Zithunzi Zoyeserera Zogwiritsa Ntchito ndi Kuthekera kwa Njira Yosayenerera (2018). (Kufufuza kwa mtundu wa Grubbs wamakhalidwe osayenera)

Zilembedwa Zotsatira Zogonana

February 2019, Buku la 48, Nkhani 2, pp 455-460 |

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10508-018-1277-5

Paul J. Wright

Ndemanga iyi imatchula nkhani yomwe ilipo  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1248-x.

Mu Commentary iyi, atatha kufotokozera mwachidule mbiri yanga ndi zofufuza zokhudzana ndi nkhani za Grubbs, Perry, Wilt, ndi Reid's (2018) Zithunzi zolaula Zotsatira za khalidwe lachiwerewere labwino (PPMI), ndimakumbukira zochitika za PPMI, chidziwitso chawo, komanso thandizo lawo lovomerezeka. Ndiye ndikufunsani mafunso asanu (ndi mafunso okhudzana nawo) okhudza PPMI kwa omwe akukonzekera kuti aganizire. Izi zikugwirizana ndi momwe chitsanzocho chiyenera kuganizira "kukana zolaula chifukwa cha kudzipereka kwabwino" njira, ngati chithunzi cha chizindikiro cha "khalidwe lachinyengo" chimatsegulira chitseko ku nambala yosatheka ya njira, kaya njira yopitilira Zingakhale zogwirizana ndi njira yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito panopa, zotsatira za chitsanzo cha chithandizo, komanso njira zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito. Ngakhale PPMI ikuyembekeza kupititsa ku "zovuta zolaula" zosiyana siyana zomwe ndikuziona, ndikuganizira kwambiri za kuwonetsa zolaula, chifukwa izi ndizo zowopsya zomwe zakhala zofufuza kwambiri ndipo ndizovuta kwambiri.

Kuyenerera ndi Contextualization

Kafukufuku wa sayansi m'dera linalake anganene kuti ali ndi anthu atatu: (1) asayansi ena omwe ali ndi zofanana, (2) asayansi ena omwe sali odziwika bwino m'deralo, koma ali ndi chidwi, ndi (3) anthu okhudzidwa (mwachitsanzo, ophunzira apamwamba, olemba sayansi). Kufunika kwa mayankho ochokera kwa asayansi anzake omwe ali ndi malo omwewo ndiwodziwonekera komanso akuwonetseratu muzochitika zowonongeka ndi anzanga. Malingaliro kuchokera kwa anthu omwe sali odziwika bwino m'derali kapena osaphunzitsidwa kuti azifufuza kafukufuku wamasayansi ndi ofunika, komabe, monga mabungwewa amawerengedwa, kutanthauzira, kukambirana, ndipo akhoza kuthandizidwa ndi kafukufuku omwe ali nawo.

Ph.D wanga. aang'ono anali kuphunzira zaumunthu komanso maphunziro a banja, ndipo ndikuwerenga, kubwereza, ndi kuphunzitsa m'madera osiyanasiyana m'mabungwe a zachikhalidwe ndi zachikhalidwe. Koma maphunziro anga ndi maphunziro anga makamaka mu njira zoyankhulirana ndi zotsatira (kafukufuku wamaphunziro apamwamba pa mauthenga, ambuye mu chidziwitso cholankhulana, a doctorate akuluakulu mukulankhulana). Ngakhale kuti ndasindikiza m'dera lachiwerewere chosagwirizana, maphunzirowa agwiritsa ntchito mauthenga oyankhulana ndi zaumoyo (mwachitsanzo, Wright, 2010, 2011; Wright & McKinley, 2010). Momwemonso, pamene zolaula ndizochitika kafukufuku wanga (mwachitsanzo, Wright, 2018; Wright, Bae, & Funk, 2013; Wright, Dzuwa, & Steffen, 2018), Ndimadziwika bwino pazinthu zogwirizana ndi anthu, osati misala. Ndimadzilemba ndekha, monga momwe wasayansi amachitira chidwi ndi nkhani zogwirizana ndi PPMI, koma osati katswiri. Ndikupempha kuti owerenga a ndemanga awa azikumbukira izi pamene akuganizira momwe ndasinthira ndikusanthula, ndikuti olemba a PPMI amandilimbitsa mtima chifukwa cha kusamvetsetsana kapena ndondomeko iliyonse yosonyeza kuti ndilibe luso. Ponena za omalizawa, ndikulimbikitsanso opanga PPMI kukumbukira kuti ndingakhale wophiphiritsira omwe sali akatswiri omwe angawerenge chidutswachi ndikuwunika yankho lawo ku ndemanga yanga ngati mwayi wakufotokozera ndi kumvetsetsa bwino pakati pa gawo lino la omvetsera .

PPMI Model

PPMI imakhazikitsa njira yolunjika pakati pa zipembedzo, kusadzisunga pamakhalidwe, kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, komanso kudzikonda. Choyamba, chitsanzocho chimatsimikizira kuti kumwa pafupipafupi kuyenera kutsogolera anthu ena kuzindikira kuti amakonda zolaula. Ngakhale kuvomereza kusowa kwa chidziwitso chazovuta pakuwunika mfundo zopangidwa ndi Cooper, Young, ndi ena za momwe mitengo yamasiku ano (mwachitsanzo, pa intaneti) zolaula zitha kuphatikizika ndi umunthu komanso zomwe zingayambitse zomwe zingayambitse zolaula (Cooper, Delmonico, ndi Burg, 2000; Young, 2008), PPMI imakamba za chuma cha umboni waumwini omwe amapangidwa ndi odzikonda okha omwe amadziwika ndi zolaula komanso ogwira ntchito omwe amapempha thandizo, komanso deta yambiri (mwachitsanzo, Reid et al., 2012), kunena kuti pali anthu ambiri omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula omwe samamva ngati khalidwe lawo liri lokha. Izi zikuwoneka ngati zongoganizira, kupatsidwa mwayi wopeza zolaula zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi intaneti, kuthekera kwa kugonana kukakamiza kusintha mayiko ogwira ntchito, zomwe zimapereka mphoto zokhudzana ndi thupi, zowonongeka, ndi zizindikiro zogonana zomwe zikuwonetsa mgwirizano pakati pa kugwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza ndi mowa mwayi wokhala ndi zizolowezi zina zokhudzana ndi khalidwe labwino monga "kutchova njuga kapena kutchova njuga" (American Psychiatric Association, 2016; Li, van Vugt, ndi Colarelli, 2018; Spinella, 2003). Deta yomwe ilipo inathandiza pulojekiti iyi ya PPMI, ndi chizoloŵezi chodziwonetsera chodzidzimutsa chomwe chimagwirizanitsa bwino pamlingo woyenerera ndi zowonetseratu zolaula.

Chachiwiri, PPMI imanena kuti pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula, zipembedzo zimagwirizana ndi zosavomerezeka zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula komanso kuti kusakhazikika pamakhalidwe kumakulitsa kumverera kuti machitidwe ake ndichizolowezi. Popeza kuvomereza zolaula pakati pa anthu akudziko kuphatikiza kutsutsa kwambiri zolaula pakati pa achipembedzo (Arterburn, Stoeker, & Yorkey, 2009; Dallas, 2009; Paulo, 2007; Weinberg, Williams, Kleiner, ndi Irizarry, 2010), n'zomveka kuti chipembedzo chokwera chingagwirizane ndi khalidwe lapamwamba la chikhalidwe. Ndimodziwanso kuti nthawi zambiri kuchita khalidwe limene munthu amatsutsa kwambiri kungalimbikitse kudzimvera chisoni (mwachitsanzo, kukhala wodetsedwa). Deta yomwe ilipo imathandizanso maulosi awa a PPMI, pamodzi ndi zipembedzo zodziwiratu mwatsatanetsatane za makhalidwe abwino komanso makhalidwe osayenerera.

Chachitatu ndipo potsiriza, PPMI ikulongosola kuti chikhalidwe cha makhalidwe abwino chidzakhala chitsimikizo chokwanira chodziletsa kuti chidziwikire kuposa momwe mumagwiritsira ntchito mowa. Izi ndizitsutsano zomveka, pa zifukwa zitatu. Choyamba, malingaliro a chiwerewere amagwirizanitsidwa ndi zotsatira zolakwika (mwachitsanzo, anthu amadziwika okha kuti ndi "makhalidwe oipa" pamene amawaona kuti ndi ovulaza). Chachiwiri, thanzi labwino ndi mabungwe othandizira okha amatchula kupitirizabe khalidwe ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri amatchula nthawi zambiri khalidwe lawo labwino (Alcoholics Anonymous, 2018; Association of Psychiatric Association, 2016; Bungwe la World Health Organization, 2018). Chachitatu, kawirikawiri amatchulidwa kuti akatswiri akuti "kukana ndi chizindikiro cha kuledzera" (Lancer, 2017-I, ogwiritsa ntchito nthawi zambiri akhoza kukana). Kukonzekera, ndizomveka kuganiza kuti chizoloŵezi choyendetsa chikhalidwe chidzaneneratu kuti chizoloŵezi chodzipangitsa kuti mukhale ndi chizoloŵezi chodziletsa kwambiri kuposa machitidwe a khalidwe chifukwa (1) chizindikiritso cha khalidwe ngati choyipa ndicho chofunikira kuti muzindikire ngati kuledzeretsa ndi kuyesedwa kwa kuvulaza ndi chiwerewere ndi zosayenera kulumikizana, ndi (2) malingana ndi odwala omwe amamwa mankhwala ambiri samadzizindikira okha chifukwa chakuti akukana zotsatira za zotsatira za zochita zawo (Weiss, 2015). Deta yomwe ilipo imathandizanso malingaliro awa a PPMI, monga mayanjano pakati pa chizoloŵezi cha makhalidwe osadziletsa ndi chizoloŵezi chodzidzimutsa chokhala nacho cholimba chimakhala champhamvu kusiyana ndi mabungwe omwe amatha kusinthasintha ndi kudzidzimva okha.

Mwachidule, PPMI imapangidwa ndi mfundo yeniyeni yeniyeni yokhudzana ndi momwe chikhulupiliro, khalidwe lachiwerewere, zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, komanso kugwirizanitsa zoledzeretsa, ndizomwe zilipo zothandizira zitsanzo zonse.

Mafunso Olingalira

Njira Yopatulira?

Monga tafotokozera poyamba, ndiko kuzindikira kwa kuvulaza kumene kumayambitsa chilakolako cha chiwerewere ndi munthu woledzera kudzangodziwonetsera ngati akuwona kuti khalidwe lawo ndi lovulaza. PPMI imapereka kuti anthu ena odzipereka amawona zolaula ngati zovulaza ngakhale ngakhale indulgences yochepa ingapangitse kuganiza kolakwika kuti khalidwe lawo lakhala likuthawa. Milandu imeneyi ikhoza kutchedwa kuti chithandizo chachinyengo chodzidzimutsa chifukwa cha kudzipereka kwachiwerewere.

Nanga bwanji za kumapeto kwina kwa kupitiriza? Monga momwe zilili ndi anthu omwe amawona zolaula zonse zovulaza, palinso ena omwe ali ndi malingaliro ofanana omwe amaumirira kuti pokhapokha ngati ili chifukwa chosatsutsika, chapompopompo, komanso chachindunji cha zachiwawa, zolaula sizikhala ndi zotsatirapo zoipa (onani Hald , Nyanja, & Linz, 2014; Linz & Malamuth, 1993). Ngati munthu ali ndi maganizo olakwika owonetsa zolaula, kodi sizikutsatiranso kuti iwo amawavutitsa kwa iwo ndi ena chifukwa cha kusokonekera kwawo kwa china chirichonse osati chifukwa chenicheni? Anthu awa akhoza kutchedwa kudzipangitsa kudzidzimutsa zabodza chifukwa cha zolaula zowonongeka.

Njira Zosayembekezereka Zopanda Phindu?

PPMI imapereka njira ziwiri kuti zidziwone zolaula. Panjira yoyamba, kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula kumakhala kosavuta komanso kovuta kwambiri kuti alibe chochita koma kuganiza kuti ali ndi vuto. Mu njira yachiwiri, munthu ali ndi chikhalidwe chotsutsana ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula koma akupitiriza kuchigwiritsa ntchito, ndipo kusiyana kumeneku pakati pa makhalidwe awo ndi khalidwe lawo kumabweretsa kudziona kuti ndiwe woledzera.

Njira yachiwiriyi amatchedwa "zovuta zolaula chifukwa cha kusakhazikika mwamakhalidwe" chifukwa kusamvana pakati pamalingaliro amunthu pankhani zolaula komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumabweretsa lingaliro kuti ali osokoneza. Kuzindikiritsa njira "yosakhazikika mwamakhalidwe" kumadzutsa funso la kufunikira kwa njira zina zomwe zingachitike, monga "zovuta zolaula chifukwa cha kusowa ndalama," "zovuta zolaula chifukwa chachiwerewere," komanso "zovuta zolaula chifukwa cha kusachita bwino ntchito" (Zolemba, Delmonico, & Griffin, 2009; Schneider & Weiss, 2001). Mu njira yachuma, munthu amazindikira kuti zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati kuti alibe mphamvu chifukwa sangakwanitse kubwezera malo oonera zolaula koma amapitiriza kuchita zimenezo. Pogonana, anthu amadziwa kuti zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati kuti alibe chifukwa chakuti mnzawo wanena kuti adzathetsa chiyanjano ngati khalidwe lawo likupitirirabe, koma akupitirizabe kugwiritsa ntchito ngakhale kuti sakufuna kugwirizana. Pogwiritsa ntchito akatswiri oonera zolaula, munthu amazindikira kuti zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati osagwira ntchito chifukwa abwana awo ali ndi ndondomeko yotsutsana ndi kuonera zolaula kuntchito, koma amapitirizabe kuchita zimenezi.

Izi ndi zitsanzo zochepa chabe za momwe kusiyana pakati pa kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula ndi chifukwa chovomerezeka chomwe sichiyenera kuwonera zolaula kungachititse kumverera kukhala "wodetsedwa." Chifukwa chakuti pali zina zambiri zomwe zingatheke chifukwa cha kusagwirizana , funso limayambira kuti ngati njira yabwino yofikira pazithunzi ndikutulukira njira yatsopano ya mtundu wina uliwonse wa kusokonezeka.

Kuphatikizana Kwambiri?

Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kuonera zolaula m'manyuzipepala otchuka ndi anthu a dziko lapansi, makamaka, udindo wotsutsa kuthetsa vuto lopweteka, ndipo zipembedzo zambiri ndi magulu achipembedzo amatsutsa zolaula, kodi ndizotheka kuti owonetsa zithunzi zolaula zachipembedzo ndizosavuta kumvetsetsa kwambiri zomwe zilipo kale ndi zotsatira zake zoipa zomwe zingakhalepo m'tsogolomu kusiyana ndi anthu owonetsa zolaula omwe sali achipembedzo? Ndipotu pamene oonera zolaula amapitirizabe kuchita khalidwe lawo ngakhale kuti akuzindikira kuti pali zovuta (zenizeni ndi zowonjezera), amachedwa kuvomereza kuti angathe kuchita zinthu zolimbitsa thupi kusiyana ndi anthu oonera zolaula? Kuti agwiritsenso ntchito mawu omwe amavomerezedwa powerenga mabuku, kodi ndizotheka kuti ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zachipembedzo zosavomerezeka amangozindikira kuti "agunda pansi" ndipo amafunikira thandizo kusiyana ndi olemba zithunzi zolaula omwe sali olambira?

Ndemanga iyi yakhala ikuganiza kuti ziweruzo zamakhalidwe zimakhudzana mwachindunji ndi malingaliro azotsatira zoyipa; ndichifukwa choti machitidwe amawoneka kuti ndi owopsa ndipo amadziwika kuti ndi achiwerewere. Ananenanso kuti kudzizindikiritsa kuti ndi osokoneza bongo kumachitika makamaka ngati anthu akukhulupirira kuti zomwe amachita ndizovulaza koma akupitilizabe kuzichita. Kuchokera pamalingaliro awa, zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito molumikizana zimalumikizana ndi malingaliro azamakhalidwe azolaula kuti azineneratu za kudzidalira, ndipo malingaliro amakhalidwe chifukwa cha malingaliro owopsa. Kusakhazikika kwamakhalidwe kumayesedwa ndi mafunso monga "Kuonera zolaula pa intaneti kumavutitsa chikumbumtima changa" komanso "Ndikukhulupirira kuti kuonera zolaula pa intaneti ndikulakwitsa" (Grubbs, Exline, Pargament, Hook, & Carlisle, 2015). Popeza kuti zolaula zimakhudza zowawa zosiyanasiyana (mwachitsanzo, kusokonezeka kwapabanja, kuchepa kwambiri, kudzikonda, kukonda chifundo, kuchepetsa chifundo kwa amayi, kufalitsa zachiwerewere, kuphatikizapo za mtundu, kusowa kwachuma-Foubert, 2017), ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zachipembedzo zosaonongeka angathe kuzindikira kuwonetsera kapena zotsatira zowonongeka mosavuta kuposa anthu osapembedza. Kupitiliza kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula ngakhale kuti tazindikira kapena kuzindikira kuti ali ndi mphamvu yovulaza, imayambitsanso kuganiza kuti ndiwe woledzera. Anthu ena oonera zolaula omwe sagwirizana ndi zipembedzo zawo amafika pamapeto omwewo, koma ntchito yawo iyenera kukhala yowonjezereka komanso yotalikapo, ndipo iyenera kukhala ndi zotsatira zowonongeka.

Mwachidule, commentary iyi ikuwongolera kuthekera kwa kumvetsetsa zolaula zomwe zimadziwika kuti ndizochita zokhudzana ndi zolaula zomwe zimaphatikizapo kukhulupilira, makhalidwe osokoneza bongo, kuwonetsa zolaula, komanso kusiyana kwake, koma zimapanga njira imodzi (onani mkuyu. 1). Kusiyanitsa kwa wina aliyense kumapangitsa kuti mwayi wowonetsa zolaula ukhale wogwiritsidwa ntchito, koma ngati vutoli likuvomerezedwa kumadalira malingaliro. Malingaliro a zovulaza, nawonso, amakhudzidwa ndi zipembedzo, komanso kudzidziwitsa nokha ndi ena. Ogwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zolaula omwe ali odzidzimvera ndi omvera adzafulumira kuona momwe khalidwe lawo likukhudzira moyo wawo komanso miyoyo ya ena.

Tsegulani chithunzi muwindo latsopano

Mkuyu 1

Njira yosavuta yodziwa zolaula zolaula

Zotsatira za Chithandizo?

Njira ziwirizi zimabweretsa ziyembekezo zosiyana za chithandizo. Anthu omwe agwera munjira yoyamba (anthu omwe zolaula zawo sizimayendetsedwa bwino) angafunikire mtundu wina wowapatsa bungwe kuti asiye kapena kusintha zolaula. Sizingatheke kuti Ndemanga iyi iwunikenso ndikuwunika kafukufuku yemwe wagwirizana ndi njira ya "Acceptance and Commitment Therapy" (Twohig & Crosby, 2010) akudziwika mu Nkhani ya Target, koma zikuwoneka ngati njira yolonjezera ya kusintha kwa khalidwe. Kulankhulana ndi anzanu, komanso kuphunzitsa kuchokera kwa ena omwe ali ndi chidziwitso chowongolera zolaula zawo, zingakhale zothandiza (Wright, 2010).

Chithandizo chimene anthu angalandire chomwe chimagwera mu njira yachiwiri sichimveka bwino (mwachitsanzo, anthu amene malingaliro awo okhudzana ndi zolaula amakhala chifukwa cha khalidwe lachikhalidwe). Munthu akakhala ndi khalidwe lomwe limasokoneza chikumbumtima chake, amakhala ndi zisankho ziwiri: kuchepetsa makhalidwe awo kuti azigwirizana ndi khalidwe lawo kapena kusintha khalidwe lawo kuti lifanane ndi makhalidwe awo. Cholinga cha Target chimawoneka kuti zonsezi ndizo zosankha. Ponena za kale, nkhaniyi ikusonyeza "kuthetsa mikangano ya mkati yokhudzana ndi makhalidwe." Ponena za omaliza, nkhaniyi ikusonyeza "kuyesetsa kuti phindu likhale lofunika kwambiri." Chifukwa zidzakhala zovuta kutsimikizira chipembedzo kuti khalidwe lawo ndilogonana amanyansidwa ndipo ayenera kuvomereza kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, madokotala amasiyidwa kuthandiza anthu achipembedzo kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Komabe, panthawi yomwe zithunzi zolaula zimapempha thandizo lachipatala, zikutheka kuti ayesa kale kuimitsa ndipo sanathe. Izi zimabweretsa Commentary kubwerera ku njira yopanda njira, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti olambira achipembedzo ndi osapembedza amatsutsa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndizosiyana, koma mofananamo, ndipo kusintha kwa makhalidwe kumakhala koyenera kwa wina (ngakhale mwinamwake mapulogalamu omwe ndi achipembedzo kwa osapembedza ndi auzimu kwa achipembedzo).

Ngati zithunzi zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mwadzidzidzi ndipo zowonongeka ndizo chikumbumtima chawo chosiyana ndi chikumbumtima, njira yothandizira ikhoza kukhala yachidule. Nkhaniyi imaperekedwa ndi kasitomala; Madokotala amati "Ngati zikukuvutitsani, musachite izo," ndipo njira yomaliza ya mankhwala imatha. Ngati, monga momwe Target Article ikusonyezera, ambiri omwe amadzimva okha omwe amadzipembedza omwe akugwera mu gawo ili, uwu ndi uthenga wabwino. Chikumbutso chophweka-kapena chachiwiri-chiganizo chakuti njira yabwino yodzimvera chisoni ndi khalidwe ndi kupeŵa kuti zikhale zokwanira. Monga momwe zilili ndi zofalitsa zonse zosangalatsa, kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula sizothandiza kuti munthu akhale ndi moyo wathanzi, ndipo gululi limagonjetsa khalidwe lawo ngakhale kuti ali ndi chilakolako chogonana. Chifukwa chake, mankhwala sayenera kukhala ovuta kwambiri.

Njira?

Malingaliro atatu okhudzana ndi njira adadzuka pakuwerenga Article Target. Choyamba, maphunziro angapo omwe amapanga kusanthula kwa meta adagwiritsa ntchito kuwunika kwa chinthu chimodzi zolaula zogwiritsa ntchito pafupipafupi. Ngakhale zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zokhazokha zakhala zikuwonetsa kusinthika kofananira ndikulosera m'maphunziro angapo owerengeka ndikuyesa kuyesanso kudalirika kwamaphunziro angapo azitali, kukula kwake komwe angatulutse kumatha kuchepetsedwa pang'ono pazikhalidwe zomwe zikadakhala kuti zidapangidwa ndi zinthu zingapo miyezo yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito. Mwanjira ina, pali kuthekera kuti zotsatira za meta-analytic zitha kupeputsa kulimba kwenikweni kwa ubale womwe umakhalapo pakati pazomwe zolaula zimachitika ndikudziyesa wokha (Wright, Tokunaga, Kraus, & Klann, 2017). Chachiwiri, pomwe zotsatira za zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti omwe akutenga nawo mbali akuganizira momwe angagwiritsire ntchito zolaula akamayankha mafunso okhudzana ndi zosavomerezeka pa zolaula, izi ziyenera kufotokozedwa momveka bwino pamafunso omwe akuyankha mafunso awa. N'zotheka kuti ophunzira akuganiza za zolaula za ena amagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri kuposa awo akayankha mafunso monga "Ndikukhulupirira kuti kuonera zolaula pa intaneti sikulondola." Ngati anthu amadzipangira zolaula koma amatsutsa zomwe ena agwiritsa ntchito, izi zitha kukhala zovuta (Rojas, Shah, & Faber, 1996). Chachitatu, potanthauzira kusowa kwa mgwirizano pakati pa zolaula zolaula ndi zolaula zimagwiritsira ntchito nthawi yambiri, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi chizolowezi chotsatira amakhala ndi " 2016). Anthu omwe akuchira mwalamulo komanso omwe sanapezenso bwino omwe aphunzira za mantra amayankha motsimikiza pamafunso monga "Ndikukhulupirira kuti ndimakonda zolaula za pa intaneti" ngakhale zolaula zawo zatha kapena zatha. Popeza izi, komanso kuti mitundu yambiri yamankhwala osokoneza bongo imagogomezera zotsatirapo zake ndikuwongolera kuposa momwe zimakhalira pafupipafupi, mwina sizosadabwitsa kuti kudziwona tokha pakadali pano sikuneneratu molondola kuti zolaula ziziwonjezeka pambuyo pake (Grubbs, Wilt, Exline, & Kusiyanitsa, 2018).

Kutsiliza

Pulogalamu ya PPMI ndi yochititsa chidwi komanso yofunika kwambiri ya malingaliro ndi kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi chipembedzo, khalidwe lachiwerewere, kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula, komanso kudziletsa. Zolinga zanga za Commentary izi zinali kutamanda oyambirira a chitsanzo pa ntchito yawo yolimbika ndi luntha ndikupereka malingaliro ena omwe angakwaniritsidwe kuti adziwongolera ndi kufufuza. Zomwe anthu ambiri amadziwonetsera monga zolaula, kuphatikizapo maganizo osiyana siyana pakati pa ochita kafukufuku ndi akatswiri okhudza momwe angakhalire ndi kuthandiza anthu oterewa, amafuna kuti kugwirizanitsa ntchito m'dera lino kukhale patsogolo.

Zothandizira

  1. Oledzera Osadziwika. (2018). Kodi AA kwa inu? Kuchotsedwa www.aa.org.
  2. Association of Psychiatric Association. (2016). Kodi kutchova njuga ndi chiyani?? Kuchotsedwa www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/gambling-disorder/what-is-gambling-disorder.
  3. [Adasankhidwa] Arterburn, S., Stoeker, F., & Yorkey, M. (2009). Nkhondo ya munthu aliyense: Kugonjetsa nkhondo pachiyeso cha kugonana chimodzi chigonjetso pa nthawi. Colorado Springs, CO: WaterBrook Press.Google Scholar
  4. Zolemba, PJ, Delmonico, DL, & Griffin, E. (2009). Mu mthunzi wa ukonde: Kuthetsa ufulu wa khalidwe lachinsinsi la kugonana pa intaneti. Center City, MN: Hazelden.Google Scholar
  5. Cooper, A., Delmonico, DL, & Burg, R. (2000). Ogwiritsa ntchito pa Intaneti, ozunza anzawo, komanso okakamiza: Zotsatira zatsopano ndi tanthauzo lake. Kugonana ndi Kumvera, 7, 5-29.  https://doi.org/10.1080/1072016000.8400205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. Dallas, J. (2009). Zotsatira za 5 zosuntha ku zolaula. Eugene, OR: Yokolola House Ofalitsa.Google Scholar
  7. Foubert, JD (2017). Mmene zolaula zimavulazira. Bloomington, IN: LifeRich.Google Scholar
  8. Grubbs, JB, Exline, JJ, Pargament, KI, Hook, JN, & Carlisle, RD (2015). Zolakwitsa monga chizolowezi: Kukhulupilira komanso kusayanjanitsidwa ndimakhalidwe monga olosera zamatsenga omwe amadziwika kuti amakonda zolaula. Archives of Sexual Conduct, 44, 125-136.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-013-0257-z.CrossRefAdasankhidwaGoogle Scholar
  9. Grubbs, JB, Perry, SL, Wilt, JA, & Reid, RC (2018). Mavuto azolaula chifukwa cha kusakhazikika pamakhalidwe: Mtundu wophatikiza wokhala ndi kuwunika mwatsatanetsatane ndikuwunika meta. Zilembedwa Zotsatira Zogonana.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1248-x.CrossRefAdasankhidwaGoogle Scholar
  10. Grubbs, JB, Wilt, JA, Exline, JJ, & Pargament, KI (2018). Kuneneratu zolaula kumagwiritsa ntchito nthawi yayitali: Kodi kudziyesa wokha kuti "ndikulowerera" kuli ndi vuto? Zovuta Zopangidwira, 82, 57-64.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.02.028.CrossRefAdasankhidwaGoogle Scholar
  11. Ochepa, GM, Seaman, C., & Linz, D. (2014). Kugonana komanso zolaula. Mu DL Tolman & LM Daimondi (Eds.), Buku la APA la kugonana ndi psychology (pp. 3-35). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
  12. Lancer, D. (2017). Munthu amene mumamukonda ndi chidakwa kapena mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Kuchotsedwa www.psychologytoday.com.
  13. Li, NP, van Vugt, M., & Colarelli, SM (2018). Kusintha kosagwirizana kopanda tanthauzo: Zokhudza sayansi yamaganizidwe. Malangizo aposachedwapa ku Psychological Science, 27, 38-44.  https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721417731378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. Linz, D., & Malamuth, NM (1993). Zithunzi zolaula. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. Louie, S. (2016). Mukakhala chidakwa, nthawi zonse mumakhala osokoneza bongo. Kuchotsedwa www.psychologytoday.com.
  16. Paul, P. (2007). Pornified: Momwe zolaula zimasinthira miyoyo yathu, maubwenzi athu, ndi mabanja athu. New York: Mabuku Owl.Google Scholar
  17. Reid, RC, Mmisiri wamatabwa, BN, Hook, JN, Garos, S., Manning, JC, Gilliland, R., & Fong, T. (2012). Ripoti lazomwe zapezeka mumayesero am'munda wa DSM-5 pamavuto a hypersexual. Journal of Medical Medicine, 9, 2868-2877.  https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.02936.x.CrossRefAdasankhidwaGoogle Scholar
  18. Rojas, H., Shah, DV, & Faber, RJ (1996). Pothandiza ena: Kuwunika komanso zomwe munthu wachitatu amachita. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 8, 163-186.  https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/8.2.163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. Pezani nkhaniyi pa intaneti Schneider, JP, & Weiss, R. (2001). Kuwonetseratu kwachinsinsi pa Intaneti pa Intaneti: Kuganiza zosavuta kapena zovuta? Center City, MN: Hazelden.Google Scholar
  20. Spinella, M. (2003). Kusinthika kosasintha, ma cirorits mphoto, ndi kutchova njuga. International Journal of Neuroscience, 113, 503-512.  https://doi.org/10.1080/00207450390162254.CrossRefAdasankhidwaGoogle Scholar
  21. Awiri, MP, & Crosby, JM (2010). Kulandila ndi kudzipereka ngati chithandizo cha zovuta zowonera zolaula pa intaneti. Khalidwe labwino, 41, 285-295.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2009.06.002.CrossRefAdasankhidwaGoogle Scholar
  22. Weinberg, MS, Williams, CJ, Kleiner, S., & Irizarry, Y. (2010). Zithunzi zolaula, kuzolowera, komanso kupatsa mphamvu. Archives of Sexual Conduct, 39, 1389-1401.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-009-9592-5.CrossRefAdasankhidwaGoogle Scholar
  23. Weiss, R. (2015). Kugonana ndi kugonana: Kumvetsetsa udindo wa kukana. Kuchotsedwa www.addiction.com.
  24. Bungwe la World Health Organization. (2018). Matenda a masewera. Kuchotsedwa http://www.who.int/features/qa/gaming-disorder/en/.
  25. Wright, PJ (2010). Kuchita zachiwerewere ndi anzake a 12-step-by-and-sponsor communication support: Kusanthula kwapangidwe kazithunzi. Kugonana ndi Kumvera, 17, 154-169.  https://doi.org/10.1080/10720161003796123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  26. Wright, PJ (2011). Kuyankhulana ndi kuchitapo kanthu kuchokera ku chizolowezi chogonana: Kusakanikirana kosavomerezeka monga kuyendetsa kusanthula chiphunzitso. Pakati pa Komaliza, 59, 395-414.  https://doi.org/10.1080/01463373.2011.597284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. Wright, PJ (2018). Kuphunzira za kugonana, maganizo a anthu, ndi zolaula: Kusanthula ndondomeko yamachitidwe. Journal of Health Communication, 23, 495-502.  https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2018.1472316.CrossRefAdasankhidwaGoogle Scholar
  28. Wright, PJ, Bae, S., & Funk, M. (2013). Amayi aku United States ndi zolaula kwazaka makumi anayi: Kuwonetsera, malingaliro, machitidwe, kusiyanasiyana. Archives of Sexual Conduct, 42, 1131-1144.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-013-0116-y.CrossRefAdasankhidwaGoogle Scholar
  29. Wright, PJ, & McKinley, CJ (2010). Ntchito ndi chidziwitso cha ophunzira omwe amachita zachiwerewere kumawebusayiti operekera upangiri pakoleji: Zotsatira kuchokera kuzitsanzo zadziko. Journal of Health Communication, 15, 665-678.  https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2010.499596.CrossRefAdasankhidwaGoogle Scholar
  30. Wright, PJ, Sun, C., & Steffen, N. (2018). Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, malingaliro azolaula monga zidziwitso zakugonana, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito kondomu ku Germany. Journal of Sex and Medical Therapy.  https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2018.1462278.CrossRefAdasankhidwaGoogle Scholar
  31. Wright, PJ, Tokunaga, RS, Kraus, A., & Klann, E. (2017). Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndikukhutira: Kusanthula meta. Kufufuza kwa Anthu, 43, 315-343.  https://doi.org/10.1111/hcre.12108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. Young, KS (2008). Kugonana kwa pa Intaneti: Zowopsa, magawo a chitukuko, ndi chithandizo. Wasayansi wa ku America, 52, 21-37.  https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764208321339.CrossRefGoogle Scholar