ntchito okhawo amanena za umphawi komanso kukhutira ndi kugonana. Phunziroli linanenanso kuti pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa maanja omwe onse anayang'ana zolaula pamodzi ndi mabanja omwe sankagwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Njovu mu chipinda: Popeza uku kunali kuyesedwa kwa munthu m'modzi yekha paubwenzi, osati onse awiri, tingadziwe bwanji kuti anthu onsewa analidi "osagwiritsa ntchito"? Makamaka popeza 86% ya "osagwiritsa ntchito" poyankha kafukufukuyu anali akazi.
Nthawi zambiri wogwiritsa ntchito zolaula amaonera zolaula ndi zofunika:
"Pafupifupi, momwe munthu amaonera zolaula mosiyanasiyana zimakhudza zotsatira za ogwiritsa ntchito. Kafukufuku wathu wapeza kuti ogwiritsa ntchito pafupipafupi amakhala ndi mwayi wosakondana komanso kukhala ndi zibwenzi m'mabwenzi awo. "
Pomaliza, kafukufukuyu adawunika zotsatira "zodziwona" za zolaula pogwiritsa ntchito PCES:
"Ponseponse, ogwiritsa ntchito pafupipafupi (HFU) akuti zotsatira zabwino zowoneka bwino kuposa Ogwiritsa Ntchito pafupipafupi (LFU) ”
Ndizosadabwitsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kwambiri kwapangitsa kuti pakhale zotsatira zabwino "zabwino," chifukwa kafukufukuyu adagwiritsa ntchito Zithunzi zolaula Zotsatira Zovuta (PCES). PCES ndi chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri cha kafukufuku wofufuzira pogonana. YBOP ndi pulofesa wodziwika bwino wa sayansi ya zachipatala anavumbulutsa PCES pa zomwe ziri pano: Zotsatira Zodzikonda Zomwe Zilipo Zolaula Ntchito, Hald GM, Malamuth NM (2008). Chikhalidwe cha mafunso a PCES ndi m'mene amapezera zotsatira zake ndi zotsatira zodabwitsa (komanso zopanda nzeru) monga izi: Mukamaonera zolaula, mumakhulupirira kwambiri zolaula, ndipo mukamachita maliseche, zotsatira zabwino m'mbali zonse za moyo wanu. Chifukwa chiyani? Moyo wocheperako, kuwonongeka kwa maubale, komanso moyo wosagonana, palibe chimodzimodzi pa PCES pophunzira zambiri zakugonana kwa abambo ndi kukhala ndi malingaliro omasuka pa zachiwerewere. Kugwiritsa ntchito mafunso a PCES kwa munthu aliyense - ngati muli wazaka 30 yemwe amatsekedwa kuti azichita zolaula nthawi 5 patsiku, zolaula zimathandizira kwambiri pamoyo wanu!
Muchitsanzo chowonekeratu cha momwe zinalili zolakwika ndi PCES, kafukufuku wamakono adapeza kuti High Frequency Porn Users adakwera kwambiri mafunso okhudza zotsatira za PCES (monga tingayembekezere), komabe moyo wawo weniweni sunali waukulu kwambiri: Amakhala osakhutira ndiubwenzi komanso ocheperako pamaubwenzi awo. Kugwiritsa ntchito Zithunzi zolaula Zotsatira Zovuta (PCES), kafukufukuyu adapeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kwambiri kumakhudzana ndi ntchito zogonana, mavuto ochulukirapo ogonana, komanso "moyo woyipa kwambiri pakugonana". Chidule chofotokozera kulumikizana pakati pa PCES "Zotsatira Zoyipa" pamafunso a "Life Life" komanso kuchuluka kwa zolaula:
Panalibe kusiyana kwakukulu kwa Mchitidwe Wosasokoneza Mphamvu PCES pafupipafupi zogwiritsa ntchito zolaula; Komabe, panali kusiyana kwakukulu pa Sex Life subscale kumene High Frequency Porn Users anena zoipa zambiri kuposa Owerenga Low Frequency Porn.
Mwachidule, ngakhale PCES Zolemba kutanthauza phindu lakuwonera zolaula, zolaula zambiri zidapangitsa moyo wosauka wogonana komanso mavuto azakugonana. Mutha kukhala kuti mukudzifunsa nokha funso lodziwikiratu: Kodi anthu ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zambiri amakhala bwanji ndi miyoyo ya crappier, komabe "zabwino kwambiri" chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula? Ndiwo matsenga a PCES! (werengani nkhani yathu)
J Behav Addict. 2016 Oct 27: 1-8.
Minarcik J1, Kutentha CT2, Short MB3.
Kudalirika
Mbiri ndi zolinga
Zithunzi zolaula zafala kwambiri. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zolaula (SEMs) amafotokoza zotsatira zoipa (Schneider, 2000b). Komabe, Mabotolo (2008b) adapeza kuti maanja omwe amagwiritsa ntchito SEM pamodzi amakhala okhutira kwambiri kuposa omwe amagwiritsira ntchito SEM pawokha. Kufufuzanso kwina pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya SEM yogwiritsira ntchito mu maubwenzi kungasonyeze momwe SEM ikukhudzidwira kumadera osiyanasiyana okhutira. Choncho, cholinga cha phunziroli ndikufufuza momwe ntchito ya SEM ikugwirizanirana ndi machitidwe osiyanasiyana.
Njira
Kafukufuku wapano adaphatikizira zitsanzo za koleji ndi intaneti za anthu 296 omwe adagawika m'magulu potengera momwe SEM imagwiritsira ntchito maubale (mwachitsanzo, SEM yokha, SEM imagwiritsa ntchito ndi mnzake, ndipo palibe kugwiritsa ntchito SEM).
Results
Panali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pamagulu okhutira ndiubwenzi [F (2, 252) = 3.69, p = .026], kuyanjana [F (2, 252) = 7.95, p = <.001], ndi kudzipereka [F (2, 252) = 5.30, p = .006]. Kusanthula kwa post-hoc kunawulula zakusiyana kowonjezera pakukhutira muubwenzi [t (174) = 2.13, p = .035] ndiubwenzi [t (174) = 2.76, p = .006] kutengera kuchuluka kwa magwiritsidwe ntchito a SEM.
Kukambirana
Kupitiliza kufufuza kwa ntchito za SEM kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'mabanja kudzathandiza kumvetsetsa kwambiri gawo lake muukondano.
MAFUNSO: awiri; zolaula; chiyanjano; chibwenzi; kukhutira kugonana; zida zolaula
PMID: 27784182
Introduction
Kuwonjezeka kwakukulu pa zolaula [chifukwa cha phunzirolo, zidzasinthika ndi zinthu zolaula (SEM)] zachititsa ochita kafukufuku kupitiliza kufufuza zomwe zimakhudza ogwiritsira ntchito ndi ubale wawo (Schneider, 2000a, 2000b). Pamene zipangizo zamakono zapita patsogolo, kufalitsa kwa SEM kunasinthidwanso ndi mawonekedwe atsopano a digito, motero kuwonjezeka kupezeka ndi kupezeka. Pakali pano, pali zithunzi zolaula za 4.2 miliyoni, ndipo mphindi iliyonse, kuposa $ 3,000 ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pa SEM (Ropelato, 2010). Mfundo ya "Katatu-A Engine", yomwe imadziwika kuti ndi yotheka kwambiri, yomwe ingakwanitse, komanso yomwe imadziwika kuti ndi yosadziwika, ikhoza kuwerengera kugwiritsa ntchito SEM pa intaneti (Cooper, 1998).
Zopweteka za kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa anthu payekha
Kuwonera zolaula zakhala zikukhala ndi zotsatira zambiri zoipa kwa munthu, kuphatikizapo kuwonongeka kwa maphunziro ndi ntchito zamaluso, zovuta, kugonana (Cooper, Putnam, Planchon, & Boies, 1999; Manning, 2006), ndi nkhanza (Allen, D'Alessio, & Brezgel, 1995; Donnerstein, Donnerstein, & Evans, 1975). Pambuyo pa mavuto okhudzana ndi kudzikonda, SEM ntchito yowonjezera mavuto mu ubale wapamtima (Sintha, 2007; Oddone-Paolucci, Genuis, & Violato, 2000). Kwenikweni, kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kwa munthu kumayambitsa kuchepa kwa ubale ndi kukhutira kugonana (Mabwalo, 2008a; Sintha, 2007; Schneider, 2000a, 2000b; Yucel & Gassanov, 2010).
Pofufuza mavutowa, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa SEM ndikulingalira kwa kuchepa kwaukwati ndi ubwenzi wapamtima (Schneider, 2000a, 2000b) ndipo ndizowathandiza kwambiri kulekanitsa ndi kusudzulana (Schneider, 2000b). Ndipotu, maukwati ndi mavuto okhudzana ndi kugonana nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi chikhutiro chochepa, ndipo abwenzi omwe ali ndi chidziwitso cha ubalewo akuwonjezeka pa chinsinsi, kudzipatula,Zojambula, 1992; Schneider, 2000b; Wildmon-White & Achinyamata, 2002). Mavutowa amachitikira kwambiri mmabanja omwe wokondedwa mmodzi amangokhalira kugwiritsa ntchito SEM, nthawi zambiri amachititsa kuti asakhale ndi chidwi chogonana komanso kugonana (Schneider, 2000b).
Kusokoneza kwa kugwiritsira ntchito pa zibwenzi
Ponena za zotsatira za kugwiritsirana kwa abwenzi, Zillmann ndi Bryant (1984, 1988) kuona kuti kuonerera zolaula kunayambitsa kuchepetsa wokondweretsa mnzanu, kuonjezera kukonda akazi, kusokoneza malingaliro okhudzana ndi kugonana, ndi zichepere zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa mwamuna kapena mkazi. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti kuyang'ana zolaula kumawonjezera chiweruzo cha ubale wosagwirizana ndi mwamuna monga khalidwe labwino (Drake, 1994).
Kuphatikiza pa zomwe zimakhudza mnzake, kafukufuku adasanthula momwe azimayi amagwiritsira ntchito SEM yamwamuna. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwa SEM kwamwamuna kumatha kubweretsa zovuta zosiyanasiyana (mwachitsanzo, kusakhulupirika, kukanidwa, ndi kusiyidwa) kwa akazi, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimabweretsa kutha kwa maubwenzi (Schneider, 2000a, 2000b). Amuna, omwe amawona zolaula za abambo awo amagwiritsira ntchito, nthawi zambiri amayamba kudziona ngati osayenera, opanda pake, ofooka, ndi opusa (Bergner & Bridges, 2002).
Zotsatira zabwino zogwiritsiridwa ntchito pa zibwenzi
Ngakhale kuti zolaula zimakhudza mavuto ena, kafukufuku wina apeza kuti maanja omwe amagwiritsa ntchito SEM pamodzi akhoza kukhala ndi zotsatira zabwino kuposa omwe amagwiritsa ntchito SEM mwachindunji (Mabwalo, 2008b; Mabwalo & Morokoff, 2010; Schneider, 2000a, 2000b). Komanso, anthu omwe amangoona SEM ndi wokondedwa wawo amawonetsa kuti akukhutira kugonana ndi kudzipatulira kwa wokondedwa wawo poyerekeza ndi osagwiritsa ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, anthu okwatirana, omwe amawauza kuti akugawana SEM, amavomereza kuti ali ndi chibwenzi chokwanira komanso kukhutira kugonana kusiyana ndi mabanja omwe sanagwiritse ntchito SEM palimodzi (Mabwalo, 2008b).
Zokambirana za SEM zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachikondi
Chifukwa chosiyana ndi zotsatira za kafukufuku wakale, ndizomveka kuti kugwiritsira ntchito komanso kugwiritsirana ntchito kwa SEM ndi kovuta. Magazini imodzi yomwe imatsutsana ndi zotsatira ndizomwe zimagwirizanirana ndi chiyanjano chogwirizana ndi SEM. Makamaka, kugwiritsa ntchito SEM mu ubale weniweni kungakhale kwa munthu mmodzi kapena onse awiri. Kuwonjezera apo, pamene mutenga maganizo a mnzanuyo pa kuwonetseredwa kwa SEM, mwachidziwikire, pangakhale magulu asanu a SEM akugwiritsa ntchito: ogwiritsira ntchito, ogwiritsira ntchito, ogwiritsa ntchito, ogwiritsa ntchito, osagwiritsa ntchito. Inde, munthu mmodzi akhoza kukhala m'magulu angapo a SEM mu chiyanjano. Poganizira chimodzi mwa izi, zotsatira za ntchito zingakhale zosiyana kwa munthu aliyense m'gulu lililonse. Kumvetsetsa zovuta za ntchito ya SEM kungagwirizanenso ndi ntchito ya SEM. Kupitiriza kufotokoza mbali ndi machitidwe a SEM agwiritsire ntchito pachibwenzi (ndi zotsatira zake pa kukhutira), zingakhale zothandiza kufufuza zomangamanga zokhudzana ndi chikhumbo chokhutira, monga chibwenzi kapena kudzipereka.
Kufunika kwa ntchito ya SEM ntchito
Kutanthauzira kwa mnzanu pa ntchito ya SEM kungakhudze kugwirizana ndi kukhutira kugonana. Ndipotu, Bridges (2008a) anapeza kuti mafupipafupi ndi zotsatira za ntchito za SEM zimasiyana malinga ndi kugonana, malingaliro ogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi abwenzi, komanso ntchito ya SEM. Mwamuna ndi mkazi omwe agwiritsiridwa ntchito SEM, onse awiriwa amavomereza kukhala ndi kugonana kwakukulu komanso kukondana poyerekezera ndi maanja omwe akazi sanagwiritse ntchito SEM. Mu maubwenzi omwe akazi sanagwiritse ntchito SEM, kugwiritsira ntchito SEM kwa amuna kunakhudzanso zokhutiritsa kugonana. Kuwonjezera apo, zotsatira zapeza kuti ntchito yovomerezeka kwambiri ya SEM yogwiritsira ntchito akazi ndi mbali imodzi ya chikondi, pamene abambo ambiri amawagwiritsa ntchito ngati chithandizo chokhachokha,Mabwalo, 2008a, p. 79).
Zina mwa zotsatira zokhudzana ndi chiyanjano, kudzipereka, chilakolako, ndi chiyanjano zingakhale zogwirizana ndi ntchito ya SEM. Phunziro loyenerera, zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zosiyana mu chiyanjano cha ubale (Benjamin & Tlusten, 2010). Mwachitsanzo, akazi ena amafotokoza kuti akulowetsa zolaula ndikuzigwiritsa ntchito monga chitukuko chokhalira ndi chilakolako ndi wokondedwa wawo. Komabe, akazi ena amanena kuti kuona zithunzi zolaula za ubwenzi wapamtima kunabweretsa kusiyana pakati pa kugonana kwawo.
Kafukufuku wamakono akuyesera kufotokozera zotsatira za SEM pogwiritsa ntchito maubwenzi okondana, makamaka mgwirizano pakati pa SEM ndikugwiritsa ntchito mafashoni achikondi (monga momwe amayesedwera ndi mfundo za Sternberg), mayendedwe okhutira, ndi zotsatira zozizwitsa za ntchito ya SEM. Kufufuza momwe zotsatira za SEM zimagwiritsidwira ntchito ndi onse awiri mu chibwenzi ndi munda watsopano; Choncho, phunziro ili likukumanga pa kafukufuku watsopano.
Phunziro la tsopano
Kafukufuku wamakono akuyesa kugwiritsa ntchito SEM mu ubale wapamtima monga momwe anafotokozera ndi munthu. Ndondomekoyi inafotokoza zochitika zaumwini zomwe zingakhale zogwirizana ndi ntchito ya SEM kuphatikizapo njira za chikondi (chibwenzi, chilakolako, kudzipereka, kudzipereka), kukhutira ndi kugonana, ndi zotsatira za ntchito ya SEM. Kafukufuku wamakono akuyesa kusiyana kwa zotsatira za SEM pakati pa magulu a anthu omwe: (a) wokhawokha amene amagwiritsa ntchito SEM, (b) onse awiri amagwiritsira ntchito SEM palimodzi, kapena (c) palibe mnzanu amagwiritsa ntchito SEM. Bergner ndi Bridges (2002) adayankha momwe akazi amachitira akamadziwa kuti mnzawo akugwiritsa ntchito SEM, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti SEM sagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse. Pachifukwa ichi, ogwiritsa ntchito ndi othandizira osiyana sanaphatikizidwe. Maphunziro ena ayenera kuyankha ngati pali zosagwirizana ndipo nthawi zina malingaliro olakwika a SEM amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi osagwiritsa ntchito.
Njira
akulembedwa
Ophunzira, zaka za 18 kapena zakale komanso pachibwenzi, adayitanitsidwa kudzera mu phukusi la pulogalamu yophunzitsa anthu pa Intaneti paunivesite yapamwamba ya Texas, masewero a kalasi pa yunivesite yomweyi, njira zamatumizi a "mailball", maulendo a webusaiti, ndi othandizana nawo. Kulembera kudzera pa malonda a pawebusaiti kumaphatikizapo kutumizira malonda ophunzirira pa malo owonetsera malonda, monga www.craigslist.com, www.backpage.comndipo Www.facebook.com.
Kusonkhanitsa deta kunachitika pa miyezi 6. Pogwiritsa ntchito kufufuza kwa intaneti, ophunzira onse adalangizidwa kuti kutenga nawo mbali mwadzidzidzi kunali mwaufulu ndipo kuti akhoza kuchoka pa phunziro nthawi iliyonse. Chifukwa cha maonekedwe a mafunsowa, chizindikiro cha chilolezo chinatulutsidwa kuti chisadziwike, ndipo ophunzira adalangizidwa kuti awone bokosi losonyeza kuvomereza kwawo, malinga ndi njira zogwirizana ndi IRB. Pambuyo povomera kuti athe kutenga nawo mbali, ophunzira adatsiriza mafunsowa. Funso loyambirira la kafukufukuyo linaphatikizidwa ndi chiyanjano cha mzake. Amene akuvomereza "osakwatiwa / osati pakalipano mu chibwenzi" adadziwitsidwa kuti sakuyenera kutenga nawo gawo ndipo achotsedwa pamaphunziro.
Pambuyo pomaliza phunzirolo, ngati ophunzirawo akufuna kupanga zojambula zokwana madola 50, iwo adasindikiza chiyanjano chotsogolera pa fayilo yapadera ya data, zomwe zinapangitsa mayankhowo kuti asagwirizane ndi kulowera. Omwe awiriwo, omwe adagonjetsedwa, adayankhulana ndi imelo kuti akonze kuti apatsidwe ndalama. Ophunzira ochokera ku yunivesite anapatsidwa mwayi wokhala ndi ngongole yowonjezereka chifukwa chochita nawo m'malo molowa muzithunzithunzi. Ngati akufunafuna ngongole yowonjezera, iwo adakaniza chilankhulo chotsogolera pa fayilo yapadera ya deta, komwe adasiya dzina lawo kuti apatsidwe ngongole yowonjezera.
ophunzira
Ambiri mwa ophunzirawo adachokera ku zitsanzo zosaphunzira (65%, n = 192). Ophunzirawo adaphatikiza amuna 75 (25%) ndi akazi 221 (75%) azaka 18-87. Kutanthauza zaka za omwe anali nawo anali zaka 28.51 (SD = 9.40). Anthu omwe anali pachibwenzi chawo anali limodzi zaka pafupifupi 5.36 (SD = 6.60). Mwa omwe atenga nawo mbali, 97% anali amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndipo 3% anali amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Potengera mtundu, mtunduwu anali makamaka aku Caucasus (65.2%), otsatiridwa ndi Spain (18.9%), African American (7.4%), ndi ena (8.5%).
Kuti muwone, maukwati a banja adasankhidwa kulowa m'banja (38.1%) ndipo osakwatirana (62.9%). Maanja okwatirana adakwatira zaka pafupifupi 3.47 (SD = 7.11). Ambiri mwa omwe atenga nawo mbali akuti anali paubwenzi wapaderadera (85.2%), 8.0% anali m'mabanja ena apadera, ndipo 6.8% anali maubale osagwirizana. Pafupifupi 92% mwa omwe amatenga nawo mbali anali kugonana ndipo akuti amagonana ndi anzawo omwe akhala nawo kwa zaka 5.37 (SD = 6.80).
Ophunzirawo adakhazikitsidwa m'magulu atatu pogwiritsa ntchito mtundu wa SEM womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito pachibwenzi. Gulu loyamba ndi ogwiritsa ntchito pawokha (n = 72-79; onani Gome 1), momwe ophunzirawo ali okhawo omwe ali pachibwenzi pogwiritsa ntchito SEM. Gulu lachiwiri likugawidwa ndi ogwiritsa ntchito (n = 68-71), omwe ndi omwe akutenga nawo mbali omwe anena kuti onse awiriwa amagwiritsa ntchito SEM muubwenzi limodzi. Gulu lachitatu ndi osagwiritsa ntchito (n = 93-108), omwe ndi anthu omwe ananena kuti palibe SEM yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi munthu aliyense pachibwenzi.
|
Gulu 1. Zikutanthawuza, zolepheretsa, ndi nthawi zosadalirika (95%) ndi magulu atatu chifukwa cha kusintha kulikonse
| Osagwiritsa ntchito | Ogwiritsa ntchito payekha | Ogwiritsa ntchito | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mtundu wa n | 93-108 | 72-79 | 68-71 |
| Mwamuna (%) | 13.9 | 43 | 35.2 |
| Kukondana kwa ubale | 25.22 (5.62) (24.15-26.30) | 23.19 (6.03) * (21.84-24.54) | 25.25 (4.89) (24.10-26.41) |
| Zokhutiritsa kugonana | 20.54 (14.87) (17.48-23.60) | 23.07 (14.53) (19.68-26.43) | 21.46 (12.30) (18.53-24.39) |
| IPC | |||
| Chibwenzi | 6.22 (0.96) (6/03–6.40) | 5.56 (1.43) * (5.24-5.88) | 6.14 (0.93) * (5.92-6.36) |
| chilakolako | 5.73 (1.34) (5.47-5.99) | 5.53 (1.29) (5.24-5.82) | 5.90 (1.17) (5.62-6.17) |
| kudzipereka | 6.25 (1.17) (5.52-5.83) | 5.70 (1.66) * (5.04-5.54) | 6.35 (1.01) * (5.50-5.84) |
| PCES | |||
| PED | - | 14.46 (6.30) (13.14-16.05) | 14.87 (6.15) (13.35-16.41) |
| SL | - | 3.05 (1.48) (2.73-3.43) | 3.33 (1.38) (3.01-3.69) |
| LG | - | 2.39 (1.31) (2.11-2.74) | 2.48 (1.32) (2.17-2.83) |
| PATOG | - | 1.86 (1.19) (1.61-2.15) | 1.75 (1.18) (1.49-2.06) |
| ATS | - | 3.16 (1.40) (2.86-3.50) | 3.26 (1.42) (2.92-3.61) |
| SK | - | 4.00 (1.68) (3.64-4.37) | 4.05 (1.64) (3.66-4.45) |
| NED | - | 8.67 (2.86) (8.01-9.34) | 8.11 (3.34) (7.30-8.92) |
| SL | - | 2.26 (0.86) (2.07-2.48) | 2.18 (0.96) (1.94-2.42) |
| LG | - | 1.96 (0.86) * (1.76-2.16) | 1.68 (0.67) (1.53-1.86) |
| PATOG | - | 2.63 (0.98) (2.40-2.87) | 2.53 (1.25) (2.24-2.84) |
| ATS | - | 1.81 (0.78) (1.63-2.00) | 1.71 (0.83) (1.53-1.93) |
Zindikirani. The n gulu lirilonse limasiyana pakati pa zifukwa zodalirika chifukwa chakutaya, deta yosowa, komanso ngati munthuyo sanagonepo. PED = zotsatira zabwino, NED = zotsatira zolakwika, SL = moyo wokhudzana ndi kugonana, LG = moyo wamba, PATOG = kuzindikira malingaliro osiyana ndi amuna, chikhalidwe cha ATS = malingaliro a kugonana, ndi SK = chidziwitso cha kugonana.
*p = .05.
Njira
Mafunso ophunzirira anaphatikizapo njira zingapo zopereka malipoti. Tchati 1 amasonyeza njira ndi zolekanitsa zosiyana ndi gulu pazomwe zimadalira.
Chiwerengero cha anthu
Chiwerengero cha chiwerengero cha anthu chinaperekedwa kwa onse omwe adagwira nawo ntchito ndikuphatikizapo mafunso okhudza zaka, kugonana, chiyanjano, mtundu, kugonana, ndi chipembedzo.
SEM kufufuza
Mlingo uwu unakhazikitsidwa cholinga cha phunziroli. SEM imatanthauzidwa kuti "chinthu chilichonse chosonyeza akuluakulu awiri akuchita zachiwerewere, zosakhala zachiwawa, zosasokoneza, kugonana." Kugwiritsa ntchito SEM pakali pano kunayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mafupipafupi (maola pamwezi, nthawi zomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamwezi) ndi ntchito kapena zifukwa za SEM ntchito. Mitundu ina, monga mtundu wa SEM omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana za SEM, anayesedwa. Mafunso ofananawa anafunsidwa pazogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mnzawo komanso kugwiritsa ntchito SEM.
Dyadic kusintha scale (DAS-7)
DAS-7, ndondomeko yochepa ya chiyambi choyambirira cha chinthu cha 32, mafunso omwe ali ndi zinthu zisanu ndi ziwiri za Likert (Hunsley, Wopambana, Lefebvre, & Vito, 2001). Zinthu zitatu zoyambirira zimaphatikizapo malingaliro okhudzana ndi nkhani zitatu padziko lonse (filosofi, zolinga, ndi nthawi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamodzi) zomwe ophunzira amasonyeza mgwirizano wawo kuchokera ku 0 (Nthawizonse Sagwirizana) mpaka 5 (Nthawi Zonse). Zachiwiri zitatuzo zimaphatikizapo mafotokozedwe okhudza kuchuluka kwa zochitika ziwiri, ndipo ophunzira akuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa zinthu izi kuchokera ku 0 (Zosatha) kupita ku 5 (Kawirikawiri kamodzi pa tsiku). Chinthu chotsirizira ndi ndemanga yokhudzana ndi chiwerengero cha chisangalalo pakati pa omwe ophunzira akuwonetsera mgwirizano wawo pa chiwerengero cha 7 kuchokera ku 0 (Wopanda kusangalala) mpaka 6 (Yokwanira). Ponseponse, apamwamba ambiri amatanthauza kuti apamwamba ubale wokhutira.
DAS-7 yasonyezeratu kugwirizana koyenera mkati (Cronbach's α = 0.78), kuwonjezera pa kuyembekezera kuyesedwa koyeso kuchokera ku α = 0.75 mpaka 0.80 (Hunsley et al., 2001). Zambiri zimachokera ku 0 (kupsinjika) mpaka ku 36 (osadandaula). Kusanthula kudalirika kwa chitsanzochi kumasonyeza kusagwirizana bwino (Cronbach's α = 0.82).
Ndondomeko yokhutira kugonana (ISS)
ISS ndi chiwerengero cha 25-chiwerengero choyesa kuchuluka kwa kugonana kapena kusakhutira pakati pa maubwenzi (Hudson, Harrison, & Crosscup, 1981). Mayankho amachokera ku 1 (Kawirikawiri kapena Palibe Nthawi) ku 5 (Nthawi Yambiri Kapena Nthawi Zonse), ndipo amatha kufotokozedwa pa zinthu za 25. Chifukwa cha kulakwitsa kwa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka zinthu, chiwerengero cha 24-chinthu chogwiritsidwa ntchito chinagwiritsidwa ntchito; phunziro loyambirira lovomerezeka linanena kuti kukhulupirika kwa kudalirika ndi kutsimikizika kwa msinkhu kumakhalabe ngakhale pamene mafunso awiri akusowa (Hudson et al., 1981). Maphunziro apamwamba amasonyeza kusakhutira kwambiri, ndipo cutoff kliniki ndi 30.
The ISS ili ndibwino kwambiri pakati pa Cronbach's α = 0.92 ndi kuyesa-retest kudalirika kwa α = 0.93 (Hudson et al., 1981). Kuonjezerapo, mphamvu yodziwika ya ISS ndi yapamwamba (Hudson et al., 1981). Kusanthula kudalirika kwa chitsanzochi kumasonyeza kusagwirizana bwino (Cronbach's α = 0.89).
Zithunzi zolaula zimakhala zochepa (PCES)
PCES ndi chiwerengero cha zinthu za 47 zomwe zimayesa zooneka zabwino ndi zoipa za kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula (Hald & Malamuth, 2008). Njirayi ili ndi zifukwa zikuluzikulu ziwiri, kuphatikizapo zotsatira zabwino (PED) ndi zotsatira zolakwika (NED). Palinso malingaliro a kugonana, kuphatikizapo moyo wa kugonana (SL), moyo wamba (LG), kulingalira za malingaliro osiyana ndi amuna (PATOG), malingaliro okhudza kugonana (ATS), ndi chidziwitso cha kugonana (SK).
Ma PCES alibe mapepala okwanira, koma ndiyiyi ya 11 yobwereza (1-7 muyeso kwa zonse zomwe zimakhalapo). Mayankho a otsogolera achokera ku 1 (Osati Zonse) mpaka 7 (Kufika Kwambiri Kwambiri). PED yapadziko lonse imapezeka ndi zinthu zowonjezereka za 27, ndipo NED yapadziko lonse imapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu za 20. Maphunziro apamwamba amasonyeza mgwirizano wapamwamba.
Kudalirika kwathunthu (ie, Cronbach's α) ya PED ndi 0.91 ndikuyerekeza kotsimikizika kwa 0.91 (SL), 0.90 (SK), 0.90 (ATS), 0.87 (GL), ndi 0.73 (PATOG) pachimangidwe chilichonse. Kudalirika kwathunthu kwa NED ndi 0.82 ndikuyerekeza kotsimikizika kwa 0.83 (GL), 0.81 (ATS), 0.71 (SL), ndi 0.72 (PATOG) pakupanga kulikonse (Hald & Malamuth, 2008). Kufufuza kovomerezeka kwa PED ndi NED kwa chitsanzochi kunasonyeza kusagwirizana kwakukulu (Cronbach's α = 0.95 ndi α = 0.92, motero).
IPC mlingo
IPC ndiyeso ya 19 ya zinthu zitatu zomwe zimaphatikizapo chiphunzitso chaching'ono cha chikondi (Sternberg, 1986): ubwenzi wapamtima (7-zinthu), chilakolako (8-zinthu), ndi kudzipereka (zinthu za 8, Lemieux & Hale, 2000). IPC ilibe chiwerengero chokwanira, koma ndiyiyi ya katatu (7-49 muyeso wapafupi, ndi 8-56 popita chifukwa cha chilakolako cha kudzipereka ndi kudzipereka). Mayankho a otsogolera achokera ku 1 (Wopanda Kugwirizana) mpaka 7 (Wogwirizana Kwambiri). Maphunziro apamwamba akugwirizana kwambiri ndi chinthucho. Kudalirika kokwanira kokwanira kunapezeka pazigawo zitatu izi: ubwenzi (α = 0.89), chilakolako (α = 0.94), ndi kudzipereka (α = 0.89). Makhalidwe a IPC ali ovomerezeka bwino ndi chiyanjano cha chiyanjano (α = 0.96). Kufufuza kovomerezeka kwa IPC zowonjezera zitsanzozi kunasonyeza kusagwirizana kwakukulu (Cronbach's α = 0.91, α = 0.94, ndi α = 0.92, mofanana).
Kusanthula
Detayi inafufuzidwa pogwiritsa ntchito SPSS 16.0. Kusanthula kwazithunzi kunayambira pa kusiyana pakati pa magulu kuyerekezera ogwiritsa ntchito, ogwiritsa ntchito SEM palimodzi, osakhala owerenga. Chiyeso cha kusanthula kwa covariance chitsanzo chinagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti mudziwe ngati pali kusiyana kwakukulu komwe kunapezeka pa DAS-7 ndi ISS pakati pa magulu atatu a SEM ntchito. Kafukufuku woperekedwawo wasonyeza kusiyana kwa ntchito ya SEM ndi ubwamuna, chiwerengero cha amuna ndi akazi chinalowetsedwanso ngati chachiwiri chosinthika kuti chifufuze zotsatira zowonongeka monga nthawi yogwirizana. Kusiyana kulikonse kwakukulu (p <.05) kuchokera pakuwunika kwa kusiyanasiyana (ANOVA) idatsatiridwanso pambuyo poyesa kuyesa kwa Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference test pogwiritsa ntchito α mulingo wa .05. Ma ANOVA angapo adachitika kuti aone kusiyana kwamagulu a SEM pazomwe zimawoneka m'magulu awiri omwe amagwiritsa ntchito SEM.
Kufufuza kwadongosolo poyang'ana pafupipafupi za ntchito za SEM zinachitidwa kuti muwone ngati kusintha kotereku kunakhudza zotsatira. t-Mayeso adagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwunika ngati kuchuluka kwa SEM kumagwiritsa ntchito kukhudza kukhutira ndi ubale, kukhutitsidwa ndi kugonana, komanso zotsatira zogwiritsa ntchito. Magulu adagawika ogwiritsa ntchito pafupipafupi (HFUs; mwachitsanzo, kuposa 1 hr pamwezi) ndi ogwiritsa ntchito pafupipafupi (LFUs; mwachitsanzo, ochepera 1 hr pamwezi) kutengera zomwe adagwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku wakale (Mabwalo, 2008a).
Ethics
Phunziroli linavomerezedwa ndi University of Houston-Clear Lake's Institutional Review Board. Chifukwa cha umunthu wa mafunso ophunzirira, siginecha ya chilolezo chinatulutsidwa kuti asadziwike, ndipo ophunzirawo anauzidwa kuti ayang'ane bokosi losonyeza kuvomereza kwawo. Pambuyo povomera kuti athe kutenga nawo mbali, ophunzira adatsiriza mafunsowa.
Results
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi SEM amagwiritsa ntchito
Gender
Amuna amatha kugwiritsa ntchito SEM muukwati wawo (80%) poyerekeza ndi akazi (59%) [χ2 (1) = 17.25, p <.001]. Kuyang'ana mitundu itatu yosiyanasiyana ya ogwiritsa ntchito SEM, panali kusiyana ndi jenda [χ2 (2) = 20.99, p <.001]. Amuna anali otheka kugwiritsa ntchito payekha (p = .008) ndipo mwina sangakhale osagwiritsa ntchito (p = .002).
Poyang'ana mitundu itatu yosiyana ya magulu a SEM, panalibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa omwe ali okwatirana ndi omwe sanakwatirane [χ2 (2) = .957, p = .620].
Zonsezi, panali kusiyana kwakukulu kosiyana pakati pa mgwirizano ndi SEM ntchito, ndi Table 2 amatsindika kusiyana kwa chiyanjano (chiyanjano cha ubale ndi IPC) mwachikhalidwe ndi mtundu wa ntchito ya SEM. Komanso, ogwiritsira ntchito aliyense anali ndi zinthu zochepa zokhudzana ndi chiyanjano, chiyanjano, ndi kudzipereka poyerekeza ndi osakhala ogwiritsa ntchito. Kuphatikiza apo, ogwiritsa ntchito payekha amaonetsa zambiri zochepa pa chiyanjano ndi kudzipereka kusiyana ndi maubwenzi ndi kugwiritsirana ntchito. Panali chikhalidwe cha kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa amuna ndi akazi pa chikhumbo cha kugonana, F(1, 230) = 3.36, p = .068, ndi amuna omwe akuwonetsa kukhutira pang'ono kuposa akazi.
|
Gulu 2. Njira ndi kuyerekezera kwa zosiyana zogonana ndi mtundu komanso mtundu wa SEM amagwiritsa ntchito mgwirizano
| Kukondana kwa ubale | Zokhutiritsa kugonana | Chibwenzi | chilakolako | kudzipereka | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nenani | F ndi p mtengo | Nenani | F ndi p mtengo | Nenani | F ndi p mtengo | Nenani | F ndi p mtengo | Nenani | F ndi p mtengo | |
| Gender | ||||||||||
| Amuna | 25.14 | F(1, 252) = 1.06, p = .305 | 24.34 | F(1, 230) = 3.36, p = .068 * | 5.94 | F(1, 252) = 0.19, p = .661 | 5.67 | F(1, 252) = 0.46, p = .499 | 5.61 | F(1, 252) = 0.41, p = .551 |
| akazi | 24.31 | 20.38 | 6.02 | 5.79 | 5.53 | |||||
| SEM ntchito | ||||||||||
| Wogwiritsa aliyense payekha | 23.24 | F(2, 252) = 3.69, p = .026 ** | 23.29 | F(2, 230) = 0.21, p = .812 | 5.54 | F(2, 252) = 7.95, p 001 .XNUMX *** | 5.50 | F(2, 252) = 1.67, p = .191 | 5.29 | F(2, 252) = 5.30, p = .006 ** |
| Wogwiritsa ntchito | 25.39 | 22.05 | 6.14 | 5.87 | 5.69 | |||||
| Osagwiritsa ntchito | 25.55 | 21.74 | 6.23 | 5.81 | 5.74 | |||||
| Kuyanjana | F(2, 252) = 0.01, p = .992 | F(2, 230) = 0.03, p = .973 | F(2, 252) = 0.64, p = .531 | F(2, 252) = 0.96, p = .386 | F(2, 252) = 0.41, p = .666 | |||||
*p = .10, **p = .05, ***p = .001.
Popeza funsoli likuyesa zokhudzana ndi zowonongeka zowonongeka, zimangowonjezedwa kwa ogwiritsa ntchito komanso ogwiritsa ntchito.
Wodziimira t-chiwerengero cha PCES PED chiwerengero sichinavumbule kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito ndi ogwiritsa ntchito, t(70) = -0.063, p > .05. Kuphatikiza apo, palibe gawo lililonse la PED lomwe lawulula kusiyana kulikonse pakati pa magulu atatuwa.
Mofananamo, odziimira okha t-chiwerengero cha PCES NED chiwerengero sichinaulule kusiyana kwakukulu kwa gulu, t(70) = -0.194, p > .05. Pa imodzi mwa NED subscales, LG, yodziyimira pawokha t-kufananitsa kwakukulu kunawonetsa malingaliro aakulu kwambiri olakwika kuchokera kwa ogwiritsa ntchito aliyense (M = 1.68) kuposa owerenga nawo [M = 1.96; t(138) = -2.10, p = .036].
Zonsezi, zikutanthawuza ndi zolepheretsa zomwe zimaperekedwa zimapezeka mu Table 3, ndipo izi zowonjezereka zinasweka kwambiri ndi momwe ntchito ikuyendera (HFU vs. LFU).
|
Gulu 3. Zikutanthawuza, zolephereka, ndi nthawi zosadalirika (95%) ndi magulu awiri chifukwa cha kusintha kulikonse
| Mtumiki wosasinthasintha | Mtumiki wamakono apamwamba | |
|---|---|---|
| Mtundu wa n | 75-84 | 65-92 |
| Mwamuna (%) | 32.1 | 34.8 |
| Kukondana kwa ubale | 25.18 (5.72) ** (24.01-26.51) | 23.28 (5.47) (22.78-25.02) |
| Zokhutiritsa kugonana | 21.06 (12.91) (18.45-23.95) | 23.37 (14.08) (11.90-16.06) |
| IPC | ||
| Chibwenzi | 6.08 (0.99) ** (5.85-6.28) | 5.57 (1.43) (5.47-6.03) |
| chilakolako | 5.87 (1.12) * (5.62-6.10) | 5.52 (1.35) (5.37-5.94) |
| kudzipereka | 6.20 (1.31) * (5.41-5.78) | 5.88 (1.46) (5.20-5.59) |
| PCES | ||
| PED | 13.70 (6.33) * (12.27-15.16) | 15.74 (5.98) (14.26-17.29) |
| SL | 2.96 (1.47) ** (2.63-3.33) | 3.45 (1.37) (3.11-3.80) |
| LG | 2.24 (1.30) (1.96-2.55) * | 2.65 (1.31) (2.33-2.98) |
| PATOG | 1.75 (1.13) (1.49-2.00) | 1.87 (1.25) (1.56-2.18) |
| ATS | 2.90 (1.42) * (2.66-3.32) | 3.45 (1.36) (3.11-3.80) |
| SK | 3.75 (1.73) (3.38-4.14) ** | 4.33 (1.52) (3.97-4.71) |
| NED | 7.94 (3.35) * (7.22-8.71) | 8.90 (2.75) (8.22-9.59) |
| SL | 2.04 (0.89) ** (1.85-2.24) | 2.43 (0.90) (2.20-2.64) |
| LG | 1.72 (0.77) * (1.55-1.90) | 1.95 (0.78) (1.76-2.15) |
| PATOG | 2.46 (1.18) (2.21-2.72) | 2.72 (1.04) (1.6-2.18) |
| ATS | 1.73 (0.91) (1.5-1.94) | 1.81 (0.66) (1.65-1.97) |
Zindikirani. The n gulu lirilonse limasiyana pakati pa zifukwa zodalirika chifukwa chakutaya, deta yosowa, komanso ngati munthuyo sanagonepo. PED = zotsatira zabwino, NED = zotsatira zolakwika, SL = moyo wokhudzana ndi kugonana, LG = moyo wamba, PATOG = kuzindikira malingaliro osiyana ndi amuna, chikhalidwe cha ATS = malingaliro a kugonana, ndi SK = chidziwitso cha kugonana.
*p = .10, **p = .05.
Kawirikawiri, LFU inanena zotsatira zabwino kuposa HFUs. LFU inali ndi mipingo yambiri yokhutira [t(174) = 2.13, p = .035] ndi ziwonetsero zambiri zachikondi [t(174) = 2.76, p = .006] kuposa HFU. Panalibe kusiyana pakukhutira ndi kugonana, chilakolako, ndi kudzipereka pafupipafupi momwe SEM imagwiritsira ntchito.
Zonsezi, HFU (M = 15.74) adawonetsa zabwino zowoneka bwino kuposa LFU [M = 13.70; t(138) = -1.95, p = .053]. Panali kusiyana kwakukulu komanso kochepa pamagulu abwino awa: SL [HFU M = 3.45; LFU M = 2.96; t(138) = -2.02, p = .045], ATS [HFU M = 3.45; LFU M = 2.99; t(138) = -1.95, p = .053], ndi SK [HFU M = 4.33; LFU M = 3.75; t(138) = -2.08, p = .040]. Panalibe kusiyana kwakukulu pazinthu zina zilizonse.
Panalibe kusiyana kwakukulu kwa NED PCES pafupipafupi za SEM ntchito; Komabe, panali kusiyana kwakukulu pa SL podutsa kumene HFUs (M = 2.43) adawonetsa zoyipa zazikulu kuposa LFU [M = 2.04; t(138) = -2.57, p = .011]. Panalibe kusiyana kwakukulu pazinthu zina zilizonse.
Kukambirana
Kafukufukuyu adawunika momwe kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa SEM kwa maanja kumakhudzana ndi ubale komanso kukhutira ndi kugonana, zotsatira zoyesedwa zogwiritsidwa ntchito, komanso ubale wopanga (mwachitsanzo, IPC). Ponseponse, kugwiritsa ntchito SEM kunali kokhudzana ndi kukhutira ndiubwenzi, koma osagwirizana ndi kukhutira ndi kugonana. Makamaka, maanja, pomwe palibe amene adagwiritsa ntchito, adanenanso zakukhutira ndi ubale kuposa mabanja omwe anali ndi ogwiritsa ntchito pawokha. Izi zikugwirizana ndi kafukufuku wakale (Cooper et al., 1999; Manning, 2006), posonyeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito payekha kwa SEM zotsatira ndi zotsatira zoipa. Choncho, zikhoza kukhala kuti maanja akuvutika makamaka pamene mmodzi kapena onse awiri akugwiritsa ntchito SEM. Komabe, kupatsidwa kuti maanja omwe adagwiritsa ntchito SEM sanali osiyana ndi osagwiritsa ntchito kapena ogwiritsa ntchito, zingakhale zabwino pa ubale ngati maanja sakanagwiritsa ntchito SEM, ndipo ngati akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito SEM, ayenera kuigwiritsa ntchito monga banja, mmalo mwawokhakha.
Mwachidule, chiyanjano chimamanga monga IPC chimafanizira pogwiritsa ntchito SEM mu chiyanjano. Chifukwa cha kugonana komwe kumagwiridwa nthawi zonse, ogwiritsira ntchito pawokha amasonyeza kuti sakugwirizana kwambiri ndi kudzipereka mu ubale wawo kusiyana ndi osagwiritsa ntchito ndi ogwiritsa nawo ntchito. Izi zikusonyeza kuti kuchepetsa chiyanjano ndi kudzipereka ndi kukhalapo kwa SEM nokha kumagwiritsidwa ntchito mu chiyanjano kungakane ngati onse awiri agwiritsira ntchito SEM. Deta imatanthawuza maubwenzi omwe onse awiriwa amagwiritsira ntchito SEM kapena omwe onse awiri omwe sanagwiritse ntchito SEM anali ndi mgwirizano wofanana, kudzipereka, komanso kukhutira ndi chibwenzi. Chiyanjano pakati pa ubale (monga chiyanjano ndi kudzipereka) chikhoza kukhala chogwirizana ndi momwe SEM imagwiritsira ntchito poyanjana. Mwachitsanzo, anthu omwe ali ndi chibwenzi chochepa kapena omwe angakhale odzipereka angasankhe kuwona SEM payekha, pomwe iwo omwe ali ndi magawo apamwamba angasankhe kusiya ntchito kapena kuwonera SEM palimodzi. Kufotokozeranso kwina ndiko kuti kugwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza kwa SEM kungasinthe zofuna za kugonana ndi kukulitsa chilakolako chawo chokhudzana ndi kugonana. Makamaka, kugwiritsira ntchito mobwerezabwereza SEM sikungakhale kofunikira kapena buku.
Pafupipafupi, nthawi zambiri munthu amawona kuti SEM ingawononge zotsatira za ogwiritsira ntchito. Phunziro lathu linapeza kuti HFU ndi ochepetsetsa kwambiri ndi ubale wapamtima. Komabe, HFU inanena kuti anthu ambiri akuwona zotsatira zabwino zogwiritsidwa ntchito, m'madera ambiri, kuposa LFU, pomwe adalongosola zotsatira zochepa zomwe zimawoneka zovuta. Izi zikhoza kutanthawuza kuti awo amene amagwiritsa ntchito SEM kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Mosasamala kanthu kuti HFU imachepetsa kugwirizanitsa chiyanjano kapena chiyanjano cha chiyanjano, kapena kusiyana kotsirizira kumatsogolera ku ntchito yaikulu ya SEM, ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa SEM zikuwoneka kuti zili pangozi kwa chibwenzi chawo. Komanso, mwinamwake chifukwa cha ndalama zimenezi, ogwiritsira ntchitowo akhoza kukhala ndi zinthu zabwino zomwe amatha kuzikumbukira.
Phunziroli linaphatikizapo mphamvu zambiri. Choyamba, chinali chitsanzo chosakanikirana cha ophunzira a koleji ndi omanga nawo gawo. Kukhala ndi zitsanzo zambiri (65%) zimachokera kwa anthu omwe akukhala nawo pagulu zimapangitsa kuti chiwerengerochi chikhale chokwanira. Chachiwiri, chinali chimodzi mwa maphunziro oyambirira kuti aone mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya SEM yogwiritsidwa ntchito mmabanja, zomwe zimapangitsa kumvetsa kwathu zotsatira za SEM kugwiritsiridwa ntchito pa maanja. Komabe, panali zingapo zoperewera pamene kumasulira zotsatira za phunziro lathu. Kafukufukuyu anagwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti ndipo nkhani zomwe zatchulidwa mu kafukufukuyu zimakhala zovuta mwachilengedwe; Choncho, pali mwayi wodzisankhira yekha. Komanso, mwina kukula kwakukulu kwazitsanzo limodzi ndi mphamvu zazikulu zingalolere bwino kusiyana kulikonse komwe kulipo kuti zidziwunikire. Pomalizira, tinali okhoza kuyesa kugwiritsa ntchito SEM munthu m'modzi mwaukwati. Zitha kukhala zosokoneza zomwe zili mkati mwa chitsanzo chathu, ngati ngati mnzanuyo sakuwona SEM mosazindikira.
Maphunziro amtsogolo angayese ntchito SEM kugwiritsa ntchito onse awiri kuti apereke zambiri zokhudzana ndi zochitika zosiyanasiyana. Popeza SEM imagwiritsa ntchito nthawi zambiri imaphatikizapo chinyengo, maphunziro a m'tsogolo amayenera kuwunika onse omwe ali pachibwenzi, kuti apeze zotsatira za kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa SEM pa chibwenzi, pamene mnzanuyo amagwiritsa ntchito chinsinsi. Kuwonjezera apo, kupatsidwa kusowa kwa chigawo choyesera, kutsogolera kwa zotsatira sikukanatha kudziwika. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, pangakhale oyanjanitsa ndi oyang'anira okhudzana ndi ntchito, ndipo izi sizinafunikire kufufuzidwa. Kafukufuku wamtsogolo ndi kapangidwe kake ka nthawi yaitali angathe kuwona zochitikazo nthawi zambiri, zomwe zingakhale zofunikira kupititsa patsogolo kumvetsa kwathu za SEM pogwiritsa ntchito ubale weniweni. Kumvetsetsa mitundu yeniyeni yomwe imapanga zotsatira zabwino ndi zoipa kwa maanja ndi kufufuza njira zogwiritsira ntchito SEM ndi zosiyana za ubale zidzakhala zofunikira zofunika zotsatirazi.
Zopereka za olemba
Olemba onse anali nawo mbali zonse za phunziroli. Zolembedwa pamanjayi ndizomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomasulira. Kotero, iye ankachita nawo mbali zonse za phunzirolo kuphatikizapo malingaliro opanga, kupanga maphunzilo, kusonkhanitsa deta ndi kusanthula, ndi chitukuko cholembedwa. CTW ndi MBS ankayang'anira ndi kuphunzitsa JM mbali zonse za zolembazi. Kuwonjezera apo, onsewa adathandizira kuti pakhale chitukuko ndi kusintha kwa zolembazo. Olemba onse avomereza zolembedwa pamapeto pake.
Palibe wolemba omwe ayenera kufotokozera mkangano weniweni kapena womwe ukhoza kukhala nawo. Palibe mgwirizano weniweni kapena womwe ungakwaniritsidwe.
Zothandizira
| Pezani nkhaniyi pa intaneti Allen, M., D'Alessio, D., & Brezgel, K. (1995). Kusanthula kwa meta kufotokozera mwachidule zotsatira za zolaula: II. Kupsa mtima pambuyo powonekera. Kafukufuku Woyankhulana ndi Anthu, 22 (2), 258-283. onetsani: 10.1111 / j.1468-2958.1995.tb00368.x CrossRef | |
| Benjamin, O., & Tlusten, D. (2010). Kukondana komanso / kapena kuwonongeka: Zithunzi zogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso kukumbatira akazi. Kugonana, 13 (5), 599-623. onetsani: 10.1177 / 1363460710376492 CrossRef | |
| Bergner, R., & Bridges, A. (2002). Kufunika kokhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zolaula kwa omwe ali pachibwenzi nawo: Kafukufuku ndi zomwe zingachitike pamagulu azachipatala. Zolemba Zogonana & Chithandizo Chaukwati, 28 (3), 193-206. onetsani: 10.1080 / 009262302760328235 CrossRef, Medline | |
| Mabwalo, A. (2008a). Maanja okondana ndi ogwiritsira ntchito ntchito zolaula: Njira yothetsera maubwenzi okhutira ndi kugonana. Zotsalira Zotsutsa Zina, 69, 666. | |
| Mabwalo, A. (2008b, November). Zotsatira zoopsa za kusagwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Msonkhano wovomerezeka woperekedwa ku Association of Health and Cognitive Therapies, Orlando, FL. | |
| Milatho, A., & Morokoff, P. (2010). Kugwiritsa ntchito media pazakugonana komanso kukhutira ndi maubwenzi apabanja omwe akuchita zachiwerewere. Ubale Waumwini, 18, 562-585. onetsani: 10.1111 / j.1475-6811.2010.01328.x CrossRef | |
| Carnes, P. J. (1992). Kuchokera mumithunzi. Center City, MN: Hazelden. | |
| Cooper, A. (1998). Kugonana ndi intaneti: Kufufuza mu Zakachikwi zatsopano. CyberPsychology & Khalidwe, 1 (2), 187-193. onetsani: 10.1089 / cpb.1998.1.187 CrossRef | |
| Cooper, A., Putnam, D., Planchon, L., & Boies, S. (1999). Zokakamiza pa intaneti: Kulowerera muukonde. Kugonana ndi Kukakamira, 6 (2), 79-104. onetsani: 10.1080 / 10720169908400182 CrossRef | |
| Deloy, J. (2007). Zitsanzo za chikhutiro cha ubale ndi kugonana monga ntchito ya zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakati pa amuna a koleji. Zotsalira Zotsutsa Zina, 68, 2643. (UMI No. AAI3258500) | |
| Donnerstein, E., Donnerstein, M., & Evans, R. (1975). Zokopa komanso kukwiya: Kuthandizira zoletsa. Zolemba pa Umunthu ndi Psychology Yaumunthu, 32, 237-244. onetsani: 10.1037 / 0022-3514.32.2.237 CrossRef, Medline | |
| Drake, R. (1994). Zowononga zoopsa za zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito monga momwe amachitira opaleshoni ya maganizo. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 8 (2), 101-106. yani: 10.1016 / 0883-9417 (94) 90040-X CrossRef, Medline | |
| Ochepa, G. M., & Malamuth, N. M. (2008). Zomwe mumadziona nokha zakumwa zolaula. Zosungidwa Zokhudza Kugonana, 37 (4), 614-625. onetsani: 10.1007 / s10508-007-9212-1 CrossRef, Medline | |
| Hudson, W., Harrison, D., & Crosscup, P. (1981). Mulingo wamafupipafupi woyezera kusagonana paubale wa maubale. Zolemba Pakafukufuku Wogonana, 17 (2), 157-174. onetsani: 10.1080 / 00224498109551110 CrossRef | |
| Hunsley, M., Wopambana, M., Lefebvre, D., & Vito, J. (2001). Mtundu wachidule wazinthu zisanu ndi ziwiri zakusintha kwa dyadic: Umboni wina wowonjezera kutsimikizika. American Journal of Family Therapy, 29 (4), 325-335. onetsani: 10.1080 / 01926180126501 CrossRef | |
| Lemieux, R., & Hale, J. L. (2000). Kukondana, kukondana, ndi kudzipereka pakati pa anthu apabanja: Kuyesanso kopitilira muyeso wachikondi wamakona atatu. Malipoti a Psychological, 87 (3, Pt. 1), 941-948. onetsani: 10.2466 / PR0.87.7.941-948 CrossRef, Medline | |
| Manning, J. (2006). Zotsatira zakuwonera zolaula pabanja: Kuchita ndi amuna kapena akazi omwe ali ndi chizolowezi chogonana komanso zomwe amakonda kuchita. Mu A. Scott Loveless & Thomas B. Holman (Eds.), Banja m'zaka chikwi chatsopano: Mawu apadziko lonse lapansi omwe amathandizira banja lachilengedwe (mas. 374-384) Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers / Greenwood Publishing Group. | |
| Oddone-Paolucci, E., Genuis, M., & Violato, C. (2000). Kusanthula kwa meta kofalitsa kafukufuku wokhudza zolaula. Ku Violato, C., Oddone-Paolucci, E., & Genuis, M. (Eds.), Kukula kwamabanja ndikusintha kwa ana (pp. 48-59). Aldershot, England: Ashgate Publishing Ltd. | |
| Ropelato, J. (2010). Masamba oonera zolaula pa 10. Zotsatira zapamwamba za 10. Kuchotsedwa http://internet-filter-review.toptenreviews.com/internet-pornography-statistics.html | |
| Pezani nkhaniyi pa intaneti Schneider, J. P. (2000a). Kafukufuku woyenera wa omwe amatenga nawo mbali pa cybersex: Kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, zovuta zakubwezeretsa, komanso tanthauzo la othandizira. Kugonana ndi Kukakamira, 7 (4), 249-278. onetsani: 10.1080 / 10720160008400206 CrossRef | |
| Pezani nkhaniyi pa intaneti Schneider, J. P. (2000b). Zotsatira zakusuta kwapa cybersex pabanja: Zotsatira za kafukufuku. Kugonana ndi Kukakamira, 7 (1), 31-58. onetsani: 10.1080 / 10720160008403700 CrossRef | |
| Sternberg, R. (1986). Chiphunzitso chaching'ono cha chikondi. Kukambitsirana kwa maganizo, 93 (2), 119-135. onetsani: 10.1037 / 0033-295X.93.2.119 CrossRef | |
| Wildmon-White, M., & Young, J. (2002). Makhalidwe apabanja pakati pa akazi okwatirana ndi amuna omwe ali ndi vuto logonana. Kugonana & Kukakamira, 9 (4), 263-273. onetsani: 10.1080 / 10720160216042 CrossRef | |
| Yucel, D., & Gassanov, M. A. (2010). Kufufuza momwe okhalira ndi ogwirizana amakhutira ndi kugonana pakati pa okwatirana. Kafukufuku wa Sayansi Yachikhalidwe, 39 (5), 725-738. onetsani: 10.1016 / j.ssresearch.2009.09.002 CrossRef | |
| Zillmann, D., & Bryant, J. (1984). Zotsatira zakudziwonetsa zolaula. Ku Malamuth, N. M. & Donnerstein, E. (Eds.), Zolaula komanso zachiwerewere (pp. 115-138). New York, NY: Atolankhani Ophunzirira. CrossRef | |
| Zillmann, D., & Bryant, J. (1988). Zithunzi zolaula zimakhudza kukhutira ndi kugonana. Zolemba pa Applied Social Psychology, 18, 438-453. onetsani: 10.1111 / j.1559-1816.1988.tb00027.x CrossRef |
;
