Critique ya: "Katundu Wowonongeka: Kuzindikira Zolaula Kuledzera Monga Mkhalapakati Pakati Pachikhulupiriro ndi Ubale Nkhawa Zazungulira Zolaula Gwiritsani Ntchito" (Leonhardt, Willoughby, & Young-Petersen 2017)

The_scientific_truth.jpg

Zosintha (Julayi, 2017): Wolemba mnzake Brian Willoughby akuwonetsa momwe David Ley adapangira ndi kunenera molakwika kafukufuku wake mu positi ya Ley ya Psychology Today ya “ Mikangano Yachipembedzo Imapangitsa Zolaula Kukhala Zoipa pa Ubale ”: Kuganiza Mwakuda ndi Choyera: Yankho ku Chinenero Choti Chipembedzo Chimayambitsa Kuipa kwa Zolaula.

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nkhani

Meme ya " chizolowezi choonera zolaula" ikupitilizabe kufalikira m'mabuku owunikidwa ndi anzawo, nthawi ino mu kafukufuku watsopano: " Katundu Wowonongeka: Kuwona Kukonda Zolaula Monga Mkhalapakati Pakati pa Chipembedzo ndi Nkhawa Yozungulira Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zolaula ", 2017 ( Leonhardt, et al .). Mawu akuti "chizolowezi choonera zolaula" adalimbikitsidwa ndi Joshua Grubbs, ndipo adagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba mu kafukufuku wake wa 2013. N'zoonekeratu kuti chithandizo cha kafukufukuyu chofuna "chizolowezi choonera zolaula" kapena "kukhulupirira chizolowezi choonera zolaula" chimadalira pa kupitiriza kwa Joshua Grubbs kulimbikitsa lingaliroli. Leonhardt, et al . atchula 3 Grubbs akuphunzira zambiri nthawi 36 m'thupi la pepalalo.

Tisanayang'ane mafunso a Leonhardt, et al . 5-item “perceived pornography addicted”, tiyeni tibwererenso mwachidule ku maphunziro a Grubbs. (YBOP idasindikiza ndemanga yayikulu iyi ya zomwe zidanenedwa mu maphunziro a Grubbs “perceived addicted” komanso m'manyuzipepala ena osokeretsa.)

Gawo 1: Chowonadi chenicheni cha mawu a Joshua Grubbs "anazindikira zolaula zolaula"

Chowonadi #1: Pamene kafukufuku wa Grubbs akugwiritsa ntchito mawu oti " chizolowezi choonera zolaula, " kwenikweni amatanthauza chiwerengero chonse pa Grubbs "Cyber ​​Pornography Use Inventory" (CPUI-9) - funso lomwe silingathe, ndipo silinatsimikizidwepo, kusanja "kuzindikira" kuchokera ku chizolowezi chenicheni. Ndiko kulondola, " chizolowezi choonera zolaula " sichikutanthauza china chilichonse kupatula nambala: chiwerengero chonse pa mafunso 9 okhudzana ndi chizolowezi choonera zolaula . Izi zatayika pomasulira mu maphunziro a Grubbs chifukwa cha kubwerezabwereza kwa mawu osokeretsa akuti "chizolowezi chozindikira" m'malo mwa chizindikiro cholondola, chopanda spin: "chiwerengero cha Cyber ​​Pornography Use Inventory."

Chowonadi #2: Grubbs CPUI-9 imayesa chizolowezi chenicheni cha zolaula, osati kukhulupirira chizolowezi cha zolaula. Idapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mayeso a chizolowezi cha mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Musakhulupirire mawu athu. Nayi CPUI-9. (Funso lililonse limayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito sikelo ya Likert ya 1 mpaka 7, ndipo 1 ndi “ osatero konse ,” ndipo 7 ndi “ kwambiri .”)

Chigawo chokakamiza

  1. Ndikukhulupirira kuti ndimakonda kwambiri zolaula pa Intaneti.
  2. Ndikumva kuti sindingalepheretse kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa Intaneti.
  3. Ngakhale pamene sindikufuna kuona zithunzi zolaula pa intaneti, ndimamva kuti ndikuyandikira

Gawo la Mayesero Opeza

  1. Nthaŵi zina, ndimayesetsa kukonza ndondomeko yanga kuti ndikhale ndekha kuti ndione zolaula.
  2. Ndakana kukakhala ndi anzanga kapena kupita kuntchito zina kuti ndipeze zolaula.
  3. Ndaika zofunikira kwambiri kuti ndiziona zolaula.

Kusokonezeka Maganizo Section

  1. Ndimachita manyazi ndikaona zolaula pa intaneti.
  2. Ndimaona kuti ndikuvutika maganizo chifukwa choona zolaula pa intaneti.
  3. Ndimadwala kwambiri ndikaona zolaula pa intaneti.

Mukayang'anitsitsa, mafunso 1-6 a CPUI-9 amawunika zizindikiro zomwe zimapezeka pa zizolowezi zonse, pomwe mafunso 7-9 (Kuvutika Maganizo) amawunika kudzimva kukhala ndi mlandu, manyazi ndi chisoni. Zotsatira zake, " kuledzera kwenikweni " kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi mafunso 1-6 (Kukakamiza & Kuyesera Kupeza). Kuchotsa mafunso atatu a "Kuvutika Maganizo" (omwe amawunika manyazi ndi kudzimva kukhala ndi mlandu) kumabweretsa zotsatira zosiyana kwambiri pa maphunziro a Grubbs: 1) Ubale wofooka kwambiri pakati pa chipembedzo ndi chizolowezi chenicheni cha zolaula. 2) Ubale wolimba kwambiri pakati pa " [Zolaula] Kugwiritsa Ntchito Maola Ochepa " ndi chizolowezi chenicheni cha zolaula. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kugwiritsa ntchito maola ambiri zolaula kumaneneratu mwamphamvu za chizolowezi cha zolaula, pomwe ubale wa chipembedzo ndi chizolowezi cha zolaula ndi wofooka kwambiri. Ngati tifufuza bwino timapeza kuti chipembedzo sichikugwirizana ndi machitidwe akuluakulu a chizolowezi monga momwe mafunso 4-6 amawunikiridwa.

Mwachidule - chizolowezi chenicheni cha zolaula sichikugwirizana kwenikweni ndi chipembedzo . Munthu angafunse ngati ndi njira yabwino kusakaniza maapulo ndi malalanje mu chida chowunikira, motero kusokoneza ubale ndi chizolowezi kumbali imodzi ndi ubale ndi manyazi ndi liwongo kumbali inayo. Munthu angafunsenso ngati kuli koyenera kusankha chofotokozera ("chodziwika") chomwe chimatanthauza, molakwika, kuti chida chowunikira chingasankhe chizolowezi chenicheni kuchokera ku chizolowezi chomwe chikudziwika.

Chowonadi #3: Muthanso kutenga mawu a Joshua Grubbs akuti CPUI ndi mafunso enieni okhudza chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula . Mu pepala loyamba la Grubbs la 2010, adatsimikizira Cyber-Pornography Use Inventory (CPUI) ngati mafunso ofufuza chizolowezi chenicheni cha zolaula (onani gawo ili kuti mudziwe zambiri ). Mawu akuti "chizolowezi chodziwika" ndi "chizolowezi chodziwika cha zolaula" sapezeka mu pepala lake la 2010. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, Grubbs et al., 2010 akunena momveka bwino m'malo angapo kuti CPUI imayesa chizolowezi chenicheni cha zolaula :

"Kapangidwe ka CPUI kakhazikika pamalingaliro akuti chizolowezi chomwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo chimadziwika ndikulephera kuletsa khalidweli, zovuta zoyipa zomwe zidadza chifukwa cha khalidweli, komanso kutengeka kwambiri ndi khalidweli (Delmonico & Miller, 2003)…. CPUI imawonetsadi lonjezo ngati chida chowunikira zolaula za pa intaneti. ”

Chowonadi Chachikulu #4: Pambuyo pake, mu kafukufuku wa 2013 , Grubbs adachepetsa kuchuluka kwa mafunso a CPUI kuchokera pa 32 (kapena 39 kapena 41) kufika pa 9 omwe alipo, ndipo (modabwitsa) adalembanso mayeso ake enieni, ovomerezeka a zolaula ngati mafunso ofufuza "chizolowezi choonera zolaula." Ngakhale Grubbs mwiniwake sananene kuti mayeso ake amatha kusiyanitsa zomwe zimawonedwa kuchokera ku chizolowezi chenicheni, kugwiritsa ntchito kwake mawu osokeretsa ("chizolowezi chowona") pa zigoli pa chida chake cha CPUI-9 kwapangitsa ena kuganiza kuti chida chake chili ndi mphamvu yamatsenga yotha kusiyanitsa pakati pa chizolowezi "chodziwika" ndi "chenicheni". Izi zawononga kwambiri gawo la kuwunika kwa chizolowezi choonera zolaula chifukwa ena amadalira mapepala ake ngati umboni wa chinthu chomwe sachita, komanso chomwe sangathe, kupereka. Palibe mayeso omwe angasiyanitse chizolowezi "chenicheni" ndi "chodziwika". Kungotchula choncho sikungapangitse kuti zikhale choncho.

Joshua Grubbs adati mu imelo kuti wowunikira kafukufuku wake wachiwiri wa CPUI-9 adamupangitsa iye ndi olemba anzake a kafukufuku wa 2013 kusintha mawu akuti "chizolowezi chogonana" a CPUI-9 (chifukwa wowunikirayo adanyoza "kapangidwe" ka chizolowezi chogonana). Ichi ndichifukwa chake Grubbs adasintha kufotokozera kwake kwa mayesowo kukhala mafunso a "chizolowezi chogonana chodziwika ". Mwachidule, wowunikira/mkonzi wosadziwika pa magazini imodzi iyi ndiye adayambitsa chizindikiro chosachirikizidwa komanso chosokeretsa cha " chizolowezi chogonana chodziwika ." CPUI sinatsimikizidwepo ngati mayeso oyesa kusiyanitsa chizolowezi chenicheni cha zolaula ndi " chizolowezi chogonana chodziwika. " Apa Grubbs akulankhula za njirayi , kuphatikiza ndemanga za wowunikirayo:

Josh Grubbs @JoshuaGrubbsPhD

Pepala langa loyamba logwiritsa ntchito zolaula: "Izi [zolaula] ndizofunika kuyerekezera ndi kubedwa kwachilendo: zilibe tanthauzo."

Nicole R Prause, PhD @NicoleRPrause

Inu kapena wolembapo?

Josh Grubbs @JoshuaGrubbsPhD

Wongoyang'ana anandiuza ine

Josh Grubbs‏ @JoshuaGrubbsPhD Jul 14

Ndipotu chomwe chinandichititsa kuti ndizindikire kuti ndimagwiritsira ntchito mankhwalawa, ndinaganiza za ndemanga zowonongeka.

Ngakhale Grubbs adagwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "chizolowezi chomwa chizolowezi" nthawi 80 papepala lake la 2013, adanenanso za CPUI-9 pachidule ichi:

"Pomaliza, tinapeza kuti CPUI-9 inali yogwirizana kwambiri ndi zizolowezi zogonana ndi anthu ambiri, monga momwe zimayesedwera ndi Kalichman Sexual Compulsivity Scale . Izi zikusonyeza kuti pali kugwirizana kwakukulu pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula mokakamiza komanso kugonana ndi anthu ambiri."

Tawonani momwe mawu pamwambapa amanenera kuti CPUI-9 imayesa "zolaula zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito."

Chowonadi #5 : Palibe mafunso omwe amafufuza "chizolowezi chodziwika" cha chilichonse - mankhwala kapena khalidwe - kuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula . Ichi ndichifukwa chake kusaka kwa 'Google Scholar' sikubweretsa zotsatira za "chizolowezi chodziwika" chotsatirachi:

Chowonadi #6: Palibe mafunso omwe angasiyanitse pakati pa "kukhulupirira chizolowezi cha zolaula" ndi zizindikiro za chizolowezi chenicheni cha zolaula. Monga mayeso ena oledzera, CPUI imayesa machitidwe ndi zizindikiro zomwe zimafanana ndi zizolowezi zonse (ndi mayeso onse oledzera), monga kulephera kulamulira kugwiritsa ntchito, kukakamizidwa kugwiritsa ntchito, zilakolako zogwiritsa ntchito, zotsatira zoyipa zamaganizo, chikhalidwe ndi malingaliro, komanso kuganizira kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito. Ndipotu, funso #1 lokha la CPUI-9 limasonyeza chizolowezi "chodziwika": Ndikukhulupirira kuti ndimakonda kwambiri zolaula pa intaneti.

Mwachidule, mawu oti "chizolowezi choonera zolaula" satanthauza chilichonse koma chiwerengero chonse cha CPUI-9, chomwe chinasinthidwa kuchokera ku mafunso omwe adavomerezedwa koyamba mu 2010 ngati mayeso enieni okhudzana ndi chizolowezi choonera zolaula. Patatha zaka zitatu, Grubbs "adalimbikitsidwa" kwambiri ndi magazini yofalitsa kuti alembenso CPUI-9 ngati mayeso "omwe amawonedwa" okhudzana ndi chizolowezi choonera zolaula - popanda maziko asayansi, kapena kutsimikizika kovomerezeka. Pepala la 2013 limenelo, ndi maphunziro onse a Grubbs omwe adatsatira, adasintha " chiwerengero chonse pa CPUI-9 " ndi mawu oti " chizolowezi choonera zolaula ." Ngati mudawonapo nkhani zomwe zikunena zinthu monga:

  • "Ndichikhulupiriro chanu pakukonda zolaula komwe kumabweretsa nkhawa"

kapena kuphunzira kunena kuti:

  • "Nkhaŵa za anthu zinali zokhudzana ndi malingaliro awo okhudzana ndi zolaula"

Dziwani kuti njira yolondola kwambiri yowerengera izi ndi izi:

  • "Zolaula zimayambitsa nkhawa"
  • "Kuda nkhawa kwa anthu kunali kokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa mayeso okhudzana ndi zolaula"

Sikuti Grubbs adangophunzira mwamphamvu, komanso molakwika, kutanthauza kuti adayesa "malingaliro okhudzana ndi zolaula," zifukwa zina ziwiri mu phunziroli zidasiyananso:

  • Funsani # 1) "Zolakalaka zolaula ndizogwirizana kwambiri ndi chipembedzo."

Ayi ndithu. Gawoli likuwonetsa kuti chipembedzo chimagwirizana pang'ono ndi chizolowezi chenicheni cha zolaula; pomwe gawoli likufotokoza za chipembedzo ndi zonena za chizolowezi cha zolaula.

  • Tchulani # 2) "Kugonana ndi zolaula sikugwirizana ndi zolaula."

Si zoona. Gawoli likutsutsa zomwe akunenazi.

Zoona Zenizeni #7 : Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula sikukhudzana ndi chizolowezi cha zolaula ( zambiri pansipa mu gawo 5 )

Kodi umboni uli kuti umene mapepala a Leonhardt, et al . ndi a Grubbs amamangidwira, wakuti kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi njira yodalirika yodziwira chizolowezi chenicheni - ndipo omwe amagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri amakhala "ozolowera" kwambiri kuposa omwe amagwiritsa ntchito pang'ono? Leonhardt, et al . anafunsa za kuchuluka kwa nthawi, pomwe Grubbs adagwiritsa ntchito maola ambiri ogwiritsira ntchito, koma mfundo ndi yakuti palibe mayeso omwe amagwirizana ndi "mlingo wa chizolowezi chenicheni." Chowonadi ndi chakuti, zida zodziwika bwino zowunikira chizolowezi sizigwiritsa ntchito "kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito" ngati njira yokhayo yodziwira chizolowezi.

Popeza kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi muyeso wosadalirika wa chizolowezi , lingaliro lililonse loti chizolowezi cha zolaula ndi "vuto lachipembedzo" kutengera kusiyana pang'ono (pakati pa maola ogwiritsira ntchito ndi zigoli pa mayeso azinthu 5) poyerekeza ogwiritsa ntchito achipembedzo ndi osapembedza mpaka pano silingavomerezeke, ndipo ndithudi silinafike nthawi.

Komanso, nthawi yatha ndinayang'ana kuti manyazi achipembedzo kapena kudzimva kuti ndine wolakwa sikubweretsa kusintha kwa ubongo komwe kumafanana ndi komwe kumapezeka mwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Komabe pali maphunziro pafupifupi 30 a ubongo omwe amanena za kusintha kwa ubongo komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula mopitirira muyeso/kugonana. Izi zimapereka umboni wamphamvu wa chizolowezi chenicheni mwa anthu ena ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula.

Gawo 2: The Leonhardt, et al. Funso la funso la 5 limayesa yekha leni zolaula

Tsopano, kubwerera ku kafukufuku wa BYU wapano: Leonhardt, Willoughby, & Young-Petersen , 2017 ( Leonhardt, et al.) . Kuti aone "chizolowezi choonera zolaula" olembawo adasintha mafunso 5 ochokera ku funso la 10 lakuti "Sexual Compulsivity Scale." "Sexual Compulsivity Scale" idapangidwa mu 1995 ndipo idapangidwa ndi malingaliro osalamulirika okhudzana ndi kugonana (pokhudzana ndi kufufuza mliri wa Edzi).

Posintha "kugonana" kapena "kugonana" ndi "zolaula," olemba a Leonhardt, ndi ena adapanga mafunso omwe adawatcha kuti " malingaliro okhudzana ndi chizolowezi cholaula. " Adagwiritsa ntchito mawu amenewo ndi "kukhulupirira chizolowezi cholaula" mu kafukufuku wawo wonse, mosiyana ndi " chiwerengero chonse pafunso lathu la zinthu 5. "

Dzifunseni nokha, kodi mafunso 5 otsatirawa akuyesa “ kukhulupirira chizolowezi choonera zolaula kapena kodi amawunika zizindikiro, zizindikiro, ndi machitidwe omwe amapezeka kwambiri m'zoledzeretsa zambiri?”

  1. "Maganizo anga okhudza zolaula amachititsa mavuto pamoyo wanga,"
  2. "Zolakalaka zanga zolaula zimasokoneza moyo wanga wa tsiku ndi tsiku,"
  3. "Nthawi zina ndimalephera kukwaniritsa zomwe ndikudzipereka komanso maudindo anga chifukwa cha zolaula zanga,"
  4. "Nthaŵi zina ndimalakalaka kuona zolaula n'zosangalatsa kwambiri."
  5. "Ndimavutika kuti ndisamaone zolaula."

Komabe osatsimikiza? Nanga bwanji tikasintha mafunso asanu awa kuti tiyambe kufunsa mafunso osokoneza bongo:

  1. "Maganizo anga kumwa mowa akuyambitsa mavuto m'moyo wanga, "
  2. "Chokhumba changa gwiritsani ntchito mowa kusokoneza moyo wanga wa tsiku ndi tsiku, "
  3. "Nthawi zina ndimalephera kukwaniritsa zomwe ndikudzipereka komanso maudindo anga chifukwa cha ine mowa"
  4. "Nthawi zina ndimakhumba kumwa mowa Ndizabwino kwambiri ndikulephera kulamulira, "
  5. "Ndiyenera kulimbana kuti ndisatero gwiritsani ntchito mowa. "

Kotero, kodi mafunso 5 omwe ali pamwambapa amayesa "chikhulupiriro cha kuledzera mowa" kapena amayesa "kuledzera mowa kwenikweni?" Monga momwe aliyense angawonere, mafunso 5 awa amayesa kuledzera mowa kwenikweni , monga momwe adayesera kuledzera zolaula mu Leonhardt, et al.

Komabe timauzidwa kuti zigoli zonse za munthu pa mafunso onse asanu ndi chimodzi ndi "kukhulupirira mu chizolowezi" osati chizolowezi chokha! Zosocheretsa kwambiri, ndipo popanda maziko aliwonse asayansi, chifukwa mafunso awa asanu sanatsimikizidwe kuti ndi osiyanitsa "kukhulupirira mu chizolowezi cha zolaula" ndi chizolowezi chenicheni.

Dziwani kuti zaka makumi ambiri zoyesedwa zodziwika bwino za zizolowezi zamankhwala ndi zamakhalidwe zimadalira mafunso ofanana ndi omwe ali pamwambapa kuti ayese chizolowezi chenicheni, osati "chongodziwika , " chizolowezi. Mwachitsanzo, mafunso a Leonhardt, et al. amayesa machitidwe ofunikira a chizolowezi monga momwe afotokozedwera ndi chida chowunikira chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri chotchedwa " 4 Cs. " Tiyeni tiwayerekezere. Umu ndi momwe mafunso a Leonhardt, et al. amagwirizanirana ndi ma C anayi:

  • Ckudzikuza kuti mugwiritse ntchito (2, 3)
  • Kulephera Cgwiritsani ntchito (2, 3, 4)
  • Czofuna kugwiritsa ntchito (1, 2, 3, 4 )
  • CAnapitiriza kugwiritsa ntchito ngakhale zotsatira zoipa (2, 3)

Mwachidule, Leonhardt, et al. adayesa zizindikiro, zizindikiro ndi machitidwe a chizolowezi chenicheni cha zolaula, osati kukhulupirira chizolowezi. Palibe chilichonse m'mafunso 5 awa chomwe chimasonyeza "kukhulupirira chizolowezi chongogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo." Olemba a Leonhardt, et al. sanagwiritse ntchito molakwika mawu oti "chizolowezi choonera zolaula" m'mapepala awo onse, koma adapita patsogolo ponena kuti Grubbs CPUI-9 ndi mafunso awo azinthu 5 amatha kuwunika "chikhulupiriro cha chizolowezi cha zolaula" cha munthu. Tiyenera kuzindikira kuti Grubbs mwiniwake sanagwiritse ntchito mawu oti "kukhulupirira chizolowezi."

Ngati olemba awa anali olondola kuti zinthu 5 zomwe adalemba zikuwonetsa "chizolowezi chodziwika," ndiye kuti palibe mayeso omwe alipo omwe angayesere chizolowezi chenicheni. Izi zikanakhala nkhani yosangalatsa kwa akatswiri zikwizikwi padziko lonse lapansi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mayeso oterewa poyesa anthu osiyanasiyana omwe ali ndi chizolowezi tsiku lililonse.

Mfundo yofunika: Nthawi iliyonse mukawerenga nkhani kapena kafukufuku pogwiritsa ntchito gawo lakuti “chizolowezi choonera zolaula” kapena “kukhulupirira chizolowezi choonera zolaula,” dziwani kuti mawu onse osocheretsa amenewa amatanthauza chinthu chimodzi chokha: “chiwerengero chonse cha mayeso ena okhudzana ndi chizolowezi choonera zolaula.” Kuti muwulule kufunika kwenikweni kwa zomwe zapezeka m’nkhani ndi maphunziro otere, ingosiyani mawu monga “kuzindikira” kapena “kukhulupirira,” ndikuyika “chizolowezi choonera zolaula.” Tiyeni tichite izi ndi zochepa mwa zochitika zoposa 100 zomwe Leonhardt, et al . anaika “kuzindikira” kapena “kukhulupirira” m’pepala lawo:

Leonhardt, ndi ena anati:

Komabe, zikuwoneka kuti ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula amamva nkhawa chifukwa cha ubale wawo poganizira kuti amagwiritsa ntchito molakwika komanso movutitsa.

Popanda mawu olakwika:

Anthu ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula omwe amapeza bwino kwambiri pa mafunso athu azinthu zisanu zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula amakhala ndi nkhawa yokhudzana ndi ubale wawo ndi anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula mopitirira muyeso.

Leonhardt, ndi ena anati:

Malinga ndi zotsatirazi, anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula sangakhale ndi nkhawa muubwenzi wawo chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo, pokhapokha ngati akukhulupirira kuti ali ndi njira yogwiritsira ntchito mokakamiza komanso movutitsa.

Popanda mawu olakwika:

Malinga ndi zotsatira izi, anthu omwe ali ndi chizolowezi choonera zolaula amakhala ndi nkhawa muubwenzi wawo.

Leonhardt, ndi ena anati:

Popeza kuti kusasangalala ndi chibwenzi kunali chifukwa cha nkhawa yokhudzana ndi kugonana, anthu omwe amadziona kuti ali ndi chilakolako chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula mopitirira muyeso komanso movutitsa angakane kufunafuna anthu ocheza nawo.

Popanda mawu olakwika:

Popeza kuti kusasangalala ndi chibwenzi kunali chifukwa cha nkhawa yokhudzana ndi chibwenzi yokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, anthu omwe ali ndi chizolowezi choonera zolaula angakhale okayikira kwambiri kufunafuna anthu ocheza nawo.

Zoonadi, kafukufukuyu anapeza kuti zolaula zomwe zimadetsa nkhawa zokhudzana ndi zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zotsatira zake zoipa, monga kusagwiritsidwa ntchito kosasamala, kusokonezeka kwa moyo wawo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, komanso kusowa kwawo kukwaniritsa zolinga ndi ntchito. N'zosadabwitsa kuti zolaula zawo zinakhudza mbali zosiyanasiyana za ubale weniweni.

Ngakhale kuli kothandiza kwa osamalira anthu kuzindikira kuti ena ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula angafunike kuyesetsa kudzidalira komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zovuta, sizothandiza kuti anthu asocheretsedwe kuti mayeso amatha kusiyanitsa pakati pa "kuzindikira" ndi zenizeni kuledzera. Ndipo sizothandiza kwenikweni kusokoneza malingaliro awiriwa ndikupanga zifukwa zopanda maziko potengera chisokonezo chotere.

ZOSINTHA : Pa podcast yake , Natasha Helfer Parker akufunsa Dr. Brian Willoughby za kafukufukuyu. Mu kuyankhulana Willoughby akunena modabwitsa kuti:

"Tinawona za 10-15% ya chitsanzo chathu chokwanira mu chikhalidwe chimenecho (zovuta zowononga zolaula) ... koma pamene tinkangoganizira chabe zokhudzana ndi 2-3 nthawi zazikulu kuposa nambala imeneyo. Kotero tawona anthu akuluakulu omwe adzionetsa okha kuti ali ndi zolaula. Chigawo cha khalidwecho chinkawoneka kuti sichinasinthe. "

Palibe chilichonse mu kafukufuku wake chomwe chimasonyeza zomwe zili pamwambapa. Tiyeni timveke bwino: Mafunso okhawo okhudzana ndi "chizolowezi choonera zolaula" kapena "chizolowezi chenicheni cha zolaula" anali mafunso 5 omwe atchulidwa pamwambapa. Mafunso 5 awa sangapereke chidziwitso chomwe Willoughby akunena kuti ali nacho: kuthekera kosiyanitsa yemwe anali ndi chizolowezi choonera zolaula komanso yemwe ankakhulupirira kuti anali ndi chizolowezi choonera zolaula (koma kwenikweni sanali).

Izi ndi Willoughby sizichirikizidwa. Kuledzera kumatha kudziwika kudzera pakuphatikizika kwa mbiri ya kasitomala, kufunsa mafunso, komanso mafunso amafunsidwe (monga Cambridge University yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi omvera). Palibe wofufuza amene ali ndi chifukwa chongotchulira mutu wina ngati kuti "walowereradi" kapena "akukhulupirira zabodza kuti ali osokoneza" pogwiritsa ntchito mafunso azinthu 5 omwe adzazidwe pa Amazon M-turk.

Willoughby samangogwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "chizolowezi chodziwika" ndi "malingaliro amkati a chizolowezi", koma akunena kuti anthu "adadzitcha okha kuti ndi osokoneza bongo". Ndibwerezanso: munthuyo adayankha mafunso 5. Kafukufukuyu ndipo tsopano Willoughby adalembanso zigoli zonse pa mafunso 5 kuti: "chizolowezi choonera zolaula", "chikhulupiriro mu chizolowezi choonera zolaula", "malingaliro amkati a chizolowezi choonera zolaula". "kudzitcha okha kuti ndi osokoneza bongo".

Pomaliza, kafukufukuyu komanso a Willoughby akuwonetsa kuti ubale wapakati pazipembedzo komanso zambiri pazofunsidwa pazinthu 5 ziyenera kuwonetsa kuti ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula ambiri achipembedzo amangokhala ndi manyazi ndipo samakhala ndi zizindikilo zosokoneza bongo. Izi ndizomwe zimadumpha poganizira kuti kafukufuku wawo sanayese manyazi, kapena kutengeka kulikonse.

Gawo 3: Kulembanso & kutanthauziranso Leonhardt, et al. umboni

Kodi mfundo ya Leonhardt, ndi ena ingakhale bwanji ngati chikhulupiriro ndi kuzindikira zitachotsedwa? Choyamba, nayi mfundo yachidule monga momwe yalembedwera:

Kafukufuku waposachedwapa wa zolaula amasonyeza kuti kuganiza kuti munthu amamwa mowa mwauchidakwa kumabweretsa mavuto omwe amachititsa kuti asamawononge zolaula. Kafukufuku wanena kuti anthu achipembedzo amazindikira kuti akulowerera ku zolaula, mosasamala kanthu za momwe akuwonera zolaula nthawi zambiri. Pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha akuluakulu osakwatirana a 686, phunziro ili limagwirizanitsa ndi kufalitsa kafukufuku wakale poyesa kudziletsa kuti awononge zolaula monga mkhalapakati pakati pa chipembedzo ndi ubale wokhudzana ndi zolaula. Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kuzipembedza zimagwirizanitsidwa kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe chodetsa nkhaŵa chozungulira zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, pamene kuwona zolaula zolaula kunkagwirizana kwambiri ndi ubale wokhudzana ndi zolaula zikugwiritsidwa ntchito. Komabe, poona kuti zolaula zimayikidwa monga mkhalapakati mchitidwe wogwiritsa ntchito zolaula, zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pang'onopang'ono pazowonongeka za ubale zokhudzana ndi zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, komanso kuganizira za zolaula zomwe zimagwirizana pakati pa chipembedzo ndi chisamaliro choyang'ana zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Podziwa momwe zolaula zimagwiritsidwira ntchito, kupembedza, komanso kuwonetsa zolaula zogonana zogwirizana ndi ubale wokhudzana ndi zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyambira mapangidwe apamtima, tikuyembekeza kuthetsa mwayi wa maanja ogonjetsa nkhani zolaula ndikuchepetsa mavuto muukondano.

Khalani oona mtima, kodi owerenga sangaganize kuchokera pamwambapa kuti kukhulupirira chabe chizolowezi cholaula ndicho chifukwa chokhacho cha mavuto onse okhudzana ndi zolaula omwe amafufuzidwa?

Tsopano, nayi chidule cha Leonhardt, ndi ena cholembedwa monga momwe timaganizira kuti chiyenera kukhalira kutengera zomwe zapezeka, popanda mawu olakwika monga "kukhulupirira," "kuzindikira," komanso ndi nkhani yowonjezera yokhudzana ndi kafukufuku wa Grubbs omwe olemba a Leonhardt, ndi ena adadalira:

Kafukufuku waposachedwa pa zolaula akusonyeza kuti chizolowezi choonera zolaula chimaneneratu zotsatira zoyipa kuposa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Kafukufuku wochepa wochitidwa ndi gulu la Grubbs adapeza kuti "ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zachipembedzo" amapeza ndalama zambiri kuposa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zomwe si zachipembedzo pa "Cyber ​​​​Pornography Use Inventory" (CPUI-9). Kupeza kumeneku kuyenera kuwonedwa potengera momwe maphunziro onse ofufuza amanenera kuti anthu ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi ochepa kwambiri . Izi zikutanthauza kuti anthu ochepa achipembedzo amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zonse ndipo motero pali chiwerengero chochepa cha "chizolowezi chenicheni cha zolaula" pakati pa anthu achipembedzo. Pali zifukwa zingapo zomwe zanenedwa chifukwa chake anthu ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zachipembedzo angapeze ndalama zambiri pamafunso okhudzana ndi chizolowezi choonera zolaula kuposa anthu ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zachikhalidwe.

Pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha akuluakulu osakwatiwa a 686, phunziroli likuwonjezereka pa kafukufuku wakale poyesera zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mkhalapakati pakati pa chipembedzo ndi ubale wokhudzana ndi zolaula. Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kukhulupilira zinali zofooketsedwa kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe chodetsa nkhaŵa chozungulira zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, pamene chizoloŵezi cholaula chinali chogwirizanitsidwa kwambiri ndi ubale wachisokonezo choyandikana ndi zolaula.

Komabe, pamene zolaula zimayikidwa monga mkhalapakati mwachitsanzo, zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pang'onopang'ono pokhudzana ndi ubale wa zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo kuwonetsa zolaula kumagwirizanitsa pakati pa chikhulupiliro ndi kugonana komwe kumayenderana ndi zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Podziwa momwe zolaula zimagwiritsidwira ntchito, zipembedzo, ndi zolaula zogwirizana ndi ubale wokhudzana ndi zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyambitsa mapangidwe apakati, tikuyembekeza kuthetsa mwayi wa maanja kuti tikwanitse kuthana ndi zolaula ndi kuchepetsa mavuto muukondano.

CHOFUNIKA KUCHITA : Kukhala wachipembedzo kunali " kosagwirizana kwenikweni " ndi nkhawa yokhudzana ndi ubale yomwe imakhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Kumbali ina, chizolowezi choonera zolaula (monga momwe mafunso 5 adanenera) "chinagwirizana kwambiri " ndi nkhawa yokhudzana ndi ubale yomwe imakhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Mwachidule, kukhala wachipembedzo kunawonjezera nkhawa pang'ono pa ubale ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula - zomwe ndizomveka. Koma kukhala wokonda zolaula (kaya ndi zachipembedzo kapena ayi) ndiko komwe kunathandiza kwambiri pakulimbikitsa nkhawa yokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Ndipo kodi nkhawa yokhudzana ndi ubale inaonekera bwanji mwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula mopitirira muyeso? Monga momwe kafukufuku adanenera:

"Ubale wokhudzidwa ndi zolaula umawonekera chifukwa chonyalanyaza kufunafuna zibwenzi ndipo zimakhala zovuta kuwulula zolaula."

Mavumbulutso awiri akulu a phunziroli:

  1. Anthu osokoneza bongo safuna kulankhula za zolaula zawo.
  2. Kugonjetsedwa ndi zolaula kumakhudza moyo wanu wachikondi. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, munthu wochita zolaula angasangalatse mnzake wokwatirana naye, ndipo nthawi zambiri amamukonda kwambiri.

Kodi zotsatirazi ndi zodabwitsa kwa wina aliyense?

Gawo 4: Kodi zipembedzo zimagwirizana kwenikweni ndi zakumwa zolaula?

Chiyambi: Umboni wochokera kwa akatswiri ogonana umasonyeza kuti pali makasitomala omwe amamva kuti ali ndi chizolowezi choonera zolaula, koma amangoona nthawi zina. N'zotheka kuti ena mwa makasitomalawa ndi achipembedzo ndipo amamva kukhala ndi liwongo komanso manyazi okhudza kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zina. Kodi anthuwa akuvutika ndi "chizolowezi chodziwika" osati chizolowezi chenicheni cha zolaula? Mwina. Komabe, anthuwa akufuna kusiya koma akupitirizabe kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Kaya "ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zina" awa ndi chizolowezi chenicheni kapena akumva kuti ali ndi liwongo komanso manyazi, chinthu chimodzi ndi chotsimikizika: Grubbs CPUI-9, kapena Leonhardt, et al. Mafunso a zinthu 5 sangasiyanitse "chizolowezi chodziwika" ndi chizolowezi chenicheni mwa anthuwa kapena wina aliyense.

Zipembedzo sizimagwirizana ndi zolaula kapena zolaula

Kukhulupirira zachipembedzo sikuneneratu kuti munthu amayamba kuchita zachiwerewere. Ziri zosiyana. Anthu achipembedzo sangagwiritse ntchito zolaula choncho sangawonongeke.

Leonhardt, et al. ndi Joshua Grubbs maphunziro sanagwiritse ntchito gawo la anthu achipembedzo. M'malo mwake, kokha ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula (achipembedzo kapena osakhulupirira) adafunsidwa. Kuphunzira kulikonse kwabwino kunapereka malipoti ochepa kwambiri omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula mwa anthu achipembedzo poyerekeza ndi anthu omwe si achipembedzo (phunzirani 1, phunzirani 2, phunzirani 3, phunzirani 4, phunzirani 5, phunzirani 6, phunzirani 7, phunzirani 8, phunzirani 9, phunzirani 10, phunzirani 11, phunzirani 12, phunzirani 13, phunzirani 14, phunzirani 15, phunzirani 16, phunzirani 17, phunzirani 18, phunzirani 19, phunzirani 20, phunzirani 21, phunzirani 22.)

Kafukufuku wofufuza anthu ochita zachiwerewere achipembedzo amatha kukhala ndi anthu ochepa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi anthu ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula (omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi amuna onse). Zotengera ziwirizi: 1) Zipembedzo zimatetezera kusokoneza bongo; 2) zitsanzo za ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zachipembedzo zimakopeka ndi anthu achipembedzo omwe amakhulupirira.

Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku wa 2011 ( The Cyber ​​​​Pornography Use Inventory: Comparing a Religious and Secular Sample ) adanenanso kuchuluka kwa amuna achipembedzo ndi achipembedzo aku koleji omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula kamodzi pa sabata :

  • Zomwe: 54%
  • Zipembedzo: 19%

Kafukufuku wina wokhudza amuna achipembedzo azaka zaku koleji ( ndikukhulupirira kuti ndi zolakwika koma ndimachitabe - Kuyerekeza anyamata achipembedzo omwe amachita chiwerewere motsutsana ndi omwe sagwiritsa ntchito zolaula, 2010 ) kunavumbula kuti:

  • 65% ya anyamata achipembedzo anafotokoza kuti sakuwona zolaula m'mwezi ya 12 yapitayi
  • 8.6% adawonetsa kuwona masiku awiri kapena atatu pa mwezi
  • 8.6% adawonetsa kuyang'ana tsiku ndi tsiku kapena tsiku lina lililonse

Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kafukufuku wosiyanasiyana wa amuna a msinkhu wa koleji amanena kuti anthu ambiri amaonera zolaula ( US – 2008 : 87%, China – 2012 : 86%, Netherlands – 2013 (zaka 16): 73%).

Leonhardt, et al. amanyalanyaza zonse ena Kafukufuku adafalitsidwa pa mitengo yogwiritsira ntchito zolaula pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito zipembedzo

Modabwitsa, olemba a Leonhardt, ndi ena amanena kuti kafukufuku ndi maphunziro onse okhudza kuchuluka kwa anthu ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito zachipembedzo ndi olakwika kwambiri. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, Leonhardt, ndi ena akusonyeza kuti anthu ambiri opembedza akhala akunama za kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa kafukufuku aliyense wosadziwika wokhudza kuchuluka kwa anthu ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Ndipotu, Leonhardt, ndi ena afika potanthauza kuti anthu achipembedzo m'malo mwake amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula pamlingo wapamwamba kuposa anthu omwe si achipembedzo! Chidule chotsatirachi chikupereka chifukwa chotsimikizira izi molimba mtima:

Mwina chifukwa cha makhalidwe ogonana osasamala, komanso nkhawa zomwe zingachitike chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula, anthu achipembedzo nthawi zonse amanena kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumakhala kochepa poyerekeza ndi anthu osakhulupirira (Carroll et al., 2008; Poulsen, Busby, & Galovan, 2013; Wright, 2013). Komabe, maphunziro ena omwe amafufuza mainjini osakira (MacInnis & Hodson, 2015) ndi zolembetsa pa intaneti (Edelman, 2009) akusonyeza kuti anthu ochokera m'magulu achipembedzo, osakhulupirira akhoza kukhala ndi mwayi wofufuza zolaula kuposa anzawo osakhulupirira . Kusiyana kumeneku pakati pa deta yodzinenera ndi miyeso yeniyeni kumasonyeza kunyansidwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula m'zikhalidwe zachipembedzo, chifukwa anthu achipembedzo amatha kubisa kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo zolaula chifukwa cha manyazi ozungulira kugwiritsa ntchito kotere.

Chifukwa chake, chithandizo cha izi Leonhardt, ndi ena. akuti chimachokera ku maphunziro awiri pa deta yonse ya boma : 1) MacInnis & Hodson , 2015 (Google imasaka mawu ena okhudzana ndi kugonana), ndi 2) Edelman , 2009 (Kulembetsa patsamba limodzi lolipira la zolaula mu 2007).

Meme yomwe imabwerezedwa mobwerezabwereza kuti Utah ili ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula idachokera ku pepala la zachuma la Benjamin Edelman la 2009 lotchedwa “ Red Light States: Ndani Amagula Zosangalatsa za Akuluakulu Paintaneti? ” Iye adadalira kwathunthu deta yolembetsa kuchokera kwa wopereka mmodzi mwa khumi apamwamba kwambiri wazinthu zolipira kuti awonere pomwe adayika mayiko pakugwiritsa ntchito zolaula - kunyalanyaza mazana a mawebusayiti ena otere. Nchifukwa chiyani adasankha imeneyo kuti aifufuze?

Tikudziwa kuti kusanthula kwa Edelman kunachitika cha m'ma 2007, pambuyo poti "malo owonera makanema" aulere, owonera zolaula anali kugwira ntchito, ndipo owonera zolaula anali kuwatembenukira kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, mfundo imodzi ya data ya Edelman mwa zikwizikwi (za malo olembetsa aulere ndi aulere) siingaganizidwe kuti ikuyimira ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula onse aku US. Zikuoneka kuti pepala lake ndi losocheretsa. (Kuti mudziwe zambiri onani - Kodi Utah #1 ikugwiritsa ntchito zolaula?) Ndipotu, maphunziro ena ndi deta yomwe ilipo imayika kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ku Utah pakati pa 40 ndi 50 pakati pa mayiko. Onani:

  1. Pepala lowunikiridwa ndi anzawo: "Kuonerera zolaula kumagwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku: Njira ndi zochokera kuzinthu zinayi (2015)." Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace (2015).
  2. Kapena izi n'zosavuta kuwerenga nkhani ya 2014: Kusinkhasinkha Ma Mormon ndi Zithunzi: Utah 40th mu US mu New Porn Data.
  3. Mawonedwe a tsamba lamtundu uliwonse, otengedwa ku Pornhub 2014 (graph pa YBOP).

Pepala lakuti “ Kuwunikanso za zolaula pogwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku: Njira ndi zotsatira kuchokera ku magwero anayi (2015) ” limafufuzanso MacInnis & Hodson , 2015. Chidule chofotokoza zomwe MacInnis & Hodson adachita:

MacInnis & Hodson , (2014) amagwiritsa ntchito deta ya mawu osakira a Google Trends ngati njira yodziwira kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndipo amafufuza ubale pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula m'boma ndi miyeso ya chipembedzo ndi kusunga miyambo. Amapeza kuti mayiko omwe ali ndi malingaliro olondola kwambiri ali ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa kusaka pa Google kokhudzana ndi zolaula.

Vuto loyamba ndi MacInnis & Hodson : Kusaka pa Google Trend si njira yopezera zolaula. Mwachitsanzo, malipoti odzidziwitsa okha akusonyeza kuti ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zonse amachezera malo omwe amakonda kwambiri kudzera mu ma bookmarks kapena polemba dzina la tsamba la chubu m'munda wa adilesi ya msakatuli (mukakhala mu incognito mode). Akafika patsamba lawo lokonda kwambiri la chubu, ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zambiri amafika patsamba latsopano la zolaula kudzera mu ma hyperlink ndi zotsatsa, motero amapewa kusaka kwa Google konse.

Chofooka chachiwiri mwa MacInnis & Hodson : Kusaka pa Google sikutiuza chilichonse chokhudza nthawi yomwe wogwiritsa ntchito aliyense amathera akuonera zolaula. Mwachitsanzo, boma likhoza kukhala ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha anthu ofuna zolaula koyamba (mwachitsanzo achinyamata) omwe amangoyang'ana zithunzi zochepa, pomwe mayiko ena akhoza kukhala ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha anthu ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zonse omwe sagwiritsa ntchito Google, koma amathera maola angapo akuonera zolaula.

Chofooka chachitatu: MacInnis ndi Hodson analephera kuganizira zifukwa zina zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu ambiri azifufuza za kugonana ndi mawu okhudzana ndi zolaula pa Google. N'zotheka kuti achinyamata omwe akufunafuna zambiri zokhudza kugonana kapena machitidwe ogonana angagwiritse ntchito Google, pomwe ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula odziwa bwino ntchito yawo angadutse mainjini osakira ndikupita mwachindunji kumasamba olaula. Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe amaonera zolaula kumachitika mwa achinyamata ndi achinyamata. Chifukwa chake, tikuyembekeza kuti mayiko omwe ali ndi achinyamata ambiri azikhala ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu ambiri omwe amafufuza za kugonana pa Google.

Onani chiwerengero cha anthu m'boma lililonse . Mayiko 16 omwe ali ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha achinyamata amaonedwa kuti ndi "Mayiko Ofiira" (okonda chipembedzo komanso ndale). Kumbali ina, mayiko onse kupatulapo limodzi omwe ali ndi chiwerengero chochepa cha achinyamata ndi "Blue State" (osakonda chipembedzo, okonda ufulu). Kusinthaku kokha kungafotokoze zomwe MacInnis & Hodson adapeza.

Ndipo ichi ndi chimodzi chabe mwazosiyanasiyana zomwe ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa pofotokoza kufunika kwa kulumikizana pakati pa masanjidwe aboma pankhani yachipembedzo ndi "woimira zolaula" m'modzi wokayikitsa. Makamaka pamene kafukufuku ndi kafukufuku onse amafotokoza zolaula zochepa pakati pa anthu achipembedzo.

Pepala lakuti “ Kuwunikanso zithunzi zolaula kumagwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku: Njira ndi zotsatira kuchokera ku magwero anayi (2015) ” limanena izi zokhudza MacInnis & Hodson :

Zotsatira mu mzere woyamba wa Table 3 zisonyezero kuti timapezanso mgwirizano wofunikira pakati pa chipembedzo ndi conservatism nthawi zambiri pamene tigwiritsa ntchito deta ya Google Trends. Komabe, mizere ina mu Table 3 imasonyeza kuti timapeza ubale wochepa kwambiri wa chiwerengero pogwiritsa ntchito china chilichonse cha deta. Zotsatira izi zimasonyeza kuti ngati MacInnis ndi Hodson (2014) adagwiritsa ntchito njira zina zonsezi, akhoza kuti anafika pamapeto pamapepala awo za mphamvu ya ubale wawo omwe adawafufuza.

Mfundo yakuti MacInnis ndi Hodson (2014) imapeza mgwirizano wofunika kwambiri pakati pa zipembedzo zolaula komanso zionetsero zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mochititsa chidwi poona kuti maphunziro apitalo pamasom'pamodzi aumwini amapeza kuti anthu omwe amapita ku tchalitchi nthawi zambiri sagwiritsa ntchito zolaula.

Mfundo yofunika: Tili ndi Leonhardt, ndi ena omwe sanasamale maphunziro ambiri ndi kafukufuku wokhudza anthu achipembedzo m'malo motsatira mfundo za kafukufuku wokayikitsa wokhudzana ndi miyambo yachipembedzo ya anthu m'boma, ndi chithunzi chochepa kwambiri cha kusaka pa intaneti za zinthu zogonana. N'zosadabwitsa.

Kusagwirizana kwamkati: Malinga ndi zomwe Leonhardt, ndi ena amanena, anthu ambiri achipembedzo amanama za kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo zolaula pa kafukufuku wosadziwika. Ndipo kuti ananama mu kafukufuku aliyense amene wafalitsidwapo . Ngati izi ndi zoona, tiyenera kunyalanyaza zomwe Leonhardt, ndi ena adapeza potengera malipoti a ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zachipembedzo, monga momwe Leonhardt, ndi ena adachotsera mobwerezabwereza ndikunyalanyaza kafukufuku wina uliwonse wogwiritsa ntchito zolaula asanachite kafukufuku wawo.

Ngati anthu achipembedzo a Leonhardt, ndi ena, nthawi zonse amalemba zochepa pakugwiritsa ntchito kwawo zolaula (monga momwe amanenera kuti ogwiritsa ntchito zachipembedzo amachita m'mafukufuku ena), izi zikutanthauza kuti kuchuluka kwa "kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pafupipafupi" m'magulu awo achipembedzo kuyenera kusinthidwa. Kukweza ("kukonza") kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito kwa gulu lachipembedzo kumabweretsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwawo mogwirizana ndi zigoli zawo pafunso la zinthu 5. Mwachidule, kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula m'magulu achipembedzo kumagwirizana bwino ndi zigoli zapamwamba pafunso la zizolowezi zolaula. Kapena zosavuta: kuchuluka kwa zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito = kuchuluka kwa zizolowezi zolaula - mwa ogwiritsa ntchito achipembedzo komanso osapembedza. Ngati izi zili choncho, palibe chomwe Leonhardt, ndi ena anganene. Kupeza kopanda pake.

Kotero, ndikufunsa olemba a Leonhardt, ndi ena, ndi iti mwa atatu awa yomwe ili yolondola?

  1. Mafukufuku onse osadziwika pazinthu zachipembedzo ayenera kunyalanyazidwa chifukwa chiwerengero chachikulu cha anthu achipembedzo nthawi zonse amafotokoza momwe amagwiritsira ntchito zolaula. Izi zikuphatikizapo maphunziro onse a Grubbs ndi Leonhardt, et al. 2017
  2. Mafukufuku onse osadziwika pazinthu zachipembedzo ayenera kutengedwa moyenera, pamene onse amafotokoza zotsatira zofanana: Kugwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zolaula mosalekeza pakati pa anthu achipembedzo.
  3. Kufufuza kokha ndi Leonhardt, et al. ayenera kudalirika. Mafukufuku ena onse osadziwika pa nkhani zachipembedzo ayenera kunyalanyazidwa. Izi ndi Leonhardt, et al., Malingaliro amakono a olemba.

Ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zachipembedzo mwachiwonekere adzakhala ndi miyezo yapamwamba yomwe ilipo kale

Popeza kuti amuna ambiri azaka zaku koleji, opembedza, saonera zolaula kawirikawiri, a Grubbs ndi Leonhardt, ndi ena, zitsanzo za "ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zachipembedzo" zinali zochepa mwa anthu opembedza. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, zitsanzo za "ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zadziko" nthawi zambiri zimayimira anthu ambiri omwe si achipembedzo.

Achinyamata ambiri ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zachipembedzo amati sakonda kuonera zolaula (100% mu kafukufukuyu ). Nanga n’chifukwa chiyani ogwiritsa ntchito awa amaonera? N’zotheka kwambiri kuti chitsanzo cha “ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zachipembedzo” sichili choimira anthu ambiri omwe akukumana ndi mavuto kapena matenda ena omwe alipo kale. Matendawa nthawi zambiri amapezeka mwa anthu omwe ali ndi zizolowezi zoipa (monga OCD, kuvutika maganizo, nkhawa, matenda a nkhawa za anthu, ADHD, mbiri ya mabanja ya chizolowezi, kuvulala kwa ana kapena nkhanza zogonana, zizolowezi zina, ndi zina zotero).

Izi zokha zitha kufotokoza chifukwa chake ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zachipembedzo, monga gulu, amapeza zambiri kuposa Grubbs ndi Leonhardt, et al. mafunso okhudzana ndi zolaula. Lingaliro ili limathandizidwa ndi maphunziro okhudza chithandizo cha anthu omwe akufuna zolaula / okonda kugonana (omwe tingayembekezere kuwayamikira mosiyanasiyana kuchokera ku gawo lomwelo losowa). Ofunafuna chithandizo sakuwonetsa ubale uliwonse pakati pa chipembedzo ndi muyeso wa chizolowezi ndi chipembedzo ( phunziro la 2016 1 , phunziro la 2016 2 ). Ngati zomwe Leonhardt, et al. adapeza zinali zolondola, titha kuwona kuchuluka kwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zachipembedzo omwe akufuna chithandizo.

Kuonera zolaula kumagwiritsa ntchito anthu achipembedzo kubwerera kuzipembedzo komanso chipembedzo chimakhala chofunika kwambiri

Kafukufuku wa mu 2016 wokhudza ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zachipembedzo adafotokoza zomwe zapezeka zomwe zokha zitha kufotokoza mgwirizano pang'ono pakati pa chizolowezi chenicheni cha zolaula ndi chipembedzo. Ubale pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi chipembedzo ndi wozungulira. Pamene kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumawonjezeka, machitidwe achipembedzo ndi kufunika kwa chipembedzo kumachepa - mpaka kufika pamlingo winawake. Komabe munthu wachipembedzo akayamba kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kamodzi kapena kawiri pa sabata, izi zimasintha: Wogwiritsa ntchito zolaula amayamba kupita kutchalitchi pafupipafupi ndipo kufunika kwa chipembedzo m'moyo wake kumawonjezeka. Chidule cha kafukufukuyu:

"Komabe, zolaula zomwe zidachitika m'mbuyomu zimakhudza kupembedza kwam'mbuyomu ndikupemphera zidaperewera: Kupezeka kwachipembedzo ndi kupemphera kumatsika mpaka kenako ndikuwonjezeka pamakanema apamwamba owonera zolaula."

Chithunzichi, chomwe chatengedwa kuchokera ku phunziroli, chikufanizira kupezeka kwachipembedzo ndi kuchuluka kwa zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito:

Zikuwoneka kuti pamene zolaula za anthu achipembedzo zikuwonjezeka, amabwerera kuchipembedzo ngati njira yothanirana ndi zovuta zawo. Izi sizosadabwitsa, chifukwa magulu ambiri osokoneza bongo omwe amatsata njira za 12 amaphatikizapo gawo lauzimu kapena lachipembedzo. Wolemba pepala adalongosola izi ngati tanthauzo:

… Kafukufuku wokhudzidwa amatanthauza kuti iwo omwe amadzimva kuti alibe chochita pakulowerera kwawo nthawi zambiri amalandira chithandizo champhamvu. Zowonadi, mapulogalamu a magawo khumi ndi awiri omwe amayesetsa kuthandiza anthu omwe ali ndi zizolowezi zosokoneza bongo amapezeka paliponse ziphunzitso zodzipereka kuulamuliro wapamwamba, ndipo kuchuluka kwamapulogalamu achikhristu khumi ndi awiri osasunthika kumapangitsa kulumikizaku kukhala kowonekera bwino. Zitha kukhala kuti anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula mopitilira muyeso (mwachitsanzo, magwiridwe antchito omwe atha kukhala okakamiza kapena osokoneza bongo) amakakamizidwa kupita kuchipembedzo kwakanthawi m'malo mochokako.

Chochitika ichi cha owerenga zolaula achipembedzo akubwezeretsa ku chikhulupiriro chawo ngati chizoloŵezi chowopsa chikhoza kufotokozera mosavuta kusiyana kulikonse komwe kuli pakati pa zowononga zolaula ndi chipembedzo.

Mosiyana ndi nkhani zachipembedzo, zolaula zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito sizingavomereze zolaula chifukwa samayesa kusiya

Kodi n'zotheka kuti ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zachipembedzo apeze zambiri pa mafunso okhudza kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula chifukwa chakuti ayesadi kusiya, mosiyana ndi abale awo osakhulupirira? Pochita izi, amatha kuzindikira zizindikiro za chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula monga momwe Leonhardt, et al. 5-item questionnaire adawunikira.

Kutengera zaka zambiri zowonera ma forum obwezeretsa zolaula pa intaneti, tikupangira kuti ofufuza alekanitse ogwiritsa ntchito omwe ayesa kusiya zolaula ndi omwe sanayesepo, powafunsa za zotsatira za zolaula zomwe amadziona okha. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala choncho kuti ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula masiku ano (onse achipembedzo komanso osapembedza) samvetsa bwino momwe zolaula za pa intaneti zimakhudzira iwo mpaka atayesa kusiya (ndipo amatha kupirira zizindikiro zilizonse zosiya ).

Kawirikawiri, ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zosakhulupirira Mulungu amakhulupirira kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula sikuli koopsa, kotero alibe chifukwa chosiya ... mpaka atakumana ndi zizindikiro zosapiririka (mwina, nkhawa yofooketsa, kulephera kugonana ndi mnzanu weniweni kapena kukwera kufika pa zomwe akuwona kuti ndizosokoneza/zosokoneza kapena zoopsa kwambiri). Asanafike nthawi imeneyo, ngati muwafunsa za kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo zolaula, adzanena kuti zonse zili bwino. Mwachibadwa amaganiza kuti ndi "ogwiritsa ntchito wamba," omwe angasiye nthawi iliyonse, ndipo zizindikiro zomwe ali nazo, ngati zilipo, zimachokera ku china chake . Manyazi? Ayi.

Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, anthu ambiri opembedza mafano amachenjezedwa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula n'koopsa. Chifukwa chake iwo amatha kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zochepetsetsa ndipo ayesera kupereka, mwinamwake kangapo. Zomwe zimayesedwa ndi kuchotsa zolaula pa intaneti zikuwunikira kwambiri, monga ndizo pamene ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula (achipembedzo kapena ayi) akupeza:

  1. Zimakhala zovuta kusiya (ngati ali osokoneza bongo)
  2. Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kwawapweteka kwambiri, pamaganizo, m'magonana komanso mosiyana (nthawi zambiri chifukwa zizindikiro zimayamba kuchepa)
  3. [Pankhani ya zizindikiro zotere] Kodi kutaya kotani kumapangitsa kuti zizindikirozo zikhale zovuta kwa kanthawi, ubongo usanabwererenso
  4. Zimakhala zomvetsa chisoni bwanji akafuna kusiya zinazake koma sangathe (Ichi ndi manyazi, koma osati “zachipembedzo / zamanyazi” - monga momwe ofufuza amaganizira nthawi zina chifukwa ogwiritsa ntchito achipembedzo amawafotokozera kawirikawiri. Ambiri mwa omwe amakhala osokoneza bongo mwatsoka amakhala ndi manyazi akamaona kuti sangathenso kusiya, kaya ndi achipembedzo kapena ayi.)
  5. Amakhala ndi zikhumbo zofuna kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Kukonda nthawi zambiri kumawonjezereka mwamphamvu ndi sabata kapena kupitilira kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula.

Zochitika zoterezi zimapangitsa iwo omwe ayesa kusiya kusamala kwambiri za zolaula. Popeza ogwiritsa ntchito achipembedzo ambiri akhala akuyesera izi, zida zamaganizidwe ziwonetsa kuti amadera nkhawa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kuposa omwe siopembedza - ngakhale atakhala kuti sagwiritsa ntchito zolaula pang'ono!

Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kodi ofufuza sayeneranso kufufuza ngati ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zina amaona molakwika kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ngati zopanda vuto, m'malo moganiza kuti ndi anthu achipembedzo omwe akumvetsa molakwika kukhalapo kwa mavuto okhudzana ndi zolaula ngakhale akugwiritsa ntchito zochepa? Kupatula apo, chizolowezi sichimayesedwa kutengera kuchuluka kapena kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito, koma m'malo mwake zotsatira zake zimakhala zofooketsa.

Mulimonsemo, kulephera kulekanitsa anthu omwe ayesa kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi omwe sanasiye, ndi vuto lalikulu mu kafukufuku woyesa kupeza mfundo zokhudzana ndi ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa chipembedzo, manyazi ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula . N'zosavuta kutanthauzira molakwika deta ngati umboni wakuti " chipembedzo chimapangitsa anthu kuda nkhawa ndi zolaula ngakhale atakhala kuti sakugwiritsa ntchito zolaula mochepa kuposa ena, ndipo ngati sakanakhala achipembedzo sakanada nkhawa."

Chowonadi ndichakuti omwe anayesa kusiya, ndipo adazindikira mfundo zomwe zili pamwambapa ndi omwe amada nkhawa kwambiri, ndipo chipembedzo ndicho chifukwa chokha chomwe adapangira mayeso otere (ndipo mwina sizikugwirizana kwenikweni). N'zokhumudwitsa kuona akatswiri a zamaganizo akupanga mgwirizano wosavuta ndi chipembedzo/uzimu ndikupanga "zochititsa manyazi", osazindikira kuti akuyerekeza "maapulo" ndi "malalanje" akamayerekeza ogwiritsa ntchito omwe anayesa kusiya ndi ogwiritsa ntchito omwe sanasiye. Apanso, oyamba okha ndi omwe amawona zoopsa ndi zoyipa za kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula momveka bwino , kaya ndi achipembedzo kapena ayi.

Kusokonezeka kumeneku nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu omwe akufuna kuchotsa chidwi pa zizindikiro zoopsa zomwe anthu osakhulupirira amakhala nazo nthawi zambiri. Anthu omwe sakhulupirira kuti Mulungu alipo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zizindikiro zoopsa kwambiri akasiya , chifukwa chakuti nthawi zambiri amasiya pang'onopang'ono poyerekeza ndi anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula zachipembedzo. N'chifukwa chiyani ofufuza sakuphunzira izi?

Ndipotu, tinganene kuti anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi vuto la kugonana chifukwa cha zolaula ndi osakhulupirira Mulungu. Chifukwa chiyani? Chifukwa anthu osakhulupirira nthawi zambiri amakhutira kwambiri ndi kuopsa kwa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti kotero kuti amapitirizabe kuzigwiritsa ntchito kuposa zizindikiro zochenjeza, monga kuwonjezeka kwa nkhawa pagulu, kuwonjezeka kwa zinthu zoopsa, kusasamala, kuvutika kufika pogonana popanda zolaula, kuvutika kugwiritsa ntchito makondomu kapena kufika pachimake ndi mnzanu, ndi zina zotero.

Zoona zake n'zakuti, ngakhale kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula mwachisawawa, kapena mosazolowereka, kungayambitse kugonana kwa ogwiritsa ntchito ena kotero kuti kumasokoneza kukhutira kwawo pa kugonana ndi ubale wawo . Nayi nkhani ya mwamuna mmodzi . Kuwonjezeka kwa zithunzi zolaula zomwe kale sizinali zosangalatsa kapena zonyansa ndizofala pakati pa theka la ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti . Mwachidule, monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula mwachisawawa si mankhwala. Anthu omwe sagwiritsa ntchito pafupipafupi koma akuda nkhawa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zawo akhoza kukhala ndi chifukwa chabwino chodera nkhawa kutengera zomwe akuyesera, kupatula zomwe amamva zokhudza zolaula panthawi ya mapemphero achipembedzo.

Kodi kungakhale bwino kupanga kafukufuku wopempha ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula (onse achipembedzo ndi ena) kuti asiye zolaula kwakanthawi ndikuyerekeza zomwe adakumana nazo ndi zowongolera? Onani Njira Yochotsera Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zithunzi Zolaula Paintaneti Povumbulutsa Zotsatira Zake kuti mudziwe kapangidwe kake ka kafukufuku.

Zifukwa zachilengedwe zomwe zimagwiritsira ntchito owerenga zolaula amatha kuponya mapepala apamwamba pa mafunso okhudzana ndi zolaula

Kawirikawiri kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti kumawopsa kwa ambiri ogwiritsa ntchito masiku ano. Izi zikuphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa zinthu zoopsa kwambiri, kugonana kosauka komanso kugonana, kuledzera, ndi / kapena kutengeka kochepa kwa okondedwa (kuphatikizapo zovuta zowonongeka).

Chomwe sichidziwika bwino ndi chakuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi ndi nthawi (monga maola awiri olaula mopitirira muyeso kenako ndi milungu ingapo yodziletsa musanayambe kugonana) kumabweretsa chiopsezo chachikulu cha chizolowezi. Zifukwa zake ndi zachilengedwe, ndipo pali kafukufuku wonse wokhudza kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi ndi nthawi mwa nyama ndi anthu omwe akufotokoza zomwe zimachitika muubongo.

Mwachitsanzo, onse awiri mankhwala ndi zakudya zosapatsa thanzi Kafukufuku amasonyeza kuti ntchito yapakati imatha kupita mofulumira ubongo wokhudzana ndi mowa umasintha (kaya kapena wosagwiritsa ntchitoyo akulowerera mofulumira). Kusintha kwakukulu ndi kulimbikitsa zomwe zimapweteka mphotho ya ubongo ndi zizindikiro zomwe zimabweretsa zovuta kunyalanyaza zokhumba. Polimbikitsidwa, maulendo a ubongo amakhudzidwa ndi zolimbikitsa komanso kufunafuna malipiro kufunafuna kukhala osaganizira zochitika kapena zovuta zokhudzana ndi khalidwe losokoneza bongo. Chikhalidwe chachikulu cha Pavlovian chimasintha kuchuluka "kufuna" kapena kulakalaka. Mfundo, monga kutembenuza kompyuta, kuona pop-up, kapena kukhala yekha, zimayambitsa zolakalaka zolaula. (Kufufuza zochitika polimbikitsa anthu owerenga zolaula: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20.)

Chodabwitsa kwambiri n'chakuti nthawi yodziletsa (masabata awiri mpaka anayi) imabweretsa kusintha kwa mitsempha komwe sikumachitika mwa wogwiritsa ntchito komwe sikutenga nthawi yayitali. Kusintha kumeneku muubongo kumawonjezera chilakolako chogwiritsa ntchito poyankha zomwe zimayambitsa. Kuphatikiza apo, dongosolo la kupsinjika limasintha kotero kuti ngakhale kupsinjika pang'ono kungayambitse chilakolako chogwiritsa ntchito.

Kumwa mowa nthawi ndi nthawi (makamaka ngati munthu wamwa mowa wambiri ) kungayambitsenso zizindikiro zazikulu zosiya kumwa mowa , monga kutopa, kuvutika maganizo ndi chilakolako . Mwa kuyankhula kwina, munthu akamwa mowa wambiri atasiya kumwa mowa pang'ono, zimatha kumukhudza kwambiri munthuyo - mwina chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zomwe wamwa mowa.

Kutengera kafukufukuyu, asayansi atsimikiza kuti kumwa tsiku lililonse monga cocaine , mowa , ndudu , kapena zakudya zopanda thanzi sikofunikira kuti ubongo usinthe chifukwa cha chizolowezi. Kumwa mowa nthawi ndi nthawi kungathandize chimodzimodzi ndi kumwa mowa nthawi zonse, ndipo nthawi zina kungathandize kwambiri.

Tsopano, tiyeni tibwerere ku kuyerekeza kwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zachipembedzo ndi zosapembedza . Ndi gulu liti lomwe lingakhale ndi ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zambiri? Popeza kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zachipembedzo sakonda kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula , mwina pali ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula ambiri kuposa ogwiritsa ntchito zachipembedzo omwe amakhala mu nthawi yodziletsa kwambiri. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, chiwerengero chachikulu cha ogwiritsa ntchito zachipembedzo chingakhale "ogwiritsa ntchito nthawi ndi nthawi." Ogwiritsa ntchito zachipembedzo nthawi zambiri amanena kuti nthawi zambiri samatenga masiku opitilira ochepa - pokhapokha atakhala ogwiritsa ntchito nthawi ndi nthawi chifukwa akuyesera kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula.

Chinthu china chofunika kwambiri chomwe chimachitika chifukwa cha kudziletsa kwambiri ndichakuti ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi ndi nthawi amakhala ndi mipata yayitali (ndipo nthawi zambiri amakula). Amatha kuona bwino momwe kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo zolaula kwawakhudzira, mosiyana ndi ogwiritsa ntchito pafupipafupi. Izi zokha zitha kubweretsa zigoli zambiri pafunso la chizolowezi chogonana ndi zolaula. Zotsatira zake zachiwiri, zofunika kwambiri ndikuti ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi ndi nthawi amakhala ndi zilakolako zamphamvu pafupipafupi. Chachitatu, ogwiritsa ntchito nthawi ndi nthawi akagonja, sayansi yomwe yatchulidwa pamwambapa ikuneneratu kuti nthawi zambiri amamva kuti sakulamulira, ndipo amakumana ndi zokhumudwitsa zambiri atatha kumwa mowa kwambiri. Mwachidule, ogwiritsa ntchito nthawi ndi nthawi (omwe ndi achipembedzo) amatha kukhala osokoneza bongo kwambiri ndikupambana mayeso okhudzana ndi chizolowezi chogonana ndi zolaula, ngakhale akugwiritsa ntchito pafupipafupi kuposa abale awo.

Malinga ndi momwe zinthu zilili, n’zosayembekezereka kunena kuti manyazi ndi omwe amachititsa kusiyana pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala achipembedzo ndi osapembedza. Ofufuza ayenera kuwongolera momwe kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala nthawi ndi nthawi kumakhudzira. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ngati anthu ambiri achipembedzo a Leonhardt ndi anzake anali ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala nthawi ndi nthawi kuposa anthu omwe sali achipembedzo, munthu angayembekezere kuti ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala achipembedzowo apeze zotsatira zabwino kwambiri pa mayeso a chizolowezi ngakhale kuti sagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri.

Zoonadi, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo amatsenga sikungokhala kwa anthu ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Chochitika ichi chikuwonetseratu zinyama ndi anthu ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula omwe akuyesera kusiya koma nthawi zina amazoloŵera kudya. Mfundo ndi yakuti chodabwitsa cha kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula ndi zolaula zimayenera kuwerengedwa mosadalirika musanayambe kujambula ndi kufalitsa malingaliro okhudza manyazi (kapena "kuzindikira" zolaula) monga chokhacho chomwe chingatheke chifukwa chomwe anthu ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula amavomereza kuti apamwamba kwambiri ntchito zochepa.

Chidule cha Kukhulupirira Zipembedzo ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zolaula:

  1. Chikhulupiriro sichitchula kuti chizoloŵezi chogonana (chodziwika kapena chosiyana). Chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha anthu akugwiritsa ntchito zolaula.
  2. Popeza chiwerengero chochepa cha anthu achipembedzo chimagwiritsa ntchito zolaula, zikuoneka kuti zipembedzo ndizoona chitetezo zolaula.
  3. Grubbs ndi Leonhardt, et al. zitsanzo zomwe zidatengedwa kuchokera kwa ochepa mwa "ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula" zimasokonekera polemekeza ogwiritsa ntchito achipembedzo, zomwe mwina zimapangitsa kuti azipembedzo azikhala ndi zovuta zambiri. Zotsatira zake ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula amapembedza pang'ono pazomwe amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndipo amafotokoza zovuta kuwongolera kugwiritsa ntchito.
  4. Pamene kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula kumakhala kawirikawiri kapena kukakamiza, anthu olambira zolaula amapembedza. Izi zikutanthawuza kuti anthu omwe amawerengera zapamwamba zowononga zolaula amapezekanso pamwamba pa chipembedzo.
  5. Anthu ambiri oonera zolaula amachenjezedwa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula n'koopsa. Chifukwa chake iwo amatha kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula zochepa ndikuyesera kuzipereka. Pochita zimenezi iwo amatha kuzindikira zizindikiro za zizoloŵezi zolaula monga momwe a Leonhardt, et al. Mafunso (ndi) ofanana a 5 - mosasamala kuchuluka kwa zolaula.
  6. Ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zambiri amatha kukhala osokoneza bongo ndipo amapambana modabwitsa pamayeso osokoneza bongo, ngakhale akugwiritsa ntchito pafupipafupi poyerekeza ndimaphunziro apadziko lonse lapansi (omwe siomwe amagwiritsa ntchito nthawi zonse).

Gawo 5: Kafukufuku akuzindikira kuti "kuchuluka kwa zolaula zomwe zilipo masiku ano" si zogwirizana ndi zolaula

Mu maphunziro a Grubbs ndi Leonhardt, et al ., mawu akuti maola ambiri ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi ofanana ndi "chizolowezi chenicheni cha zolaula." Izi zikutanthauza kuti, kuchuluka kwa "chizolowezi chenicheni cha zolaula" kumawonetsedwa bwino ndi "maola omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito pano" kapena "kawirikawiri kogwiritsidwa ntchito," osati ndi mayeso wamba okhudzana ndi zolaula kapena zizindikiro zomwe zimayambitsa zolaula. Akatswiri okonda chizolowezi sagwirizana.

Bowo lomwe lili m'malingaliro a wolemba awa, lomwe mungayendetse galimoto yonyamula katundu, ndikuti kafukufuku wokhudza zolaula pa intaneti ndi zizolowezi za intaneti ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ) wanena kuti mitundu yaying'ono ya zizolowezi za intaneti sigwirizana ndi maola ogwiritsira ntchito . Ndipotu, 'maola ogwiritsira ntchito' osinthika ndi muyeso wosadalirika wa zizolowezi. Zida zowunikira zizolowezi zokhazikika zimayesa zizolowezi pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zina zambiri, zodalirika (monga zomwe zalembedwa m'magawo awiri oyamba a CPUI-9 kapena mafunso a Leonhardt, et al .). Kafukufuku wotsatira wa zizolowezi za kugonana pa intaneti akuwonetsa ubale wochepa pakati pa maola ndi zizindikiro za zizolowezi:

1) Kuonera Zithunzi Zolaula pa Intaneti: Udindo wa Kugonana ndi Zizindikiro za Maganizo ndi Zamaganizo pa Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mawebusayiti Ogonana pa Intaneti Mopitirira Muyeso (2011)

"Zotsatira zikusonyeza kuti mavuto omwe anthu adadzinenera okha pa moyo watsiku ndi tsiku okhudzana ndi zochitika zogonana pa intaneti adanenedweratu ndi ziwerengero zogonana zomwe zikuwonetsa zolaula, kuopsa kwa zizindikiro zamaganizo padziko lonse lapansi, komanso kuchuluka kwa mapulogalamu ogonana omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito akakhala pa intaneti tsiku ndi tsiku, pomwe nthawi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti (mphindi patsiku) sinathandizire kwambiri kufotokozera kusiyana kwa mayeso okhudzana ndi kugonana pa intaneti (IATsex). Tikuwona kufanana pakati pa njira zoganizira ndi ubongo zomwe zingathandize kusunga kugonana kwambiri pa intaneti ndi zomwe zafotokozedwa kwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo."

2) Kusangalala ndi Kugonana ndi Kulimbana ndi Mavuto Osagwira Ntchito Kumadziwitsa Kugonana ndi Amuna Kapena Akazi Okhaokha pa Intaneti (2015)

"Zomwe zapezeka posachedwapa zasonyeza kugwirizana pakati pa kuopsa kwa CyberSex Addiction (CA) ndi zizindikiro za chilakolako chogonana, komanso kuti kuthana ndi makhalidwe ogonana kumathandizira ubale pakati pa chilakolako chogonana ndi zizindikiro za CA. Zotsatira zake zasonyeza kugwirizana kwakukulu pakati pa zizindikiro za CA ndi zizindikiro za chilakolako chogonana ndi chilakolako chogonana, kuthana ndi makhalidwe ogonana, ndi zizindikiro zamaganizo. CyberSex Addiction sinali yogwirizana ndi machitidwe ogonana osagwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti komanso nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito kugonana pa intaneti sabata iliyonse ."

3) Chofunika ndi Chiyani: Kuchuluka Kapena Ubwino wa Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zithunzi Zolaula? Zinthu Zamaganizo ndi Makhalidwe Omwe Amafuna Chithandizo cha Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zithunzi Zolaula Movuta (2016)

Malinga ndi chidziwitso chathu chabwino kwambiri, kafukufukuyu ndi woyamba kuwunika mwachindunji mgwirizano pakati pa kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi khalidwe lenileni la kufunafuna chithandizo chamankhwala kuti agwiritse ntchito zolaula movutikira (monga kuyendera katswiri wa zamaganizo, katswiri wa zamaganizo kapena katswiri wa zachiwerewere pachifukwa ichi). Zotsatira zathu zikusonyeza kuti maphunziro amtsogolo, ndi chithandizo, m'munda uno ziyenera kuyang'ana kwambiri momwe kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumakhudzira moyo wa munthu (khalidwe) m'malo mongobwerezabwereza (kuchuluka), chifukwa zizindikiro zoyipa zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula (m'malo mogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pafupipafupi) ndizo zomwe zimawonetsa kwambiri khalidwe lofunafuna chithandizo.

Ubale pakati pa PU ndi zizindikiro zoyipa unali wofunikira ndipo unayambitsidwa ndi chipembedzo chomwe chinanenedwa, chodziyimira pawokha (chofooka, chosagwirizana pang'ono) pakati pa anthu osafuna chithandizo. Pakati pa anthu ofuna chithandizo, chipembedzo sichikugwirizana ndi zizindikiro zoyipa.

4) Kufufuza Zogwirizana ndi Zolaula Zovuta pa Intaneti Zimagwiritsidwa Ntchito Pakati pa Ophunzira a Yunivesite (2016)

Ziwerengero zapamwamba pakugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti zinali zogwirizana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti tsiku lililonse kapena pafupipafupi. Komabe, zotsatira zake zikusonyeza kuti panalibe kulumikizana mwachindunji pakati pa kuchuluka ndi kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti komanso kulimbana ndi nkhawa, kuvutika maganizo, komanso kukhutira ndi moyo ndi ubale . Kugwirizana kwakukulu ndi ziŵerengero zapamwamba za zolaula pa intaneti kunaphatikizapo kuwonetsedwa koyamba pa zolaula pa intaneti, chizolowezi cha masewera apakanema, komanso kukhala mwamuna. Ngakhale zotsatira zabwino za kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti zalembedwa m'mabuku am'mbuyomu, zotsatira zathu sizikusonyeza kuti magwiridwe antchito amisala ndi anthu amakula bwino ndikugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti pang'ono kapena mwachisawawa.

5) Kuonera Zithunzi Zolaula pa Intaneti: Kodi N’kovuta kwa Ndani, Motani, Ndipo Chifukwa Chiyani? (2009)

Kafukufukuyu adafufuza kufalikira kwa mavuto owonera zolaula pa intaneti, momwe zimakhalira zovuta, komanso njira zamaganizo zomwe zimayambitsa vutoli mwa chitsanzo cha amuna 84 azaka zaku koleji pogwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku wosadziwika pa intaneti. Zapezeka kuti pafupifupi 20%–60% ya zitsanzo zomwe zimaonera zolaula zimapeza kuti ndi zovuta kutengera gawo lomwe akufuna. Mu kafukufukuyu, kuchuluka kwa kuonera sikunanene kuchuluka kwa mavuto omwe akukumana nawo.

Tangoganizirani kuyesa kuwunika kupezeka kwa chizolowezichi pongofunsa kuti, “Kodi mumagwiritsa ntchito maola angati pakali pano podya (chizolowezi cha chakudya)?” kapena “Kodi mumagwiritsa ntchito maola angati potchova juga (kuwonjezera kutchova juga)?” kapena “Mumagwiritsa ntchito maola angati pomwa (kumwa mowa)?” Mungapeze zotsatira zosokeretsa kwambiri . Chofunika kwambiri, mafunso a “kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pakali pano” sakufunsa za mitundu yofunika kwambiri yogwiritsira ntchito zolaula: zaka zomwe munthu amagwiritsa ntchito, zaka zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito, kaya wogwiritsa ntchitoyo wafika pamitundu yatsopano ya zolaula kapena wapanga zithunzi zolaula zosayembekezereka, chiŵerengero cha kusamba ndi zolaula ndi kusamba popanda izo, kuchuluka kwa kugonana ndi mnzanu weniweni, ndi zina zotero. Kuphatikiza mafunso otere kungatiphunzitse zambiri za yemwe ali ndi vuto ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula osati kungogwiritsa ntchito “nthawi/maola omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito panopa.”

Kudalirika

Zowonongeka: Kuzindikira kwa Zolaula Zolepheretsa Kukhala Mkhalapakati Pakati pa Chipembedzo ndi Kugwirizana Nkhawa Zowonongeka Zozungulira Pogwiritsa Ntchito.

J Sex Res. 2017 Marichi 13:1-12. doi: 10.1080/00224499.2017.1295013.

Leonhardt ND 1 , Willoughby BJ 1 , Young-Petersen B 1.

1 - Sukulu ya Moyo Wabanja, Brigham Young University.

Kafukufuku waposachedwapa wa zolaula amasonyeza kuti kuganiza kuti munthu amamwa mowa mwauchidakwa kumabweretsa mavuto omwe amachititsa kuti asamawononge zolaula. Kafukufuku wanena kuti anthu achipembedzo amazindikira kuti akulowerera ku zolaula, mosasamala kanthu za momwe akuwonera zolaula nthawi zambiri. Pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha akuluakulu osakwatirana a 686, phunziro ili limagwirizanitsa ndi kufalitsa kafukufuku wakale poyesa kudziletsa kuti awononge zolaula monga mkhalapakati pakati pa chipembedzo ndi ubale wokhudzana ndi zolaula. Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kuzipembedza zimagwirizanitsidwa kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe chodetsa nkhaŵa chozungulira zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, pamene kuwona zolaula zolaula kunkagwirizana kwambiri ndi ubale wokhudzana ndi zolaula zikugwiritsidwa ntchito. Komabe, poona kuti zolaula zimayikidwa monga mkhalapakati mchitidwe wogwiritsa ntchito zolaula, zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pang'onopang'ono pazowonongeka za ubale zokhudzana ndi zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, komanso kuganizira za zolaula zomwe zimagwirizana pakati pa chipembedzo ndi chisamaliro choyang'ana zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Podziwa momwe zolaula zimagwiritsidwira ntchito, kupembedza, komanso kuwonetsa zolaula zogonana zogwirizana ndi ubale wokhudzana ndi zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyambira mapangidwe apamtima, tikuyembekeza kuthetsa mwayi wa maanja ogonjetsa nkhani zolaula ndikuchepetsa mavuto muukondano.

PMID: 28287845

DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2017.1295013