Zithunzi Zoyeserera Zogwiritsa Ntchito ndi Kuthekera kwa Njira Yosayenerera (2018). (Kufufuza kwa mtundu wa Grubbs wamakhalidwe osayenera)

Zilembedwa Zotsatira Zogonana

February 2019, Voliyumu 48, Nkhani 2 , tsamba 455–460 |

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10508-018-1277-5

Paul J. Wright

Ndemanga iyi ikunena za nkhani yomwe ikupezeka pa https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1248-x.

Mu Ndemanga iyi, nditapereka mwachidule mbiri yanga ndi zomwe ndimakonda pa kafukufuku wanga zokhudzana ndi mitu yomwe yafotokozedwa ndi Grubbs, Perry, Wilt, ndi Reid ( 2018 ) Mavuto a Zolaula Chifukwa cha Kusakhazikika kwa Makhalidwe (PPMI), ndikuwunikanso mfundo za PPMI, zifukwa zawo, ndi chithandizo chawo chowona. Kenako ndikupereka mafunso asanu (ndi mafunso ang'onoang'ono okhudzana nawo) okhudza PPMI kuti opanga ake aganizire. Izi zikugwirizana ndi ngati chitsanzocho chiyenera kuganizira za "kukana mavuto a zolaula chifukwa cha kudzipereka kwa makhalidwe oipa", ngati kuzindikira kwa chitsanzocho njira inayake "yosakhazikika kwa makhalidwe oipa" kumatsegula chitseko cha njira zingapo zomwe zingatheke, ngati njira imodzi ingakhale yabwino kuposa njira yomwe ilipo pano ya njira ziwiri, zotsatira za chitsanzocho pochiza, ndi malingaliro omwe angakhalepo pa njira. Ngakhale PPMI ikuyembekeza kufalikira ku "mavuto osiyanasiyana a zolaula" omwe ndimadziona ndekha, ndimayang'ana kwambiri pa chizolowezi choonera zolaula, chifukwa ichi ndi chinthu chomwe chakhala chikuyang'ana kwambiri kafukufuku wambiri ndipo ndicho chotsutsana kwambiri.

Kuyenerera ndi Contextualization

Kafukufuku wa sayansi m'dera linalake anganene kuti ali ndi anthu atatu: (1) asayansi ena omwe ali ndi zofanana, (2) asayansi ena omwe sali odziwika bwino m'deralo, koma ali ndi chidwi, ndi (3) anthu okhudzidwa (mwachitsanzo, ophunzira apamwamba, olemba sayansi). Kufunika kwa mayankho ochokera kwa asayansi anzake omwe ali ndi malo omwewo ndiwodziwonekera komanso akuwonetseratu muzochitika zowonongeka ndi anzanga. Malingaliro kuchokera kwa anthu omwe sali odziwika bwino m'derali kapena osaphunzitsidwa kuti azifufuza kafukufuku wamasayansi ndi ofunika, komabe, monga mabungwewa amawerengedwa, kutanthauzira, kukambirana, ndipo akhoza kuthandizidwa ndi kafukufuku omwe ali nawo.

Ph.D. yanga yaying'ono inali mu maphunziro a chitukuko cha anthu ndi mabanja, ndipo ndimawerenga, kuwunikanso, ndikuphunzitsa m'magawo osiyanasiyana a sayansi ya chikhalidwe ndi khalidwe. Koma maphunziro anga ndi maphunziro anga makamaka ali mu njira zolumikizirana ndi zotsatira (digiri ya digiri yoyamba mu kulumikizana, masters mu chiphunzitso cha kulumikizana, digiri ya udokotala mukulankhulana). Ngakhale ndafalitsa nkhani yokhudza kugonana kosayenera, maphunziro awa ayang'ana kwambiri kulankhulana kwaumoyo ndi machitidwe a anthu (monga Wright, 2010 , 2011 ; Wright & McKinley, 2010 ). Momwemonso, ngakhale zolaula ndi gawo lokhazikika la kafukufuku wanga (monga Wright, 2018 ; Wright, Bae, & Funk, 2013 ; Wright, Sun, & Steffen, 2018 ), ndimadziona ngati katswiri pa socialization, osati kusokonezeka. Ndiye, ndimadziika m'gulu la asayansi omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi mitu yomwe PPMI imakamba, koma osati katswiri. Ndikupempha kuti owerenga ndemanga iyi akumbukire izi pamene akuganizira ndemanga yanga ndi kuwunika kwanga, komanso kuti olemba PPMI akhale oleza mtima nane pa kusamvetsetsana kulikonse kapena mawu omwe akusonyeza kusowa kwanga kwaukadaulo. Ponena za izi, ndikulimbikitsanso opanga PPMI kuti akumbukire kuti nditha kukhala chizindikiro cha anthu omwe si akatswiri omwe angawerenge nkhaniyi ndikuganizira momwe angayankhire ndemanga yanga ngati mwayi wofotokozera bwino komanso kumvetsetsa bwino pakati pa gulu la omvera omwe ali ndi chidwi.

PPMI Model

PPMI ikuwonetsa ubale wowongoka pakati pa chipembedzo, kusagwirizana kwa makhalidwe, kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, ndi chizolowezi chodziona ngati wokonda zolaula. Choyamba, chitsanzochi chimanena kuti kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi zonse kuyenera kupangitsa anthu ena kuzindikira kuti ali ndi chizolowezi choonera zolaula. Ngakhale kuvomereza kusowa kwa deta yolondola yowunikira mfundo zamalingaliro zopangidwa ndi Cooper, Young, ndi ena za momwe ukadaulo wamakono (monga, pa intaneti) zolaula ungagwirizanire ndi zinthu za umunthu ndi chitukuko zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu azigwiritsa ntchito zolaula molakwika (Cooper, Delmonico, & Burg, 2000 ; Young, 2008 ), PPMI ikuwonetsa umboni wochuluka wopangidwa ndi anthu omwe amadziona ngati okonda zolaula komanso asing'anga omwe amapempha thandizo, komanso deta yochuluka (monga Reid et al., 2012 ), kunena kuti pali ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pafupipafupi komanso mwamphamvu omwe samamva ngati kuti khalidwe lawo ndi losafunikira. Izi zikuwoneka ngati lingaliro lomveka bwino, poganizira za mwayi wopitilira komanso wopanda zopinga kuonera zolaula zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi intaneti, kuthekera kwa chilakolako chogonana kusintha momwe munthu akumvera, mphotho za thupi zomwe zimachokera ku orgasm, ndi zizindikiro zodziwira matenda zomwe zikusonyeza mgwirizano pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito mobwerezabwereza ndi kuthekera kwa chizolowezi cha zizolowezi zina zokhudzana ndi kusintha koma zosakhudzana ndi mankhwala monga "chizolowezi chotchova juga kapena kutchova juga mokakamiza" (American Psychiatric Association, 2016 ; Li, van Vugt, & Colarelli, 2018 ; Spinella, 2003 ). Deta yomwe ilipo idathandizira kulosera kwa PPMI uku, ndi chizolowezi chodziona ngati wokha chikugwirizana bwino pamlingo wocheperako ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula mobwerezabwereza.

Chachiwiri, PPMI imanena kuti pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula, chipembedzo chimagwirizana ndi kusalingana kwa makhalidwe abwino komwe kumazungulira kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndipo kusalingana kwa makhalidwe abwino kumawonjezera kumverera kuti khalidwe la munthu ndi chizolowezi. Popeza kuvomereza zolaula pakati pa anthu osapembedza limodzi ndi kutsutsa kwakukulu kwa zolaula pakati pa achipembedzo (Arterburn, Stoeker, & Yorkey, 2009 ; Dallas, 2009 ; Paul, 2007 ; Weinberg, Williams, Kleiner, & Irizarry, 2010 ), n'zomveka kuti chipembedzo chapamwamba chingagwirizane ndi kusalingana kwa makhalidwe abwino. N'zomvekanso kuti kuchita mobwerezabwereza khalidwe lomwe munthu amatsutsa mwamphamvu kungalimbikitse kumverera kwa kusasankha (mwachitsanzo, kukhala woledzera). Deta yomwe ilipo idathandiziranso maulosi awa a PPMI, ndi chipembedzo chomwe chimaneneratu mwamphamvu kusalingana kwa makhalidwe abwino ndi kusalingana kwa makhalidwe abwino komwe kumaneneratu mwamphamvu kuledzera komwe munthu amadziona yekha.

Chachitatu komanso chomaliza, PPMI ikuneneratu kuti kusalingana kwa makhalidwe abwino kudzakhala chizindikiro champhamvu cha chizolowezi chodziona ngati munthu woledzera kuposa kuchuluka kwa kumwa mowa. Ichinso ndi chifukwa chomveka, pazifukwa zitatu. Choyamba, malingaliro okhudza chiwerewere amagwirizanitsidwa ndi malingaliro a zotsatira zoyipa (monga, anthu amangozindikira makhalidwe ngati "osayenerera" akamawaona ngati ovulaza). Chachiwiri, mabungwe azaumoyo komanso odzithandiza okha amatchula kupitiriza kwa khalidwe ngakhale zotsatira zoyipa nthawi zambiri monga momwe amatchulira kuchuluka kwa khalidwe m'njira zawo zodziwira matenda (Alcoholics Anonymous, 2018 ; American Psychiatric Association, 2016 ; World Health Organization, 2018 ). Chachitatu, nthawi zambiri akatswiri amanena kuti "kukana ndiye chizindikiro cha chizolowezi" (Lancer, 2017 - mwachitsanzo, ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri nthawi zambiri akhoza kukana). Kuti tipange zinthu, n'zomveka kuganiza kuti kusalingana kwa makhalidwe abwino kudzaneneratu chizolowezi chodziona ngati munthu wodziona ngati ...

Mwachidule, PPMI imapangidwa ndi mfundo yeniyeni yeniyeni yokhudzana ndi momwe chikhulupiliro, khalidwe lachiwerewere, zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, komanso kugwirizanitsa zoledzeretsa, ndizomwe zilipo zothandizira zitsanzo zonse.

Mafunso Olingalira

Njira Yopatulira?

Monga tafotokozera poyamba, ndiko kuzindikira kwa kuvulaza kumene kumayambitsa chilakolako cha chiwerewere ndi munthu woledzera kudzangodziwonetsera ngati akuwona kuti khalidwe lawo ndi lovulaza. PPMI imapereka kuti anthu ena odzipereka amawona zolaula ngati zovulaza ngakhale ngakhale indulgences yochepa ingapangitse kuganiza kolakwika kuti khalidwe lawo lakhala likuthawa. Milandu imeneyi ikhoza kutchedwa kuti chithandizo chachinyengo chodzidzimutsa chifukwa cha kudzipereka kwachiwerewere.

Koma bwanji za mbali yosiyana ya continuum? Monga momwe pali anthu omwe amaona zithunzi zolaula zonse ngati zovulaza, palinso ena omwe ali ndi malingaliro ofanana amaumirira kuti pokhapokha ngati ndi chifukwa chosatsutsika, chodziwikiratu, komanso cholunjika cha nkhanza zogonana, zithunzi zolaula sizingakhale ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa (onani Hald, Seaman, & Linz, 2014 ; Linz & Malamuth, 1993 ). Ngati munthu ali wodzipereka kwambiri ku kuopsa kwa zolaula, kodi sizikutanthauza kuti anganene kuti mavuto omwe amabwera chifukwa cha kumwa molakwika ndi ena ndi chinthu china chosiyana ndi chifukwa chenicheni? Anthu awa angatchedwe kuti ndi olakwika podziyesa okha chifukwa cha kudzipereka kwa khalidwe loipa la zolaula.

Njira Zosayembekezereka Zopanda Phindu?

PPMI imapereka njira ziwiri kuti zidziwone zolaula. Panjira yoyamba, kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula kumakhala kosavuta komanso kovuta kwambiri kuti alibe chochita koma kuganiza kuti ali ndi vuto. Mu njira yachiwiri, munthu ali ndi chikhalidwe chotsutsana ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula koma akupitiriza kuchigwiritsa ntchito, ndipo kusiyana kumeneku pakati pa makhalidwe awo ndi khalidwe lawo kumabweretsa kudziona kuti ndiwe woledzera.

Njira yachiwiri iyi imatchedwa "mavuto a zolaula chifukwa cha kusalingana kwa makhalidwe" chifukwa kusalingana pakati pa malingaliro a munthu pankhani ya makhalidwe abwino motsutsana ndi zolaula ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo zolaula kumabweretsa lingaliro lakuti ali ndi chizolowezi. Kuzindikiritsa njira yeniyeni ya "kusalingana kwa makhalidwe" kumabweretsa funso la kufunika kwa njira zina zomwe zingatheke, monga "mavuto a zolaula chifukwa cha kusalingana kwachuma," "mavuto a zolaula chifukwa cha kusalingana kwa ubale," ndi "mavuto a zolaula chifukwa cha kusalingana kwa akatswiri" (Carnes, Delmonico, & Griffin, 2009 ; Schneider & Weiss, 2001 ). Mu njira yosalingana ndi zachuma, munthu amaona kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zake sikungatheke chifukwa sangakwanitse kulembetsa mawebusayiti olipira zolaula koma akupitirizabe kutero. Mu njira yosalingana ndi ubale, munthu amaona kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zake sikungatheke chifukwa mnzake wanena kuti athetsa ubalewo ngati khalidwe lake lipitirira, koma akupitirizabe kugwiritsa ntchito ngakhale kuti sakufuna kuti ubalewo uthe. Mu njira yosagwirizana ndi ntchito, munthuyo amaona kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zake n’kosalamulirika chifukwa abwana ake ali ndi lamulo loletsa kuonera zolaula kuntchito, koma amapitirizabe kutero.

Izi ndi zitsanzo zochepa chabe za momwe kusiyana pakati pa kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula ndi chifukwa chovomerezeka chomwe sichiyenera kuwonera zolaula kungachititse kumverera kukhala "wodetsedwa." Chifukwa chakuti pali zina zambiri zomwe zingatheke chifukwa cha kusagwirizana , funso limayambira kuti ngati njira yabwino yofikira pazithunzi ndikutulukira njira yatsopano ya mtundu wina uliwonse wa kusokonezeka.

Kuphatikizana Kwambiri?

Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kuonera zolaula m'manyuzipepala otchuka ndi anthu a dziko lapansi, makamaka, udindo wotsutsa kuthetsa vuto lopweteka, ndipo zipembedzo zambiri ndi magulu achipembedzo amatsutsa zolaula, kodi ndizotheka kuti owonetsa zithunzi zolaula zachipembedzo ndizosavuta kumvetsetsa kwambiri zomwe zilipo kale ndi zotsatira zake zoipa zomwe zingakhalepo m'tsogolomu kusiyana ndi anthu owonetsa zolaula omwe sali achipembedzo? Ndipotu pamene oonera zolaula amapitirizabe kuchita khalidwe lawo ngakhale kuti akuzindikira kuti pali zovuta (zenizeni ndi zowonjezera), amachedwa kuvomereza kuti angathe kuchita zinthu zolimbitsa thupi kusiyana ndi anthu oonera zolaula? Kuti agwiritsenso ntchito mawu omwe amavomerezedwa powerenga mabuku, kodi ndizotheka kuti ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zachipembedzo zosavomerezeka amangozindikira kuti "agunda pansi" ndipo amafunikira thandizo kusiyana ndi olemba zithunzi zolaula omwe sali olambira?

Ndemanga iyi yanena kuti zigamulo za makhalidwe abwino zimagwirizana mwachindunji ndi malingaliro a zotsatira zoyipa; chifukwa chakuti makhalidwe amaonedwa ngati owopsa ndiye kuti amaonedwa kuti ndi oipa. Yanenanso kuti kudzizindikiritsa ngati chizolowezi kumachitika makamaka pamene anthu akukhulupirira kuti khalidwe lawo ndi loipa koma akupitirizabe kuchita zimenezo. Kuchokera pamalingaliro awa, kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula molakwika kumakhudzana ndi malingaliro abwino okhudza zolaula kuti alosere chizolowezi chodziona ngati woipa, ndipo malingaliro abwino amabwera chifukwa cha malingaliro a kuvulaza. Kusalingana kwa makhalidwe abwino kumayesedwa ndi mafunso monga "Kuonera zolaula pa intaneti kumavutitsa chikumbumtima changa" ndi "Ndikukhulupirira kuti kuonera zolaula pa intaneti n'kolakwika" (Grubbs, Exline, Pargament, Hook, & Carlisle, 2015 ). Popeza malingaliro achipembedzo pa zolaula amagogomezera mavuto osiyanasiyana (monga kusokonezeka kwa ubale, kuchepa kwa mphamvu ya kugonana, kudziganizira wekha, zizolowezi zankhanza, kuchepa kwa chifundo kwa akazi, kufalitsa malingaliro ogonana, kuphatikizapo omwe amakhudza mtundu, kutayika kwa ndalama—Foubert, 2017 ), ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zachipembedzo molakwika amatha kuzindikira kuwonekera kapena kuthekera kwa zotsatira zoyipa mosavuta kuposa osapembedza. Kupitiriza kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ngakhale mutazindikira kapena kuzindikira kuti zimatha kuvulaza, kumafulumizitsa kuganiza kuti ndinu woledzera. Anthu ena omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula zosakhudzana ndi chipembedzo molakwika pamapeto pake adzafika pamlingo womwewo, koma kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo kuyenera kukhala kolimba komanso kwa nthawi yayitali, ndipo ayenera kukumana ndi zotsatirapo zoipa zosatsutsika.

Mwachidule, Ndemanga iyi ikuwonetsa kuthekera kwa njira yomvetsetsa chizolowezi choonera zolaula chomwe chimaphatikizapo chipembedzo, kusalingana kwa makhalidwe, kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe amaonera zolaula, komanso kusiyana kwa anthu, koma kumabweretsa njira imodzi (onani Chithunzi 1 ). Kusiyana kwina kwa anthu kumawonjezera mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito zolaula molakwika, koma ngati vutoli likuvomerezedwa kumadalira malingaliro a kuvulala. Kuwona kuvulala, kumakhudzidwanso ndi chipembedzo, komanso kudzidziwa bwino komanso kuchitira ena chifundo. Ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula molakwika omwe amadzidziwa okha komanso amamvera ena chisoni adzawona mwachangu momwe khalidwe lawo likukhudzira miyoyo yawo komanso miyoyo ya ena.

Tsegulani chithunzi muwindo latsopano

Mkuyu 1

Njira yosavuta yodziwa zolaula zolaula

Zotsatira za Chithandizo?

Njira yogwiritsira ntchito njira ziwiri imabweretsa ziyembekezo zosiyana za chithandizo. Anthu omwe amagwera mu njira yoyamba (anthu omwe amaonera zolaula "mosavomerezeka" kwenikweni) angafunike pulogalamu yowapatsa bungwe loti asiye kapena kusintha momwe amagwiritsira ntchito zolaula. Ndikofunikira kwambiri mu Ndemanga iyi kuti iwunikenso ndikuwunika kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi njira ya "Acceptance and Commitment Therapy" (Twohig & Crosby, 2010 ) yomwe yatchulidwa mu Nkhani Yoyang'anira, koma zikuwoneka ngati njira yodalirika yosinthira khalidwe. Kulankhulana pakati pa anzawo, komanso upangiri kuchokera kwa ena omwe ali ndi chidziwitso chaumwini pakulamulira kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zawo, kungakhalenso kothandiza (Wright, 2010 ).

Chithandizo chimene anthu angalandire chomwe chimagwera mu njira yachiwiri sichimveka bwino (mwachitsanzo, anthu amene malingaliro awo okhudzana ndi zolaula amakhala chifukwa cha khalidwe lachikhalidwe). Munthu akakhala ndi khalidwe lomwe limasokoneza chikumbumtima chake, amakhala ndi zisankho ziwiri: kuchepetsa makhalidwe awo kuti azigwirizana ndi khalidwe lawo kapena kusintha khalidwe lawo kuti lifanane ndi makhalidwe awo. Cholinga cha Target chimawoneka kuti zonsezi ndizo zosankha. Ponena za kale, nkhaniyi ikusonyeza "kuthetsa mikangano ya mkati yokhudzana ndi makhalidwe." Ponena za omaliza, nkhaniyi ikusonyeza "kuyesetsa kuti phindu likhale lofunika kwambiri." Chifukwa zidzakhala zovuta kutsimikizira chipembedzo kuti khalidwe lawo ndilogonana amanyansidwa ndipo ayenera kuvomereza kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, madokotala amasiyidwa kuthandiza anthu achipembedzo kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Komabe, panthawi yomwe zithunzi zolaula zimapempha thandizo lachipatala, zikutheka kuti ayesa kale kuimitsa ndipo sanathe. Izi zimabweretsa Commentary kubwerera ku njira yopanda njira, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti olambira achipembedzo ndi osapembedza amatsutsa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndizosiyana, koma mofananamo, ndipo kusintha kwa makhalidwe kumakhala koyenera kwa wina (ngakhale mwinamwake mapulogalamu omwe ndi achipembedzo kwa osapembedza ndi auzimu kwa achipembedzo).

Ngati zithunzi zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mwadzidzidzi ndipo zowonongeka ndizo chikumbumtima chawo chosiyana ndi chikumbumtima, njira yothandizira ikhoza kukhala yachidule. Nkhaniyi imaperekedwa ndi kasitomala; Madokotala amati "Ngati zikukuvutitsani, musachite izo," ndipo njira yomaliza ya mankhwala imatha. Ngati, monga momwe Target Article ikusonyezera, ambiri omwe amadzimva okha omwe amadzipembedza omwe akugwera mu gawo ili, uwu ndi uthenga wabwino. Chikumbutso chophweka-kapena chachiwiri-chiganizo chakuti njira yabwino yodzimvera chisoni ndi khalidwe ndi kupeŵa kuti zikhale zokwanira. Monga momwe zilili ndi zofalitsa zonse zosangalatsa, kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula sizothandiza kuti munthu akhale ndi moyo wathanzi, ndipo gululi limagonjetsa khalidwe lawo ngakhale kuti ali ndi chilakolako chogonana. Chifukwa chake, mankhwala sayenera kukhala ovuta kwambiri.

Njira?

Malingaliro atatu okhudzana ndi njira adabuka pamene akuwerenga Nkhani Yolinga. Choyamba, maphunziro angapo omwe amapanga meta-analysis adagwiritsa ntchito kuwunika kwa chinthu chimodzi cha kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pafupipafupi. Ngakhale njira zogwiritsira ntchito zolaula za chinthu chimodzi zawonetsa kutsimikizika kofanana komanso kolosera m'maphunziro angapo ophatikizana komanso kudalirika kwa mayeso-kubwereza m'maphunziro angapo a nthawi yayitali, kukula kwa zotsatira zomwe amapanga kumatha kuchepa pang'ono kuchokera ku zomwe zikanapangidwa ngati njira zogwiritsira ntchito zinthu zingapo zitagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mwanjira ina, pali kuthekera kuti zotsatira za meta-analytic zitha kupeputsa mphamvu yeniyeni ya ubale pakati pa kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi chizolowezi chodziona (Wright, Tokunaga, Kraus, & Klann, 2017 ). Chachiwiri, ngakhale momwe zotsatirazo zikusonyeza kuti ophunzira akuganizira za kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zawo akamayankha mafunso okhudzana ndi kukana kwawo zolaula, izi ziyenera kufotokozedwa momveka bwino m'mafunso oyamba mafunso awa. N'zotheka kuti ophunzira akuganiza za kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula za ena kuposa zawo akamayankha mafunso monga "Ndikukhulupirira kuti kuonera zolaula pa intaneti n'kolakwika." Ngati anthu adzilungamitsa okha kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula koma akutsutsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwa ena, izi zitha kukhala zovuta (Rojas, Shah, & Faber, 1996 ). Chachitatu, potanthauzira kusowa kwa mgwirizano pakati pa chizolowezi choonera zolaula ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pakapita nthawi, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti anthu ambiri omwe akuchira amatsatira mawu oti "mukakhala chizolowezi, nthawi zonse mumakhala chizolowezi" (Louie, 2016 ). Anthu omwe akuchira mwalamulo ndi omwe sakuchira mwalamulo omwe aphunzira za mawu awa ndikuwazindikira adzayankha motsimikiza mafunso monga "Ndikukhulupirira kuti ndili ndi chizolowezi choonera zolaula pa intaneti" ngakhale kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kwawo kwachepa kapena kuzimitsa. Popeza izi, komanso mfundo yakuti anthu ambiri omwe amamwa mowa amagogomezera zotsatira ndi kuwongolera kuposa kuchuluka kwa khalidwe, mwina sizosadabwitsa kuti chizolowezi chodziona pakali pano sichimaneneratu kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pafupipafupi pambuyo pake (Grubbs, Wilt, Exline, & Pargament, 2018 ).

Kutsiliza

Pulogalamu ya PPMI ndi yochititsa chidwi komanso yofunika kwambiri ya malingaliro ndi kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi chipembedzo, khalidwe lachiwerewere, kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula, komanso kudziletsa. Zolinga zanga za Commentary izi zinali kutamanda oyambirira a chitsanzo pa ntchito yawo yolimbika ndi luntha ndikupereka malingaliro ena omwe angakwaniritsidwe kuti adziwongolera ndi kufufuza. Zomwe anthu ambiri amadziwonetsera monga zolaula, kuphatikizapo maganizo osiyana siyana pakati pa ochita kafukufuku ndi akatswiri okhudza momwe angakhalire ndi kuthandiza anthu oterewa, amafuna kuti kugwirizanitsa ntchito m'dera lino kukhale patsogolo.

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