Kodi Yoswa Grubbs akukoka ubweya m'maso mwathu ndi kufufuza kwake "kolaula"?

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ZOCHITIKA 2017: Phunziro latsopano (Fernandez et al., 2017) adayesedwa ndikuwunika CPUI-9, funso loti "adazindikira zolaula" lopangidwa ndi Joshua Grubbs, ndikuwona kuti silingathe kuwunika molondola "zolaula" or "Zolaula zolaula" (Kodi Zithunzi Zolaula Zimagwiritsa Ntchito Zowonjezera-Zithunzi za 9 Zimasonyeza Kukhumudwa Kwenizeni pa Zithunzi Zolaula Zimagwiritsidwa Ntchito? Kufufuza Ntchito Yodziletsa). Inapezanso kuti 1/3 pamafunso a CPUI-9 ayenera kusiyidwa kuti abweretse zotsatira zoyenera zokhudzana ndi "kusayanjana mwamakhalidwe", "kupembedza", komanso "maola owonera zolaula." Zomwe zapezazi zikubweretsa kukayikira kwakukulu pamalingaliro omwe atengedwa kuchokera ku kafukufuku aliyense yemwe wagwiritsa ntchito CPUI-9 kapena kudalira maphunziro omwe adagwiritsa ntchito. Zambiri mwazofufuza ndi zodzudzula zatsopano zimawonetsera zomwe zafotokozedwa pamfundo zotsatirazi.

ZOCHITIKA 2018: Chofalitsa chabodza chonamizira ngati chomwe chimatchedwa kuwunikiridwa ndi Grubbs, Samuel Perry, Rory Reid & Joshua Wilt - Kafukufuku Amalimbikitsa ma Grubbs, Perry, Wilt, Reid Review ndi Disingenuous ("Mavuto A zolaula Chifukwa Chosalakwika: Makhalidwe Ophatikizidwa Ndi Kupenda Kwadongosolo ndi Meta-Analysis") 2018.

KUONETSA ZINSINSI: Mu 2019, olemba a Samuel Perry ndi a Joshua Grubbs adatsimikiza zokonda zawo poyambira onse awiri mwawonekedwe adalumikizana ndi othandizira Chithunzi cha Nicole ndi David Ley poyesera kuti chete YourBrainOnPorn.com. Perry, Grubbs ndi akatswiri ena a pro-porn ku www.realyourbrainonporn.com akuchita nawo kuphwanya malamulo kosamaloledwa ndi kuphwanya malamulo. Wowerenga ayenera kudziwa izi RealYBOP twitter (ndi kuvomerezedwa kowoneka ndi akatswiri ake) akutenga nawo gawo pakuyipitsa ndi kuvutitsa a Gary Wilson, Alexander Rhodes, Gabe Deem ndi NCOSE, Laila Mickelwait, Gail Dinesndipo aliyense amene amalankhula zolaula za porn. Kuphatikiza apo, David Ley ndi akatswiri ena awiri a "RealYBOP" tsopano kulipidwa ndi makampani ojambula zolaula chimphona chachikulu cha xHamster kulimbikitsa mawebusayiti ake (ie StripChat) ndikuwonetsetsa kuti ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula komanso zolaula ndizabodza! Prause (amene imayendetsa RealYBOP twitter) zikuwoneka kuti osangalatsa kwambiri ndi makampani oonera zolaula, ndipo imagwiritsa ntchito RealYBOP twitter kuti zolimbikitsa makanema azolaula, kuteteza PornHub (yomwe idasunga makanema ogulitsa ana zolaula komanso kugonana), ndi khalani nawo omwe akulimbikitsa pempholi kuti agwire PornHub imakhala ndi mlandu. Tikhulupirira kuti "akatswiri" a RealYBOP akuyenera kulembetsa umembala wawo wa RealYBOP kuti ndi "mkangano wosangalatsa" m'mabuku awo owunikiridwa ndi anzawo.

ZOCHITIKA 2019: Pomaliza, a Grubbs sanadalire ake Chida cha CPUI-9. CPUI-9 imaphatikizapo 3 mafunso "olakwa ndi manyazi / maganizo" osati kawirikawiri amapezeka mu zida zoledzera - ndi zomwe zimapangitsa zotsatira zake, zimapangitsa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zachipembedzo kuti azitha kugwiritsa ntchito zida zapamwamba komanso zosakhala zachipembedzo. M'malo mwake, Kafukufuku watsopano wa Grubbs adafunsa mafunso a 2 mwachindunji / ayi osagwiritsa ntchito zolaula ("Ndikukhulupirira kuti ndimakhala ndi chizolowezi choonera zolaula pa intaneti. ""Ndikanatha kudziyesa ndekha kuti ndiwonetsa zolaula pa intaneti. ”). Potsutsana ndi zomwe adanena kale, Dr. Grubbs ndi gulu lake lofufuza adawona kuti ndikukhulupirira kuti mumakonda kwambiri zolaula zolaula makamaka ndi maola ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula tsiku lililonse. osati ndi chipembedzo.

ZOCHITIKA 2020: Wofufuza wosagwirizana Mateuz Gola adakumana ndi a Grubbs. M'malo mogwiritsa ntchito CPUI-9 ya a Grubbs, phunziroli linagwiritsa ntchito funso limodzi: "Ndikukhulupirira kuti ndimakonda kwambiri zolaula pa Intaneti". Izi zidapangitsa kuti pakhale kulumikizana pang'ono kapena kulibe pakati pa chipembedzo ndikukhulupirira nokha. Onani: Kuwona Mavuto Azithunzi Zolaula Chifukwa cha Khalidwe Labwino (2019)

MAU OYAMBA

Lingaliro latsopano lawonekera posachedwa pamapepala ndi zolemba: "zolaula zolaula." Zinapangidwa ndi Joshua Grubbs ndikuwunikanso mosamala pakuwunika kwa YBOP: Mvetserani wa "Kuzindikira Kumakonda Kuonera Zolaula Zapaintaneti ndi Mavuto Amisala: Kuyesa Kuyanjana Nthawi Yomweyo Ndi Nthawi Yake ” (2015). Nazi zochepa za mutuzi zomwe zimachokera ku phunzirolo:

  • Kuonera Zolaula N'koyenera. Kukhulupirira Mu Kulimbitsa Thupi Siko
  • Kuledzera Kwadzidzidzi Kwa Porn N'kovulaza Kwambiri Kuposa Porn Gwiritsani Ntchito
  • Kukhulupirira Kuti Muli ndi Matenda Okhudzana ndi Kugonana Ndizo Chifukwa Chavuto Lanu la Zolaula, Kufufuza Kumaphunzira

Apa tikubwereranso ntchito ya Joshua Grubbs pomwe akupitiliza kufalitsa mapepala "okonda zolaula". Mu ichi Kusindikiza kwa 2015 Grubbs akuwonetsa kuti zolaula zimagwiritsa ntchito zokha sizimabweretsa mavuto:

"Siziwoneka ngati zolaula zomwe zikuyambitsa mavuto a anthu, ndi momwe amawonera,"

“Chizoloŵezi chozindikira chimafuna kutanthauzira zoipa za khalidwe lako, kudziganizira wekha, monga, 'Ndilibe mphamvu yochitira izi' kapena 'Ndine chidakwa, ndipo sindingathe kudziletsa.

Zomera zimaphatikizapo malingaliro ake mu izi 2016 yodabwitsa Psychology Today nkhani, kudzinenera kuti zolaula ndizonyansa chabe zachipembedzo.

Kutchulidwa kuti "zolaula" ndi mnzake, kapena ngakhale wekha, sichikugwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa zolaula zomwe munthu amaziwonas, akutero Joshua Grubbs, pulofesa wothandizira wa maphunziro a maganizo ku Bowling Green University. M'malo mwake, ili ndi chirichonse chochita ndi chipembedzo ndi makhalidwe abwino malingaliro okhudzana ndi kugonana. Mwachidule, akuti, "Ndizopangitsa manyazi."

… .Grubbs amatcha "zolaula zolaula." "Zimagwira mosiyana kwambiri ndi zovuta zina. "

Ngati Josuha Grubbs anali atatchulidwa molondola, zomwe zili pamwambapa zimati malire a propaganda, monga momwe tidzasonyezera kuti:

  1. Mafunso a Grubbs amawunika okha zolaula, osati "zolaula." Kuledzera kumeneku "sikugwira ntchito mosiyana ndi zosokoneza zina," ndipo Grubbs sanawonetse kuti imatero. M'malo mwake, Grubbs adayankha mafunso ake pamafunso (wamba) okhudzana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo.
  2. Mosiyana ndi mawu ake pamwambapa, kuchuluka kwa zolaula zomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kwambiri zokhudzana ndi zambiri pafunso la mafunso okhudzana ndi zolaula za Grubbs (CPUI). M'malo mwake, kafukufuku wa Grubbs akuwonetsa kuti zolaula (CPUI magawo 2 & 3) zili kutali Zambiri zokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa zolaula zomwe zimawonedwa kusiyana ndi zachipembedzo.
  3. Kuphatikiza apo, "maola ogwiritsira ntchito" si njira yodalirika ya (proxy for) chizolowezi. Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu adatsimikiza kuti "zolaula zomwe zimawonedwa maola ambiri" sizogwirizana kwenikweni ndi zolaula kapena zizolowezi zolaula. Mitundu yambiri yowonjezera komanso zimathandizira kuti chitukuko cha zolaula chikhale chitukuko.

Kupitilira zovuta izi ku Grubbs's “Zizolowezi zolaula ndi zamanyazi zachipembedzo zokha”Akuti, chitsanzo chake chimasokonekera tikaganiza kuti:

  1. Manyazi achipembedzo samapangitsa kusintha kwa ubongo komwe kumawoneka ngati omwe amamwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Komabe alipo 39 maphunziro a ubongo Kukambirana ubongo wokhudzana ndi chiwerewere kumasintha kwa anthu ogwiritsira ntchito zolaula / ogwiritsira ntchito kugonana.
  2. Kulephera kwa maphunziro kumapereka chiwerengero chocheperapo cha chiwerewere ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula mwachipembedzo (phunzirani 1, phunzirani 2, phunzirani 3, phunzirani 4, phunzirani 5, phunzirani 6, phunzirani 7, phunzirani 8, phunzirani 9, phunzirani 10, phunzirani 11, phunzirani 12, phunzirani 13, phunzirani 14, phunzirani 15, phunzirani 16, phunzirani 17, phunzirani 18, phunzirani 19, phunzirani 20, phunzirani 21, phunzirani 22, phunzirani 23, phunzirani 24, phunzirani 25).
  3. Izi zikutanthauza kuti zitsanzo za Grubbs za ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zachipembedzo zimasokonekera (onani pansipa). Zikutanthauzanso kuti "chipembedzo" chimatero osati taneneretu kuledzera.
  4. ambiri anthu okhulupirira kuti kulibe Mulungu komanso osakhulupirira kukhala ndi chizolowezi chogonana. Maphunziro awiri a 2016 pa amuna omwe ankagwiritsa ntchito zolaula pamapeto miyezi yotsiriza ya 6, kapena miyezi yotsiriza ya 3, adanena zapamwamba zogwiritsa ntchito zolaula (28% pa maphunziro onse awiri).
  5. "Chizoloŵezi chozindikira" mwachiwonekere sichingayambitse kulephera kwa erectile, kuchepa kwa libido ndi anorgasmia mwa anyamata athanzi. Komabe maphunziro ambiri Gwiritsani ntchito zolaula kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula ndikuchepetsa kugonana, komanso Mitengo ya ED yasokonezedwa ndi 1000% mwa amuna ochepera zaka 40 kuyambira zolaula "tube" zidafika m'miyoyo ya ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula.
  6. izi Kafukufuku wa 2016 pa odwala opaleshoni yolaula anapeza kuti kupembedza sizinagwirizane ndi zizindikiro zosayenerera kapena zowerengeka pafunso lachizoloŵezi chogonana.
  7. izi Kafukufuku wa 2016 pa zofuna zogonana zogonana apezeka Palibe ubale pakati pa kudzipereka kwachipembedzo ndi machitidwe omwe amadziwika okha a khalidwe lachiwerewere komanso zotsatira zake.

M'magawo otsatirawa tidzakambirana zonena za Grubbs, tiziwunika mozama za njira ndi njira zake, ndikupatsanso mafotokozedwe ena pazonena zake kuti kupembedza kumakhudzana ndi zolaula. Koma choyamba tiyeni tiyambe ndi zipilala zitatu zomwe Grubbs amapangira mapepala ake osiyanasiyana.

Kuti zomwe Grubbs akunena ndizovomerezeka ZONSE izi ziyenera kukhala zowona ndikuthandizidwa ndi kafukufuku weniweni:

1) The Grubbs Zithunzi zolaula zimagwiritsira ntchito Inventory (CPUI) iyenera kuyesa "zolaula" leni zolaula.

  • Izo siziri. CPUI ikuyesa leni Grubbs mwiniwakeyu analemba pamapepala ake oyambirira a 2010 akutsimikizira CPUI (pansipa). Ndipotu, CPUI inali yokha yatsimikiziridwa monga leni kuyezetsa zolaula, ndipo osati ngati "kuyerekezera". Popanda kutsimikizira zakusayansi, mu 2013, Grubbs adalembanso kuti adamuyesa zolaula "mayeso a zolaula".
  • Chidziwitso: M'maphunziro a Grubbs amagwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "kuzolowera zolaula" kapena "kuzindikira zolaula" kutanthawuza kuchuluka kwathunthu pamayeso ake a CPUI (mayeso owonetsa zolaula). Izi zimatayika potanthauzira chifukwa chobwereza bwereza "chizolowezi chodziwikiratu," m'malo mwazolemba zolondola, zopanda malire: "Zithunzi Zolaula Paintaneti Zigwiritsa Ntchito Chiwerengero."

2) Mavuvu ayenera kuti sanapezepo kusiyana kwa maola pakati pa maola ambiri ndi ma CPUI (zoledzera).

  • Ayi kachiwiri. Mwachitsanzo, Grubbs et al. 2015 imasonyeza mgwirizano wamphamvu pakati pa maola ogwiritsira ntchito ndi ma CPUI. Kuchokera p. 6 ya phunziroli:

"Kuphatikiza apo, zolaula zolaula tsiku lililonse zimagwiritsa ntchito maola ambiri zimakhudzana kwambiri ndi kukhumudwa, nkhawa, mkwiyo, komanso kuwonetsa kuti ndimadwala [chiwerengero chonse cha CPUI]."

  • Grubbs's Phunziro lachiwiri la 2015 adafotokoza wamphamvu mgwirizano pakati pa kuchuluka kwa CPUI ndi "maola ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula" kuposa momwe zimakhalira pakati pa kuchuluka kwa CPUI ndi chipembedzo.

Grubbs akanakhoza bwanji kutero Psychology Today zolaula "sichikugwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa zolaula zomwe munthu amawona,"Maphunziro ake atawulula kuti kuchuluka kwa kagwiritsidwe ntchito" kunali kwakukulu komanso koyenera "kogwirizana ndi ma CPUI ambiri?

3) Kafukufuku wina ayenera kuti adanena kuti kuchuluka kwa zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zimagwirizana ndi zizindikiro za zolaula kuledzera kapena zovuta pa zovuta zowononga zolaula.

  • Sanatero. Magulu ena ofufuza apeza kuti "maola ogwiritsiridwa ntchito" osagwirizana si ofanana kwenikweni ndi chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito intaneti (kapena makanema ogwiritsa ntchito makanema). Ndiye kuti, kuledzera kumanenedweratu modalirika ndi mitundu ina kuposa "maola ogwiritsa ntchito", chifukwa chake zomwe Grubbs ananena ndizokayikitsa ngakhale njira zake zinali zomveka komanso zomwe anali kunena zinali zolondola. (Osati choncho.) "Maola ogwiritsira ntchito" siwodalirika wa "zolaula," kotero kulumikizana nawo kapena kusowa kolumikizana nako sikungakhale ndi tanthauzo lalikulu lomwe Grubbs amalingalira.

Zambiri mwa mitu ndi zonena za Grubbs zimadalira mfundo zonse zitatu zomwe zili pamwambazi kukhala zowona. Iwo sali. Tsopano tiwunika zipilala zitatuzi ndi zambiri zokhudzana ndi maphunziro ndi zonena za Grubbs.

CHIGAWO CHOYAMBA: Nthano Ya "Kuzindikira" Zolaula:

The Cyber ​​Pornography Gwiritsani Ntchito Inventory (CPUI): Ndiyeso yeniyeni yoledzera.

Chofunika kukumbukira:

  • Nthawi zonse Grubbs akagwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "kuzolowera kuzindikira" amatanthauza kuchuluka kwathunthu pa CPUI yake.
  • CPUI imagawidwa m'magawo atatu, yomwe imakhala yofunika kwambiri mtsogolo tikamawona momwe magawo ambiri amagwirizanirana ndi zosintha zina monga "maola ogwiritsira ntchito" ndi "chipembedzo."
  • Funso lirilonse limapezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito sikelo ya Likert ya 1 mpaka 7, pomwe 1 ili "ayi konse, "Ndipo 7 kukhala"Kwambiri. "

ZOKHUDZA:

1. Ndikukhulupirira kuti ndimakonda kwambiri zolaula pa Intaneti.

2. Ndikumva kuti sindingalepheretse kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa Intaneti.

3. Ngakhale pamene sindikufuna kuona zithunzi zolaula pa intaneti, ndimamva kuti ndikuyandikira

ZOKHUDZA ZOTHANDIZA:

4. Nthaŵi zina, ndimayesetsa kukonza ndondomeko yanga kuti ndikhale ndekha kuti ndione zolaula.

5. Ndakana kukakhala ndi anzanga kapena kupita kuntchito zina kuti ndipeze zolaula.

6. Ndaika zofunikira kwambiri kuti ndiziona zolaula.

KUYAMBIRA KWAMBIRI:

7. Ndimachita manyazi ndikaona zolaula pa intaneti.

8. Ndimaona kuti ndikuvutika maganizo chifukwa choona zolaula pa intaneti.

9. Ndimadwala kwambiri ndikaona zolaula pa intaneti.

M'malo mwake, mafunso a Grubbs's Cyber ​​Pornography Gwiritsani Ntchito Inventory (CPUI) amafanana kwambiri ndi mafunso ena ambiri okhudzana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Monga mayeso ena osokoneza bongo, CPUI imawunika machitidwe ndi zizindikiritso zomwe zimafala pakakhala zosokoneza bongo, monga: kulephera kuwongolera kugwiritsa ntchito; kukakamizidwa kugwiritsa ntchito, kulakalaka kugwiritsa ntchito, zoyipa zamaganizidwe, chikhalidwe ndi malingaliro; ndi kutanganidwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito. M'malo mwake, funso limodzi lokha mwa mafunso 1 a CPUI pamwambapa limanenanso za "kuzolowera."

Komabe timauzidwa kuti munthu okwana Chiwerengero cha mafunso onse a 9 chimafanana ndi "chizolowezi chozindikira" m'malo mongokhala chizolowezi. Zosocheretsa kwambiri, zanzeru kwambiri, komanso zopanda maziko asayansi. Chakudya cha Agnotology, aliyense? (Agnotology ndiko kuphunzira za kusadziŵa zamatsenga kapena kukaikira, makamaka kufalitsa deta yolondola kapena yolakwika yokhudza sayansi yokonzedwanso kuti iwononge anthu za kafukufuku m'madera ena. Fodya Wamkulu imatchulidwa kuti inayambitsa ntchito ya agnotology.)

Zindikirani kuti zaka makumi asanu ndi ziŵiri zoyesedwa zowonongeka kwa mankhwala ndi zizolowezi zamakhalidwe zimadalira mafunso ofanana monga CPUI iyenera kuyesa zenizeni, osati chabe anazindikira, kuledzera. Mafunso a CPUI 1-6 amayesa makhalidwe oledzeretsa monga momwe tafotokozera ndi 4 Cs, pomwe mafunso 7-9 amawunika zoyipa zomwe zidachitika atagwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Tiyeni tifananize CPUI ndi chida chogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri chotchedwa "4 Cs.”Mafunso a CPUI omwe amalumikizana ndi ma C anayi amadziwikanso.

  • Ckudzikuza kuti mugwiritse ntchito (2, 3)
  • Kulephera Cgwiritsani ntchito (2, 3, mwina 4-6)
  • Czofuna kugwiritsa ntchito (3 makamaka, koma 1-6 akhoza kutanthauziridwa ngati zikhumbo)
  • CAnapitiriza kugwiritsa ntchito ngakhale zotsatira zoipa (4-6, mwinamwake 7-9)

Oledzera akatswiri amadalira zida zowunika monga ma 4C monga zosokoneza chifukwa asayansi akugwirizanitsa zizindikirozo ndi ubongo wokhudzana ndi chizoloŵezi chokhala ndi chizoloŵezi chosokoneza bongo amasintha masaka makumi ambiri a kafukufuku wamakhalidwe abwino. Onani ndondomeko ya boma ya American Society of Addiction Medicine. Mwachidule, CPUI ya Grubb ndiyeso yowonera zolaula; sichinavomerezedwe konse chifukwa cha "chizolowezi choledzeretsa."

Kafukufuku woyamba wa 2010 Grubbs anati CPUI inaunika leni zolaula

In Pepala loyambirira la 2010 la Grubbs iye anatsimikizira Cyber-Pornography Gwiritsani Ntchito Inventory (CPUI) ngati funso lofufuza mafunso leni zolaula. Mawu oti "kuzolowera kuzolowera zolaula" komanso "zolaula zolaula" sizimapezeka mu pepala lake la 2010. Mosiyana ndi izi, Grubbs et al., 2010 imafotokoza momveka bwino m'malo angapo kuti CPUI imawunika zolaula:

Mitundu yomwe idafotokozedweratu yomwe idafotokozedwera kuti imvetsetse zizolowezi zamakhalidwe abwino inali malingaliro oyamba agwiritsidwe ntchito popeza chida cha phunziroli, Cyber-Pornography Use Inventory (CPUI), potengera Internet Test Screening Test yopangidwa ndi Delmonico (Delmonico & Griffin, 2008) . Chipangizo cha CPUI chinakhazikitsidwa pa mfundo yakuti khalidwe lachiwerewere limakhala lolephera kuletsa khalidwe, zotsatira zoipa zoyipa monga zotsatira za khalidwe, ndi kulakalaka kwathunthu ndi khalidwe (Delmonico & Miller, 2003).

CPUI imasonyezadi malonjezo ngati chida choyesa kuwonetsa zolaula pa intaneti. Ngakhale zida zam'mbuyomu, monga ISST, zinkasanthula kwambiri kugonana kwachinsinsi pa Intaneti, chiwerengerochi chinasonyeza malonjezano pofufuza mosamala zolaula za pa Intaneti. Kuwonjezera apo, zinthu zomwe zafotokozedwa kale zitsanzo za Addictive zikuoneka kuti zikupeza zina chithandizo chokhazikika komanso chokhazikitsidwa chotheka poyerekeza ndi njira zogwiritsira ntchito zizindikiro zogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ndi kutchova njuga, ICD.

Pomalizira, zinthu zisanu pazitsanzo za Addictive zimachokera ku chiyeso choyambirira cha Compulsivity scale zikuwoneka kuti zimagwira mwachindunji mwa zomwe munthuyo amadziŵa kapena kwenikweni kulephera kuletsa khalidwe limene akuchita. Kulephera kuletsa khalidwe lovuta mulimonsemo sikofunika kokha kafukufuku wa SD ndi PG, koma ingathenso kuganiziridwa ngati chimodzi mwa zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa chiwerewere, monga zikuwonetseredwa mu SD, ndi ICDs (Dixon et al., 2007; Potenza, 2006). Zikuwoneka kuti ndiko kulephera kumene kumayambitsa matenda.

mu phunziro 2013 Maguvu adachepetsa mafunso a CPUI kuchokera ku 32 (kapena 39 kapena 41) mpaka ku 9, ndipo alembedwanso lake zenizeni, zatsimikiziridwa kuyerekezera zolaula monga "kuyerekezera zolaula" (nayi Tsamba la funso la 41 la CPUI). Iye anachita izo popanda tsankhu kapena kulingalira ndipo adagwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "kuzolowera kuzindikira" nthawi 80 papepala lake la 2013. Izi zati, Grubbs adalongosola za CPUI-9 zenizeni m'ndime iyi ya pepala la 2013:

"Pomaliza, tidapeza kuti CPUI-9 idalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi zizolowezi zogonana, monga zimayesedwa ndi Kalichman Sculsivity Scale. Izi zikuwonetsa kukhudzana kwambiri pakati pa kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula ndi kugonana kwachiwerewere kawirikawiri. ”

Tiyeni tiwone bwino - CPUI sinatsimikizidwe ngati mayeso oyesa kusiyanitsa zolaula zenizeni kuchokera "ankaona kuti zolaula ndizoopsa."Izi zikutanthauza kuti anthu akudalira mawu a Grubbs okha kuti kuyesa kwake kosinthidwa kumatha kusiyanitsa pakati pa" zolaula zolaula "ndi" zolaula "zomwe CPUI idavomerezedwa koyambirira kuti iwayese. Kodi ndizasayansi bwanji kuti kuyesanso kuyesa kotsimikizika ngati chinthu china chosiyana popanda kutsimikizira kugwiritsa ntchito mayeso?

Kodi nchifukwa ninji Joshua Grubbs adatchulanso CPUI kuti ndiyeso "yozindikira"?

Ngakhale Grubbs mwiniwake sananene kuti mayeserowa atha kuzindikira kuti ali ndi vuto losokoneza bongo, ntchito yake ya mawu osocheretsa ("chizolowezi chomwa chizolowezi") pazambiri pa chida chake cha CPUI-9 yatsogolera ena kuganiza kuti chida chake chili ndi mphamvu yamatsenga yokhoza kusiyanitsa pakati pa "kuzindikira" ndi "zenizeni". Izi zawononga kwambiri gawo lazowonera zolaula chifukwa ena amadalira mapepala ake ngati umboni wazinthu zomwe sangakwanitse, ndipo sangathe. Palibe mayeso omwe amatha kusiyanitsa "zenizeni" ndi zomwe "zimawoneka". Kungodzilemba ngati izi sikungapangitse kuti zikhale choncho.

Zidachitika bwanji izi? Si zachilendo kwa akonzi ndi owerenga magazini kuti apemphere kuti athe kuwunikiranso asanavomereze kuti afalitsidwe. Joshua Grubbs adati mu imelo kuti wowunika kafukufuku wake wachiwiri wa CPUI-9 adamupangitsa iye ndi omwe adalemba nawo kafukufukuyu wa 2013 kuti asinthe "mawu osokoneza bongo" a CPUI-9 (chifukwa wowunikirayo adanyoza "kumanga" zolaula). Ichi ndichifukwa chake Grubbs adasintha malongosoledwe ake pamayeso kukhala "anazindikira zolaula "mafunso. Mwakutero wolemba / mkonzi wosadziwika m'magazini imodziyi adayambitsa dzina losavomerezeka, losocheretsa la "anazindikira zolaula. ” CPUI sinayambe yatsimikiziridwa ngati kuyesedwa koyezetsa zolaula zenizeni kuchokera "ankaona kuti zolaula ndizoopsa.”Pano pali Grubbs tweeting za njirayi, kuphatikiza ndemanga za wowunikirayo:

Josh Zomera‏ @JoshuaGrubbsPhD

Pepala langa loyamba logwiritsa ntchito zolaula: "Izi [zolaula] ndizofunika kuyerekezera ndi kubedwa kwachilendo: zilibe tanthauzo."

Nicole R Pemphero, PhD‏ @NicoleRPrause

Inu kapena wolembapo?

Josh Zomera‏ @JoshuaGrubbsPhD

Wongoyang'ana anandiuza ine

Josh Zomera‏ @JoshuaGrubbsPhD  Jul 14

Ndipotu chomwe chinandichititsa kuti ndizindikire kuti ndimagwiritsira ntchito mankhwalawa, ndinaganiza za ndemanga zowonongeka.

Palibe chochitika cham'mbuyomu choyesa "kuyerekezedwa"

Awiriwo amaphunzira Grubbs nthawi zonse (1, 2) kutanthauza kuti lingaliro lake la "chizolowezi chodziwika bwino" limakhazikitsidwa / chovomerezeka lidachitidwa pa omwe amasuta, ndipo siligwirizana ndi lingaliro loti "chizolowezi chomwa bongo" monga momwe Grubbs amagwiritsa ntchito. Choyamba, palibe kafukufuku amene akuwonetsa, monga Grubbs amachitira zolaula, kusuta ndudu kwenikweni kulibe. Ngakhalenso limodzi la maphunziro amenewo silinanene kuti linapanga funso lofunsa lomwe lingathe kusiyanitsa kapena kupatula "chizolowezi choledzeretsa" ndi kuledzera kwenikweni. Kafukufuku onsewa adayang'ana kwambiri pakuwunika momwe zinthu zidzakhalire m'tsogolo posuta fodya zokhudzana ndi kudzidzimva koyambirira.

Palibe funso la "chizolowezi chodziwika bwino" pachinthu chilichonse - zinthu kapena machitidwe - kuphatikiza zolaula (ngakhale Grubbs akunenera). Pali chifukwa chomveka 'Google Scholar' imabweretsanso zotsatira pazotsatira zotsatirazi:

Ofufuza ena amaneneratu kugwiritsa ntchito CPUI monga leni zolaula

Zowona: ena ofufuza amafotokoza CPUI monga leni Mafunso ofufuza zolaula (monga momwe adavomerezedwera), ndipo muzigwiritsa ntchito motere m'maphunziro awo:

  1. Kufufuza kwa Zithunzi Zolaula Zochitika Pakati pa Ophunzira Amuna ku Evangelical Christian Colleges (2011)
  2. Masankhulo ndi masikelo kuti awonetse ntchito zogonana pa Intaneti: Kuwerengera zaka 20 zafukufuku (2014)
  3. Kusokoneza maganizo pa cybersex: Kulingalira, kulingalira, ndi chithandizo (2015)
  4. Kufotokozera Zizindikiro Pakati pa Masewera a pa intaneti, Kugwiritsa Ntchito Intaneti, Kumwa Mowa, ndi Kuonera Zolaula Pogwiritsa ntchito (2015)
  5. Cyberpornography: Kugwiritsa Ntchito Nthawi, Kusokonezeka Kwachizolowezi, Kugonana, ndi Kukhutirana Pogonana (2016)
  6. Kufufuza Zowonongeka Zosokoneza Bwino Zithunzi Zolaula Zimagwiritsa Ntchito Phunziro la Wophunzira wa Yunivesite (2016)

Phunziro lomalizira pamwamba linagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kwa Grubbs CPUI ndi mafunso owonetsa zolaula okhudza zolaula zochokera ku DSM-5. Mizere pansipa ikuwonetsanso nkhani zomwezo' Zotsatira za mafunso awiri osiyana ndi zolaula:

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Palibe chodabwitsa: zotsatira zofananira komanso kugawa kwa Grubbs CPUI ndi kafukufuku wa DSM-5 ofufuza zolaula. Ngati CPUI itha kusiyanitsa "zomwe zimawoneka ngati zosokoneza bongo" kuchokera ku "chizolowezi chenicheni" ma graph ndi magawidwe ake sangakhale osiyana kwambiri. Iwo sali.

Malangizo: nthawi iliyonse mukawerenga pepala la Grubbs kapena kulira kwa Grubbs pawailesi, chotsani mawu oti "kuzindikira" ndikuwona momwe akuwerengera mosiyana - komanso momwe zikugwirizanira ndi kafukufuku wina wokhudzana ndi zolaula. Mwachitsanzo, ziganizo ziwiri kuyambira kukhazikitsidwa kwa pepala la Grubbs ndi mawu oti "kuzindikira" kuchotsedwa:

Kuledzera pa zolaula pa intaneti kumalumikizidwa ndi moyo wathanzi. Kafukufuku waposachedwa wapeza kuti zolaula zimakhudzana ndi nkhawa, kukhumudwa, komanso kupsinjika (Grubbs, Stauner, Exline, Pargament, & Lindberg, 2015; Grubbs, Volk et al., 2015).

Chotsani zonena zosagwirizana kuti CPUI imayesa "zolaula" ndipo tili ndi zotsatira zosiyana kwambiri ndipo palibe mitu yosocheretsa. Apanso, zotulukapo zenizeni zakukhudzana ndi zolaula zomwe zimalumikizidwa ndi nkhawa, kukhumudwa komanso kupsinjika zimayenderana ndi zaka "zenizeni," zosadziwika, zosanthula. Kulephera kuwongolera kugwiritsa ntchito ndizopweteka.

CHIGAWO CHACHIWIRI: Kutengera Mgwirizano? "Maola ogwiritsira ntchito" ndi "Chipembedzo"

Mosiyana ndi zomwe Grubbs adanenapo kuchuluka kwa zolaula zomwe zimawonedwa ndizokhudzana kwambiri ndi zolaula (CPUI)

Ngakhale tiwona kuti "maola ogwiritsira ntchito" sagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati njira yokhayo yogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kulumidwa kwamanema akuti Grubbs adapeza ayi ubale pakati pa "maola ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula" ndi zambiri pa kuyesa kwa zolaula (CPUI). Izi sizili choncho. Tiyeni tiyambe ndi Grubb's phunziro 2013 yomwe idalamula (mwa fiat) CPUI-9 mayeso "oonera zolaula":

"Zambiri pa CPUI-9 yathunthu, kukakamiza anthu kuchita zinthu mwachisawawa, komanso zoyeserera zogwiritsira ntchito zonsezi zidalumikizidwa ndikuwonjezeka kwa zolaula pa intaneti, zosonyeza kuti kuwonetsa kuti ndikumwa mankhwala [chiwerengero chonse cha CPUI] imakhudzana ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi. ”

Kumbukirani kuti "kuzolowera kuzindikira" ndichidule cha chiwerengero chonse cha CPUI. Monga tafotokozera poyamba, phunziro la 2015 Grubbs adawonetsa mgwirizano wokongola pakati pa maola ambiri ndi ma CPUI. Kuchokera p. 6 ya phunziroli:

Kuphatikiza apo, Kuwonetsa zolaula tsiku ndi tsiku kumagwiritsidwa ntchito mu maola kunali kofunika kwambiri ndipo kumagwirizanitsidwa bwino ndi kudandaula, nkhawa, ndi mkwiyo, komanso ndi kudziŵa kuti ndimadwala [chiwerengero chonse cha CPUI]. "

Mwa kuyankhula kwina, mosiyana ndi mitu ya nkhani ndi zomwe Grubbs adanena muzofalitsa, maphunziro onse a CPUI-9 anali kwambiri yokhudzana ndi zolaula. Koma kodi "zolaula zolaula tsiku lililonse zimagwiritsa ntchito maola" bwanji poyerekeza ndi chipembedzo? Ndi chiyani chomwe chikugwirizana kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa CPUI?

Tidzagwiritsa ntchito zomwe zalembedwa mu 2015 Grubbs pepala ("Kupepesa Monga Chizolowezi: Kukhulupirira Zipembedzo ndi Kusayendetsa Makhalidwe Monga Otsutsa a Kulimbana Ndi Zolaula"), Popeza ili ndi maphunziro atatu osiyana ndipo mutu wake wotsutsa ukuwonetsa kuti kupembedza kumayambitsa zolaula. Pulogalamu 2 pansipa ili ndi deta kuchokera ku maphunziro osiyana a 2. Deta izi zimawuniyanitsa pakati pa zochepa zochepa (maola ochuluka a kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula, zipembedzo) ndi ma CPUI (CPUI-9 yonse ndipo amagonjetsedwa ku zigawo za 3 CPUI).

Malangizo omvetsetsa chiwerengero patebulo: Zero amatanthawuza kuti palibe mgwirizano pakati pa mitundu iwiri; 1.00 imatanthauza mgwirizano wathunthu pakati pa mitundu iwiri. Chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri chikugwirizana kwambiri ndi kusiyana kwa 2. Ngati nambala ali nayo opanda chizindikiro, zikutanthauza kuti pali kulumikizana kolakwika pakati pazinthu ziwiri. (Mwachitsanzo, pali kulumikizana koyipa pakati pa zolimbitsa thupi ndi matenda amtima. Chifukwa chake, mchilankhulo choyenera, masewera olimbitsa thupi amachepetsa mwayi wamatenda amtima. Komano, kunenepa kwambiri kumatha kulumikizana bwino ndi matenda a mtima.)

Kufotokozedwa pansipa ndi mgwirizano pakati okwana Zambiri za CPUI-9 (# 1) ndi "Gwiritsani Ntchito Maola" (# 5) ndi "Religiosity Index" (# 6) yamaphunziro awiri a Grubbs:

Zolumikizana pakati pa ma CPUI onse ndi zipembedzo:

  • Phunzirani 1: 0.25
  • Phunzirani 2: 0.35
    • Avereji: 0.30

Malumikizidwe apakati pa kuchuluka kwa ma CPUI ndi "maola ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula":

  • Phunzirani 1: 0.30
  • Phunzirani 2: 0.32
    • Avereji 0.31

Zochititsa mantha, ziwerengero za CPUI-9 zili ndi kulimbitsa pang'ono ubale ndi "maola ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula" kuposa zachipembedzo! Mwachidule "zolaula" zimalosera zamatsenga bwino kuposa amachita zachipembedzo. Komabe, zomwe aphunzira amatitsimikizira kuti kupembedza ndi “zogwirizana kwambiri ndi chizoloŵezi choledzera”(CPUI zambiri). Ngati ndi choncho, ndiye kuti "maola ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula" mwachiwonekere amakhalanso "olimba mtima" pazambiri pa CPUI. Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa momwe ubale wachipembedzo pakukonda zolaula umatsindika, pomwe Maola ogwiritsiridwa ntchito amanyalanyazidwa kapena obisika kawiri.

Palibe njira ina yonena izi - Zambiri za Grubbs zimatsutsana ndi zomwe amafalitsa munyuzipepala komanso zolemba zake. Kuti mukumbukire kukumbukira kwanu, zonena za Grubbs mu izi Psychology Today Nkhani yowonjezera:

Kulembedwa kuti "zolaula" ndi mnzanu, kapena mwadzikonda, ali kanthu Kuchita ndi zolaula zomwe munthu amawona, akutero Joshua Grubbs, pulofesa wothandizira wa maganizo ku Bowling Green University. M'malo mwake, ilo liri chirichonse kuchita nawo chipembedzo…

Zoona, zosiyana ndizo: kuledzeretsa ndi zolaula zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi nthawi yogwiritsidwa ntchito kuposa kukhulupilira. Gawo lotsatira lidzawulula zimenezo leni "Zolaula," monga momwe zimayesedwa ndi mafunso a CPUI 1-6, zili kutali Zambiri zokhudzana ndi "maola ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula" kuposa zachipembedzo.

Kafukufuku wa Grubbs awulula izi leni Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumayenderana kwambiri ndi "maola olaula" kuposa kupembedza

Grubbs adapeza kuti zolaula (CPUI-9 ziwerengero zonse) zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi "zolaula zomwe zilipo" kuposa zachipembedzo. Koma mwina mukuganiza, "Grubbs inali yolondola pa chidziwitso chimodzi: zolaula (CPUI) is zokhudzana ndi chipembedzo. ” Osati kwenikweni. Gawo lotsatira tiwona chifukwa chake izi sizowoneka.

Kutsatira manambala a Grubbs pakadali pano, pali ubale pakati leni zolaula komanso kupembedza. Komabe, ndizofooka kwambiri kuposa momwe tafotokozera m'gawo lapitalo. Chofunika kwambiri, kulumikizana pakati pa leni Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula komanso "maola olaula" ndi kwamphamvu kwambiri kuposa momwe tafotokozera m'gawo lapitalo.

Poyang'anitsitsa, mafunso 1-6 a CPUI-9 amawunika zizindikilo zomwe zimapezeka pazovuta zonse, pomwe mafunso 7-9 (Kukhumudwa Kwamaganizidwe) amawunika kulakwa, manyazi ndi chisoni. Zotsatira zake, "leni kuledzera "kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi mafunso 1-6 (Kukakamizidwa & Kuyeserera Kufikira).

Kukhwima:

  1. Ndikukhulupirira kuti ndimakonda kwambiri zolaula pa Intaneti.
  2. Ndikumva kuti sindingalepheretse kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa Intaneti.
  3. Ngakhale pamene sindikufuna kuona zithunzi zolaula pa intaneti, ndimamva kuti ndikuyandikira

Mayendedwe a Kupeza:

  1. Nthaŵi zina, ndimayesetsa kukonza ndondomeko yanga kuti ndikhale ndekha kuti ndione zolaula.
  2. Ndakana kukakhala ndi anzanga kapena kupita kuntchito zina kuti ndipeze zolaula.
  3. Ndaika zofunikira kwambiri kuti ndiziona zolaula.

Mavuto Akumtima:

  1. Ndimachita manyazi ndikaona zolaula pa intaneti.
  2. Ndimaona kuti ndikuvutika maganizo chifukwa choona zolaula pa intaneti.
  3. Ndimadwala kwambiri ndikaona zolaula pa intaneti.

Choyamba, tiyeni tiwone kulumikizana pakati pa magawo onse atatu a 3 CPUI ndi Chipembedzo. Mu tebulo lotsatila ndime zitatu za CPUI ziwerengedwa 2, 3 ndi 4, ndipo Chipembedzo cha Index ndi nambala 6.

Kugwirizana pakati pa Religiosity ndi Compulsivity (Dziwani 1-3)

  • Phunzirani 1: 0.25
  • Phunzirani 2: 0.14
    • Avereji: 0.195

Kugwirizana pakati pa Religiosity ndi Access Efforts (mafunso 4-6)

  • Phunzirani 1: 0.03
  • Phunzirani 2: 0.11
    • Avereji: 0.07

Kulumikizana pakati pa Mavuto a Zipembedzo ndi Mavuto (mafunso 7-9)

  • Phunzirani 1: 0.32
  • Phunzirani 2: 0.45
    • Avereji: 0.385

Chinsinsi chopeza ndi chakuti chipembedzo chimagwirizana kwambiri (.39) ku okha Mavuto Akumtima gawo la CPUI-9: mafunso 7-9, omwe amafunsa owerenga zithunzi momwe amamvera akamayang'ana zolaula (manyazi, ovutika maganizo, kapena odwala). Chipembedzo n'chosiyana kwambiri ndi zigawo ziwiri (mafunso 1-6) omwe amayang'ana molondola leni Kuchita zachiwerewere: Kuumiriza (.195) ndi Mayendedwe Ofikira (.07). Zophweka: mafunso ochititsa manyazi komanso olakwa (7-9) amatsutsa kwambiri CPUI yonse kuti ikhale yopita kwa anthu achipembedzo. Chotsani mafunso a manyazi a 3 ndi mgwirizano pakati pa zipembedzo ndi madontho a CPUI 0.13 chabe.

Pofufuza mafunso omwe ali ndi vuto lokonda kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo a CPUI, zikuwonekeratu kuti mafunso atatu a "Kuyeserera Kupeza" mafunso a 3-4 amawunika njira zoyeserera aliyense Kuledzera: "Kulephera kusiya ngakhale kukumana ndi zovuta zoyipa." Kugwiritsa ntchito mokakamiza ndichizindikiro chomwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Mosiyana ndi funso, funso #1 mu gawo la Compulsivity likudalira kudzipereka kumasulira (“Kodi ine ndikumverera osokoneza? ”).

Tsopano, bwererani kumafunso a 4-6 a Kuyeserera, omwe amawunika mayendedwe, osati zikhulupiriro kapena malingaliro. Chotsatira chofunikira: pali kulumikizana kofooka kwambiri pakati pa Chipembedzo ndi mafunso a 3 Access Efforts (0.07 yekha). Mwachidule, chikhulupiliro chili ndi ubale wochepa kwambiri leni zolaula. (M'malo mwake, pali chifukwa chabwino chonenera kuti pali pafupifupi ayi Chiyanjano monga tidzakambirana mu gawo lotsatira.)

Chotsatira, tiyeni tiwone kulumikizana pakati pa magawo onse atatu a CPUI ndi "Maola Ogwiritsa Ntchito Zolaula." Mu tebulo lotsatila zigawo zitatu za CPUI ziwerengedwa 2, 3 ndi 4, ndi “[Zithunzi Zolaula] Gwiritsani Ntchito Maola” ndi nambala 5.

Mgwirizano wapakati pa "[Zithunzi] Gwiritsani Ntchito Maola”Ndi Kuzindikira Kukakamizidwa (mafunso 1-3)

  • Phunzirani 1: 0.25
  • Phunzirani 2: 0.32
    • Avereji: 0.29

Mgwirizano wapakati pa "[Zithunzi] Gwiritsani Ntchito Maola”Ndi Ntchito Zofikira (mafunso 4-6)

  • Phunzirani 1: 0.39
  • Phunzirani 2: 0.49
    • Avereji: 0.44

Mgwirizano wapakati pa "[Zithunzi] Gwiritsani Ntchito Maola”Komanso Kupsinjika Mtima (mafunso 7-9)

  • Phunzirani 1: 0.17
  • Phunzirani 2: 0.04
    • Avereji: 0.10

Izi ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi zomwe tidawona ndi chipembedzo. "[Zithunzi] Gwiritsani Ntchito Maola”Malumikizidwe kwambiri kwambiri ndi mafunso a CPUI (1-6), zomwe, kachiwiri, zowona bwino leni zolaula (0.365). Chofunika koposa, "[Zithunzi] Gwiritsani Ntchito Maola”Yolumikizana ngakhale Zambiri mwamphamvu ndi mafunso osokoneza bongo a CPUI 4-6 (0.44). Izi zikutanthauza kuti leni Kugonana (monga momwe anthu amaonera) kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa zolaula zomwe munthu amaonera.

Mbali inayi, "[Zithunzi] Gwiritsani Ntchito Maola”Ndi yofooka0.10) ku mafunso "Opsinjika Mtima" (7-9). Mafunso awa a 3 amafunsa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula momwe ndikumverera mutayang'ana zolaula (manyazi, kupsinjika maganizo, kapena kudwala). Powombetsa mkota, leni Zovuta zolaula (1-6) zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa zolaula zomwe zimawonedwa, komabe manyazi ndi kudziimba mlandu (7-9) sizinali. Kuyika njira iyi, kuwonetsa zolaula kumakhala ndi zambiri zokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa zolaula, komanso zochepa kwambiri kuchita manyazi (chipembedzo kapena ayi).

Chidule cha zomwe Grubbs adapeza

  1. Total Zotsatira za CPUI-9 zidalumikizidwa bwino ndi "[Zithunzi] Gwiritsani Ntchito Maola”Kusiyana ndi kukonda zachipembedzo. Kupeza uku kumatsutsana mwachindunji ndi zomwe a Joshua Grubbs atolankhani.
  2. Kuchotsa mafunso atatu "Opsinjika Mtima" kumabweretsa ubale wamphamvu kwambiri pakati pa "[Zithunzi] Gwiritsani Ntchito Maola"Ndi leni zolaula monga momwe zilili ndi mafunso 1-6.
  3. Kuchotsa mafunso atatu "Opsinjika Mtima" (omwe amawunika manyazi ndi kudzimva kuti ndi wolakwa) kumabweretsa ubale wofooka kwambiri pakati pa chipembedzo ndi leni zolaula monga momwe zilili ndi mafunso 1-6.
  4. Ubale wamphamvu kwambiri ulipo pakati pa "maola olaula" ndi makhalidwe oipa monga adayesedwa ndi mafunso a "Kuyesetsa Kufikira" 4-6. Mwachidule: zolaula zimakhudzana kwambiri ndi zolaula zomwe zimawonedwa.
  5. Chiyanjano pakati pa "kupembedza" ndi zizolowezi zoyipa (Mafunso Oyesera Kufikira 4-6) sichipezeka (0.07). Mwachidule: makhalidwe okhudzana ndi zizolowezi, m'malo mopembedza, taneneratu za kuledzera. Kukhulupirira zachipembedzo kulibe kanthu kochita ndi zolaula.  

Apa pali lingaliro lolondola kwambiri mu kafukufuku wa Grubbs lomwe limawoneka ngati:

Zizolowezi zolaula zimakhudzana kwambiri ndi zolaula nthawi yayitali komanso zofooka kwambiri zokhudzana ndi chipembedzo. Maola ogwiritsira ntchito zolaula ndiwonetseratu za zolaula kuposa kupembedza. Chifukwa chomwe kupembedza kumalumikizirana ndi zolaula sizikudziwika. Zitha kukhala zotsatira za zitsanzo zosokonekera. Poyerekeza ndi omwe siopembedza, anthu ochepa kwambiri omwe amapembedza amaonera zolaula. Mwinamwake chitsanzo ichi cha "ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula" chachipembedzo chili ndi anthu ochuluka kwambiri omwe ali ndi matenda omwe analipo kale (OCD, ADHD, kupsinjika maganizo, matenda ochititsa munthu kusinthasintha zochitika, ndi zina zotero) kapena zochitika za m'banja / zachibadwa zomwe zimakonda kugwiritsidwa ntchito.

Pomaliza, a kafukufuku (ndi gulu la anthu omwe si a Grubbs) adafufuza ubale pakati pa zolaula ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito CPUI-9. Kafukufukuyu anapeza kuti kuchuluka kwa zolaula zomwe zogwiritsidwa ntchito zinali zogwirizana kwambiri ndi mafunso 1-6 (0.50), komabe sizolumikizana ndi mafunso 7-9 (0.03). Izi zikutanthauza kuti kuchuluka kwa zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndizofunikira kwambiri pakukula kwa zolaula. Komabe, manyazi ndi kudzimva sizikunagwirizane ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula, ndipo zinalibe kanthu kochita chiwerewere.

Kafukufuku akuzindikira kuti kuchuluka kwa zolaula kumagwiritsa ntchito si zogwirizana ndi zolaula

Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndizokhudzana kwambiri ndi zolaula kuposa kupembedza. Izi zati, tifunika kuthana ndi malingaliro a Grubbs akuti zolaula nthawi zambiri ndizofanana ndi "zolaula zenizeni." Ndiye kuti, "chizolowezi chowonera zolaula" chikuwonetsedwa bwino ndi "maola omwe akuwonetsedwa pa intaneti," m'malo moyesa zolaula kapena zisonyezo zolaula.

Phokoso pazolemba za olemba awa, zomwe mutha kuyendetsa galimoto, ndikuti kafukufuku wapaintaneti komanso zosokoneza bongo za pa intaneti (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) wanena malonda a ma intaneti akugwiritsidwa ntchito mosagwirizana ndi maola ambiri. M'malo mwake, 'maola ogwiritsira ntchito' osinthika ndi njira yosadalirika yoledzera. Zida zokhazokha zowunika zakumwa zoledzeretsa zimayesa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zina zambiri, zodalirika (monga zomwe zalembedwa m'magawo awiri oyamba a CPUI). Maphunziro otsatirawa okhudzana ndi chizolowezi chogonana pa intaneti, omwe Grubbs adasiya, amafotokoza ubale wochepa pakati pa maola ndi zisonyezo zakuledzera:

1) Kuwonera Zithunzi Zolaula pa intaneti: Udindo wa Kugonana Kwachiwerewere ndi Maganizo a Maganizo a Psychiatric kwa Kugwiritsira Ntchito Intaneti Pakompyuta Zambiri (2011)

"Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti mavuto omwe adziwonetsa okha pamoyo watsiku ndi tsiku wokhudzana ndi zachiwerewere pa intaneti adanenedweratu mwa kuchuluka kwa zolaula pazakugonana, kuopsa kwa zizindikilo zamaganizidwe, komanso kuchuluka kwa machitidwe ogonana omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mukakhala pa intaneti zapa tsiku ndi tsiku , pamene nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito malo opatsirana pogonana pa intaneti (maminiti patsiku) sizinathandize kwambiri kufotokozera kusiyana pakati pa chiwerengero cha kugonana kwa intaneti pa Intaneti. (IATsex). Tikuwona kufanana pakati pa kulingalira ndi ubongo zomwe zingapangitse kuti azikhala ndi nthawi yambiri yogonana pa Intaneti ndi zomwe zimafotokozedwa kwa anthu omwe amadalira mankhwala osokoneza bongo. ”

2) Kukondweretsa kugonana ndi kusagwira ntchito moyenera Kumayambitsa Kugonana kwa Amuna Kapena Amuna Kapena Akazi Okhaokha (2015)

"Zomwe zapezedwa posachedwa zawonetsa kuyanjana pakati pa kuuma kwa CyberSex Addiction (CA) ndi zisonyezo zakukondweretsedwa pakugonana, ndikuti kuthana ndi machitidwe azakugonana kwathetsa ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa kukondweretsedwa ndi zidziwitso za CA. Zotsatira zinawonetsa kulumikizana kwamphamvu pakati pazizindikiro za CA ndi zisonyezo zakukondweretsedwa ndi chisangalalo chogonana, kuthana ndi machitidwe azakugonana, komanso zizindikilo zamaganizidwe. Kusokoneza bongo sikunagwirizane ndi khalidwe la kugonana kosagonana komanso nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito kugonana kwa pa Intaneti. "

3) Zofunika Zotani: Zambiri Kapena Zithunzi Zamaliseche Zimagwiritsa Ntchito? Zovuta Zokhudza Maganizo ndi Zotsatira za Kufuna Chithandizo cha Zosokoneza Zolaula Gwiritsani ntchito (2016)

Malinga ndi zomwe timadziwa bwino, phunziroli ndilo kuyambanso kusanthula maubwenzi pakati pa maulendo owonetsa zolaula komanso khalidwe lachidziwitso cha zovuta zogwiritsira ntchito zolaula (kuyeza monga kuyendera katswiri wamaganizo, wodwala matenda opatsirana pogonana kapena wogonana pogonana). Zotsatira zathu zimasonyeza kuti maphunziro a m'tsogolomu, ndi chithandizo mundawu uyenera kuganizira kwambiri za zotsatira za kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula pa moyo wa munthu (khalidwe) osati mmaganizo ake (kuchuluka kwake), monga zizindikiro zosagwirizana ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula (m'malo mogwiritsa ntchito zolaula) ndizofunika kwambiri zothandizira -makhalidwe abwino.

Chiyanjano pakati pa PU ndi zizindikiro zolakwika chinali chofunikira ndi chosamvetsetsana ndi kudzidzimva, kudzipereka kwachipembedzo (zofooka, zosagwirizana) pakati pa anthu omwe sanafune mankhwala. Mwachipembedzo chofunafuna chithandizo sichigwirizana ndi zizindikiro zoipa.

4) Kufufuza Zowonongeka Zosokoneza Bwino Zithunzi Zolaula Zimagwiritsa Ntchito Phunziro la Wophunzira wa Yunivesite (2016)

Maphunziro apamwamba pa zowonongeka za kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula pa intaneti anali ogwirizana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku kapena kuposa nthawi zambiri zolaula za intaneti. Komabe, zotsatira zimasonyeza kuti panalibe kugwirizana pakati pa kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa zolaula zomwe munthu amagwiritsa ntchito ndipo akulimbana ndi nkhawa, kupsinjika maganizo, ndi kukhutira moyo ndi chiyanjano. Kugwirizana kwakukulu ndi mafilimu apamwamba okhudzana ndi zolaula pa intaneti anaphatikizapo kuwonetsa koyambirira kwa zolaula za pa intaneti, kusokoneza masewera a pakompyuta, ndi kukhala mwamuna. Ngakhale zotsatira zabwino za kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula za pa intaneti zakhala zikulembedwa mu zolemba zakale zomwe zotsatira zathu sizikusonyeza kuti kugwira ntchito kwaumaganizo kumawongolera ndi zosavuta kapena zosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti.

5) Kuwonera Zithunzi Zolaula pa Intaneti: Kodi Chovuta, Chotani, ndi Chifukwa Chayani? (2009)

Kafukufukuyu adafufuzira kuwonetsa kwa zolaula zolaula pa intaneti, momwe zilili zovuta, komanso njira zamaganizo zomwe zimayambitsa vutoli mu chitsanzo cha amuna a zaka za 84 ku koleji pogwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku wosadziwika pa Intaneti. Zapezeka kuti pafupifupi 20% -60% ya chitsanzo chomwe amawonera zolaula amaziwona kukhala zovuta malinga ndi madera omwe ali ndi chidwi. Mu phunziro ili, kuchuluka kwa kuwona sikukuneneratu kuchuluka kwa mavuto omwe anakumana nawo.

Motero, kuyambira pachiyambi phunziro ili ndi zonena zake zikugwa chifukwa zifukwa zake zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyerekezera maola omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano ndi mchitidwe woledzeretsa / mavuto / zovuta zomwe zimafotokozedwa ndi nkhani ngati nthenda yoyenera ya kuledzeretsa.

Chifukwa chiyani akatswiri osokoneza bongo samangodalira maola ogwiritsidwa ntchito?

Ingoganizirani kuyesa kuyesa kupezeka kwa chizolowezi mwa kungofunsa kuti, "Kodi pano mukudya maola angati (kumwa zosokoneza bongo)?" kapena "Mumakhala maola angati mukutchova juga (kuwonjezera njuga)?" kapena "Mumatha maola angati mukumwa (uchidakwa)?" Kuti muwonetse momwe "maola ogwiritsira ntchito" ovuta angakhalire ngati chisonyezo chakumwa, taganizirani za mowa monga:

  1. Mnyamata wina wazaka za ku Italy wa 45 ali ndi chizolowezi chomwa magalasi a 2 a vinyo usiku uliwonse ndi chakudya chamadzulo. Chakudya chake chiri ndi achibale ake ndipo amatenga maola a 3 kukwaniritsa (zambiri zamking). Kotero amamwa maola 3 usiku, ola la 21 pa sabata.
  2. Wogwira ntchito ku fakitale wazaka 25 amangomwa kumapeto kwa sabata, koma amamwa mowa kwambiri Lachisanu ndi Loweruka usiku mpaka kumwalira kapena kudwala. Amanong'oneza bondo chifukwa cha zomwe adachita ndipo akufuna kusiya, koma sangathe, kuyendetsa galimoto ataledzera, kumenya nkhondo, kuchita zachiwerewere, ndi zina zambiri. Kenako amakhala Lamlungu lonse akuchira, ndipo akumva ngati wopanda pake mpaka Lachitatu. Komabe, amangokhala maola 8 okha pasabata akumwa.

Ndi womwa mowa uti amene ali ndi vuto? Kodi kugwiritsa ntchito "maola ogwiritsira ntchito" ndikutchova juga? Tengani otchova njuga awa awiri;

  1. Mphunzitsi wopuma pantchito pasukulu yoyambira yemwe amakhala ku Las Vegas. Iye ndi abwenzi ake atatu nthawi zonse amakhala masana masana pamasewera akusewera makina olowetsa faifi tambala ndi makanema ojambula pamakasino osiyanasiyana osasuta. Pambuyo pake nthawi zambiri amadya chakudya chamadzulo ku buffet ya CircusCircus $ 9.99. Zotayika zonse zitha kukhala mpaka $ 5.00, koma nthawi zambiri zimawonongeka. Nthawi yonse pamlungu - maola 25.
  2. Wamagetsi wazaka 43 wazaka zitatu wazaka zakubadwa, yemwe tsopano amakhala yekha mu seedy motel. Kubetchera mahatchi kumabweretsa chisudzulo, kuchotsedwa ntchito, kutha ndalama, kulephera kulipirira ndalama zothandizira ana, komanso kutaya ufulu wokawayendera. Pomwe amangoyendera njirayo katatu pamlungu, pafupifupi maola 3 nthawi iliyonse, kutchova juga kovuta komwe kumawononga moyo wake. Sangayime ndipo akuganiza zodzipha. Nthawi yonse njuga pamlungu - maola 3.

Koma, mukudabwa, ndithudi kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ogwiritsiridwa ntchito mankhwala ayenera kulinganirana ndi msinkhu woledzera? Osati kwenikweni. Mwachitsanzo, mamiliyoni ambiri a ku America omwe amamva kupweteka kosalekeza amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opioids (Vicodin, Oxycontin) nthawi zonse. Ubongo ndi ziphuphu zawo zakhala zikudalira thupi lawo, ndipo kutha kwa ntchito mofulumira kungawononge kwambiri zizindikiro. Komabe, odwala odwala ochepa okha amakhala oledzera. Kusokoneza bongo kumaphatikizapo kusintha kwa ubongo kangapo komwe kumabweretsa zizindikiro ndi zizindikiro kuti akatswiri amadziwika ngati oledzera. (Ngati kusiyana kulibe, ndikupangira izi kufotokoza kosavuta kwa NIDA.) Odwala ambiri osamva amatha kuponyera mankhwala osokoneza bongo mosangalala kuti azikhala ndi moyo wopanda mavuto aakulu. Izi ndi zosiyana kwambiri ndi oledzeretsa opioid omwe amawopsyeza zonse kuti apitirize kuledzera.

"Maola omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito pano" kapena "kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe agwiritsa ntchito" pawokha sangatidziwitse za omwe ali osokoneza bongo komanso omwe sali. Pali chifukwa chomwe "kupitirizabe kugwiritsira ntchito ngakhale pali zovuta zoyipa" kumathandizira akatswiri kuzindikira kusuta, ndipo "maola omwe wagwiritsidwa ntchito" satero. Kumbukirani, mafunso atatu a "Access Efforts" a CPUI adayesa "kulephera kuyimilira ngakhale atakumana ndi zovuta zoyipa." Mu chidziwitso cha Grubbs, mafunso awa anali olosera zamphamvu kwambiri za leni zolaula.

Zotsatira: Zonena za Grubbs zimadalira "kugwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano" pokhala njira yokhayo yotsimikizika ya chizolowezi choledzeretsa. Iwo sali. Ngakhale atagwiritsa ntchito maola ochuluka bwanji ngati ovomerezeka, Kafukufuku wathunthu wa Grubbs akuwonetsa kuti "zolaula zomwe zikuchitika masiku ano" ndizogwirizana kwambiri ndi kuchuluka konse kwa CPUI-9 (mwachitsanzo, "kuzindikira" kusuta). Chofunika koposa, "maola olaula" amakhala okhudzana kwambiri ndi zolaula (mafunso a CPUI 1-6) kuposa zachipembedzo. Chifukwa chake malingaliro a Grubbs onse ndi abodza osati chifukwa cha sayansi yomwe ilipo kale.

"Masiku ano ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula" amasiya zinthu zambiri

Vuto lina lachiwiri ndiloti Grubbs adayesa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pofunsa mafunso za "zolaula zomwe akuchita" pakadali pano. Funso limeneli ndi losamveka bwino. Pa nthawi iti? Phunziro limodzi lingakhale likuganiza kuti "Ndagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zingati dzulo?" china "sabata yatha?" kapena "pa avareji kuyambira pomwe ndidaganiza zosiya kuwonera chifukwa cha zosafunika?" Zotsatira zake ndizosafanizira zomwe sizingafanane ndipo sizingasanthulidwe ndi cholinga chofuna kupeza mayankho odalirika, osatinso zazikulu, zosagwirizana ndi zomwe Grubbs amatenga.

Chofunika kwambiri, funso loti "kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula", lomwe pamapeto pake phunziroli limalephera, limalephera kufunsa zazosintha zakugwiritsa ntchito zolaula: kugwiritsa ntchito zaka, zaka zoyambira, kaya wogwiritsa ntchitoyo adayamba bwanji zolaula kapena adapanga zolaula zosayembekezereka , chiŵerengero cha kuthamangitsidwa ndi zolaula mpaka kukodza popanda izo, kuchuluka kwa kugonana ndi wokondedwa weniweni, ndi zina zotero. Mafunso amenewa angatithandizenso kudziwa kuti ndani amene ali ndi vuto logwiritsa ntchito zolaula kuposa "kugwiritsa ntchito masiku ano."

CHIGAWO 3: Kodi Kukhulupirira Zipembedzo Kumayenderana ndi Zovuta Zolaula?

Kuyamba: Umboni wosadabwitsa kuchokera kwa opatsirana pogonana umasonyeza kuti pali makasitomala omwe ndikumverera osokoneza bongo, komabe mumaziwona nthawi zina. N'zotheka kuti ena mwa makasitomalawa ndi achipembedzo ndipo amadziimba mlandu komanso amanyazi chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zina. Kodi anthuwa akuvutika ndi "chizolowezi chodziwika bwino" osati zolaula? Mwina. Izi zati, anthuwa akufuna kusiya koma akupitilizabe kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Kaya "ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula" nthawi zambiri amakhala osokoneza bongo kapena amangodzimva kuti ndi olakwa komanso amanyazi, chinthu chimodzi ndichotsimikizika: Grubbs CPUI Sangathe kusiyanitsa "chizolowezi choledzeretsa" ndi chizoloŵezi chenicheni mwa anthuwa kapena wina aliyense.

Funso limodzi mwa magawo atatu a mafunso a CPUI amafufuza kukhumudwa ndi manyazi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu ambiri azipembedza

Chifukwa 3 yomaliza pamafunso a 9 CPUI amawunika kuti ndi olakwa, manyazi komanso kudzimvera chisoni, owerenga zolaula a CPUI omwe amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula amapitilira m'mwamba. Mwachitsanzo, ngati Mkhristu amene sakhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu ali ndi zofanana pa mafunso a CPUI 1-6, zili zowona kuti Mkhristu azikhala ndi ziwerengero zapamwamba kwambiri za CPUI-9, pambuyo poti mafunso 7-9 awonjezedwa.

  1. Ndimachita manyazi ndikaona zolaula pa intaneti.
  2. Ndimaona kuti ndikuvutika maganizo chifukwa choona zolaula pa intaneti.
  3. Ndimadwala kwambiri ndikaona zolaula pa intaneti.

Zotsatira zenizeni za Grubbs ndizakuti zolaula zachipembedzo owerenga akhoza kudziimba mlandu ponena za kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula (mafunso 7-9), koma sakhalanso osokoneza (mafunso 4-6).

Pamapeto pake, zomwe titha kutenga kuchokera ku maphunziro a Grubbs ndikuti ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula achipembedzo amadzimvera chisoni komanso manyazi. Palibe zodabwitsa pamenepo. Popeza anthu ochepa kwambiri achipembedzo amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula, zomwe Grubb adapeza sizikutiuza chilichonse chokhudza anthu achipembedzo. Mfundo yofunikira: Grubbs akugwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zosokonekera zazipembedzo - zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito ochepa - kunena kuti zolaula ndizokhudzana ndi chipembedzo.

Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti mafunso amafunsidwe amitundu ina samakhala ndi mafunso okhudza kudzimva chisoni komanso manyazi. Ndithudi, palibe apange gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a mafunso awo okhudza kulakwa ndi manyazi. Mwachitsanzo, njira za DSM-5 zochokera kwa Alcohol Use Disorder muli ndi mafunso a 11. Komabe palibe yankho lomwe limawunikidwa ndikulapa. Ngakhalenso mafunso a DSM-5 Ojambulitsa Kutchova Juga alibe funso limodzi pazachisoni, kudziimba mlandu kapena kuchita manyazi. M'malo mwake, mafunso onse osokoneza bongo a DSM-5 awa amagogomezera kusagwira ntchito makhalidwe, ofanana ndi mafunso 4-6 a CPUI-9:

  1. Nthaŵi zina, ndimayesetsa kukonza ndondomeko yanga kuti ndikhale ndekha kuti ndione zolaula.
  2. Ndakana kukakhala ndi anzanga kapena kupita kuntchito zina kuti ndipeze zolaula.
  3. Ndaika zofunikira kwambiri kuti ndiziona zolaula.

Kumbukirani, mafunso a CPUI 4-6 ali okhudzana kwambiri ndi "Maola Ogwiritsa Ntchito Zolaula" apano kuposa china chilichonse (0.44). Kutanthauza kuti "maola ogwiritsira ntchito" ndiye wolosera mwamphamvu kwambiri wa leni zolaula pa data ya Grubbs. Kumbali inayi, mafunso 4-6 anali ndi chiyanjano chochepa kwambiri ndi "chipembedzo" (0.07). Kutanthauza kuti kupembedza sikukhudzana kwenikweni ndi zolaula. Chiyanjano chochepa kwambiri pakati pa chipembedzo ndi zenizeni zolaula chimafotokozedwa bwino ndi zomwe Grubb adachita poyeserera ndi zina zomwe zafotokozedwa pansipa.

Chipembedzo sichikuneneratu zolaula. Osati ngakhale ife tinkangokhalira.

Mu Gawo 2 tanena kuti "maola ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula" anali okhudzana kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa CPUI-9 kuposa kupembedza. Kapena monga wofufuza anganene: "Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kwa maola ambiri" kunaneneratu zakumwa zolaula kuposa kupembedza. Tinawonetsanso kuti kulumikizana pakati pa leni zolaula (CPUI mafunso 4-6) ndi Religiosity 0 yosiyanasiyana.07, pomwe kulumikizana kwenikweni kwa zolaula (mafunso a CPUI 4-6) ndi "maola ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula" anali 0.44. Kuzinena mwanjira ina: "Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kwa maola ambiri" kunaneneratu zakumwa zolaula + 600 +% mwamphamvu kuposa kupembedza.

Izi zati, Grubbs adakalibe chiyanjano chofooka pakati pa zipembedzo ndi zowonongeka 4-6 (0.07). Momwemonso Grubbs ndizowona, kuti chipembedzo chikulankhulira kuledzera? Ayi, kupembedza sikuneneratu kuti munthu amatha kuonera zolaula. Ziri zosiyana. Anthu achipembedzo sagwiritsa ntchito zolaula mosavuta ndipo motero sangawonongeke.

Maphunziro a Grubbs sanagwiritse ntchito gawo la anthu achipembedzo. M'malo mwake, okhawo omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula (achipembedzo kapena osakhulupirira) adafunsidwa. Kupindula kwa kafukufuku kumapereka chiwerengero chochepa cha kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula mwachipembedzo poyerekeza ndi anthu omwe si achipembedzo (phunzirani 1, phunzirani 2, phunzirani 3, phunzirani 4, phunzirani 5, phunzirani 6, phunzirani 7, phunzirani 8, phunzirani 9, phunzirani 10, phunzirani 11, phunzirani 12, phunzirani 13, phunzirani 14, phunzirani 15, phunzirani 16, phunzirani 17, phunzirani 18, phunzirani 19, phunzirani 20, phunzirani 21, phunzirani 22, phunzirani 24)

Zitsanzo za Grubbs za ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zachipembedzo zimasinthidwa ndi ochepa mwa amuna achipembedzo omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Mwachidule, Chipembedzo chimatetezera kusokoneza bongo.

Mwachitsanzo, phunziro la 2011 (The Cyber ​​Pornography Gwiritsani Ntchito Zowonjezera: Kuyerekeza Chitsanzo cha Chipembedzo ndi Chachidule) adanena kuti kuchuluka kwa amuna achipembedzo ndi a ku koleji omwe ankagwiritsa ntchito zolaula kamodzi pa sabata:

  • Zomwe: 54%
  • Zipembedzo: 19%

Phunziro lina ku koleji akuluakulu achipembedzo (Ndikukhulupirira kuti ndizolakwika koma ndimazichitabe - Kuyerekeza anyamata achipembedzo omwe amatsutsana nawo sagwiritsa ntchito zolaula, 2010) adawulula kuti:

  • 65% ya anyamata achipembedzo anafotokoza kuti sakuwona zolaula m'mwezi ya 12 yapitayi
  • 8.6% adawonetsa kuwona masiku awiri kapena atatu pa mwezi
  • 8.6% adawonetsa kuyang'ana tsiku ndi tsiku kapena tsiku lina lililonse

Mosiyana ndi izi, kufufuza kwa magawo osiyana-siyana a amuna a ku koleji amafotokoza zapamwamba zowonera zolaula (US - 2008: 87%, China - 2012: 86%, Netherlands - 2013 (zaka 16) - 73%). Mwachidule, popeza ambiri azaka zakukoleji, amuna achipembedzo samawona zolaula, zomwe Grubbs amatengera "ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula" ndizosokonekera, pomwe anthu omwe amawagwiritsa ntchito "oonera zolaula" akuyimira bwino.

Tsopano tikutchula zifukwa zingapo zomwe anthu ogwiritsira ntchito zolaula amatha kulembera mafunso akuluakulu okhudzana ndi zolaula.

#1) Chipembedzo ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula mwina amakhala ndi miyeso yapamwamba yomwe ilipo kale

Popeza kuti ambiri a sukulu ya koleji, amuna achipembedzo saganizira zolaula, Grubbs ndi Leonhardt, et al. zitsanzo za "ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula" zachipembedzo zimaimira ochepa pagulu lazipembedzo. Mosiyana ndi izi, zitsanzo za "ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula" zimaimira ambiri omwe siopembedza.

Achinyamata ambiri omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula amanena kuti sakufuna kuonera zolaula (100% in phunziroli). Ndiye ndichifukwa chiyani ogwiritsa ntchitowa amaonera? Ndizotheka kwambiri kuti osakhala oimira "ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula" ali ndi magawo apamwamba kwambiri a anthu onse omwe akulimbana ndi zovuta zomwe zidalipo kale. Izi nthawi zambiri zimapezeka mwa omwe ali ndi vuto losokoneza bongo (mwachitsanzo, OCD, kukhumudwa, nkhawa, nkhawa yamagulu, ADHD, mbiri yakubanja yakukonda, kuvutika kwaubwana kapena kuzunzidwa, zina zotero, etc.).

Chinthu chokhacho chikhoza kufotokoza chifukwa chomwe anthu ogwiritsira ntchito zolaula, monga gulu, amapezerera pang'ono pa mafunso okhudzana ndi kugonana ndi mafilimu a Grubbs. Maganizo amenewa amathandizidwa ndi maphunziro kufunafuna mankhwala olaula / kugonana (omwe tikhoza kuyembekezera kuwombera mosiyana ndi chidutswa chomwecho chosafunikira). Ofuna kuchiza amasonyeza ayi chiyanjano pakati pa chipembedzo ndi miyeso ya kuledzera ndi chipembedzo (Phunziro la 2016 1, Phunziro la 2016 2). Ngati zomwe Grubbs adaganiza zinali zowona, titha kuwona kuchuluka kwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula achipembedzo akufuna chithandizo. Lingaliro ili limathandizidwa ndi kafukufuku wapa chithandizo chofuna zolaula / zachiwerewere zomwe sizikuwonetsa ubale uliwonse pakati pazipembedzo ndi miyezo ya zosokoneza bongo ndi chipembedzo (Phunziro la 2016 1, Phunziro la 2016 2).

#2) Kuonera zolaula kumapangitsa anthu achipembedzo kubwerera kuzipembedzo komanso chipembedzo chimakhala chofunika kwambiri

izi Phunziro la 2016 pa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zachipembedzo adawonetsa kusamvetseka komwe pakokha kungafotokozere kulumikizana pang'ono kwa Grubbs pakati leni zolaula ndi chipembedzo. Mgwirizano pakati pa kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula ndi kupembedza ndizochitika. Monga momwe kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula kumawonjezeka, kuchita zachipembedzo ndi kufunika kwa chipembedzo kuchepa - mpaka kuloza. Komabe pamene munthu wachipembedzo ayamba kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kamodzi kapena kawiri pa sabata chizoloŵezichi chimadzisintha: Wogwiritsa ntchito zolaula amayamba kupita kutchalitchi pafupipafupi ndipo kufunikira kwachipembedzo kumakulira. Chidule cha kafukufukuyu:

"Komabe, zolaula zomwe zidachitika m'mbuyomu zimakhudza kupembedza kwam'mbuyomu ndikupemphera zidaperewera: Kupezeka kwachipembedzo ndi kupemphera kumatsika mpaka kenako ndikuwonjezeka pamakanema apamwamba owonera zolaula."

Chithunzichi, chomwe chatengedwa kuchokera ku phunziroli, chikufanizira kupezeka kwachipembedzo ndi kuchuluka kwa zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito:

Zikuwoneka kuti pamene zolaula za anthu achipembedzo zikuwonjezeka, amabwerera kuchipembedzo ngati njira yothetsera mavuto awo. Izi sizosadabwitsa, chifukwa magulu ambiri osokoneza bongo omwe amatsata njira za 12 amaphatikizapo gawo lauzimu kapena lachipembedzo. Wolemba pepala adalongosola izi ngati tanthauzo:

… Kafukufuku wokhudzidwa amatanthauza kuti iwo omwe amadzimva kuti alibe chochita pakulowerera kwawo nthawi zambiri amalandira chithandizo champhamvu. Zowonadi, mapulogalamu a magawo khumi ndi awiri omwe amayesetsa kuthandiza anthu omwe ali ndi zizolowezi zosokoneza bongo amapezeka paliponse ziphunzitso zodzipereka kuulamuliro wapamwamba, ndipo kuchuluka kwamapulogalamu achikhristu khumi ndi awiri osasunthika kumapangitsa kulumikizaku kukhala kowonekera bwino. Zitha kukhala kuti anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula mopitilira muyeso (mwachitsanzo, magwiridwe antchito omwe atha kukhala okakamiza kapena osokoneza bongo) amakakamizidwa kupita kuchipembedzo kwakanthawi m'malo mochokako.

Chochitika ichi cha ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula achipembedzo kubwerera ku chikhulupiriro chawo ngati chizoloŵezi chowopsa chikhoza kufotokozera mosavuta kusiyana kochepa pakati pa zolaula zenizeni ndi zachipembedzo.

# 3) Mosiyana ndi nkhani zachipembedzo, zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito sizingazindikire zomwe zimachitika chifukwa samayesa kusiya

Kodi ndizotheka kuti ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula amapembedza kwambiri mafunso okhudza zolaula chifukwa adayeseradi kusiya, mosiyana ndi abale awo akudziko? Pochita izi atha kuzindikira zizindikilo zolaula zomwe zimawonetsedwa ndi Leonhardt, et al. Funso la funso la 5.

Kutengera zaka zowunika zolaula pa intaneti, tikupempha kuti ofufuza azilekanitsa ogwiritsa ntchito omwe ayesapo kusiya zolaula kwa omwe sanadziwone, akawafunsa zakomwe amadziona ngati zolaula. Nthawi zambiri ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula masiku ano (onse achipembedzo komanso osapembedza) samamvetsetsa kwenikweni zolaula za pa intaneti mpaka pambuyo iwo amayesa kusiya (ndi kudutsa mulimonse zizindikiro za kuchotsa).

Mwambiri, ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula amakhulupirira kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kulibe vuto lililonse, motero alibe chifukwa chosiya kusiya mpaka atakumana ndi zizindikilo zosagonjetseka (mwina, kufooketsa nkhawa zamagulu, kulephera kugonana ndi wokondedwa weniweni kapena kuchuluka kwazomwe amakumana nazo zosokoneza / zosokoneza kapena zoopsa kwambiri). Izi zisanachitike, mukawafunsa zamaliseche, adzanena kuti zonse zili bwino. Iwo mwachilengedwe amaganiza kuti ndi "ogwiritsa ntchito wamba," omwe amatha kusiya nthawi iliyonse, ndikuti zizindikilo zomwe ali nazo, ngati zilipo, zimachitika chifukwa cha china chake. china. Manyazi? Ayi.

Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, anthu ambiri opembedza mafano amachenjezedwa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula n'koopsa. Chifukwa chake iwo amatha kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zochepetsetsa ndipo ayesera kupereka, mwinamwake kangapo. Zomwe zimayesedwa ndi kuchotsa zolaula pa intaneti zikuwunikira kwambiri, monga ndizo pamene ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula (achipembedzo kapena ayi) akupeza:

  1. Zimakhala zovuta kusiya (ngati ali osokoneza bongo)
  2. Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kwawapweteka kwambiri, pamaganizo, m'magonana komanso mosiyana (nthawi zambiri chifukwa zizindikiro zimayamba kuchepa)
  3. [Pankhani ya zizindikiro zotere] Kodi kutaya kotani kumapangitsa kuti zizindikirozo zikhale zovuta kwa kanthawi, ubongo usanabwererenso
  4. Zimakhala zomvetsa chisoni bwanji akafuna kusiya zinazake koma sangathe (Ichi ndi manyazi, koma osati “zachipembedzo / zamanyazi” - monga momwe ofufuza amaganizira nthawi zina chifukwa ogwiritsa ntchito achipembedzo amawafotokozera kawirikawiri. Ambiri mwa omwe amakhala osokoneza bongo mwatsoka amakhala ndi manyazi akamaona kuti sangathenso kusiya, kaya ndi achipembedzo kapena ayi.)
  5. Amakhala ndi zikhumbo zofuna kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Kukonda nthawi zambiri kumawonjezereka mwamphamvu ndi sabata kapena kupitilira kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula.

Zochitika zoterezi zimapangitsa iwo omwe ayesa kusiya kusamala kwambiri za zolaula. Popeza ogwiritsa ntchito achipembedzo ambiri akhala akuyesera izi, zida zamaganizidwe ziwonetsa kuti amadera nkhawa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kuposa omwe siopembedza - ngakhale atakhala kuti sagwiritsa ntchito zolaula pang'ono!

Mwanjira ina, ofufuza sayenera kufufuza ngati ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zina musamvetse Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ngati zopanda vuto, m'malo mongoganiza kuti ndi anthu achipembedzo omwe akumvetsetsa kuti kulibe zovuta zokhudzana ndi zolaula ngakhale akugwiritsa ntchito zochepa? Kuledzera, pambuyo pa zonse, sikunayesedwe kutengera kuchuluka kapena magwiritsidwe ake, koma zotsatira zofooketsa.

Mulimonsemo, kulephera kusiyanitsa iwo omwe ayeserera kusiya iwo omwe alibe, ndikovuta kwakukulu pa kafukufuku kuyesa kufotokozera za chiyanjano cha ubale pakati pa chipembedzo, manyazi ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Ndikosavuta kutanthauzira molakwika deta ngati umboni wakuti "chipembedzo zimapangitsa anthu kuda nkhawa ndi zolaula ngakhale atakhala kuti sagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zochepa kuposa ena, komanso kuti akapanda kupembedza sakadakhala ndi nkhawa. ”

Chomveka chomveka chitha kukhala chakuti iwo omwe ayesa kusiya, ndikuzindikira mfundo zomwe zili pamwambazi ali ndi nkhawa, ndikuti chipembedzo ndichomwe chimapangitsa kuti ayesere kuchita izi (ndipo mwina ndizosafunikira). Ndizokhumudwitsa kuwona akatswiri azamaganizidwe akupanga kulumikizana kosavuta ndi chipembedzo / uzimu ndikukhala ndi mfundo "zochititsa manyazi", osazindikira kuti akuyerekeza "maapulo" ndi "malalanje" akamayerekezera ogwiritsa ntchito omwe ayesa kusiya ndi omwe sanatero. Apanso, okha omwe amayamba kuona zoopsa ndi zoopsa za zolaula zimagwiritsa ntchito bwino, kaya ali achipembedzo kapena ayi.

Izi zimakhumudwitsidwa kawirikawiri ndi iwo amene akufuna kuchotsa kutali ndi zizindikiro zoopsa zomwe osagwiritsa ntchito zipembedzo nthawi zambiri amapeza. Ogwiritsa ntchito Agnostic amakhala ndi zizindikiro zoopsa kwambiri panthawi yomwe iwowo do kusiya, chifukwa choti amakonda kusiya kusiya kutsika kwazizindikiro zochepa kuposa omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Chifukwa chiyani ofufuza sakuphunzira izi?

M'malo mwake, titha kusewera gawo la mkango la omwe ali nawo zolaula-zinayambitsa zolaula za kugonana ndi amwano. Chifukwa chiyani? Chifukwa chakuti anthu omwe si achipembedzo amawopsezedwa kwambiri ndi kuwonongeka kwa ntchito zolaula za intaneti zomwe akupitiriza kuzigwiritsa ntchito poyang'ana zizindikiro zowonetsera, monga kuwonjezera nkhawa za anthu, kuwonjezeka kwa zinthu zakuthupi, kusasamala, kuvutikira kukwaniritsa zokakamiza popanda zolaula, zovuta kugwiritsa ntchito makondomu kapena kumapeto kwa mnzanu, ndi zina zotero.

Chowonadi ndi chakuti, ngakhale wamba, kapena kawirikawiri, kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumatha kuchititsa ena ogwiritsa ntchito zogonana kotero kuti zimawasokoneza kugonana ndi chiyanjano. Nazi nkhani ya munthu m'modzi. Kuwonjezereka kwa zolaula zomwe poyamba zinali zosakondweretsa kapena kubwezeretsa ndizofala theka la ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti. Mwachidule, monga momwe tafotokozera pamwambapa, kugwiritsa ntchito kosagwiritsidwa ntchito sikunenepa. Anthu omwe sagwiritsa ntchito nthawi zambiri koma amadera nkhawa za kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula angathe kukhala ndi nkhawa chifukwa cha zofuna zawo, osati zomwe amamva ponena za zolaula pazinthu zachipembedzo.

Zingakhale bwino kupanga kafukufuku yemwe amauza ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula (onse achipembedzo ndi zina) kusiya zolaula kwa kanthawi ndikuyerekeza zomwe akumana nazo ndi machitidwe? Onani Kuthana ndi Mavuto Osavuta Kuonera Zithunzi Zolaula Gwiritsani Ntchito Kuulula Zotsatira Zake kuti apange maphunziro apangidwe.

#4) Zifukwa zachilengedwe zomwe zimagwiritsira ntchito owerenga zithunzi zolaula amatha kulemba kwambiri pa mafunso okhudzana ndi zolaula

Kawirikawiri kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti kumawopsa kwa ambiri ogwiritsa ntchito masiku ano. Izi zikuphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa zinthu zoopsa kwambiri, kugonana kosauka komanso kugonana, kuledzera, ndi / kapena kutengeka kochepa kwa okondedwa (kuphatikizapo zovuta zowonongeka).

Chodziwika bwino ndi chakuti kugwiritsa ntchito mwachindunji (mwachitsanzo, maola a 2 oonera zolaula otsatiridwa ndi milungu ingapo yodziletsa pamaso pa zolaula zina) zimayambitsa chizolowezi chosokoneza bongo. Zifukwazi ndizochitika, ndipo pali kufufuza kwathunthu kwa thupi ntchito yapakatikati zinyama ndi anthu zomwe zimawonetsa zochitika za ubongo zomwe zimayang'aniridwa.

Mwachitsanzo, onse awiri mankhwala ndi zakudya zosapatsa thanzi Kafukufuku amasonyeza kuti ntchito yapakati imatha kupita mofulumira ubongo wokhudzana ndi mowa umasintha (kaya kapena wosagwiritsa ntchitoyo akulowerera mofulumira). Kusintha kwakukulu ndi kulimbikitsa zomwe zimapweteka mphotho ya ubongo ndi zizindikiro zomwe zimabweretsa zovuta kunyalanyaza zokhumba. Polimbikitsidwa, maulendo a ubongo amakhudzidwa ndi zolimbikitsa komanso kufunafuna malipiro kufunafuna kukhala osaganizira zochitika kapena zovuta zokhudzana ndi khalidwe losokoneza bongo. Chikhalidwe chachikulu cha pavlovian chimasintha kukulitsa "kufuna" kapena kulakalaka kwinaku mukukonda kapena chisangalalo kuchokera pantchitoyi kumachepa. Mfundo, monga kutembenuza kompyuta, kuona pop-up, kapena kukhala yekha, zimayambitsa zolakalaka zolaula. (Kufufuza zochitika polimbikitsa anthu owerenga zolaula: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20.)

Chodabwitsa kwambiri ndikuti nthawi yodziletsa (masabata a 2-4) kumayambitsa kusintha kwa mpweya zomwe sizikuchitika mwa wogwiritsa ntchito amene samatenga nthawi yaitali. Kusintha uku mu ubongo kumawonjezera zilakolako zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito poyambitsa otsogolera. Komanso, a maganizo a kusintha kotero kuti ngakhale kupsyinjika pang'ono kungayambitse zikhumbo zoti zigwiritse ntchito.

Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kochepa (makamaka mu mawonekedwe oledzera) akhoza kupanga zizindikiro zowononga kwambiri, monga ulesi, maganizo ndi zikhumbo. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, pamene wina agwiritsa ntchito pambuyo posiya kudziletsa, ndi mabingeni, akhoza kugunda wovuta kwambiri - mwina chifukwa cha anakula kwambiri zochitikazo.

Malinga ndi kafukufukuyu, asayansi atsimikizira kuti tsiku lililonse amagwiritsidwa ntchito cocaine, mowa, ndudukapena zakudya zosapatsa thanzi sikofunika kuti apange kusintha kwa ubongo wokhudzana ndi chiwerewere. Kuledzera kosakwanira kungachititse chinthu chimodzimodzi monga kugwiritsa ntchito mosalekeza, ndipo nthawi zina mumatero Zambiri.

Tsopano, tiyeni tibwerere poyerekeza ndi ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi achipembedzo omwe si achipembedzo. Ndi gulu liti limene lingakhale ndi ogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri? Anapanga kafukufuku akusonyeza zimenezo Owerenga zithunzi zolaula samakonda kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, mwinamwake palichipembedzo chochuluka kusiyana ndi anthu ogwiritsira ntchito ntchito osagwiritsanso ntchito. Ogwiritsa ntchito zipembedzo akhoza kukhala "ogwiritsira ntchito pakati." Anthu ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito kuti nthawi zambiri amatha kupuma kwa masiku owerengeka - pokhapokha atakhala osagwiritsira ntchito chifukwa akuyesera kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula.

Chinthu chinanso chofunika kwambiri cha kudziletsa kwa kudziletsa ndikuti owerenga zithunzi zolaula amakhala ndi mipata (komanso nthawi zambiri). Amatha kuona bwino momwe ntchito zawo zolaula zakhudzira iwo, mosiyana ndi ogwiritsa ntchito mobwerezabwereza. Izi zokha zingapangitse maphunziro apamwamba okhudza zolaula. Chotsatira chachiwiri, chofunika kwambiri ndi chakuti ogwiritsira ntchito zolaula amakhala ndi zilakolako zambiri. Chachitatu, pamene ogwiritsira ntchito amatha kubwerera, sayansi yatchulidwa pamwambapa ikunena kuti nthawi zambiri iwo adzamva kuti sangathe kulamulidwa, ndipo amatha kukhumudwa kwambiri atatha kumwa. Mwachidule, ogwiritsira ntchito ochepa omwe angakhale osokoneza bongo akhoza kukhala osokonezeka kwambiri komanso akudabwa kwambiri pa zovuta zolimbana ndi zolaula, ngakhale kuti akugwiritsa ntchito mobwerezabwereza kuposa abale awo.

Pansi pa zochitikazi, pasanapite nthawi kunena kuti manyazi amachititsa kusiyana pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito achipembedzo ndi osapembedza. Ochita kafukufuku ayenera kuyendetsa zotsatira za ntchito yapakatikati. Ananena mosiyana, ngati zambiri Leonhardt et al's Nkhani zachipembedzo zimaphatikizapo anthu ochuluka kwambiri omwe amagwiritsira ntchito osagwiritsa ntchito zipembedzo zawo, wina angayembekezere kuti olemba achipembedzo amapezeketsere kuyesa zolimbitsa thupi ngakhale kuti amagwiritsa ntchito mobwerezabwereza.

Zoonadi, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo amatsenga sikungokhala kwa anthu ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Chochitika ichi chikuwonetseratu zinyama ndi anthu ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula omwe akuyesera kusiya koma nthawi zina amazoloŵera kudya. Mfundo ndi yakuti chodabwitsa cha kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula ndi zolaula zimayenera kuwerengedwa mosadalirika musanayambe kujambula ndi kufalitsa malingaliro okhudza manyazi (kapena "kuzindikira" zolaula) monga chokhacho chomwe chingatheke chifukwa chomwe anthu ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula amavomereza kuti apamwamba kwambiri ntchito zochepa.

Chidule cha Kukhulupirira Zipembedzo ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zolaula:

  1. Chikhulupiriro sichitchula kuti chizoloŵezi chogonana (chodziwika kapena chosiyana). Chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha anthu akugwiritsa ntchito zolaula.
  2. Popeza chiwerengero chochepa cha anthu achipembedzo chimagwiritsa ntchito zolaula, zikuoneka kuti zipembedzo ndizoona chitetezo zolaula.
  3. Grubbs ndi Leonhardt, et al. zitsanzo zomwe zidatengedwa kuchokera kwa ochepa mwa "ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula" zimasokonekera polemekeza ogwiritsa ntchito achipembedzo, zomwe mwina zimapangitsa kuti azipembedzo azikhala ndi zovuta zambiri. Zotsatira zake ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula amapembedza pang'ono pazomwe amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndipo amafotokoza zovuta kuwongolera kugwiritsa ntchito.
  4. Pamene kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula kumakhala kawirikawiri kapena kukakamiza, anthu olambira zolaula amapembedza. Izi zikutanthawuza kuti anthu omwe amawerengera zapamwamba zowononga zolaula amapezekanso pamwamba pa chipembedzo.
  5. Anthu ambiri oonera zolaula amachenjezedwa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula n'koopsa. Chifukwa chake iwo amatha kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula zochepa ndikuyesera kuzipereka. Pochita zimenezi iwo amatha kuzindikira zizindikiro za zolaula monga momwe Grubss CPUI-9 imaonera Leonhardt, et al. Mafunso azinthu 5 - mosasamala kuchuluka kwa zolaula.
  6. Ogwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zolaula angathe kukhala osokoneza kwambiri komanso akudabwa kwambiri pa zovuta zowononga zolaula, ngakhale kuti akugwiritsa ntchito mobwerezabwereza kuposa abale awo amdziko lapansi.

CHIGAWO 4: Grubbs Imafalikira Kufufuza Kwambiri Kwachizolowezi

Kutsimikizika kwa zizolowezi zolaula pa intaneti kumayankhidwa m'maphunziro atatu a Joshua Grubbs (Grubbs et al., 2015; Bradley et al., 2016; Grubbs et al., 2016.) Mapepala onse atatuwa amaponyera patali zaka makumi anayi za kafukufuku wamaubongo ndi zina (ndi zida zina zowunikira) kuyesa kukopa owerenga kuti zolemba za sayansi zikuwonetsa kuti zolaula pa intaneti sizilipo (potero akuthandizira a Grubbs kuti umboni wonse wazolaula Kuledzera kuyenera "kuzindikira," osati kwenikweni).

Maphunziro a Grubbs adatchula kuti asiye kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula

M'magawo awo otsegulira, maphunziro atatu a Grubbs omwe atchulidwa m'ndime yapitayi akuwonetsa kukondera kwawo potengera zonena zawo zakusowa kwa chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito intaneti pamapepala a omwe amadzinenera kuti ndi "omwe amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti": David Ley, wolemba Bodza Lachiwerewere, ndi yemwe kale anali wofufuza ka UCLA Nicole Prause, yemwe ntchito yake yatsutsidwa mwatsatanetsatane mu zolemba zachipatala njira zofooka ndi zifukwa zosagwirizana. Mapepala atatu a Grubbs amakhulupirira kuti maulamuliro amachititsa kuti:

  1. Emperor Alibe Zovala: Kubwereza za 'Zithunzi Zolaula' (wolemba 2014), wolemba David Ley, Nicole Prause & Peter Finn
  2. Chilakolako cha kugonana, osati chiwerewere, chikugwirizana ndi mauthenga okhudza ziwalo zokhudzana ndi kugonana (2013), Vaughn R. Steele, Cameron Staley, Timothy Fong, Nicole Prause
  3. Kuwona Zoyipa Zogonana Zokhudzana ndi Kugonana Kwakukulu, Osati Erectile Dysfunction (2015), Nicole Prause & Jim Pfaus

Pepala #1 (Ley et al., 2013) is chidutswa chimodzi chachinyengo ndi Ley, Prause ndi mnzake Peter Finn, amene adati ndizobwezera chitsanzo cha chizoloŵezi cha zolaula. Izo sizinali. Choyamba, Ley et al. sanatchule maphunziro onse omwe adawonetsedwa akuwonetsa zovuta chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula chifukwa choti "amangogwirizana". Mwawerenga pomwepo. Chachiwiri, idasankha mizere yosokoneza, yosocheretsa kuchokera mkati mwa maphunziro, kulephera kupereka zomwe akatswiriwo akutsutsa. Chachitatu, Ley et al. adatchula maphunziro ochuluka omwe anali osagwirizana ndi zomwe adanena. Timazindikira kuti izi ndi zowonjezereka, komabe zimathandizidwa ndikulemba izi ndemanga yotsatira-mzere. Dziwani kuti Ley et al. Mkonzi, Charles Moser, wakhala kale wotsutsa mawu zolaula komanso kugonana. Komanso dziwani zimenezo Mauthenga Amakono Akugonana Amagonana ali chofupi ndi chamwala mbiri. Idayamba kusindikiza mu 2004, ndipo idapita ku hiatus ku 2008, koma idzaukitsidwa mu 2014, panthawi yokhala nayo Ley et al.

Pepala #2 (Steele et al., 2013) anali EEG kuphunzira zonseed m'ma TV monga umboni motsutsana kukhalapo kwa zolaula. Osati choncho. Maphunziro a Labani a SPAN amapereka chithandizo ku zizolowezi zolaula ndi zolaula zimagwiritsa ntchito malamulo oletsa kugonana. Mwanjira yanji? Phunzirolo linalemba ma eEG apamwamba mawerengedwe (P300) pamene nkhani zinkatchulidwa mwachidule ku zithunzi zolaula. Kafukufuku amasonyeza kuti P300 yakwezeka imachitika pamene anthu osokoneza bongo amadziwika kuti ali ndi vuto (monga mafano) okhudzana ndi chizoloŵezi chawo. Komabe, chifukwa cha njira zolakwika zomwe zofukufukuzi ndizosasinthika: 1) nkhani zinali zosiyana (amuna, akazi, osagonana amuna okhaokha); Zithunzi za 2) sizinawonedwe kuti zisokoneze maganizo kapena zoledzeretsa; Kuphunzira kwa 3) kunalibe gulu loletsa kulinganirana; Mayankho a 4) sanavomerezedwe chifukwa cha kuledzera. Mogwirizana ndi Ubongo wa University of Cambridge umaphunzirira maphunziro, phunziroli la EEG linanenanso kuti kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zolaula zikugwirizana kwambiri ndi Zochepa chilakolako chogonana. Ikani njira ina, anthu omwe ali ndi ubongo wambiri komanso zolakalaka zolaula amakonda kugonana maliseche kuposa kugonana ndi munthu weniweni. Woimira Pulofesa Nicole Prause adanena kuti anthu ogwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zolaula amangokhala ndi libido yamakono, komabe zotsatira za phunziroli zimanena zosiyana kwambiri (chilakolako chawo chogonana pakati pawo chinali kugwera poyerekezera ndi zolaula zawo). Monga palibe chifukwa chofanana ndi mitu yoyamba, Grubbs adalimbikitsa zolakwika za olemba oyambirira ("debunkers a zolaula"). Mapepala asanu ndi limodzi owunikiridwa ndi anzawo adasanthula mwadongosolo Steele et al., 2013 pomaliza kunena kuti zofukufuku zake zikugwirizana ndi zolaula zomwe zimati debunk: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Onaninso izi mfundo yaikulu.

Pepala #3 (Pembedzero & Pfaus 2015) Anaperekedwa ndi Grubbs monga umboni wa zotsatira zabwino za zolaula:

… Maphunziro ena amatchulanso zotsatira zabwino zomwe zingakhalepo chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula (Prause & Pfaus, 2015).

Pembedzero ndi Pfaus sanali kuphunzira kwenikweni ndipo sanapeze "zotsatira zabwino" zokhudzana ndi zolaula. Palibe zomwe zapezeka pamapepala a Prause & Pfaus (2015) omwe amafanana ndi maphunziro anayi am'mbuyomu omwe amachokera. Zotsutsana sizinali zazing'ono ndipo sizinafotokozeredwe. Ndemanga ya wofufuza Richard A. Isenberg MD, lofalitsidwa mkati Mankhwala Opatsirana Mwachiwerewere Kuwonekera, imafotokoza zingapo (koma osati zonse) zosagwirizana, zolakwika, ndi zonena zosagwirizana. Zotsatira zabwino zokha zomwe a Prause & Pfaus adadzinenera kuti zinali "zowoneka bwino" atawonera zolaula m'mitu yomwe imawonera zolaula kunyumba. Mavuto angapo ndi izi:

  1. Njira yowonjezera sayansi yotanthauzira kusiyana kotereku ndikuti amuna omwe amagwiritsira ntchito zolaula amakula kwambiri zolakalaka kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti iwo anali ndi chilakolako chochepa chogonana ndi wokondedwa wawo komanso chilakolako chofuna kuseweretsa maliseche kuposa omwe amawona maola ocheperapo.
  2. Pembedzero & Pfaus sakanakhoza kuwunika molondola zomwe ophunzirawo anali nazo chifukwa:
  • zofufuza zapachiyambi za 4 zinagwiritsa ntchito zolaula zosiyanasiyana. Maphunziro awiri omwe anagwiritsa ntchito filimu ya 3-imodzi, kafukufuku wina anagwiritsa ntchito filimu yachiwiri ya 20, ndipo phunziro limodzi linagwiritsabe ntchito zithunzi.
  • zofufuza zapachiyambi za 4 zinagwiritsidwa ntchito masikelo owerengeka. Chimodzi chinagwiritsa ntchito 0 ku 7, imodzi imagwiritsa ntchito 1 ku 7, ndipo phunziro limodzi silinafotokoze kuwonetsera kwa kugonana.

Richard A. Isenberg MD adafunsa a Prause & Pfaus kuti afotokozere momwe angafunire zotsatirazi posakhala ndi data yothandizira. Palibe wolemba yemwe wakwanitsa kupereka yankho lomveka.

Zimene ma Grubbs amaphunzira zimasiyidwa

Ponena za kukondera kwa Grubbs, zikudziwikiratu kuti maphunziro a 3 omwe atchulidwa pamwambapa asiya maphunziro aliwonse amitsempha ndi ma neuropsychological omwe adapeza umboni wothandizira mtundu wa zolaula (pa 40 anasonkhanitsidwa pano). Komanso, Grubbs anasiya Ndemanga za 17 zaposachedwa pamabuku & ndemanga zolemba pa zolaula komanso zolaula (mndandanda womwewo). Ambiri mwa maphunziro ndi kuwunikaku ndi ena mwa akatswiri asayansi ya mitsempha ku Yale University, University of Cambridge, University of Duisburg-Essen, ndi Max Planck Institute. (Zina mwa izi zinali zisanatulutsidwe pamene maphunziro a Grubbs amapita kukasindikiza, koma ambiri anali, ndipo anangonyalanyazidwa.)

Kusiyanitsa ochita kafukufuku amene ali ndi Ley ndi Prause. Ley alibe chidziwitso cha sayansi ndipo sanafalitse kanthu mpaka Ley et al., 2014. Pembedzero silinayanjanitsidwe ndi yunivesite iliyonse kuyambira Disembala, 2014, ndi iye amati Zochitika zake za 2 EEG zakhala zikudziwitsidwa mobwerezabwereza mu zolemba zowonedwa ndi anzawo (phunziro la 2015: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.; Phunziro la 2013: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.)

Tikhoza kulingalira kuti kuvomereza kukhalako kwa Kafukufuku wa 40 wamaubongo ndi kuwunika kwa 18 kwa mabuku & ndemanga zothandizila kutengera zolaula zitha kusokoneza malingaliro a Grubbs onena kuti zolaula ...

“Ili ndi chochita chilichonse ndi kupembedza komanso malingaliro okhudzana ndi kugonana. Mwachidule, akuti, "Ndizopangitsa manyazi."

Ngati "zolaula zimangokhala zochititsa manyazi" Grubbs amafotokozera bwanji kuchuluka kwakukula kwamaphunziro amitsempha omwe apeza kusintha kwa ubongo kwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula omwe amagwirizana ndi kuledzera? Zingatheke bwanji manyazi chifukwa cha ubongo womwewo umasintha zomwe zimachitika ndikumwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo? Kodi umboni wamanyazi ungatsutse bwanji kupezeka kwa bongo muubongo kuwonetsa umboni wosuta? Sizingatheke.

(onse achipembedzo ndi ena) kusiya zolaula kwa kanthawi ndikuyerekeza zomwe akumana nazo ndi machitidwe? Onani Kuthana ndi Mavuto Osavuta Kuonera Zithunzi Zolaula Gwiritsani Ntchito Kuulula Zotsatira Zake kuti apange maphunziro apangidwe.