Critique ya: "Katundu Wowonongeka: Kuzindikira Zolaula Kuledzera Monga Mkhalapakati Pakati Pachikhulupiriro ndi Ubale Nkhawa Zazungulira Zolaula Gwiritsani Ntchito" (Leonhardt, Willoughby, & Young-Petersen 2017)

The_scientific_truth.jpg

Kusintha (July, 2017): Wolemba mnzake Brian Willoughby akuwulula momwe a David Ley adapangira komanso sananene molakwika maphunziro ake mu Ley's Psychology Today positi ya blog "Kusamvana kwa Zipembedzo Kumapangitsa Munthu Kukhala Woipa Chifukwa cha Ubale": Kuganizira Anthu Oyera ndi Oyera: Kuyankha kwa Chigamulo Choti Zipembedzo Zimayambitsa Zowonongeka.

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nkhani

The "anazindikira zolaula "mitiri akupitirizabe kuwonetsa zofalitsa zowonedwa ndi anzawo, nthawi ino mu phunziro latsopano:"Mavuto Owonongeka: Maganizo Okhudzana ndi Kuonera Zolaula Monga Mkhalapakati Pakati pa Chipembedzo ndi Kugwirizana Nkhawa Zowonongeka Padziko Lonse Gwiritsani Ntchito", 2017 (Leonhardt, et al.). Mawu oti "anazindikira zolaula" adalimbikitsidwa ndi a Joshua Grubbs, ndipo adagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba mu ake phunziro 2013. Zikuwonekeratu kuti kafukufuku wapano pakuthandizira "zolaula" kapena "kukhulupirira zolaula" zimadalira Joshua Grubbs kupitilizabe kulimbikitsa lingaliro. Leonhardt, et al. imatchula 3 Grubbs amaphunzira kukwera nthawi 36 mu thupi la pepala.

Tisanayambe kufufuza Leonhardt, et al. 5-chinthu "chazithunzi zolaula", tiyeni tionenso mwachidule maphunziro a Grubbs. (YBOP yasindikizidwa ichi chachikulu critique Zomwe zanenedwa mu Grubbs "omwe amadziwika kuti ndi osokoneza bongo" komanso zofalitsa zina zosocheretsa.)

Gawo 1: Chowonadi chenicheni cha mawu a Joshua Grubbs "anazindikira zolaula zolaula"

Zoona Zindikirani #1: Pamene a Grubbs aphunzira amagwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "anazindikira zolaula zolaula,"Kwenikweni amatanthauza kuchuluka kwathunthu kwa Grubbs" Zolaula Zaku Cyber ​​Gwiritsani Ntchito Inventory "(CPUI-9) - funso lofunsidwa lomwe silingathe, ndipo silinatsimikiziridwepo, kusanja "kuzindikira" kuchokera pakukonda kwenikweni. Ndichoncho, "anazindikira zolaula zolaula"Sichimasonyeza china choposa chiwerengero: chiwerengero cha zithunzi zolaula za 9 osokoneza mafunso. Izi zatayika potanthauzira m'maphunziro a Grubbs chifukwa chobwerezabwereza kwa mawu osocheretsa omwe "amadziwika kuti ndi osokoneza bongo" m'malo molemba molondola, osazungulira: "Zolaula za pa Cyber ​​Zigwiritsa Ntchito Chiwerengero."

Zoona Zindikirani #2: Grubbs CPUI-9 ikuyesa leni zolaula, osati chikhulupiriro zolaula. Idapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mayeso osokoneza bongo. Osatengera mawu athu. Nayi CPUI-9. (Funso lirilonse limapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito sikelo ya Likert ya 1 mpaka 7, pomwe 1 ili "ayi konse, "Ndipo 7 kukhala"Kwambiri. ")

Chigawo chokakamiza

  1. Ndikukhulupirira kuti ndimakonda kwambiri zolaula pa Intaneti.
  2. Ndikumva kuti sindingalepheretse kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa Intaneti.
  3. Ngakhale pamene sindikufuna kuona zithunzi zolaula pa intaneti, ndimamva kuti ndikuyandikira

Gawo la Mayesero Opeza

  1. Nthaŵi zina, ndimayesetsa kukonza ndondomeko yanga kuti ndikhale ndekha kuti ndione zolaula.
  2. Ndakana kukakhala ndi anzanga kapena kupita kuntchito zina kuti ndipeze zolaula.
  3. Ndaika zofunikira kwambiri kuti ndiziona zolaula.

Kusokonezeka Maganizo Section

  1. Ndimachita manyazi ndikaona zolaula pa intaneti.
  2. Ndimaona kuti ndikuvutika maganizo chifukwa choona zolaula pa intaneti.
  3. Ndimadwala kwambiri ndikaona zolaula pa intaneti.

Mukayang'anitsitsa, mafunso 1-6 a CPUI-9 amawunika zizindikilo zomwe zimapezeka pazovuta zonse, pomwe mafunso 7-9 (Kukhumudwa Kwamaganizidwe) amawunika kulakwa, manyazi komanso chisoni. Zotsatira zake, "leni kuledzera "kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi mafunso 1-6 (Kukakamizidwa & Kuyeserera Kufikira). Kuchotsa mafunso atatu a "Kukhumudwa Kwamaganizidwe" (omwe amawunika manyazi ndi kudzimva kuti ndi wolakwa) kumabweretsa zotsatira zosiyana kwambiri ndi maphunziro a Grubbs: 3) Ubale wofooka kwambiri pakati pa chipembedzo ndi leni zolaula. 2) Ubale wolimba kwambiri pakati pa "[Zithunzi] Gwiritsani Ntchito Maola"Ndi leni zolaula. Mwanjira ina yogwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumaneneratu zamatsenga, pomwe ubale wachipembedzo pakukonda zolaula umakhala wofooka kwambiri. Ngati titha kubowoleza tipeze kuti kupembedza kulibe ubale uliwonse ndi makhalidwe oipa monga kuyankhidwa ndi mafunso 4-6.

Mwachidule - Zovuta zowononga zolaula sizigwirizana kwambiri ndi chipembedzo. Wina atha kufunsa ngati ndi njira yabwino kuphatikiza maapulo ndi malalanje mu chida chowunikira, potero amasokoneza kulumikizana ndikuledzera mbali imodzi ndi kulumikizana ndi manyazi kulakwa kwina. Wina angafunsenso ngati kuli koyenera kusankha chosankha ("chozindikirika") chomwe chikutanthauza, molakwika, kuti chida chowunikira chitha kusanthula zenizeni kuchokera pakukonda.

Zoona Zindikirani #3: Muthanso kutenga mawu a Joshua Grubbs kuti CPUI ndi leni zolaula zolaula, mu Pepala loyambirira la 2010 la Grubbs iye anatsimikizira Cyber-Pornography Gwiritsani Ntchito Inventory (CPUI) ngati funso lofufuza mafunso leni zolaula (onani gawo ili kwa zambiri). Mawu oti "kuzolowera kuzolowera zolaula" komanso "zolaula zolaula" sizimapezeka mu pepala lake la 2010. M'malo mwake, Grubbs et al., 2010 imanena momveka bwino malo omwe CPUI ikuyesa zolaula zenizeni:

"Kapangidwe ka CPUI kakhazikika pamalingaliro akuti chizolowezi chomwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo chimadziwika ndikulephera kuletsa khalidweli, zovuta zoyipa zomwe zidadza chifukwa cha khalidweli, komanso kutengeka kwambiri ndi khalidweli (Delmonico & Miller, 2003)…. CPUI imawonetsadi lonjezo ngati chida chowunikira zolaula za pa intaneti. ”

Zoona Zindikirani #4: Pambuyo pake, mu phunziro 2013, Grubbs inachepetsa mafunso a CPUI kuchokera ku 32 (kapena 39 kapena 41) mpaka ku 9 yeniyeni, ndipo (astonishingly) adalemba kachiwiri zenizeni, zatsimikiziridwa kuyerekezera zolaula monga mafunso ofufuza "zolaula." Ngakhale Grubbs mwiniwake sananene kuti mayeserowa atha kuzindikira kuti ali ndi vuto losokoneza bongo, ntchito yake ya mawu osocheretsa ("chizolowezi chomwa chizolowezi") pazambiri pa chida chake cha CPUI-9 yatsogolera ena kuganiza kuti chida chake chili ndi mphamvu yamatsenga yokhoza kusiyanitsa pakati pa "kuzindikira" ndi "zenizeni". Izi zawononga kwambiri gawo lazowonera zolaula chifukwa ena amadalira mapepala ake ngati umboni wazinthu zomwe sangakwanitse, ndipo sangathe. Palibe mayeso omwe amatha kusiyanitsa "zenizeni" ndi zomwe "zimawoneka". Kungodzilemba ngati izi sikungapangitse kuti zikhale choncho.

Joshua Grubbs adati mu imelo kuti wowunika kafukufuku wake wachiwiri wa CPUI-9 adamupangitsa iye ndi omwe adalemba nawo kafukufukuyu wa 2013 kuti asinthe "mawu osokoneza bongo" a CPUI-9 (chifukwa wowunikirayo adanyoza "kumanga" zolaula). Ichi ndichifukwa chake Grubbs adasintha malongosoledwe ake pamayeso kukhala "anazindikira zolaula "mafunso. Mwakutero wolemba / mkonzi wosadziwika m'magazini imodziyi adayambitsa dzina losavomerezeka, losocheretsa la "anazindikira zolaula. ” CPUI sinayambe yatsimikiziridwa ngati kuyesedwa koyezetsa zolaula zenizeni kuchokera "ankaona kuti zolaula ndizoopsa.”Pano pali Grubbs tweeting za njirayi, kuphatikiza ndemanga za wowunikirayo:

Josh Grubbs @JoshuaGrubbsPhD

Pepala langa loyamba logwiritsa ntchito zolaula: "Izi [zolaula] ndizofunika kuyerekezera ndi kubedwa kwachilendo: zilibe tanthauzo."

Nicole R Prause, PhD @NicoleRPrause

Inu kapena wolembapo?

Josh Grubbs @JoshuaGrubbsPhD

Wongoyang'ana anandiuza ine

Josh Grubbs @JoshuaGrubbsPhD  Jul 14

Ndipotu chomwe chinandichititsa kuti ndizindikire kuti ndimagwiritsira ntchito mankhwalawa, ndinaganiza za ndemanga zowonongeka.

Ngakhale Grubbs adagwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "chizolowezi chomwa chizolowezi" nthawi 80 papepala lake la 2013, adanenanso za CPUI-9 pachidule ichi:

"Pomaliza, tidapeza kuti CPUI-9 idalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi zizolowezi zogonana, monga zimayesedwa ndi Kalichman Sculsivity Scale. Izi zikuwonetsa kukhudzana kwambiri pakati pa kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula ndi kugonana kwachiwerewere kawirikawiri. ”

Tawonani momwe mawu pamwambapa amanenera kuti CPUI-9 imayesa "zolaula zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito."

Zoona Zindikirani #5: Palibe funso lofunsira lomwe limafufuza "zomwe zimawoneka ngati zosokoneza bongo" pachilichonse - zinthu kapena machitidwe - kuphatikiza zolaula. Ichi ndichifukwa chake kusaka kwa 'Google Scholar' kumabwezera zotsatira zopanda zotsatirazi "kuzolowera" zotsatirazi:

Zoona Zindikirani #6: Palibe mafunso omwe angasiyanitse pakati pa "kukhulupirira zolaula" ndi zizindikiritso zosonyeza zolaula. Monga mayeso ena osokoneza bongo, CPUI imawunika zizolowezi ndi zizolowezi zomwe zimapezeka pazokonda zonse (komanso mayeso onse osokoneza bongo), monga kulephera kugwiritsa ntchito, kukakamiza kugwiritsa ntchito, kulakalaka kugwiritsa ntchito, zovuta zamaganizidwe, chikhalidwe ndi malingaliro, komanso chidwi chogwiritsa ntchito . M'malo mwake, funso lokha # 1 la CPUI-9 limangowonetsa kuzolowera "kuzindikira": Ndikukhulupirira kuti ndimakonda kwambiri zolaula pa Intaneti.

Mwachidule, mawu oti "kuwonera zolaula" samangotanthauza kuchuluka konse kwa CPUI-9, kusinthidwa kwa mafunso omwe adatsimikizika mu 2010 ngati leni kuyesa zolaula. Zaka zitatu pambuyo pake, Grubbs "adalimbikitsidwa" mwamphamvu ndi magazini yosindikiza kuti ayikenso CPUI-9 mayeso "oonera" zolaula - popanda maziko asayansi, kapena kutsimikizika kulikonse. Pepala la 2013, ndi maphunziro onse a Grubbs omwe adatsata, adalowa m'malo mwa "chiwerengero cha CPUI-9”Ndi mawu akuti"anazindikira zolaula zolaula. ” Mukawona zolemba zikunena zinthu monga:

  • "Ndichikhulupiriro chanu pakukonda zolaula komwe kumabweretsa nkhawa"

kapena kuphunzira kunena kuti:

  • "Nkhaŵa za anthu zinali zokhudzana ndi malingaliro awo okhudzana ndi zolaula"

Dziwani kuti njira yolondola kwambiri yowerengera izi ndi izi:

  • "Zolaula zimayambitsa nkhawa"
  • "Kuda nkhawa kwa anthu kunali kokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa mayeso okhudzana ndi zolaula"

Sikuti Grubbs adangophunzira mwamphamvu, komanso molakwika, kutanthauza kuti adayesa "malingaliro okhudzana ndi zolaula," zifukwa zina ziwiri mu phunziroli zidasiyananso:

  • Funsani # 1) "Zolakalaka zolaula ndizogwirizana kwambiri ndi chipembedzo."

Osati kwenikweni. Chigawo ichi amasonyeza kuti zipembedzo zimangokhala zosiyana kwenikweni leni zolaula; nthawi gawo ili amatsimikizira zachipembedzo ndi zowononga zolaula.

  • Tchulani # 2) "Kugonana ndi zolaula sikugwirizana ndi zolaula."

Osati zoona. Chigawo ichi sungani izi.

Zoona Zindikirani #7: Kafukufuku akuzindikira kuti kuchuluka kwa zolaula ndiko osati zogwirizana ndi zolaula (zambiri pansi pa gawo 5)

Kodi umboni uli pati? Leonhardt, et al. ndipo mapepala a Grubbs amamangidwa, kuti kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula ndi wodalirika wothandizira kuledzera kwenikweni - ndi omwe akugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri kukhala "osokoneza" kusiyana ndi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zochepa? Leonhardt, et al. anafunsidwa zafupipafupi, pomwe Grubbs adagwiritsa ntchito maola ambiri, koma mfundo ndiyakuti palibe mayeso omwe amafanana ndi "kuchuluka kwa chizolowezi choledzeretsa." Chowonadi ndi chakuti, zida zodziwikiratu zoledzera sizigwiritsa ntchito "kuchuluka kwa momwe angagwiritsire ntchito" ngati njira yokhayo yolowerera.

Popeza kuti kuchuluka kwa zolaula ndi chizoloŵezi chosakhulupirika, lingaliro lililonse loti zolaula ndi "vuto lachipembedzo" chifukwa cha kusiyana kochepa (nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito ndi zovuta pa mayeso a 5) poyerekeza ndi anthu ogwiritsa ntchito zipembedzo ndi osapembedza, sichikhoza kutero, ndipo posakhalitsa sangafike.

Komanso, nthawi yomaliza ndikuona kuti manyazi achipembedzo kapena kudzimva chisoni kumapangitsa kusintha kwa ubongo komwe kumayendera anthu omwe amamwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Komabe pali 30 maphunziro a ubongo Kukambirana ubongo wokhudzana ndi chiwerewere kumasintha kwa anthu ogwiritsira ntchito zolaula / ogwiritsira ntchito kugonana. Izi zimapereka umboni wamphamvu wosonyeza kuti anthu ochita zolaula amatha kumwa mowa mwauchidakwa.

Gawo 2: The Leonhardt, et al. Funso la funso la 5 limayesa yekha leni zolaula

Tsopano, kubwereranso ku kafukufuku wa BYU wamakono: Leonhardt, Willoughby, & Young-Petersen, 2017 (Leonhardt, et al.). Pofuna kuwunika "zolaula" zomwe adalemba adalemba mafunso 5 atatengedwa kuchokera pamafunso 10 "Kukakamira Kugonana." "Sculsivity Scale Scale" idapangidwa mu 1995 ndipo idapangidwa ndi kugonana kosalamulirika kugona m'maganizo (pokhudzana ndi kufufuza mliri wa Edzi).

Mwa kuchotsa "kugonana" kapena "kugonana" ndi "zolaula," a Leonhardt, et al. olemba adalemba mafunso omwe adalemba kuti ndi owunika "kuganizira zolaula."Adagwiritsa ntchito mawu onsewa ndi" kukhulupirira zolaula "panthawi yonse yophunzira, mosiyana ndi yolondola kwambiri"Chiwerengero chonse pafunso lathu la funso la 5. "

Dzifunseni nokha, chitani mafunso 5 otsatirawa kuyeza "chikhulupiriro zolaula kapena amafufuza zizindikiro, zizindikiro ndi makhalidwe omwe amapezeka mowa mwauchidakwa?

  1. "Maganizo anga okhudza zolaula amachititsa mavuto pamoyo wanga,"
  2. "Zolakalaka zanga zolaula zimasokoneza moyo wanga wa tsiku ndi tsiku,"
  3. "Nthawi zina ndimalephera kukwaniritsa zomwe ndikudzipereka komanso maudindo anga chifukwa cha zolaula zanga,"
  4. "Nthaŵi zina ndimalakalaka kuona zolaula n'zosangalatsa kwambiri."
  5. "Ndimavutika kuti ndisamaone zolaula."

Komabe osatsimikiza? Nanga bwanji tikasintha mafunso asanu awa kuti tiyambe kufunsa mafunso osokoneza bongo:

  1. "Maganizo anga kumwa mowa akuyambitsa mavuto m'moyo wanga, "
  2. "Chokhumba changa gwiritsani ntchito mowa kusokoneza moyo wanga wa tsiku ndi tsiku, "
  3. "Nthawi zina ndimalephera kukwaniritsa zomwe ndikudzipereka komanso maudindo anga chifukwa cha ine mowa"
  4. "Nthawi zina ndimakhumba kumwa mowa Ndizabwino kwambiri ndikulephera kulamulira, "
  5. "Ndiyenera kulimbana kuti ndisatero gwiritsani ntchito mowa. "

Ndiye, kodi mafunso 5 ali pamwambapa amafufuza "kukhulupirira zakumwa zoledzeretsa" kapena kodi amayesanso "kuledzera?" Monga aliyense angawonere, mafunso 5 awa amawunika leni kumwa mowa, monga momwe iwo anawonera zovuta zowononga zolaula Leonhardt, et al.

Komabe timauzidwa kuti munthu okwana mphambu ya mafunso onse 5 ndi ofanana ndi "kukhulupirira kuledzera" m'malo momangokhalira kumwa mowa mwauchidakwa! Zosocheretsa kwambiri, komanso popanda maziko asayansi, popeza mafunso awa a 5 sanatsimikizidwe kuti amasiyanitsa "kukhulupirira zolaula" ndi chizolowezi chenicheni.

Zindikirani kuti zaka makumi asanu ndi ziŵiri zoyesedwa zowonongeka kwa mankhwala ndi zizolowezi zamakhalidwe zimadalira mafunso ofanana ndi omwe ali pamwambawa kuti ayese zenizeni, osati “chabe anazindikira, ”Kuledzera. Mwachitsanzo, Leonhardt, et al. mafunso akuyang'ana khalidwe lachizolowezi choledzeretsa monga tafotokozera ndi chida chowunika chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri chotchedwa "4 Cs.”Tiyeni tiwayerekezere. Umu ndi momwe Leonhardt, et al Mafunso akugwirizana ndi ma Cs anayi:

  • Ckudzikuza kuti mugwiritse ntchito (2, 3)
  • Kulephera Cgwiritsani ntchito (2, 3, 4)
  • Czofuna kugwiritsa ntchito (1, 2, 3, 4 )
  • CAnapitiriza kugwiritsa ntchito ngakhale zotsatira zoipa (2, 3)

Mwachidule, Leonhardt, et al. kufufuza zizindikiro, zizindikiro ndi makhalidwe a leni zolaula, osati kukhulupirira kuledzera. Palibe chilichonse m'mafunso asanu awa chomwe chimangonena za "kungokhulupirira zakumwa zosokoneza bongo." Osangokhala kuti Leonhardt, et al. olemba molakwika amagwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "zolaula zolaula" pamapepala awo onse, adatenga zina mwa kunena kuti Grubbs CPUI-9 komanso mafunso awo azinthu 5 atha kuwunika "kukhulupirira zolaula" za munthu. Tiyenera kuzindikira kuti Grubbs mwiniwake sanagwiritsepo mawu oti "kukhulupirira kuledzera."

Ngati olemba awa anali olondola kuti zinthu zawo za 5 zimayesa "kuzindikira kuti ndi osokoneza bongo," ndiye ayi mayesero omwe alipo kale akhoza kuyesa kuledzera kwenikweni. Izi zikhoza kuchititsa chidwi kwambiri kwa akatswiri ambirimbiri oledzera padziko lapansi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mayeserowa kuti aone ngati pali mankhwala osokoneza bongo tsiku ndi tsiku.

Mfundo yofunika: Nthawi iliyonse mukawerenga nkhani kapena kafukufuku pogwiritsa ntchito gawo loti "zolaula zolaula" kapena "kukhulupirira zolaula," dziwani kuti mawu osocheretsawa amatanthauza chinthu chimodzi chokha: "kuchuluka kwathunthu pazoyeserera zolaula. ” Kuti muwulule tanthauzo lenileni la zomwe apeza munkhanizo ndi maphunziro, ingochotsani mawu onga "kuzindikira" kapena "chikhulupiriro," ndikuyika "zolaula." Tiyeni tichite izi ndi zochepa chabe pazaka 100 komwe Leonhardt, et al. kuyika mwina "kuzindikira" kapena "kukhulupirira" pamapepala awo:

Leonhardt, et al. adati:

Komabe, zikuwoneka kuti ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula amadzimva kuti nkhawa ya ubale ikuzungulira ntchito yawo pokhapokha monga amakhulupirira kuti ali ndi chizoloŵezi chogwiritsira ntchito, chovutitsa.

Popanda mawu olakwika:

Owerenga zithunzi zolaula amene kuwerengera kwambiri ku 5-chinthu cholimbana ndi zolaula zochitika pamasewero okhudzidwa ndi chilakolako chokhudzana ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula.

Leonhardt, et al. adati:

Malingana ndi zotsatirazi, awo amene amawonetsa zolaula sangaoneke kuti akuda nkhaŵa mu ubale wawo chifukwa cha ntchito zawo, pokhapokha atadzikhulupirira okha kukhala ndi chizoloŵezi chovuta, chovutitsa.

Popanda mawu olakwika:

Malinga ndi zotsatira izi Anthu omwe amayamba kuonera zolaula amadzidera nkhawa kwambiri.

Leonhardt, et al. adati:

Kuwona kuti kusokonezeka kwa chibwenzi kunali kowonjezereka kwa chiyanjano chokhudzana ndi zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, anthu omwe amadzikhulupirira okha kuti ali ndi zolaula zochititsa manyazi, zosautsa zimagwiritsa ntchito akhoza kukhala osayesetsa kufunafuna zibwenzi.

Popanda mawu olakwika:

Kuwona kuti kusokonezeka kwa chibwenzi kunali kowonjezereka kwa chiyanjano chokhudzana ndi zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, anthu omwe amamwa zolaula angakhale osayesetsa kufunafuna zibwenzi.

Zoonadi, kafukufukuyu anapeza kuti zolaula zomwe zimadetsa nkhawa zokhudzana ndi zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zotsatira zake zoipa, monga kusagwiritsidwa ntchito kosasamala, kusokonezeka kwa moyo wawo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, komanso kusowa kwawo kukwaniritsa zolinga ndi ntchito. N'zosadabwitsa kuti zolaula zawo zinakhudza mbali zosiyanasiyana za ubale weniweni.

Ngakhale kuli kothandiza kwa osamalira anthu kuzindikira kuti ena ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula angafunike kuyesetsa kudzidalira komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zovuta, sizothandiza kuti anthu asocheretsedwe kuti mayeso amatha kusiyanitsa pakati pa "kuzindikira" ndi zenizeni kuledzera. Ndipo sizothandiza kwenikweni kusokoneza malingaliro awiriwa ndikupanga zifukwa zopanda maziko potengera chisokonezo chotere.

PEZANI: On podcast yake, Natasha Helfer Parker akufunsa Dr. Brian Willoughby za phunziro ili. Poyankha mafunso a Willoughby amapanga chidziwitso chodabwitsa kuti:

"Tinawona za 10-15% ya chitsanzo chathu chokwanira mu chikhalidwe chimenecho (zovuta zowononga zolaula) ... koma pamene tinkangoganizira chabe zokhudzana ndi 2-3 nthawi zazikulu kuposa nambala imeneyo. Kotero tawona anthu akuluakulu omwe adzionetsa okha kuti ali ndi zolaula. Chigawo cha khalidwecho chinkawoneka kuti sichinasinthe. "

Palibe chilichonse mu kafukufuku wake chomwe chimatsimikizira zomwe zatchulidwazi. Tiyeni tiwone momveka bwino: Mafunso okhawo okhudzana ndi "zolaula" kapena "zolaula" anali mafunso a 5 omwe atchulidwa pamwambapa. Mafunso asanu awa sangapereke chidziwitso chomwe Willoughby akuti ali nacho: kutha kusiyanitsa yemwe anali kwenikweni akugonjetsedwa ndi zolaula ndipo ndi ndani anakhulupirira iwo anali oledzera ku zolaula (koma kwenikweni sanali).

Izi ndi Willoughby sizichirikizidwa. Kuledzera kumatha kudziwika kudzera pakuphatikizika kwa mbiri ya kasitomala, kufunsa mafunso, komanso mafunso amafunsidwe (monga Cambridge University yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi omvera). Palibe wofufuza amene ali ndi chifukwa chongotchulira mutu wina ngati kuti "walowereradi" kapena "akukhulupirira zabodza kuti ali osokoneza" pogwiritsa ntchito mafunso azinthu 5 omwe adzazidwe pa Amazon M-turk.

Willoughby sanangogwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "chizolowezi choledzeretsa" komanso "malingaliro amkati ozolowera", akuti anthuwo "adadzitcha okha kuti ali osokoneza bongo". Ndibwereza: mutu wayankha funso lazinthu 5. Phunziroli ndipo tsopano Willoughby ali nalo adatchulanso kuchuluka kwathunthu pamafunso a 5 monga awa onse: "zolaula zolaula", "kukhulupirira zolaula", "malingaliro amkati okhudzana ndi zolaula". “Akudziyesa okha oledzera”.

Pomaliza, kafukufukuyu komanso a Willoughby akuwonetsa kuti ubale wapakati pazipembedzo komanso zambiri pazofunsidwa pazinthu 5 ziyenera kuwonetsa kuti ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula ambiri achipembedzo amangokhala ndi manyazi ndipo samakhala ndi zizindikilo zosokoneza bongo. Izi ndizomwe zimadumpha poganizira kuti kafukufuku wawo sanayese manyazi, kapena kutengeka kulikonse.

Gawo 3: Kulembanso & kutanthauziranso Leonhardt, et al. umboni

Kodi a Leonhardt, et al. mawonekedwe osawoneka bwino ngati chikhulupiriro ndi kuzindikira zidathetsedwa? Choyamba, nazi zolemba zomwe zidasindikizidwa:

Kafukufuku waposachedwapa wa zolaula amasonyeza kuti kuganiza kuti munthu amamwa mowa mwauchidakwa kumabweretsa mavuto omwe amachititsa kuti asamawononge zolaula. Kafukufuku wanena kuti anthu achipembedzo amazindikira kuti akulowerera ku zolaula, mosasamala kanthu za momwe akuwonera zolaula nthawi zambiri. Pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha akuluakulu osakwatirana a 686, phunziro ili limagwirizanitsa ndi kufalitsa kafukufuku wakale poyesa kudziletsa kuti awononge zolaula monga mkhalapakati pakati pa chipembedzo ndi ubale wokhudzana ndi zolaula. Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kuzipembedza zimagwirizanitsidwa kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe chodetsa nkhaŵa chozungulira zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, pamene kuwona zolaula zolaula kunkagwirizana kwambiri ndi ubale wokhudzana ndi zolaula zikugwiritsidwa ntchito. Komabe, poona kuti zolaula zimayikidwa monga mkhalapakati mchitidwe wogwiritsa ntchito zolaula, zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pang'onopang'ono pazowonongeka za ubale zokhudzana ndi zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, komanso kuganizira za zolaula zomwe zimagwirizana pakati pa chipembedzo ndi chisamaliro choyang'ana zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Podziwa momwe zolaula zimagwiritsidwira ntchito, kupembedza, komanso kuwonetsa zolaula zogonana zogwirizana ndi ubale wokhudzana ndi zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyambira mapangidwe apamtima, tikuyembekeza kuthetsa mwayi wa maanja ogonjetsa nkhani zolaula ndikuchepetsa mavuto muukondano.

Khalani owona mtima, kodi wowerenga aliyense angaganize kuchokera pamwambapa kuti the mere chikhulupiriro mu zolaula zolaula ndizo zokhazo zomwe zimayambitsa mavuto onse okhudzana ndi zolaula?

Tsopano nayi Leonhardt, et al. zolemba zolembedwa momwe tikuganizira kuti ziyenera kukhala zogwirizana ndi zomwe apeza, popanda mawu olakwika monga "kukhulupirira," "kuzindikira kwa," ndi zina zowonjezera zokhudzana ndi a Grubbs ofufuza za Leonhardt, et al. olemba adadalira:

Kafukufuku waposachedwa pa zolaula akuwonetsa kuti zolaula zimaneneratu zotsatira zoyipa pamwambapa zogwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Kafukufuku wowerengeka ndi gulu la Grubbs apeza kuti "ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula achipembedzo" amalemba pang'ono kuposa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula omwe si achipembedzo pa "Cyber ​​Pornography Use Inventory" (CPUI-9). Kupeza kumeneku kuyenera kuwonedwa munthawi yomwe kafukufuku wamagawo osiyanasiyana amafotokoza malingaliro otsika kwambiri a zolaula mwa anthu achipembedzo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti anthu ochepa chabe achipembedzo amawagwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndipo motere amakhalapo m'munsi mitengo ya "zolaula zenizeni" pakati pa anthu achipembedzo. Pali zinthu zambiri zomwe zingatheke kuti mudziwe chifukwa chake anthu ambiri ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula angagwiritse ntchito mapepala okhudzana ndi zolaula kuposa anthu ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula.

Pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha akuluakulu osakwatiwa a 686, phunziroli likuwonjezereka pa kafukufuku wakale poyesera zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mkhalapakati pakati pa chipembedzo ndi ubale wokhudzana ndi zolaula. Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kukhulupilira zinali zofooketsedwa kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe chodetsa nkhaŵa chozungulira zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, pamene chizoloŵezi cholaula chinali chogwirizanitsidwa kwambiri ndi ubale wachisokonezo choyandikana ndi zolaula.

Komabe, pamene zolaula zimayikidwa monga mkhalapakati mwachitsanzo, zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pang'onopang'ono pokhudzana ndi ubale wa zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo kuwonetsa zolaula kumagwirizanitsa pakati pa chikhulupiliro ndi kugonana komwe kumayenderana ndi zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Podziwa momwe zolaula zimagwiritsidwira ntchito, zipembedzo, ndi zolaula zogwirizana ndi ubale wokhudzana ndi zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyambitsa mapangidwe apakati, tikuyembekeza kuthetsa mwayi wa maanja kuti tikwanitse kuthana ndi zolaula ndi kuchepetsa mavuto muukondano.

KUCHOKERA: Kukhala wachipembedzo kunali "kugwirizana molakwika”Ndimakhala ndi nkhawa paubwenzi wokhudzana ndi zolaula. Komano, zizolowezi zolaula (monga momwe mafunso 5 amafotokozera) "zinali zogwirizana kwambiri”Ndimakhala ndi nkhawa paubwenzi wokhudzana ndi zolaula. Mwachidule, kukhala wachipembedzo kumawonjezera nkhawa kuubwenzi komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zosakaniza - ndizomveka. Koma anali osokoneza bongo (kaya ndi achipembedzo kapena ayi) omwe adathandizira kwambiri kulimbikitsa nkhawa zokhudzana ndi zolaula. Ndipo chisokonezo cha ubale chidawonekera bwanji kwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula? Monga kafukufuku adati:

"Ubale wokhudzidwa ndi zolaula umawonekera chifukwa chonyalanyaza kufunafuna zibwenzi ndipo zimakhala zovuta kuwulula zolaula."

Mavumbulutso awiri akulu a phunziroli:

  1. Anthu osokoneza bongo safuna kulankhula za zolaula zawo.
  2. Kugonjetsedwa ndi zolaula kumakhudza moyo wanu wachikondi. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, munthu wochita zolaula angasangalatse mnzake wokwatirana naye, ndipo nthawi zambiri amamukonda kwambiri.

Kodi zotsatirazi ndi zodabwitsa kwa wina aliyense?

Gawo 4: Kodi zipembedzo zimagwirizana kwenikweni ndi zakumwa zolaula?

Kuyamba: Umboni wosadabwitsa kuchokera kwa opatsirana pogonana umasonyeza kuti pali makasitomala omwe ndikumverera osokoneza bongo, komabe mumaziwona nthawi zina. N'zotheka kuti ena mwa makasitomalawa ndi achipembedzo ndipo amadziimba mlandu komanso amanyazi chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zina. Kodi anthuwa akuvutika ndi "chizolowezi chodziwika bwino" osati zolaula? Mwina. Izi zati, anthuwa akufuna kusiya koma akupitilizabe kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Kaya "ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula" kapena ayi amakhala osuta kapena amangodzimva kuti ndi olakwa komanso amanyazi, chinthu chimodzi ndichotsimikizika: ngakhale Grubbs CPUI-9, kapena Leonhardt, et al. Funso lazinthu za 5 limatha kusiyanitsa "zomwe zimawoneka ngati zosokoneza bongo" ndi zomwe amakonda mwa anthuwa kapena wina aliyense.

Zipembedzo sizimagwirizana ndi zolaula kapena zolaula

Kukhulupirira zachipembedzo sikuneneratu kuti munthu amayamba kuchita zachiwerewere. Ziri zosiyana. Anthu achipembedzo sangagwiritse ntchito zolaula choncho sangawonongeke.

Leonhardt, et al. ndi Joshua Grubbs maphunziro sanagwiritse ntchito gawo la anthu achipembedzo. M'malo mwake, kokha ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula (achipembedzo kapena osakhulupirira) adafunsidwa. Kuphunzira kulikonse kwabwino kunapereka malipoti ochepa kwambiri omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula mwa anthu achipembedzo poyerekeza ndi anthu omwe si achipembedzo (phunzirani 1, phunzirani 2, phunzirani 3, phunzirani 4, phunzirani 5, phunzirani 6, phunzirani 7, phunzirani 8, phunzirani 9, phunzirani 10, phunzirani 11, phunzirani 12, phunzirani 13, phunzirani 14, phunzirani 15, phunzirani 16, phunzirani 17, phunzirani 18, phunzirani 19, phunzirani 20, phunzirani 21, phunzirani 22.)

Kafukufuku wofufuza anthu ochita zachiwerewere achipembedzo amatha kukhala ndi anthu ochepa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi anthu ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula (omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi amuna onse). Zotengera ziwirizi: 1) Zipembedzo zimatetezera kusokoneza bongo; 2) zitsanzo za ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zachipembedzo zimakopeka ndi anthu achipembedzo omwe amakhulupirira.

Mwachitsanzo, phunziro la 2011 (The Cyber ​​Pornography Gwiritsani Ntchito Zowonjezera: Kuyerekeza Chitsanzo cha Chipembedzo ndi Chachidule) adanena kuti kuchuluka kwa amuna achipembedzo ndi a ku koleji omwe ankagwiritsa ntchito zolaula kamodzi pa sabata:

  • Zomwe: 54%
  • Zipembedzo: 19%

Phunziro lina ku koleji akuluakulu achipembedzo (Ndikukhulupirira kuti ndizolakwika koma ndimazichitabe - Kuyerekeza anyamata achipembedzo omwe amatsutsana nawo sagwiritsa ntchito zolaula, 2010) adawulula kuti:

  • 65% ya anyamata achipembedzo anafotokoza kuti sakuwona zolaula m'mwezi ya 12 yapitayi
  • 8.6% adawonetsa kuwona masiku awiri kapena atatu pa mwezi
  • 8.6% adawonetsa kuyang'ana tsiku ndi tsiku kapena tsiku lina lililonse

Mosiyana ndi izi, kufufuza kwa magawo osiyana-siyana a amuna a ku koleji amafotokoza zapamwamba zowonera zolaula (US - 2008: 87%, China - 2012: 86%, Netherlands - 2013 (zaka 16): 73%).

Leonhardt, et al. amanyalanyaza zonse ena Kafukufuku adafalitsidwa pa mitengo yogwiritsira ntchito zolaula pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito zipembedzo

Mukusuntha kodabwitsa kwambiri Leonhardt, et al. olemba amanena kuti kafukufuku ndi maphunziro onse pa mitengo ya zolaula pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito achipembedzo ali olakwika kwambiri. Mwanjira ina, Leonhardt, et al. akuwonetsa kuti chiwerengero chachikulu ndi chosasintha chachipembedzo chabodza chinanenapo za zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito pafukufuku aliyense wosadziwika pa zolaula-ntchito zomwe zakhala zikuchitika. Pamenepo, Leonhardt, et al pitani mpaka kutanthauza kuti anthu achipembedzo m'malo mwake amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula pamadera apamwamba kuposa anthu omwe si achipembedzo! Chotsatira chotsatira chikupereka chivomerezo chawo chotsimikizira izi:

Mwinanso chifukwa cha zikhalidwe zogonana zosasunthika, komanso nkhawa zomwe zingachitike pakuwona zolaula, anthu achipembedzo nthawi zonse amaonetsa zolaula zochepa kuposa anthu wamba (Carroll et al., 2008; Poulsen, Busby, & Galovan, 2013; Wright, 2013) . Komabe, kafukufuku wina wowunika ma injini osakira (MacInnis & Hodson, 2015) ndikulembetsa pa intaneti (Edelman, 2009) akuwonetsa kuti anthu ochokera kuzipembedzo, osunga miyambo atha kufunafuna zolaula kuposa anzawo akunja. Kusiyana kumeneku pakati pazidziwitso zofuna kudziwonetsera ndi zowonetsera zotsutsana ndi zolaula zimagwiritsa ntchito miyambo yachipembedzo, monga anthu achipembedzo angathe kubisala zolaula zawo chifukwa cha manyazi okhudza ntchito imeneyi.

Kotero, chithandizo cha izi Leonhardt, et al. Chidziwitso chimachokera ku maphunziro a 2 dziko lonse deta: 1) MacInnis & Hodson, 2015 (Google imasaka mawu ena ogonana), ndi 2) Edelman, 2009 (Kulembetsa kwa malo osungirako zolaula omwe alipira 2007).

Zomwe amakambirana mobwerezabwereza kuti Utah ndiye amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula kwambiri zimachokera papepala lazachuma la 2009 la Benjamin Edelman "Red Light States: Ndani Amagwiritsa Ntchito Zosangalatsa Zakukula pa Intaneti?”Iye amadalira kwathunthu pazosungidwa kuchokera ku a single pamwamba-khumi omwe amapereka zolipira-zowonera pomwe adalemba zigawo zolaula - kunyalanyaza masamba ena ambiri. Chifukwa chiyani adasankha ameneyo kuti awunikenso?

Tikudziwa kuti kuwunika kwa Edelman kunachitika cha m'ma 2007, atatulutsa "mawebusayiti" aulere, ndipo owonera zolaula adayamba kuwayang'ana. Chifukwa chake, zomwe a Edelman adalemba zikwizikwi (za masamba aulere ndi olembetsa) sizingaganiziridwe kuti zikuyimira onse ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula ku US. Kutulutsa pepala lake ndikusocheretsa. (Kuti muwone zambiri - Kodi Utah #1 mu Porn Gwiritsani Ntchito?) Ndipotu, maphunziro ena ndi deta yomwe ilipo imayendera zolaula za Utah pakati pa 40th ndi 50th pakati pa mayiko. Onani:

  1. Pepala lowunikiridwa ndi anzawo: "Kuonerera zolaula kumagwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku: Njira ndi zochokera kuzinthu zinayi (2015)." Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace (2015).
  2. Kapena izi n'zosavuta kuwerenga nkhani ya 2014: Kusinkhasinkha Ma Mormon ndi Zithunzi: Utah 40th mu US mu New Porn Data.
  3. Mawonedwe a tsamba lamtundu uliwonse, otengedwa ku Pornhub 2014 (graph pa YBOP).

Pepala "Kuonerera zolaula kumagwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku: Njira ndi zochokera kuzinthu zinayi (2015)”Ikufufuzanso MacInnis & Hodson, 2015. Chidule chofotokozera zomwe MacInnis & Hodson anachita:

MacInnis & Hodson, (2014) gwiritsani ntchito Google Trends kufufuza deta ngati wothandizila zithunzi zolaula ntchito ndikuyang'ana mgwirizano pakati pa zolaula za boma ndikugwiritsa ntchito zokhudzana ndi chipembedzo ndi conservatism. Amapeza kuti kunena ndi malingaliro abwino kwambiri ali ndi malingaliro apamwamba owonetsa zolaula za Google.

Vuto loyamba ndi MacInnis & Hodson: Kusaka kwa Google Trends siwotsimikizira zolaula. Mwachitsanzo, kudzidziwitsa nokha kumawonetsa kuti ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula amapita kumawebusayiti omwe amawakonda kudzera pa ma bookmark kapena polemba dzina la tsambalo mumadilesi a asakatuli (pomwe ali mu incognito mode). Akakhala pa tsamba lomwe amakonda, ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zambiri amafika patsamba latsopanoli kudzera ma hyperlink ndi zotsatsa, potero amafufuza kwathunthu pa Google.

Kufooka kwachiwiri MacInnis & Hodson: Kusaka kwa Google sikukutiuza kanthu za nthawi yomwe munthu aliyense amagwiritsa ntchito kuonera zolaula. Mwachitsanzo, boma lingakhale ndi chiŵerengero chachikulu cha nthawi yoyamba zolaula (achinyamata, mwachitsanzo) omwe amangoyang'ana pa zithunzi zochepa chabe, pamene mayiko ena akhoza kukhala ndi apamwamba kwambiri omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula osagwiritsa ntchito Google, koma amatha maola angapo kuyang'ana zolaula.

Kufooka kwachitatu: MacInnis & Hodson yalephera kuganizira zifukwa zina zakusaka kofufuzira kwa Google pazogonana komanso mawu okhudzana ndi zolaula. Ndizotheka kuti achinyamata omwe akufuna kudziwa zambiri zakugonana kapena zachiwerewere angagwiritse ntchito Google, pomwe ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula amatha kudutsa injini zosakira ndikupita kumalo azolaula. Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti kuwonera zolaula kumachitika kwambiri pakati pa achinyamata komanso achikulire. Zotsatira zake, titha kuyembekezera kuti mayiko okhala ndi achinyamata ambiri azikhala ndi zofufuza zambiri pa Google pazinthu zogonana.

Onani boma ndi chiwerengero cha chiwerengero cha anthu. The 16 imanena ndi chiwerengero chapamwamba cha achinyamata amaonedwa kuti ndi "Red States" (okonda zachipembedzo komanso andale). Mbali inayi, onse koma amodzi mwa mayiko omwe ali ndi chiwerengero chapakati pa achinyamata ndi "Blue State" (yopembedza pang'ono, yowolowa manja kwambiri). Kusintha kumodzi kokha kumatha kufotokoza fayilo ya MacInnis & HodsonZotsatira.

Ndipo ichi ndi chimodzi chabe mwazosiyanasiyana zomwe ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa pofotokoza kufunika kwa kulumikizana pakati pa masanjidwe aboma pankhani yachipembedzo ndi "woimira zolaula" m'modzi wokayikitsa. Makamaka pamene kafukufuku ndi kafukufuku onse amafotokoza zolaula zochepa pakati pa anthu achipembedzo.

Pepala "Kuonerera zolaula kumagwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku: Njira ndi zochokera kuzinthu zinayi (2015).”Akunena zotsatirazi MacInnis & Hodson:

Zotsatira mu mzere woyamba wa Table 3 zisonyezero kuti timapezanso mgwirizano wofunikira pakati pa chipembedzo ndi conservatism nthawi zambiri pamene tigwiritsa ntchito deta ya Google Trends. Komabe, mizere ina mu Table 3 imasonyeza kuti timapeza ubale wochepa kwambiri wa chiwerengero pogwiritsa ntchito china chilichonse cha deta. Zotsatira izi zimasonyeza kuti ngati MacInnis ndi Hodson (2014) adagwiritsa ntchito njira zina zonsezi, akhoza kuti anafika pamapeto pamapepala awo za mphamvu ya ubale wawo omwe adawafufuza.

Mfundo yakuti MacInnis ndi Hodson (2014) imapeza mgwirizano wofunika kwambiri pakati pa zipembedzo zolaula komanso zionetsero zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mochititsa chidwi poona kuti maphunziro apitalo pamasom'pamodzi aumwini amapeza kuti anthu omwe amapita ku tchalitchi nthawi zambiri sagwiritsa ntchito zolaula.

Zotsatira: Tili ndi Leonhardt, et al. kunyalanyaza maphunziro ochuluka ndi kufufuza magawo osiyanasiyana pa anthu achipembedzo potsutsa zokhudzana ndi njira zopanda kukayikira njira zomwe zimagwirizanitsa zochitika zachipembedzo za anthu a boma, ndi chiwonetsero chochepa kwambiri cha kufufuza kwa intaneti kugonana. Kusakhulupirika.

Kusagwirizana kwa mkati: The Leonhardt, et al. kunena kuti anthu ochuluka kwambiri achipembedzo amatsutsa za kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula pa kufufuza kosadziwika. Ndipo iwo ali nazo ananamizira pafukufuku uliwonse omwe wasindikizidwapo. Ngati izi ndi zoona, sitiyenera kunyalanyaza Leonhardt, et al.'s Zomwe zimapezeka kuchokera pazinthu zozizwitsa za ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zachipembedzo, chimodzimodzi Leonhardt, et al. nthawi zambiri amaletsedwa ndi kunyalanyaza zofufuza zina zonse zolaula pamaso pawos.

If Leonhardt, et al.'s nkhani zachipembedzo nthawi zonse sizinanene kuti amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula (monga amati ogwiritsa ntchito achipembedzo amafufuza), izi zikutanthauza kuti kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa "zolaula" m'maphunziro awo achipembedzo kuyenera kusinthidwa kukwera. Kukulitsa ("kukonza") kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka gulu lachipembedzo kumabweretsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwawo molingana ndi kuchuluka kwawo pamafunso azinthu 5. Mwachidule, zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pankhani zachipembedzo zimagwirizana bwino ndi kuchuluka kwa mafunso okhudza zolaula. Kapena zosavuta pano: kuchuluka kwa zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito = kuchuluka kwa zolaula - mwa ogwiritsa ntchito achipembedzo komanso osapembedza. Ngati ndi choncho, palibe chilichonse Leonhardt, et al. kuti lipoti. Null kupeza.

Kotero, ndikufunsa olemba a Leonhardt, et al., Ndi yani ya 3 yotsatira yomwe ili yolondola?

  1. Mafukufuku onse osadziwika pazinthu zachipembedzo ayenera kunyalanyazidwa chifukwa chiwerengero chachikulu cha anthu achipembedzo nthawi zonse amafotokoza momwe amagwiritsira ntchito zolaula. Izi zikuphatikizapo maphunziro onse a Grubbs ndi Leonhardt, et al. 2017
  2. Mafukufuku onse osadziwika pazinthu zachipembedzo ayenera kutengedwa moyenera, pamene onse amafotokoza zotsatira zofanana: Kugwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zolaula mosalekeza pakati pa anthu achipembedzo.
  3. Kufufuza kokha ndi Leonhardt, et al. ayenera kudalirika. Mafukufuku ena onse osadziwika pa nkhani zachipembedzo ayenera kunyalanyazidwa. Izi ndi Leonhardt, et al., Malingaliro amakono a olemba.

Ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zachipembedzo mwachiwonekere adzakhala ndi miyezo yapamwamba yomwe ilipo kale

Popeza kuti ambiri a sukulu ya koleji, amuna achipembedzo saganizira zolaula, Grubbs ndi Leonhardt, et al. zitsanzo za "ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula" zachipembedzo zimaimira ochepa pagulu lazipembedzo. Mosiyana ndi izi, zitsanzo za "ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula" zimaimira ambiri omwe siopembedza.

Achinyamata ambiri omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula amanena kuti sakufuna kuonera zolaula (100% in phunziroli). Ndiye ndichifukwa chiyani ogwiritsa ntchitowa amaonera? Ndizotheka kwambiri kuti osakhala oimira "ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula" ali ndi magawo apamwamba kwambiri a anthu onse omwe akulimbana ndi zovuta zomwe zidalipo kale. Izi nthawi zambiri zimapezeka mwa omwe ali ndi vuto losokoneza bongo (mwachitsanzo, OCD, kukhumudwa, nkhawa, nkhawa yamagulu, ADHD, mbiri yakubanja yakukonda, kuvutika kwaubwana kapena kuzunzidwa, zina zotero, etc.).

Chinthu chokhacho chikhoza kufotokoza chifukwa chomwe anthu ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula, monga gulu, amapezako pang'ono pa Grubbs ndi Leonhardt, et al. mafunso okhudzana ndi zolaula. Maganizo amenewa amathandizidwa ndi maphunziro kufunafuna mankhwala olaula / kugonana (omwe tikhoza kuyembekezera kuwombera mosiyana ndi chidutswa chomwecho chosafunikira). Ofuna kuchiza amasonyeza ayi chiyanjano pakati pa chipembedzo ndi miyeso ya kuledzera ndi chipembedzo (Phunziro la 2016 1, Phunziro la 2016 2). Ngati Leonhardt, et al.Zomwe adaganiza zinali zowona, titha kuwona owerenga zolaula omwe akufuna chithandizo.

Kuonera zolaula kumagwiritsa ntchito anthu achipembedzo kubwerera kuzipembedzo komanso chipembedzo chimakhala chofunika kwambiri

izi Phunziro la 2016 pa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zachipembedzo anapeza chidwi chopeza kuti chokha chingathe kufotokozera pang'ono pakati leni zolaula ndi chipembedzo. Mgwirizano pakati pa kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula ndi kupembedza ndizochitika. Monga momwe kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula kumawonjezeka, kuchita zachipembedzo ndi kufunika kwa chipembedzo kuchepa - mpaka kuloza. Komabe pamene munthu wachipembedzo ayamba kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kamodzi kapena kawiri pa sabata chizoloŵezichi chimadzisintha: Wogwiritsa ntchito zolaula amayamba kupita kutchalitchi pafupipafupi ndipo kufunikira kwachipembedzo kumakulira. Chidule cha kafukufukuyu:

"Komabe, zolaula zomwe zidachitika m'mbuyomu zimakhudza kupembedza kwam'mbuyomu ndikupemphera zidaperewera: Kupezeka kwachipembedzo ndi kupemphera kumatsika mpaka kenako ndikuwonjezeka pamakanema apamwamba owonera zolaula."

Chithunzichi, chomwe chatengedwa kuchokera ku phunziroli, chikufanizira kupezeka kwachipembedzo ndi kuchuluka kwa zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito:

Zikuwoneka kuti pamene zolaula za anthu achipembedzo zikuwonjezeka, amabwerera kuchipembedzo ngati njira yothanirana ndi zovuta zawo. Izi sizosadabwitsa, chifukwa magulu ambiri osokoneza bongo omwe amatsata njira za 12 amaphatikizapo gawo lauzimu kapena lachipembedzo. Wolemba pepala adalongosola izi ngati tanthauzo:

… Kafukufuku wokhudzidwa amatanthauza kuti iwo omwe amadzimva kuti alibe chochita pakulowerera kwawo nthawi zambiri amalandira chithandizo champhamvu. Zowonadi, mapulogalamu a magawo khumi ndi awiri omwe amayesetsa kuthandiza anthu omwe ali ndi zizolowezi zosokoneza bongo amapezeka paliponse ziphunzitso zodzipereka kuulamuliro wapamwamba, ndipo kuchuluka kwamapulogalamu achikhristu khumi ndi awiri osasunthika kumapangitsa kulumikizaku kukhala kowonekera bwino. Zitha kukhala kuti anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula mopitilira muyeso (mwachitsanzo, magwiridwe antchito omwe atha kukhala okakamiza kapena osokoneza bongo) amakakamizidwa kupita kuchipembedzo kwakanthawi m'malo mochokako.

Chochitika ichi cha owerenga zolaula achipembedzo akubwezeretsa ku chikhulupiriro chawo ngati chizoloŵezi chowopsa chikhoza kufotokozera mosavuta kusiyana kulikonse komwe kuli pakati pa zowononga zolaula ndi chipembedzo.

Mosiyana ndi nkhani zachipembedzo, zolaula zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito sizingavomereze zolaula chifukwa samayesa kusiya

Kodi ndizotheka kuti ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula amapembedza kwambiri mafunso okhudza zolaula chifukwa adayeseradi kusiya, mosiyana ndi abale awo akudziko? Pochita izi atha kuzindikira zizindikilo zolaula zomwe zimawonetsedwa ndi Leonhardt, et al. Funso la funso la 5.

Kutengera zaka zowunika zolaula pa intaneti, tikupempha kuti ofufuza azilekanitsa ogwiritsa ntchito omwe ayesapo kusiya zolaula kwa omwe sanadziwone, akawafunsa zakomwe amadziona ngati zolaula. Nthawi zambiri ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula masiku ano (onse achipembedzo komanso osapembedza) samamvetsetsa kwenikweni zolaula za pa intaneti mpaka pambuyo iwo amayesa kusiya (ndi kudutsa mulimonse zizindikiro za kuchotsa).

Mwambiri, ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula amakhulupirira kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kulibe vuto lililonse, motero alibe chifukwa chosiya kusiya mpaka atakumana ndi zizindikilo zosagonjetseka (mwina, kufooketsa nkhawa zamagulu, kulephera kugonana ndi wokondedwa weniweni kapena kuchuluka kwazomwe amakumana nazo zosokoneza / zosokoneza kapena zoopsa kwambiri). Izi zisanachitike, mukawafunsa zamaliseche, adzanena kuti zonse zili bwino. Iwo mwachilengedwe amaganiza kuti ndi "ogwiritsa ntchito wamba," omwe amatha kusiya nthawi iliyonse, ndikuti zizindikilo zomwe ali nazo, ngati zilipo, zimachitika chifukwa cha china chake. china. Manyazi? Ayi.

Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, anthu ambiri opembedza mafano amachenjezedwa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula n'koopsa. Chifukwa chake iwo amatha kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zochepetsetsa ndipo ayesera kupereka, mwinamwake kangapo. Zomwe zimayesedwa ndi kuchotsa zolaula pa intaneti zikuwunikira kwambiri, monga ndizo pamene ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula (achipembedzo kapena ayi) akupeza:

  1. Zimakhala zovuta kusiya (ngati ali osokoneza bongo)
  2. Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kwawapweteka kwambiri, pamaganizo, m'magonana komanso mosiyana (nthawi zambiri chifukwa zizindikiro zimayamba kuchepa)
  3. [Pankhani ya zizindikiro zotere] Kodi kutaya kotani kumapangitsa kuti zizindikirozo zikhale zovuta kwa kanthawi, ubongo usanabwererenso
  4. Zimakhala zomvetsa chisoni bwanji akafuna kusiya zinazake koma sangathe (Ichi ndi manyazi, koma osati “zachipembedzo / zamanyazi” - monga momwe ofufuza amaganizira nthawi zina chifukwa ogwiritsa ntchito achipembedzo amawafotokozera kawirikawiri. Ambiri mwa omwe amakhala osokoneza bongo mwatsoka amakhala ndi manyazi akamaona kuti sangathenso kusiya, kaya ndi achipembedzo kapena ayi.)
  5. Amakhala ndi zikhumbo zofuna kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Kukonda nthawi zambiri kumawonjezereka mwamphamvu ndi sabata kapena kupitilira kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula.

Zochitika zoterezi zimapangitsa iwo omwe ayesa kusiya kusamala kwambiri za zolaula. Popeza ogwiritsa ntchito achipembedzo ambiri akhala akuyesera izi, zida zamaganizidwe ziwonetsa kuti amadera nkhawa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kuposa omwe siopembedza - ngakhale atakhala kuti sagwiritsa ntchito zolaula pang'ono!

Mwanjira ina, ofufuza sayenera kufufuza ngati ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zina musamvetse Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ngati zopanda vuto, m'malo mongoganiza kuti ndi anthu achipembedzo omwe akumvetsetsa kuti kulibe zovuta zokhudzana ndi zolaula ngakhale akugwiritsa ntchito zochepa? Kuledzera, pambuyo pa zonse, sikunayesedwe kutengera kuchuluka kapena magwiritsidwe ake, koma zotsatira zofooketsa.

Mulimonsemo, kulephera kusiyanitsa iwo omwe ayeserera kusiya iwo omwe alibe, ndikovuta kwakukulu pa kafukufuku kuyesa kufotokozera za chiyanjano cha ubale pakati pa chipembedzo, manyazi ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Ndikosavuta kutanthauzira molakwika deta ngati umboni wakuti "chipembedzo zimapangitsa anthu kuda nkhawa ndi zolaula ngakhale atakhala kuti sagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zochepa kuposa ena, komanso kuti akapanda kupembedza sakadakhala ndi nkhawa. ”

Chomveka chomveka chitha kukhala chakuti iwo omwe ayesa kusiya, ndikuzindikira mfundo zomwe zili pamwambazi ali ndi nkhawa, ndikuti chipembedzo ndichomwe chimapangitsa kuti ayesere kuchita izi (ndipo mwina ndizosafunikira). Ndizokhumudwitsa kuwona akatswiri azamaganizidwe akupanga kulumikizana kosavuta ndi chipembedzo / uzimu ndikukhala ndi mfundo "zochititsa manyazi", osazindikira kuti akuyerekeza "maapulo" ndi "malalanje" akamayerekezera ogwiritsa ntchito omwe ayesa kusiya ndi omwe sanatero. Apanso, okha omwe amayamba kuona zoopsa ndi zoopsa za zolaula zimagwiritsa ntchito bwino, kaya ali achipembedzo kapena ayi.

Izi zimakhumudwitsidwa kawirikawiri ndi iwo amene akufuna kuchotsa kutali ndi zizindikiro zoopsa zomwe osagwiritsa ntchito zipembedzo nthawi zambiri amapeza. Ogwiritsa ntchito Agnostic amakhala ndi zizindikiro zoopsa kwambiri panthawi yomwe iwowo do kusiya, chifukwa choti amakonda kusiya kusiya kutsika kwazizindikiro zochepa kuposa omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Chifukwa chiyani ofufuza sakuphunzira izi?

M'malo mwake, titha kusewera gawo la mkango la omwe ali nawo zolaula-zinayambitsa zolaula za kugonana ndi amwano. Chifukwa chiyani? Chifukwa chakuti anthu omwe si achipembedzo amawopsezedwa kwambiri ndi kuwonongeka kwa ntchito zolaula za intaneti zomwe akupitiriza kuzigwiritsa ntchito poyang'ana zizindikiro zowonetsera, monga kuwonjezera nkhawa za anthu, kuwonjezeka kwa zinthu zakuthupi, kusasamala, kuvutikira kukwaniritsa zokakamiza popanda zolaula, zovuta kugwiritsa ntchito makondomu kapena kumapeto kwa mnzanu, ndi zina zotero.

Chowonadi ndi chakuti, ngakhale wamba, kapena kawirikawiri, kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumatha kuchititsa ena ogwiritsa ntchito zogonana kotero kuti zimawasokoneza kugonana ndi chiyanjano. Nazi nkhani ya munthu m'modzi. Kuwonjezereka kwa zolaula zomwe poyamba zinali zosakondweretsa kapena kubwezeretsa ndizofala theka la ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti. Mwachidule, monga momwe tafotokozera pamwambapa, kugwiritsa ntchito kosagwiritsidwa ntchito sikunenepa. Anthu omwe sagwiritsa ntchito nthawi zambiri koma amadera nkhawa za kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula angathe kukhala ndi nkhawa chifukwa cha zofuna zawo, osati zomwe amamva ponena za zolaula pazinthu zachipembedzo.

Zingakhale bwino kupanga kafukufuku yemwe amauza ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula (onse achipembedzo ndi zina) kusiya zolaula kwa kanthawi ndikuyerekeza zomwe akumana nazo ndi machitidwe? Onani Kuthana ndi Mavuto Osavuta Kuonera Zithunzi Zolaula Gwiritsani Ntchito Kuulula Zotsatira Zake kuti apange maphunziro apangidwe.

Zifukwa zachilengedwe zomwe zimagwiritsira ntchito owerenga zolaula amatha kuponya mapepala apamwamba pa mafunso okhudzana ndi zolaula

Kawirikawiri kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti kumawopsa kwa ambiri ogwiritsa ntchito masiku ano. Izi zikuphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa zinthu zoopsa kwambiri, kugonana kosauka komanso kugonana, kuledzera, ndi / kapena kutengeka kochepa kwa okondedwa (kuphatikizapo zovuta zowonongeka).

Chodziwika bwino ndi chakuti kugwiritsa ntchito mwachindunji (mwachitsanzo, maola a 2 oonera zolaula otsatiridwa ndi milungu ingapo yodziletsa pamaso pa zolaula zina) zimayambitsa chizolowezi chosokoneza bongo. Zifukwazi ndizochitika, ndipo pali kufufuza kwathunthu kwa thupi ntchito yapakatikati zinyama ndi anthu zomwe zimawonetsa zochitika za ubongo zomwe zimayang'aniridwa.

Mwachitsanzo, onse awiri mankhwala ndi zakudya zosapatsa thanzi Kafukufuku amasonyeza kuti ntchito yapakati imatha kupita mofulumira ubongo wokhudzana ndi mowa umasintha (kaya kapena wosagwiritsa ntchitoyo akulowerera mofulumira). Kusintha kwakukulu ndi kulimbikitsa zomwe zimapweteka mphotho ya ubongo ndi zizindikiro zomwe zimabweretsa zovuta kunyalanyaza zokhumba. Polimbikitsidwa, maulendo a ubongo amakhudzidwa ndi zolimbikitsa komanso kufunafuna malipiro kufunafuna kukhala osaganizira zochitika kapena zovuta zokhudzana ndi khalidwe losokoneza bongo. Chikhalidwe chachikulu cha Pavlovian chimasintha kuchuluka "kufuna" kapena kulakalaka. Mfundo, monga kutembenuza kompyuta, kuona pop-up, kapena kukhala yekha, zimayambitsa zolakalaka zolaula. (Kufufuza zochitika polimbikitsa anthu owerenga zolaula: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20.)

Chodabwitsa kwambiri ndikuti nthawi yodziletsa (masabata a 2-4) kumayambitsa kusintha kwa mpweya zomwe sizikuchitika mwa wogwiritsa ntchito amene samatenga nthawi yaitali. Kusintha uku mu ubongo kumawonjezera zilakolako zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito poyambitsa otsogolera. Komanso, a maganizo a kusintha kotero kuti ngakhale kupsinjika pang'ono kumayambitsa chifukwa zikhumbo zoti zigwiritse ntchito.

Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kochepa (makamaka mu mawonekedwe oledzera) akhoza kupanga zizindikiro zowononga kwambiri, monga ulesi, maganizo ndi zikhumbo. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, pamene wina agwiritsa ntchito pambuyo posiya kudziletsa, ndi mabingeni, akhoza kugunda wovuta kwambiri - mwina chifukwa cha anakula kwambiri zochitikazo.

Malinga ndi kafukufukuyu, asayansi atsimikizira kuti tsiku lililonse amagwiritsidwa ntchito cocaine, mowa, ndudukapena zakudya zosapatsa thanzi sikofunika kuti apange kusintha kwa ubongo wokhudzana ndi chiwerewere. Kuledzera kosakwanira kungachititse chinthu chimodzimodzi monga kugwiritsa ntchito mosalekeza, ndipo nthawi zina mumatero Zambiri.

Tsopano, tiyeni tibwerere poyerekeza ndi ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi achipembedzo omwe si achipembedzo. Ndi gulu liti limene lingakhale ndi ogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri? Anapanga kafukufuku akusonyeza zimenezo Owerenga zithunzi zolaula samakonda kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, mwinamwake palichipembedzo chochuluka kusiyana ndi anthu ogwiritsira ntchito ntchito osagwiritsanso ntchito. Izi zikutanthauza kuti gawo lopanda ntchito la ogwiritsa ntchito zachipembedzo likhoza kukhala "ogwiritsira ntchito." Anthu ambiri amanena kuti kawirikawiri amatha kupuma kwa masiku owerengeka - pokhapokha atakhala osagwiritsira ntchito chifukwa akuyesera kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula.

Chinthu chinanso chofunika kwambiri cha kudziletsa kwa kudziletsa ndikuti owerenga zithunzi zolaula amakhala ndi mipata (komanso nthawi zambiri). Amatha kuona bwino momwe ntchito zawo zolaula zakhudzira iwo, mosiyana ndi ogwiritsa ntchito mobwerezabwereza. Izi zokha zingapangitse maphunziro apamwamba okhudza zolaula. Chotsatira chachiwiri, chofunika kwambiri ndi chakuti ogwiritsira ntchito zolaula amakhala ndi zilakolako zambiri. Chachitatu, pamene ogwiritsira ntchito amatha kubwerera, sayansi yatchulidwa pamwambapa ikunena kuti nthawi zambiri iwo adzamva kuti sangathe kulamulidwa, ndipo amatha kukhumudwa kwambiri atatha kumwa. Mwachidule, ogwiritsira ntchito (omwe ndi achipembedzo) akhoza kukhala osokoneza kwambiri komanso akudabwa kwambiri pa zovuta zowononga zolaula, ngakhale kuti akugwiritsa ntchito mobwerezabwereza kuposa abale awo amdziko.

Pansi pa zochitikazi, pasanapite nthawi kunena kuti manyazi amachititsa kusiyana pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito achipembedzo ndi osapembedza. Ochita kafukufuku ayenera kuyendetsa zotsatira za ntchito yapakatikati. Ananena mosiyana, ngati zambiri Leonhardt et al's Nkhani zachipembedzo zimaphatikizapo anthu ochuluka kwambiri omwe amagwiritsira ntchito osagwiritsa ntchito zipembedzo zawo, wina angayembekezere kuti olemba achipembedzo amapezeketsere kuyesa zolimbitsa thupi ngakhale kuti amagwiritsa ntchito mobwerezabwereza.

Zoonadi, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo amatsenga sikungokhala kwa anthu ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Chochitika ichi chikuwonetseratu zinyama ndi anthu ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula omwe akuyesera kusiya koma nthawi zina amazoloŵera kudya. Mfundo ndi yakuti chodabwitsa cha kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula ndi zolaula zimayenera kuwerengedwa mosadalirika musanayambe kujambula ndi kufalitsa malingaliro okhudza manyazi (kapena "kuzindikira" zolaula) monga chokhacho chomwe chingatheke chifukwa chomwe anthu ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula amavomereza kuti apamwamba kwambiri ntchito zochepa.

Chidule cha Kukhulupirira Zipembedzo ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zolaula:

  1. Chikhulupiriro sichitchula kuti chizoloŵezi chogonana (chodziwika kapena chosiyana). Chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha anthu akugwiritsa ntchito zolaula.
  2. Popeza chiwerengero chochepa cha anthu achipembedzo chimagwiritsa ntchito zolaula, zikuoneka kuti zipembedzo ndizoona chitetezo zolaula.
  3. Grubbs ndi Leonhardt, et al. zitsanzo zomwe zidatengedwa kuchokera kwa ochepa mwa "ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula" zimasokonekera polemekeza ogwiritsa ntchito achipembedzo, zomwe mwina zimapangitsa kuti azipembedzo azikhala ndi zovuta zambiri. Zotsatira zake ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula amapembedza pang'ono pazomwe amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndipo amafotokoza zovuta kuwongolera kugwiritsa ntchito.
  4. Pamene kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula kumakhala kawirikawiri kapena kukakamiza, anthu olambira zolaula amapembedza. Izi zikutanthawuza kuti anthu omwe amawerengera zapamwamba zowononga zolaula amapezekanso pamwamba pa chipembedzo.
  5. Anthu ambiri oonera zolaula amachenjezedwa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula n'koopsa. Chifukwa chake iwo amatha kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula zochepa ndikuyesera kuzipereka. Pochita zimenezi iwo amatha kuzindikira zizindikiro za zizoloŵezi zolaula monga momwe a Leonhardt, et al. Mafunso (ndi) ofanana a 5 - mosasamala kuchuluka kwa zolaula.
  6. Ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zambiri amatha kukhala osokoneza bongo ndipo amapambana modabwitsa pamayeso osokoneza bongo, ngakhale akugwiritsa ntchito pafupipafupi poyerekeza ndimaphunziro apadziko lonse lapansi (omwe siomwe amagwiritsa ntchito nthawi zonse).

Gawo 5: Kafukufuku akuzindikira kuti "kuchuluka kwa zolaula zomwe zilipo masiku ano" si zogwirizana ndi zolaula

Mu Grubbs maphunziro ndi Leonhardt, et al. Chizoloŵezi chofala m'maola ogwiritsira ntchito zolaula chimafanana ndi "zolaula zenizeni." Ndiye kuti, kuchuluka kwa "chizolowezi chowonera zolaula" kumawonetsedwa bwino ndi "maola omwe mukugwiritsa ntchito" kapena "kugwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi," m'malo moyesedwa ndi zizolowezi zolaula. Akatswiri osokoneza bongo sagwirizana.

Phokoso pazolemba za olemba awa, zomwe mutha kuyendetsa galimoto, ndikuti kafukufuku wapaintaneti komanso zosokoneza bongo za pa intaneti (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) wanena malonda a ma intaneti akugwiritsidwa ntchito mosagwirizana ndi maola ambiri. M'malo mwake, 'maola ogwiritsira ntchito' osinthika ndi njira yosadalirika yoledzera. Zida zokhazokha zowunika zakumwa zoledzeretsa zimagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zina zambiri, zodalirika (monga zomwe zalembedwa m'magawo awiri oyamba a CPUI-9 kapena Leonhardt, et al. mafunso). Maphunziro otsatirawa okhudza kugwiritsira ntchito mowa mwauchigawenga amaonetsa ubale waung'ono pakati pa maola ndi zizindikiro zauchizolowezi:

1) Kuwonera Zithunzi Zolaula pa intaneti: Udindo wa Kugonana Kwachiwerewere ndi Maganizo a Maganizo a Psychiatric kwa Kugwiritsira Ntchito Intaneti Pakompyuta Zambiri (2011)

"Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti mavuto omwe adziwonetsa okha pamoyo watsiku ndi tsiku wokhudzana ndi zachiwerewere pa intaneti adanenedweratu mwa kuchuluka kwa zolaula pazakugonana, kuopsa kwa zizindikilo zamaganizidwe, komanso kuchuluka kwa machitidwe ogonana omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mukakhala pa intaneti zapa tsiku ndi tsiku , pamene nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito malo opatsirana pogonana pa intaneti (maminiti patsiku) sizinathandize kwambiri kufotokozera kusiyana pakati pa chiwerengero cha kugonana kwa intaneti pa Intaneti. (IATsex). Tikuwona kufanana pakati pa kulingalira ndi ubongo zomwe zingapangitse kuti azikhala ndi nthawi yambiri yogonana pa Intaneti ndi zomwe zimafotokozedwa kwa anthu omwe amadalira mankhwala osokoneza bongo. ”

2) Kukondweretsa kugonana ndi kusagwira ntchito moyenera Kumayambitsa Kugonana kwa Amuna Kapena Amuna Kapena Akazi Okhaokha (2015)

"Zomwe zapezedwa posachedwa zawonetsa kuyanjana pakati pa kuuma kwa CyberSex Addiction (CA) ndi zisonyezo zakukondweretsedwa pakugonana, ndikuti kuthana ndi machitidwe azakugonana kwathetsa ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa kukondweretsedwa ndi zidziwitso za CA. Zotsatira zinawonetsa kulumikizana kwamphamvu pakati pazizindikiro za CA ndi zisonyezo zakukondweretsedwa ndi chisangalalo chogonana, kuthana ndi machitidwe azakugonana, komanso zizindikilo zamaganizidwe. Kusokoneza bongo sikunagwirizane ndi khalidwe la kugonana kosagonana komanso nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito kugonana kwa pa Intaneti. "

3) Zofunika Zotani: Zambiri Kapena Zithunzi Zamaliseche Zimagwiritsa Ntchito? Zovuta Zokhudza Maganizo ndi Zotsatira za Kufuna Chithandizo cha Zosokoneza Zolaula Gwiritsani ntchito (2016)

Malinga ndi zomwe timadziwa bwino, phunziroli ndilo kuyambanso kusanthula maubwenzi pakati pa maulendo owonetsa zolaula komanso khalidwe lachidziwitso cha zovuta zogwiritsira ntchito zolaula (kuyeza monga kuyendera katswiri wamaganizo, wodwala matenda opatsirana pogonana kapena wogonana pogonana). Zotsatira zathu zimasonyeza kuti maphunziro a m'tsogolomu, ndi chithandizo mundawu uyenera kuganizira kwambiri za zotsatira za kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula pa moyo wa munthu (khalidwe) osati mmaganizo ake (kuchuluka kwake), monga zizindikiro zosagwirizana ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula (m'malo mogwiritsa ntchito zolaula) ndizofunika kwambiri zothandizira -makhalidwe abwino.

Chiyanjano pakati pa PU ndi zizindikiro zolakwika chinali chofunikira ndi chosamvetsetsana ndi kudzidzimva, kudzipereka kwachipembedzo (zofooka, zosagwirizana) pakati pa anthu omwe sanafune mankhwala. Mwachipembedzo chofunafuna chithandizo sichigwirizana ndi zizindikiro zoipa.

4) Kufufuza Zowonongeka Zosokoneza Bwino Zithunzi Zolaula Zimagwiritsa Ntchito Phunziro la Wophunzira wa Yunivesite (2016)

Maphunziro apamwamba pa zowonongeka za kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula pa intaneti anali ogwirizana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku kapena kuposa nthawi zambiri zolaula za intaneti. Komabe, zotsatira zimasonyeza kuti panalibe kugwirizana pakati pa kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa zolaula zomwe munthu amagwiritsa ntchito ndipo akulimbana ndi nkhawa, kupsinjika maganizo, ndi kukhutira moyo ndi chiyanjano. Kugwirizana kwakukulu ndi mafilimu apamwamba okhudzana ndi zolaula pa intaneti anaphatikizapo kuwonetsa koyambirira kwa zolaula za pa intaneti, kusokoneza masewera a pakompyuta, ndi kukhala mwamuna. Ngakhale zotsatira zabwino za kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula za pa intaneti zakhala zikulembedwa mu zolemba zakale zomwe zotsatira zathu sizikusonyeza kuti kugwira ntchito kwaumaganizo kumawongolera ndi zosavuta kapena zosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti.

5) Kuwonera Zithunzi Zolaula pa Intaneti: Kodi Chovuta, Chotani, ndi Chifukwa Chayani? (2009)

Kafukufukuyu adafufuzira kuwonetsa kwa zolaula zolaula pa intaneti, momwe zilili zovuta, komanso njira zamaganizo zomwe zimayambitsa vutoli mu chitsanzo cha amuna a zaka za 84 ku koleji pogwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku wosadziwika pa Intaneti. Zapezeka kuti pafupifupi 20% -60% ya chitsanzo chomwe amawonera zolaula amaziwona kukhala zovuta malinga ndi madera omwe ali ndi chidwi. Mu phunziro ili, kuchuluka kwa kuwona sikukuneneratu kuchuluka kwa mavuto omwe anakumana nawo.

Ingoganizirani kuyesa kuyesa kupezeka kwa chizolowezi mwa kungofunsa kuti, "Kodi pano mukudya maola angati (kumwa zosokoneza bongo)?" kapena "Mumakhala maola angati mukutchova juga (kuwonjezera njuga)?" kapena "Mumatha maola angati mukumwa (uchidakwa)?" Mutha kupeza kwambiri zotsatira zosocheretsa. Chofunika kwambiri, "kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula" mafunso amalephera kufunsa zazosintha zakugwiritsa ntchito zolaula: kugwiritsa ntchito zaka, zaka zogwiritsidwa ntchito, kaya wogwiritsa ntchito zolaula adayamba kukhala ndi zolaula kapena adapanga ziboliboli zosayembekezereka, kuchuluka kwa kutulutsa zolaula mpaka kukodzera popanda izo, kuchuluka kwa kugonana ndi wokondedwa weniweni, ndi zina zotero. Kuphatikizika kwa mafunso otere kungatidziwitse zambiri za yemwe ali ndi vuto la zolaula kuposa "mafupipafupi / maola ogwiritsa ntchito."

Kudalirika

Zowonongeka: Kuzindikira kwa Zolaula Zolepheretsa Kukhala Mkhalapakati Pakati pa Chipembedzo ndi Kugwirizana Nkhawa Zowonongeka Zozungulira Pogwiritsa Ntchito.

J Sex Res. 2017 Mar 13: 1-12. pitani: 10.1080 / 00224499.2017.1295013.

Leonhardt ND1, Willoughby BJ1, Young-Petersen B1.

1 - Sukulu ya Moyo Wabanja, Brigham Young University.

Kafukufuku waposachedwapa wa zolaula amasonyeza kuti kuganiza kuti munthu amamwa mowa mwauchidakwa kumabweretsa mavuto omwe amachititsa kuti asamawononge zolaula. Kafukufuku wanena kuti anthu achipembedzo amazindikira kuti akulowerera ku zolaula, mosasamala kanthu za momwe akuwonera zolaula nthawi zambiri. Pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha akuluakulu osakwatirana a 686, phunziro ili limagwirizanitsa ndi kufalitsa kafukufuku wakale poyesa kudziletsa kuti awononge zolaula monga mkhalapakati pakati pa chipembedzo ndi ubale wokhudzana ndi zolaula. Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kuzipembedza zimagwirizanitsidwa kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe chodetsa nkhaŵa chozungulira zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, pamene kuwona zolaula zolaula kunkagwirizana kwambiri ndi ubale wokhudzana ndi zolaula zikugwiritsidwa ntchito. Komabe, poona kuti zolaula zimayikidwa monga mkhalapakati mchitidwe wogwiritsa ntchito zolaula, zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pang'onopang'ono pazowonongeka za ubale zokhudzana ndi zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, komanso kuganizira za zolaula zomwe zimagwirizana pakati pa chipembedzo ndi chisamaliro choyang'ana zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Podziwa momwe zolaula zimagwiritsidwira ntchito, kupembedza, komanso kuwonetsa zolaula zogonana zogwirizana ndi ubale wokhudzana ndi zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyambira mapangidwe apamtima, tikuyembekeza kuthetsa mwayi wa maanja ogonjetsa nkhani zolaula ndikuchepetsa mavuto muukondano.

PMID: 28287845

DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2017.1295013