Kodi Yoswa Grubbs akukoka ubweya m'maso mwathu ndi kufufuza kwake "kolaula"?

ZOCHITIKA 2017: Kafukufuku watsopano ( Fernandez et al. , 2017 ) adayesa ndikuwunika CPUI-9, yomwe imatchedwa "kuonera zolaula zomwe anthu amaonera" yomwe idapangidwa ndi Joshua Grubbs, ndipo adapeza kuti singathe kuwona molondola "kuonera zolaula zenizeni" kapena "kuonera zolaula zomwe anthu amaonera" ( Kodi Zithunzi Zolaula za pa Intaneti Zimagwiritsa Ntchito Ziwerengero za Inventory-9 Zimasonyeza Kukakamizidwa Kwenikweni mu Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zithunzi Zolaula pa Intaneti? Kufufuza Udindo wa Kudziletsa ). Inapezanso kuti 1/3 ya mafunso a CPUI-9 ayenera kuchotsedwa kuti abweretse zotsatira zenizeni zokhudzana ndi "kukana makhalidwe abwino", "chipembedzo", ndi "maola ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula." Zomwe zapezekazi zikubweretsa kukayikira kwakukulu pa zomwe zapezeka kuchokera ku kafukufuku aliyense yemwe wagwiritsa ntchito CPUI-9 kapena kudalira maphunziro omwe adagwiritsa ntchito. Nkhawa ndi kutsutsa kwa kafukufuku watsopanoyu kumafanana ndi zomwe zafotokozedwa mu ndemanga yotsatirayi.

ZOSINTHA 2018: Nkhani yofalitsa nkhani yodziwika ngati ndemanga yolembedwa ndi Grubbs, Samuel Perry, Rory Reid & Joshua Wilt - Kafukufuku Akusonyeza kuti ndemanga ya Grubbs, Perry, Wilt, Reid ndi Yonyenga ("Mavuto a Zolaula Chifukwa cha Kusalingana kwa Makhalidwe: Chitsanzo Chophatikizana Chokhala ndi Ndemanga Yadongosolo ndi Kusanthula kwa Meta") 2018.

KUONETSA ZINSINSI: Mu 2019, olemba a Samuel Perry ndi a Joshua Grubbs adatsimikiza zokonda zawo poyambira onse awiri mwawonekedwe adalumikizana ndi othandizira Chithunzi cha Nicole ndi David Ley poyesera kuti chete YourBrainOnPorn.com. Perry, Grubbs ndi akatswiri ena a pro-porn ku www.realyourbrainonporn.com akuchita nawo kuphwanya malamulo kosamaloledwa ndi kuphwanya malamulo. Wowerenga ayenera kudziwa izi RealYBOP twitter (ndi kuvomerezedwa kowoneka ndi akatswiri ake) akutenga nawo gawo pakuyipitsa ndi kuvutitsa a Gary Wilson, Alexander Rhodes, Gabe Deem ndi NCOSE, Laila Mickelwait, Gail Dinesndipo aliyense amene amalankhula zolaula za porn. Kuphatikiza apo, David Ley ndi akatswiri ena awiri a "RealYBOP" tsopano kulipidwa ndi makampani ojambula zolaula chimphona chachikulu cha xHamster kulimbikitsa mawebusayiti ake (ie StripChat) ndikuwonetsetsa kuti ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula komanso zolaula ndizabodza! Prause (amene imayendetsa RealYBOP twitter) zikuwoneka kuti osangalatsa kwambiri ndi makampani oonera zolaula, ndipo imagwiritsa ntchito RealYBOP twitter kuti zolimbikitsa makanema azolaula, kuteteza PornHub (yomwe idasunga makanema ogulitsa ana zolaula komanso kugonana), ndi khalani nawo omwe akulimbikitsa pempholi kuti agwire PornHub imakhala ndi mlandu. Tikhulupirira kuti "akatswiri" a RealYBOP akuyenera kulembetsa umembala wawo wa RealYBOP kuti ndi "mkangano wosangalatsa" m'mabuku awo owunikiridwa ndi anzawo.

ZOSINTHA 2019: Pomaliza, Grubbs sanadalire chida chake cha CPUI-9 . CPUI-9 ili ndi mafunso atatu akuti "kudzimva wolakwa ndi manyazi/kuvutika maganizo" omwe sapezeka kawirikawiri mu zida zoledzera - ndipo amasokoneza zotsatira zake, zomwe zimapangitsa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zachipembedzo kupeza mwayi wopeza ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri komanso osapembedza kuti apeze mwayi wotsika kuposa anthu omwe amaphunzira pazida zoyezera chizolowezi choledzera. M'malo mwake, kafukufuku watsopano wa Grubbs adafunsa mafunso awiri olunjika a inde/ayi kwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula (" Ndikukhulupirira kuti ndimakonda kwambiri zolaula za pa intaneti ." " Ndingadzitche kuti ndine wokonda zolaula pa intaneti ."). Potsutsana mwachindunji ndi zomwe adanena kale, Dr. Grubbs ndi gulu lake lofufuza adapeza kuti kukhulupirira kuti mumakonda zolaula kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi maola ambiri ogwiritsira ntchito zolaula tsiku lililonse, osati ndi chipembedzo.

ZOSINTHA 2020: Wofufuza wosakondera Mateuz Gola adagwirizana ndi Grubbs. M'malo mogwiritsa ntchito CPUI-9 yolakwika kwambiri ya Grubbs, kafukufukuyu adagwiritsa ntchito funso limodzi: " Ndikukhulupirira kuti ndimakonda kwambiri zolaula pa intaneti ". Izi zidapangitsa kuti pakhale mgwirizano wochepa kapena wopanda mgwirizano pakati pa kupembedza ndi kudzikhulupirira kuti ndimakonda kwambiri zolaula. Onani: Kuwunika Mavuto a Zithunzi Zolaula Chifukwa cha Kusalingana kwa Makhalidwe (2019)

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MAU OYAMBA

Lingaliro latsopano latuluka posachedwapa m'manyuzipepala ndi nkhani zambiri: "kuzindikira chizolowezi cha zolaula." Linayambitsidwa ndi Joshua Grubbs ndipo linafufuzidwa bwino mu kusanthula kwa YBOP: Kutsutsa " Kuzindikira Chizolowezi cha Zithunzi Zolaula pa Intaneti ndi Mavuto a Maganizo: Kufufuza Ubale Mogwirizana ndi Nthawi" (2015) . Nazi mitu ingapo yochokera mu kafukufukuyu:

• Kuonera Zolaula N'koyenera. Kukhulupirira Mu Kulimbitsa Thupi Siko
• Kuledzera Kwadzidzidzi Kwa Porn N'kovulaza Kwambiri Kuposa Porn Gwiritsani Ntchito
• Kukhulupirira Kuti Muli ndi Matenda Okhudzana ndi Kugonana Ndizo Chifukwa Chavuto Lanu la Zolaula, Kufufuza Kumaphunzira

Apa tikambirananso ntchito ya Joshua Grubbs pamene akupitiriza kufalitsa mapepala akuti "kuonera zolaula molakwika". Mu lipoti la atolankhani la 2015, Grubbs akusonyeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zokha sikubweretsa mavuto aliwonse:

" Zikuoneka kuti si zolaula zokha zomwe zikuyambitsa mavuto kwa anthu, koma momwe amaonera zimenezo, "

“Chizoloŵezi chozindikira chimafuna kutanthauzira zoipa za khalidwe lako, kudziganizira wekha, monga, 'Ndilibe mphamvu yochitira izi' kapena 'Ndine chidakwa, ndipo sindingathe kudziletsa.

Grubbs akufotokoza mwachidule malingaliro ake mu nkhani yapadera iyi ya 2016 Psychology Today , ponena kuti chizolowezi choonera zolaula ndi manyazi achipembedzo.

Kutchedwa "wokonda zolaula" ndi mnzanu, kapena ngakhale wekha, sikukhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa zolaula zomwe mwamuna amaonera , akutero Joshua Grubbs, pulofesa wothandizira wa zamaganizo ku Bowling Green University. M'malo mwake, zimagwirizana ndi chipembedzo komanso malingaliro abwino pankhani yogonana. Mwachidule, iye akuti, "Ndi chifukwa cha manyazi."…

....Grubbs amachitcha kuti "chizolowezi choonera zolaula." " Chimagwira ntchito mosiyana kwambiri ndi zizolowezi zina ."

Ngati Josuha Grubbs anali atatchulidwa molondola, zomwe zili pamwambapa zimati malire a propaganda, monga momwe tidzasonyezera kuti:

1. Mafunso a Grubbs amawunika okha zolaula, osati "zolaula." Kuledzera kumeneku "sikugwira ntchito mosiyana ndi zosokoneza zina," ndipo Grubbs sanawonetse kuti imatero. M'malo mwake, Grubbs adayankha mafunso ake pamafunso (wamba) okhudzana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo.
2. Mosiyana ndi mawu ake pamwambapa, kuchuluka kwa zolaula zomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kwambiri zokhudzana ndi zambiri pafunso la mafunso okhudzana ndi zolaula za Grubbs (CPUI). M'malo mwake, kafukufuku wa Grubbs akuwonetsa kuti zolaula (CPUI magawo 2 & 3) zili kutali Zambiri zokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa zolaula zomwe zimawonedwa kusiyana ndi zachipembedzo.
3. Kuphatikiza apo, "maola ogwiritsira ntchito" si njira yodalirika ya (proxy for) chizolowezi. Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu adatsimikiza kuti "zolaula zomwe zimawonedwa maola ambiri" sizogwirizana kwenikweni ndi zolaula kapena zizolowezi zolaula. Mitundu yambiri yowonjezera komanso zimathandizira kuti chitukuko cha zolaula chikhale chitukuko.

Kupatula zovuta izi zomwe Grubbs akunena kuti "chizolowezi cholaula ndi manyazi achipembedzo okha ", chitsanzo chake chimasokonekera tikaganizira izi:

1. Manyazi achipembedzo samapangitsa kusintha kwa ubongo komwe kumawoneka ngati omwe amamwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Komabe alipo 39 maphunziro a ubongo Kukambirana ubongo wokhudzana ndi chiwerewere kumasintha kwa anthu ogwiritsira ntchito zolaula / ogwiritsira ntchito kugonana.
2. Kulephera kwa maphunziro kumapereka chiwerengero chocheperapo cha chiwerewere ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula mwachipembedzo (phunzirani 1, phunzirani 2, phunzirani 3, phunzirani 4, phunzirani 5, phunzirani 6, phunzirani 7, phunzirani 8, phunzirani 9, phunzirani 10, phunzirani 11, phunzirani 12, phunzirani 13, phunzirani 14, phunzirani 15, phunzirani 16, phunzirani 17, phunzirani 18, phunzirani 19, phunzirani 20, phunzirani 21, phunzirani 22, phunzirani 23, phunzirani 24, phunzirani 25).
3. Izi zikutanthauza kuti zitsanzo za Grubbs za ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zachipembedzo zimasokonekera (onani pansipa). Zikutanthauzanso kuti "chipembedzo" chimatero osati taneneretu kuledzera.
4. ambiri anthu okhulupirira kuti kulibe Mulungu komanso osakhulupirira kukhala ndi chizolowezi chogonana. Maphunziro awiri a 2016 pa amuna omwe ankagwiritsa ntchito zolaula pamapeto miyezi yotsiriza ya 6, kapena miyezi yotsiriza ya 3, adanena zapamwamba zogwiritsa ntchito zolaula (28% pa maphunziro onse awiri).
5. "Chizoloŵezi chozindikira" mwachiwonekere sichingayambitse kulephera kwa erectile, kuchepa kwa libido ndi anorgasmia mwa anyamata athanzi. Komabe maphunziro ambiri Gwiritsani ntchito zolaula kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula ndikuchepetsa kugonana, komanso Mitengo ya ED yasokonezedwa ndi 1000% mwa amuna ochepera zaka 40 kuyambira zolaula "tube" zidafika m'miyoyo ya ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula.
6. izi Kafukufuku wa 2016 pa odwala opaleshoni yolaula anapeza kuti kupembedza sizinagwirizane ndi zizindikiro zosayenerera kapena zowerengeka pafunso lachizoloŵezi chogonana.
7. izi Kafukufuku wa 2016 pa zofuna zogonana zogonana apezeka Palibe ubale pakati pa kudzipereka kwachipembedzo ndi machitidwe omwe amadziwika okha a khalidwe lachiwerewere komanso zotsatira zake.

M'magawo otsatirawa tidzakambirana zonena za Grubbs, tiziwunika mozama za njira ndi njira zake, ndikupatsanso mafotokozedwe ena pazonena zake kuti kupembedza kumakhudzana ndi zolaula. Koma choyamba tiyeni tiyambe ndi zipilala zitatu zomwe Grubbs amapangira mapepala ake osiyanasiyana.

Kuti zomwe Grubbs akunena ndizovomerezeka ZONSE izi ziyenera kukhala zowona ndikuthandizidwa ndi kafukufuku weniweni:

1) Gulu la Grubbs Cyber ​​​​Pornography Use Inventory (CPUI) liyenera kuwunika "chizolowezi choonera zolaula" osati chizolowezi chenicheni cha zolaula.

• Izo siziri. CPUI ikuyesa leni Grubbs mwiniwakeyu analemba pamapepala ake oyambirira a 2010 akutsimikizira CPUI (pansipa). Ndipotu, CPUI inali yokha yatsimikiziridwa monga leni kuyezetsa zolaula, ndipo osati ngati "kuyerekezera". Popanda kutsimikizira zakusayansi, mu 2013, Grubbs adalembanso kuti adamuyesa zolaula "mayeso a zolaula".
• Chidziwitso: M'maphunziro a Grubbs amagwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "kuzolowera zolaula" kapena "kuzindikira zolaula" kutanthawuza kuchuluka kwathunthu pamayeso ake a CPUI (mayeso owonetsa zolaula). Izi zimatayika potanthauzira chifukwa chobwereza bwereza "chizolowezi chodziwikiratu," m'malo mwazolemba zolondola, zopanda malire: "Zithunzi Zolaula Paintaneti Zigwiritsa Ntchito Chiwerengero."

2) Mavuvu ayenera kuti sanapezepo kusiyana kwa maola pakati pa maola ambiri ndi ma CPUI (zoledzera).

• Ayi kachiwiri. Mwachitsanzo, Grubbs et al. 2015 imasonyeza mgwirizano wamphamvu pakati pa maola ogwiritsira ntchito ndi ma CPUI. Kuchokera p. 6 ya phunziroli:

"Kuphatikiza apo, zithunzi zolaula zomwe anthu amagwiritsa ntchito tsiku lililonse m'maola angapo zinali zogwirizana kwambiri komanso zabwino ndi kupsinjika maganizo, nkhawa, ndi mkwiyo, komanso ndi chizolowezi chodziwika bwino [chiwerengero chonse cha CPUI]. "

• Grubbs's Phunziro lachiwiri la 2015 adafotokoza wamphamvu mgwirizano pakati pa kuchuluka kwa CPUI ndi "maola ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula" kuposa momwe zimakhalira pakati pa kuchuluka kwa CPUI ndi chipembedzo.

Kodi Grubbs anganene bwanji mu Psychology Today kuti chizolowezi cha zolaula " sichikugwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa zolaula zomwe munthu amaonera, " pomwe maphunziro ake akuwonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito "kunali kwakukulu komanso kwabwino" komwe kumagwirizana ndi ziwerengero za CPUI?

3) Kafukufuku wina ayenera kuti adanenanso kuti kuchuluka kwa zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kumagwirizana ndi zizindikiro za chizolowezi cha zolaula kapena zigoli pa mayeso okhudzana ndi chizolowezi cha zolaula.

• Sanatero. Magulu ena ofufuza apeza kuti "maola ogwiritsiridwa ntchito" osagwirizana si ofanana kwenikweni ndi chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito intaneti (kapena makanema ogwiritsa ntchito makanema). Ndiye kuti, kuledzera kumanenedweratu modalirika ndi mitundu ina kuposa "maola ogwiritsa ntchito", chifukwa chake zomwe Grubbs ananena ndizokayikitsa ngakhale njira zake zinali zomveka komanso zomwe anali kunena zinali zolondola. (Osati choncho.) "Maola ogwiritsira ntchito" siwodalirika wa "zolaula," kotero kulumikizana nawo kapena kusowa kolumikizana nako sikungakhale ndi tanthauzo lalikulu lomwe Grubbs amalingalira.

Zambiri mwa mitu ndi zonena za Grubbs zimadalira mfundo zonse zitatu zomwe zili pamwambazi kukhala zowona. Iwo sali. Tsopano tiwunika zipilala zitatuzi ndi zambiri zokhudzana ndi maphunziro ndi zonena za Grubbs.

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CHIGAWO CHOYAMBA: Nthano Ya "Kuzindikira" Zolaula:

The Cyber ​​Pornography Gwiritsani Ntchito Inventory (CPUI): Ndiyeso yeniyeni yoledzera.

Chofunika kukumbukira:

• Nthawi zonse Grubbs akagwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "kuzolowera kuzindikira" amatanthauza kuchuluka kwathunthu pa CPUI yake.
• CPUI imagawidwa m'magawo atatu, yomwe imakhala yofunika kwambiri mtsogolo tikamawona momwe magawo ambiri amagwirizanirana ndi zosintha zina monga "maola ogwiritsira ntchito" ndi "chipembedzo."
• Funso lirilonse limapezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito sikelo ya Likert ya 1 mpaka 7, pomwe 1 ili "ayi konse, "Ndipo 7 kukhala"Kwambiri. "

ZOKHUDZA:

1. Ndikukhulupirira kuti ndimakonda kwambiri zolaula pa intaneti.

2. Ndikumva kuti sindingathe kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti.

3. Ngakhale pamene sindikufuna kuonera zolaula pa intaneti, ndimakopeka nazo

ZOKHUDZA ZOTHANDIZA:

4. Nthawi zina, ndimayesetsa kukonza nthawi yanga kuti ndizitha kukhala ndekha kuti ndionere zolaula.

5. Ndakana kupita ndi anzanga kapena kupita ku misonkhano ina kuti ndipeze mwayi woonera zolaula.

6. Ndasiya kuonera zolaula.

KUYAMBIRA KWAMBIRI:

7. Ndimachita manyazi ndikaonera zolaula pa intaneti.

8. Ndimamva chisoni ndikaonera zolaula pa intaneti.

9. Ndimamva kudwala ndikaonera zolaula pa intaneti.

M'malo mwake, mafunso a Grubbs's Cyber ​​Pornography Gwiritsani Ntchito Inventory (CPUI) amafanana kwambiri ndi mafunso ena ambiri okhudzana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Monga mayeso ena osokoneza bongo, CPUI imawunika machitidwe ndi zizindikiritso zomwe zimafala pakakhala zosokoneza bongo, monga: kulephera kuwongolera kugwiritsa ntchito; kukakamizidwa kugwiritsa ntchito, kulakalaka kugwiritsa ntchito, zoyipa zamaganizidwe, chikhalidwe ndi malingaliro; ndi kutanganidwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito. M'malo mwake, funso limodzi lokha mwa mafunso 1 a CPUI pamwambapa limanenanso za "kuzolowera."

Komabe timauzidwa kuti zigoli zonse za munthu pa mafunso onse 9 zimafanana ndi "chizolowezi chodziwika" osati chizolowezi chokha. Zosocheretsa kwambiri, zanzeru kwambiri, komanso zopanda maziko asayansi. Kodi pali wina aliyense amene amafunsa za Agnotology? ( Agnotology ndi kuphunzira za kusadziwa kapena kukayikira komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha chikhalidwe, makamaka kufalitsa deta yolakwika kapena yosokeretsa yasayansi yopangidwira kusokoneza anthu za momwe kafukufuku alili m'munda winawake. Big Tobacco imadziwika kuti ndi yomwe inayambitsa gawo la agnotology.)

Dziwani kuti zaka makumi ambiri zoyesedwa zodziwika bwino za zizolowezi zamankhwala ndi zamakhalidwe zimadalira mafunso ofanana ndi a CPUI kuti ayese chizolowezi chenicheni, osati kungozindikira , chizolowezi. Mafunso a CPUI 1-6 amayesa machitidwe oyambira a chizolowezi monga momwe afotokozedwera mu 4 Cs , pomwe mafunso 7-9 amayesa momwe malingaliro oipa amakhudzira mutagwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Tiyeni tiyerekeze CPUI ndi chida chodziwika bwino chowunikira chizolowezi chodziwika kuti " 4 Cs. " Mafunso a CPUI omwe amagwirizana ndi ma Cs anayi nawonso atchulidwa.

• Ckudzikuza kuti mugwiritse ntchito (2, 3)
• Kulephera Cgwiritsani ntchito (2, 3, mwina 4-6)
• Czofuna kugwiritsa ntchito (3 makamaka, koma 1-6 akhoza kutanthauziridwa ngati zikhumbo)
• CAnapitiriza kugwiritsa ntchito ngakhale zotsatira zoipa (4-6, mwinamwake 7-9)

Akatswiri okonda chizolowezi amadalira zida zoyesera monga 4Cs ngati chizindikiro cha chizolowezi chifukwa asayansi a mitsempha agwirizanitsa zizindikiro za mafunso amenewo ndi kusintha kwa ubongo komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha chizolowezi m'zaka makumi ambiri za kafukufuku woyambira. Onani chiganizo cha boma cha American Society of Addiction Medicine . Mwachidule, CPUI ya Grubb ndi mayeso enieni a chizolowezi chogonana; sinatsimikizidwepo kuti ndi "chizolowezi chodziwika."

Kafukufuku woyamba wa 2010 Grubbs anati CPUI inaunika leni zolaula

Mu pepala loyamba la Grubbs la 2010, adatsimikizira kuti Cyber-Pornography Use Inventory (CPUI) ndi funso lofufuza chizolowezi chenicheni cha zolaula. Mawu akuti "chizolowezi chodziwika" ndi "chizolowezi chodziwika cha zolaula" sapezeka mu pepala lake la 2010. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, Grubbs et al., 2010 akunena momveka bwino m'malo angapo kuti CPUI imayesa chizolowezi chenicheni cha zolaula:

Ma model omwe adafotokozedwa kale omwe adaperekedwa kuti amvetsetse zizolowezi zamakhalidwe anali malingaliro oyamba a chiphunzitso omwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito kupeza chida cha kafukufukuyu, Cyber-Pornography Use Inventory (CPUI), chofanana ndi Internet Sex Screening Test yopangidwa ndi Delmonico (Delmonico & Griffin, 2008). Kapangidwe ka CPUI kanachokera pa mfundo yakuti khalidwe loledzera limadziwika ndi kulephera kusiya khalidweli, zotsatira zoyipa zazikulu chifukwa cha khalidweli, komanso kukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi khalidweli (Delmonico & Miller, 2003).

CPUI imasonyezadi lonjezo ngati chida chowunikira chizolowezi cha zolaula pa intaneti. Pomwe zida zam'mbuyomu, monga ISST, zidayesa chizolowezi chogonana pa intaneti chochuluka, sikelo iyi idawonetsa lonjezo poyesa chizolowezi cha zolaula pa intaneti. Kuphatikiza apo, zinthu zomwe zili pa sikelo ya Addictive Patterns yomwe yafotokozedwa kale zikuwoneka kuti zikupeza chithandizo chamalingaliro komanso kutsimikizika kwa kapangidwe kake poyerekeza ndi njira zodziwira matenda a Substance Dependence ndi Pathological Gambling, ICD.

Pomaliza, zinthu zisanu zomwe zili pa sikelo ya Addictive Patterns kuchokera pa sikelo yoyambirira ya Compulsivity zikuwoneka kuti zikugwirizana mwachindunji ndi kulephera kwa munthuyo kusiya khalidwe lomwe akuchita. Kulephera kusiya khalidwe lovuta nthawi iliyonse sikuti ndi njira yofunika kwambiri yodziwira matenda a SD ndi PG, komanso kungaganizidwe ngati chimodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu za chizolowezi, monga momwe zasonyezedwera mu SD, ndi ICDs (Dixon et al., 2007; Potenza, 2006). Zikuwoneka kuti kulephera kumeneku ndiko kumayambitsa vutoli.

Mu kafukufuku wa 2013, Grubbs anachepetsa chiwerengero cha mafunso a CPUI kuchoka pa 32 (kapena 39 kapena 41) kufika pa 9 omwe alipo, ndipo anatchulanso mayeso ake enieni, ovomerezeka a zolaula ngati mayeso a "kuzindikira zolaula" (nayi mtundu wa mafunso 41 wa CPUI ). Anachita izi popanda kufotokozera kapena chifukwa chilichonse ndipo anapitiriza kugwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "kuzindikira zolaula" nthawi 80 mu pepala lake la 2013. Komabe, Grubbs adawonetsa mtundu weniweni wa CPUI-9 mu gawo ili kuchokera mu pepala la 2013:

"Pomaliza, tinapeza kuti CPUI-9 inali yogwirizana kwambiri ndi zizolowezi zogonana ndi anthu ambiri, monga momwe zimayesedwera ndi Kalichman Sexual Compulsivity Scale . Izi zikusonyeza kuti pali kugwirizana kwakukulu pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula mokakamiza komanso kugonana ndi anthu ambiri."

Tiyeni timveke bwino - CPUI sinatsimikizidwepo ngati mayeso owunikira omwe amasiyanitsa chizolowezi chenicheni cha zolaula ndi " chizolowezi chowonera zolaula. " Izi zikutanthauza kuti anthu akungodalira mawu a Grubbs kuti mayeso ake osinthidwa amatha kusiyanitsa pakati pa "chizolowezi chowonera zolaula" ndi "chizolowezi chenicheni cha zolaula" chomwe CPUI idatsimikiziridwa poyamba kuti ichite. Kodi ndi sayansi bwanji kutcha mayeso ovomerezeka ngati chinthu chosiyana kwambiri popanda kutsimikizira kugwiritsa ntchito kosinthidwa kwakukulu kwa mayesowo?

Kodi nchifukwa ninji Joshua Grubbs adatchulanso CPUI kuti ndiyeso "yozindikira"?

Ngakhale Grubbs mwiniwake sananene kuti mayeserowa atha kuzindikira kuti ali ndi vuto losokoneza bongo, ntchito yake ya mawu osocheretsa ("chizolowezi chomwa chizolowezi") pazambiri pa chida chake cha CPUI-9 yatsogolera ena kuganiza kuti chida chake chili ndi mphamvu yamatsenga yokhoza kusiyanitsa pakati pa "kuzindikira" ndi "zenizeni". Izi zawononga kwambiri gawo lazowonera zolaula chifukwa ena amadalira mapepala ake ngati umboni wazinthu zomwe sangakwanitse, ndipo sangathe. Palibe mayeso omwe amatha kusiyanitsa "zenizeni" ndi zomwe "zimawoneka". Kungodzilemba ngati izi sikungapangitse kuti zikhale choncho.

Kodi izi zinachitika bwanji? Sizachilendo kuti akonzi ndi owunikira mabuku a maphunziro angafunike kusintha kwakukulu asanavomereze pepala kuti lifalitsidwe. Joshua Grubbs adati mu imelo kuti wowunikira kafukufuku wake wachiwiri wa CPUI-9 adamupangitsa iye ndi olemba anzake a kafukufuku wa 2013 kusintha mawu akuti "chizolowezi chogonana" a CPUI-9 (chifukwa wowunikirayo adanyoza "kapangidwe" ka chizolowezi chogonana). Ichi ndichifukwa chake Grubbs adasintha kufotokozera kwake kwa mayesowo kukhala mafunso a "chizolowezi chogonana". Mwachidule , wowunikira/mkonzi wosadziwika pa magazini imodzi iyi ndiye adayambitsa chizindikiro chosachirikizidwa komanso chosokeretsa cha " chizolowezi chogonana chodziwika ." CPUI sinatsimikizidwepo ngati mayeso oyesa kusiyanitsa chizolowezi chenicheni cha zolaula ndi " chizolowezi chogonana chodziwika. " Apa Grubbs akulankhula za njirayi , kuphatikiza ndemanga za wowunikirayo:

Josh Grubbs ‏ @JoshuaGrubbsPhD

Pepala langa loyamba logwiritsa ntchito zolaula: "Izi [zolaula] ndizofunika kuyerekezera ndi kubedwa kwachilendo: zilibe tanthauzo."

Nicole R Prause, PhD ‏ @NicoleRPrause

Inu kapena wolembapo?

Josh Grubbs ‏ @JoshuaGrubbsPhD

Wongoyang'ana anandiuza ine

Josh Grubbs ‏ @JoshuaGrubbsPhD Jul 14

Ndipotu chomwe chinandichititsa kuti ndizindikire kuti ndimagwiritsira ntchito mankhwalawa, ndinaganiza za ndemanga zowonongeka.

Palibe chochitika cham'mbuyomu choyesa "kuyerekezedwa"

Maphunziro awiriwa omwe Grubbs amatchula nthawi zonse ( 1 , 2 ) kuti amatanthauza kuti lingaliro lake la "chizolowezi chodziwika" ndi lovomerezeka / lovomerezeka linachitidwa pa osuta fodya, ndipo palibe amene akugwirizana ndi lingaliro la "chizolowezi chodziwika" monga momwe Grubbs amachigwiritsira ntchito. Choyamba, palibe kafukufuku amene akusonyeza, monga momwe Grubbs amachitira ndi zolaula, kuti chizolowezi chenicheni cha ndudu sichilipo. Ndipo palibe kafukufuku aliyense mwa maphunziro amenewo amene adanena kuti adapanga mafunso omwe angasiyanitse kapena kusiyanitsa "chizolowezi chodziwika" ndi chizolowezi chenicheni. Maphunziro onse awiriwa adayang'ana kwambiri pakuwunika momwe kupambana mtsogolo posiya kusuta fodya kumakhudzira malipoti akale a chizolowezi.

Palibe funso la "chizolowezi chodziwika bwino" pachinthu chilichonse - zinthu kapena machitidwe - kuphatikiza zolaula (ngakhale Grubbs akunenera). Pali chifukwa chomveka 'Google Scholar' imabweretsanso zotsatira pazotsatira zotsatirazi:

• "ankaona kuti kumwa mowa kwambiri"
• "ankaona kuti mankhwala a cocaine ndi ovuta kwambiri"
• "amazindikira kuti heroin ndizovuta"
• "anazindikira kuti mankhwalawa ndi a methamphetamine"
• "ankawona kutchova njuga"

Ofufuza ena amaneneratu kugwiritsa ntchito CPUI monga leni zolaula

Kufufuza zenizeni: ofufuza ena amafotokoza CPUI ngati mafunso enieni okhudza chizolowezi chogonana (popeza ndicho chimene chinatsimikiziridwa), ndipo amachigwiritsa ntchito motero m'maphunziro awo ofalitsidwa:

1. Kufufuza kwa Zithunzi Zolaula Zochitika Pakati pa Ophunzira Amuna ku Evangelical Christian Colleges (2011)
2. Masankhulo ndi masikelo kuti awonetse ntchito zogonana pa Intaneti: Kuwerengera zaka 20 zafukufuku (2014)
3. Kusokoneza maganizo pa cybersex: Kulingalira, kulingalira, ndi chithandizo (2015)
4. Kufotokozera Zizindikiro Pakati pa Masewera a pa intaneti, Kugwiritsa Ntchito Intaneti, Kumwa Mowa, ndi Kuonera Zolaula Pogwiritsa ntchito (2015)
5. Cyberpornography: Kugwiritsa Ntchito Nthawi, Kusokonezeka Kwachizolowezi, Kugonana, ndi Kukhutirana Pogonana (2016)
6. Kufufuza Zowonongeka Zosokoneza Bwino Zithunzi Zolaula Zimagwiritsa Ntchito Phunziro la Wophunzira wa Yunivesite (2016)

Kafukufuku womaliza pamwambapa adagwiritsa ntchito mtundu wautali wa Grubbs CPUI ndi mafunso okhudza kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti ochokera ku DSM-5 Internet video-gaming criteria. Ma graph omwe ali pansipa akuwonetsa zigoli zomwezo pa mafunso awiri osiyana okhudza kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula :

-

Palibe chodabwitsa: zotsatira zofananira komanso kugawa kwa Grubbs CPUI ndi kafukufuku wa DSM-5 ofufuza zolaula. Ngati CPUI itha kusiyanitsa "zomwe zimawoneka ngati zosokoneza bongo" kuchokera ku "chizolowezi chenicheni" ma graph ndi magawidwe ake sangakhale osiyana kwambiri. Iwo sali.

Malangizo: nthawi iliyonse mukawerenga pepala la Grubbs kapena kulira kwa Grubbs pawailesi, chotsani mawu oti "kuzindikira" ndikuwona momwe akuwerengera mosiyana - komanso momwe zikugwirizanira ndi kafukufuku wina wokhudzana ndi zolaula. Mwachitsanzo, ziganizo ziwiri kuyambira kukhazikitsidwa kwa pepala la Grubbs ndi mawu oti "kuzindikira" kuchotsedwa:

Kuledzera pa zolaula pa intaneti kumalumikizidwa ndi moyo wathanzi. Kafukufuku waposachedwa wapeza kuti zolaula zimakhudzana ndi nkhawa, kukhumudwa, komanso kupsinjika (Grubbs, Stauner, Exline, Pargament, & Lindberg, 2015; Grubbs, Volk et al., 2015).

Chotsani zonena zosagwirizana kuti CPUI imayesa "zolaula" ndipo tili ndi zotsatira zosiyana kwambiri ndipo palibe mitu yosocheretsa. Apanso, zotulukapo zenizeni zakukhudzana ndi zolaula zomwe zimalumikizidwa ndi nkhawa, kukhumudwa komanso kupsinjika zimayenderana ndi zaka "zenizeni," zosadziwika, zosanthula. Kulephera kuwongolera kugwiritsa ntchito ndizopweteka.

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CHIGAWO CHACHIWIRI: Kutengera Mgwirizano? "Maola ogwiritsira ntchito" ndi "Chipembedzo"

Mosiyana ndi zomwe Grubbs adanenapo kuchuluka kwa zolaula zomwe zimawonedwa ndizokhudzana kwambiri ndi zolaula (CPUI)

Ngakhale tiwona kuti "maola ogwiritsira ntchito" sagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yokhayo yodziwira chizolowezi, mawu omveka m'manyuzipepala amati Grubbs sanapeze ubale pakati pa "maola ogwiritsira ntchito zolaula" ndi zigoli pa mayeso okhudzana ndi chiwerewere (CPUI). Izi sizili choncho. Tiyeni tiyambe ndi kafukufuku wa Grubb wa 2013 womwe (ndi fiat) adalamula CPUI-9 kuti ndi mayeso a "chizolowezi chowonera zolaula":

"Ziwerengero pa CPUI-9 yonse, chiŵerengero cha kukakamiza, ndi chiŵerengero cha kuyenerera zonse zinagwirizanitsidwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri zolaula pa intaneti, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti chizolowezi chodziwika [chiwerengero chonse cha CPUI] chikugwirizana ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri."

Kumbukirani kuti "chizolowezi chodziwika" ndi chidule cha chiwerengero chonse cha CPUI . Monga tafotokozera kale, kafukufuku wa 2015 Grubbs adanenanso za mgwirizano wamphamvu pakati pa maola ogwiritsira ntchito ndi chiwerengero cha CPUI. Kuchokera patsamba 6 la kafukufukuyu:

"Kuphatikiza apo, kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula tsiku lililonse m'maola angapo kunali kogwirizana kwambiri komanso kothandiza ndi kupsinjika maganizo, nkhawa, ndi mkwiyo, komanso chizolowezi chodziwika bwino [ chiwerengero chonse cha CPUI ]."

Mwa kuyankhula kwina, mosiyana ndi mitu yankhani ndi zomwe Grubbs adanena m'manyuzipepala, zigoli zonse za CPUI-9 za anthu omwe adatenga nawo mbali zidalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi maola ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Koma kodi "zolaula za tsiku ndi tsiku zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'maola" zimasiyana bwanji ndi zachipembedzo? Ndi chiyani chomwe chikugwirizana kwambiri ndi zigoli zonse za CPUI?

Tidzagwiritsa ntchito deta kuchokera mu pepala la 2015 Grubbs (“ Kuchimwa monga Chizolowezi: Chipembedzo ndi Kusavomerezeka kwa Makhalidwe Monga Onenera za Chizolowezi Chodziwika cha Zolaula ”), popeza lili ndi maphunziro atatu osiyana ndipo mutu wake wotsutsa ukusonyeza kuti chipembedzo chimayambitsa chizolowezi cha zolaula. Gome 2 pansipa lili ndi deta kuchokera ku maphunziro awiri osiyana . Deta iyi ikuwonetsa mgwirizano pakati pa zosintha zingapo (maola ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula; chipembedzo) ndi zigoli za CPUI (CPUI-9 yonse ndipo yagawidwa m'magawo atatu a CPUI).

Malangizo omvetsetsa manambala omwe ali patebulo: 2 amatanthauza kuti palibe mgwirizano pakati pa zinthu ziwiri; 1.00 amatanthauza mgwirizano wathunthu pakati pa zinthu ziwiri. Chiwerengero chikakhala chachikulu, mgwirizano pakati pa zinthu ziwirizi umakhala wolimba. Ngati nambala ili ndi chizindikiro cha minus , zikutanthauza kuti pali mgwirizano woipa pakati pa zinthu ziwiri. (Mwachitsanzo, pali mgwirizano woipa pakati pa kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi ndi matenda a mtima. Chifukwa chake, m'chilankhulo chabwinobwino, kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi kumachepetsa mwayi wa matenda a mtima. Kumbali ina, kunenepa kwambiri kumakhudzana bwino ndi matenda a mtima.)

Pansipa pali mgwirizano pakati pa ziwerengero zonse za CPUI-9 (#1) ndi "Ntchito Mu Maola" (#5) ndi "Chiwerengero cha Zipembedzo " (#6) pa maphunziro awiri a Grubbs:

Zolumikizana pakati pa ma CPUI onse ndi zipembedzo:

• Phunzirani 1: 0.25
• Phunzirani 2: 0.35
  • Avereji: 0.30

Malumikizidwe apakati pa kuchuluka kwa ma CPUI ndi "maola ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula":

• Phunzirani 1: 0.30
• Phunzirani 2: 0.32
  • Avereji 0.31

Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, zigoli za CPUI-9 zili ndi ubale wolimba pang'ono ndi "maola ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula" kuposa kupembedza! Mwachidule, "maola ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula" amalosera chizolowezi cha zolaula kuposa kupembedza. Komabe, chidule cha kafukufukuyu chikutitsimikizira kuti kupembedza " kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi chizolowezi chodziwika " (zigoli za CPUI). Ngati zili choncho, ndiye kuti "maola ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula" mwachionekere "amagwirizana kwambiri" ndi zigoli pa CPUI. Ndizodabwitsa momwe ubale wa kupembedza ndi chizolowezi cha zolaula umagogomezedwera, pomwe maola ogwiritsa ntchito amanyalanyazidwa kapena kubisika ndi anthu awiri.

Palibe njira ina yonenera izi - deta ya Grubbs ikutsutsana ndi zomwe akunena m'manyuzipepala komanso m'mafukufuku ake. Kuti mukumbukire bwino, zomwe Grubbs akunena m'nkhani iyi ya Psychology Today :

Kutchedwa "wokonda zolaula" ndi mnzanu, kapena ngakhale wekha, sikukhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa zolaula zomwe mwamuna amaonera , akutero Joshua Grubbs, pulofesa wothandizira wa zamaganizo ku Bowling Green University. M'malo mwake, zimagwirizana ndi chipembedzo ...

Zoona zake n'zakuti, zosiyana ndi izi: chizolowezi chogonana ndi zolaula chimagwirizana kwambiri ndi maola ogwiritsidwa ntchito kuposa kukhala wachipembedzo. Gawo lotsatira lidzavumbulutsa kuti "chizolowezi chogonana ndi zolaula" chenicheni , monga momwe zayesedwera ndi mafunso 1-6 a CPUI, chimagwirizana kwambiri ndi "maola ogwiritsira ntchito zolaula" kuposa kukhala wachipembedzo.

Kafukufuku wa Grubbs awulula izi leni Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumayenderana kwambiri ndi "maola olaula" kuposa kupembedza

Grubbs adapeza kuti chizolowezi choonera zolaula (CPUI-9 total score) chikugwirizana kwambiri ndi "maola omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano" kuposa chipembedzo. Koma mwina mukuganiza kuti, " Grubbs anali wolondola pa zomwe akunena: chizolowezi choonera zolaula (CPUI scores) chikugwirizana ndi chipembedzo ." Ayi ndithu. Mu gawo lotsatira tiwona chifukwa chake zomwe akunenazi sizili monga momwe zikuonekera.

Potsatira ziwerengero za Grubbs pakadali pano, pali ubale pakati pa chizolowezi chenicheni cha zolaula ndi chipembedzo. Komabe, ndi chofooka kwambiri kuposa momwe zasonyezedwera m'gawo lapitalo. Chofunikanso ndichakuti, ubale pakati pa chizolowezi chenicheni cha zolaula ndi "maola ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula" ndi wamphamvu kwambiri kuposa momwe zasonyezedwera m'gawo lapitalo.

Mukayang'anitsitsa, mafunso 1-6 a CPUI-9 amawunika zizindikiro zomwe zimapezeka pa zizolowezi zonse, pomwe mafunso 7-9 (Kuvutika Maganizo) amawunika kudzimva kuti ndi wolakwa, manyazi ndi chisoni. Zotsatira zake, " chizolowezi chenicheni " chikugwirizana kwambiri ndi mafunso 1-6 (Kukakamizika & Kuyesera Kupeza).

Kukakamizika :

1. Ndikukhulupirira kuti ndimakonda kwambiri zolaula pa Intaneti.
2. Ndikumva kuti sindingalepheretse kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa Intaneti.
3. Ngakhale pamene sindikufuna kuona zithunzi zolaula pa intaneti, ndimamva kuti ndikuyandikira

Kuyesetsa Kupeza :

4. Nthaŵi zina, ndimayesetsa kukonza ndondomeko yanga kuti ndikhale ndekha kuti ndione zolaula.
5. Ndakana kukakhala ndi anzanga kapena kupita kuntchito zina kuti ndipeze zolaula.
6. Ndaika zofunikira kwambiri kuti ndiziona zolaula.

Kuvutika Maganizo :

7. Ndimachita manyazi ndikaona zolaula pa intaneti.
8. Ndimaona kuti ndikuvutika maganizo chifukwa choona zolaula pa intaneti.
9. Ndimadwala kwambiri ndikaona zolaula pa intaneti.

Choyamba, tiyeni tiwone mgwirizano pakati pa magawo atatu a CPUI ndi Religiosity . Mu tebulo lotsatirali, magawo atatu a CPUI ali ndi manambala 2, 3 ndi 4, ndipo Religiosity Index ndi nambala 6.

Kugwirizana pakati pa Religiosity ndi Compulsivity (Dziwani 1-3)

• Phunzirani 1: 0.25
• Phunzirani 2: 0.14
  • Avereji: 0.195

Kugwirizana pakati pa Religiosity ndi Access Efforts (mafunso 4-6)

• Phunzirani 1: 0.03
• Phunzirani 2: 0.11
  • Avereji: 0.07

Kulumikizana pakati pa Mavuto a Zipembedzo ndi Mavuto (mafunso 7-9)

• Phunzirani 1: 0.32
• Phunzirani 2: 0.45
  • Avereji: 0.385

Chofunikira kwambiri ndichakuti chipembedzo chikugwirizana kwambiri (.39) ndi gawo la Mavuto Amaganizo la CPUI-9 lokha : mafunso 7-9, omwe amafunsa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula momwe amamvera akaonera zolaula (amanyazi, akuvutika maganizo, kapena odwala). Chipembedzo sichikugwirizana kwenikweni ndi magawo awiri ang'onoang'ono (mafunso 1-6) omwe amawunika molondola chizolowezi chenicheni cha zolaula: Kukakamizika (.195) ndi Kuyesera Kupeza (.07) . Zosavuta: mafunso a manyazi ndi kudzimva kuti ndi olakwa (7-9) amasokoneza kwambiri kuchuluka kwa zigoli za CPUI kwa anthu achipembedzo. Chotsani mafunso atatu a manyazi ndi mgwirizano pakati pa chipembedzo ndi CPUI umatsika kufika pa 0.13 yokha.

Pofufuza mafunso okhudza chizolowezi chenicheni cha CPUI, n'zoonekeratu kuti mafunso atatu a "Kuyesera Kupeza" 4-6 amayesa mfundo zazikulu za chizolowezi chilichonse : "Kulephera kusiya ngakhale zotsatirapo zoyipa kwambiri." Kugwiritsa ntchito mopitirira muyeso ndi chizindikiro cha chizolowezi.

Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, funso #1 mu gawo la Kukakamizidwa limadalira kutanthauzira kwaumwini ("Kodi ndikumva kuti ndikuledzera?").

Tsopano, tibwerere ku mafunso a Access Efforts 4-6, omwe amafufuza makhalidwe enaake, osati zikhulupiriro kapena malingaliro. Mfundo yofunika kwambiri: pali ubale wofooka kwambiri pakati pa Religiosity ndi mafunso atatu a Access Efforts (0.07 yokha). Mwachidule, religiosity ili ndi ubale wochepa kwambiri ndi chizolowezi chenicheni cha zolaula. (Ndipotu, pali chifukwa chabwino chonenera kuti palibe ubale monga momwe tidzaonera mu gawo lotsatira.)

Kenako, tiyeni tiwone mgwirizano pakati pa magawo atatu a CPUI ndi "Maola Ogwiritsa Ntchito Zolaula." Mu tebulo lotsatirali magawo atatu a CPUI ali ndi manambala 2, 3 ndi 4, ndipo "[Zolaula] Kugwiritsa Ntchito Maola Okhala" ndi nambala 5.

Kugwirizana pakati pa " [Zolaula] Gwiritsani Ntchito Maola Ochepa " ndi Kukakamizika Kodziwika (mafunso 1-3)

• Phunzirani 1: 0.25
• Phunzirani 2: 0.32
  • Avereji: 0.29

Kugwirizana pakati pa " [Zolaula] Kugwiritsa Ntchito Maola Ochepa " ndi Kuyesera Kupeza (mafunso 4-6)

• Phunzirani 1: 0.39
• Phunzirani 2: 0.49
  • Avereji: 0.44

Kugwirizana pakati pa " [Zolaula] Kugwiritsa Ntchito Maola Ochepa " ndi Kuvutika Maganizo (mafunso 7-9)

• Phunzirani 1: 0.17
• Phunzirani 2: 0.04
  • Avereji: 0.10

Izi ndi zosiyana kwambiri ndi zomwe tidawona pankhani yachipembedzo. “ [Zolaula] Gwiritsani Ntchito Maola Okhala ” zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi mafunso a CPUI (1-6) , omwe, kachiwiri, amawunika molondola kwambiri chizolowezi chenicheni cha zolaula ( 0.365 ). Chofunika kwambiri, “ [Zolaula] Gwiritsani Ntchito Maola Okhala ” zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi mafunso akuluakulu a CPUI okhudza chizolowezi 4-6 (0.44). Izi zikutanthauza kuti chizolowezi chenicheni cha zolaula (monga momwe zimayesedwera ndi machitidwe) chimagwirizana kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa zolaula zomwe munthu amaonera.

Kumbali ina, " [Zolaula] Kugwiritsa Ntchito Maola Ochepa " sikukugwirizana kwenikweni ( 0.10 ) ndi mafunso a "Kuvutika Maganizo" (7-9). Mafunso atatu awa amafunsa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula momwe amamvera akaonera zolaula (amanyazi, okhumudwa, kapena odwala). Mwachidule, chizolowezi chenicheni cha zolaula (1-6) chimagwirizana kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa zolaula zomwe zimawonedwa, koma manyazi ndi kudzimva kuti ndi wolakwa (7-9) sizikugwirizana. Kunena mwanjira ina, chizolowezi cha zolaula chimakhudzana kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa zolaula zomwe zimawonedwa, ndipo sichikugwirizana kwenikweni ndi manyazi (achipembedzo kapena ena).

Chidule cha zomwe Grubbs adapeza

1. Total Zotsatira za CPUI-9 zidalumikizidwa bwino ndi "[Zithunzi] Gwiritsani Ntchito Maola”Kusiyana ndi kukonda zachipembedzo. Kupeza uku kumatsutsana mwachindunji ndi zomwe a Joshua Grubbs atolankhani.
2. Kuchotsa mafunso atatu "Opsinjika Mtima" kumabweretsa ubale wamphamvu kwambiri pakati pa "[Zithunzi] Gwiritsani Ntchito Maola"Ndi leni zolaula monga momwe zilili ndi mafunso 1-6.
3. Kuchotsa mafunso atatu "Opsinjika Mtima" (omwe amawunika manyazi ndi kudzimva kuti ndi wolakwa) kumabweretsa ubale wofooka kwambiri pakati pa chipembedzo ndi leni zolaula monga momwe zilili ndi mafunso 1-6.
4. Ubale wamphamvu kwambiri ulipo pakati pa "maola olaula" ndi makhalidwe oipa monga adayesedwa ndi mafunso a "Kuyesetsa Kufikira" 4-6. Mwachidule: zolaula zimakhudzana kwambiri ndi zolaula zomwe zimawonedwa.
5. Chiyanjano pakati pa "kupembedza" ndi zizolowezi zoyipa (Mafunso Oyesera Kufikira 4-6) sichipezeka (0.07). Mwachidule: makhalidwe okhudzana ndi zizolowezi, m'malo mopembedza, taneneratu za kuledzera. Kukhulupirira zachipembedzo kulibe kanthu kochita ndi zolaula.  

Apa pali lingaliro lolondola kwambiri mu kafukufuku wa Grubbs lomwe limawoneka ngati:

Zizolowezi zolaula zimakhudzana kwambiri ndi zolaula nthawi yayitali komanso zofooka kwambiri zokhudzana ndi chipembedzo. Maola ogwiritsira ntchito zolaula ndiwonetseratu za zolaula kuposa kupembedza. Chifukwa chomwe kupembedza kumalumikizirana ndi zolaula sizikudziwika. Zitha kukhala zotsatira za zitsanzo zosokonekera. Poyerekeza ndi omwe siopembedza, anthu ochepa kwambiri omwe amapembedza amaonera zolaula. Mwinamwake chitsanzo ichi cha "ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula" chachipembedzo chili ndi anthu ochuluka kwambiri omwe ali ndi matenda omwe analipo kale (OCD, ADHD, kupsinjika maganizo, matenda ochititsa munthu kusinthasintha zochitika, ndi zina zotero) kapena zochitika za m'banja / zachibadwa zomwe zimakonda kugwiritsidwa ntchito.

Pomaliza, kafukufuku waposachedwa (wochitidwa ndi gulu losakhala la Grubbs) adafufuza ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi kukhutitsidwa/kugwira ntchito pogonana pogwiritsa ntchito CPUI-9. Kafukufukuyu adapeza kuti kuchuluka kwa zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kunali kogwirizana kwambiri ndi mafunso 1-6 ( 0.50 ), koma sikunagwirizane konse ndi mafunso 7-9 ( 0.03 ). Izi zikutanthauza kuti kuchuluka kwa zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi chinthu champhamvu kwambiri pakukula kwa chizolowezi cha zolaula. Kumbali ina, manyazi ndi kudzimva kuti ndi wolakwa sizinagwirizane ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, ndipo sizinali zogwirizana ndi chizolowezi cha zolaula.

Kafukufuku akuzindikira kuti kuchuluka kwa zolaula kumagwiritsa ntchito si zogwirizana ndi zolaula

Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndizokhudzana kwambiri ndi zolaula kuposa kupembedza. Izi zati, tifunika kuthana ndi malingaliro a Grubbs akuti zolaula nthawi zambiri ndizofanana ndi "zolaula zenizeni." Ndiye kuti, "chizolowezi chowonera zolaula" chikuwonetsedwa bwino ndi "maola omwe akuwonetsedwa pa intaneti," m'malo moyesa zolaula kapena zisonyezo zolaula.

Bowo lomwe lili m'malingaliro a wolemba awa, lomwe mungayendetse galimoto yanu, ndikuti kafukufuku wokhudza zolaula pa intaneti ndi zizolowezi za intaneti ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ) wanena kuti mitundu yaying'ono ya zizolowezi za intaneti sigwirizana ndi maola ogwiritsira ntchito . Ndipotu, 'maola ogwiritsira ntchito' osinthika ndi muyeso wosadalirika wa zizolowezi. Zida zowunikira zizolowezi zokhazikika zimayesa zizolowezi pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zina zambiri, zodalirika (monga zomwe zalembedwa m'magawo awiri oyamba a CPUI). Maphunziro otsatirawa okhudzana ndi zizolowezi za pa intaneti, omwe Grubbs sanawagwiritse ntchito, amanena kuti palibe ubale pakati pa maola ndi zizindikiro za zizolowezi:

1) Kuonera Zithunzi Zolaula pa Intaneti: Udindo wa Kugonana ndi Zizindikiro za Maganizo ndi Zamaganizo pa Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mawebusayiti Ogonana pa Intaneti Mopitirira Muyeso (2011)

"Zotsatira zikusonyeza kuti mavuto omwe anthu adadzinenera okha pa moyo watsiku ndi tsiku okhudzana ndi zochitika zogonana pa intaneti adanenedweratu ndi ziwerengero zogonana zomwe zikuwonetsa zolaula, kuopsa kwa zizindikiro zamaganizo padziko lonse lapansi, komanso kuchuluka kwa mapulogalamu ogonana omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito akakhala pa intaneti tsiku ndi tsiku, pomwe nthawi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti (mphindi patsiku) sinathandizire kwambiri kufotokozera kusiyana kwa mayeso okhudzana ndi kugonana pa intaneti (IATsex). Tikuwona kufanana pakati pa njira zoganizira ndi ubongo zomwe zingathandize kusunga kugonana kwambiri pa intaneti ndi zomwe zafotokozedwa kwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo."

2) Kusangalala ndi Kugonana ndi Kulimbana ndi Mavuto Osagwira Ntchito Kumadziwitsa Kugonana ndi Amuna Kapena Akazi Okhaokha pa Intaneti (2015)

"Zomwe zapezeka posachedwapa zasonyeza kugwirizana pakati pa kuopsa kwa CyberSex Addiction (CA) ndi zizindikiro za chilakolako chogonana, komanso kuti kuthana ndi makhalidwe ogonana kumathandizira ubale pakati pa chilakolako chogonana ndi zizindikiro za CA. Zotsatira zake zasonyeza kugwirizana kwakukulu pakati pa zizindikiro za CA ndi zizindikiro za chilakolako chogonana ndi chilakolako chogonana, kuthana ndi makhalidwe ogonana, ndi zizindikiro zamaganizo. CyberSex Addiction sinali yogwirizana ndi machitidwe ogonana osagwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti komanso nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito kugonana pa intaneti sabata iliyonse ."

3) Chofunika ndi Chiyani: Kuchuluka Kapena Ubwino wa Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zithunzi Zolaula? Zinthu Zamaganizo ndi Makhalidwe Omwe Amafuna Chithandizo cha Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zithunzi Zolaula Movuta (2016)

Malinga ndi chidziwitso chathu chabwino kwambiri, kafukufukuyu ndi woyamba kuwunika mwachindunji mgwirizano pakati pa kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi khalidwe lenileni la kufunafuna chithandizo chamankhwala kuti agwiritse ntchito zolaula movutikira (monga kuyendera katswiri wa zamaganizo, katswiri wa zamaganizo kapena katswiri wa zachiwerewere pachifukwa ichi). Zotsatira zathu zikusonyeza kuti maphunziro amtsogolo, ndi chithandizo, m'munda uno ziyenera kuyang'ana kwambiri momwe kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumakhudzira moyo wa munthu (khalidwe) m'malo mongobwerezabwereza (kuchuluka), chifukwa zizindikiro zoyipa zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula (m'malo mogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pafupipafupi) ndizo zomwe zimawonetsa kwambiri khalidwe lofunafuna chithandizo.

Ubale pakati pa PU ndi zizindikiro zoyipa unali wofunikira ndipo unayambitsidwa ndi chipembedzo chomwe chinanenedwa, chodziyimira pawokha (chofooka, chosagwirizana pang'ono) pakati pa anthu osafuna chithandizo. Pakati pa anthu ofuna chithandizo, chipembedzo sichikugwirizana ndi zizindikiro zoyipa.

4) Kufufuza Zogwirizana ndi Zolaula Zovuta pa Intaneti Zimagwiritsidwa Ntchito Pakati pa Ophunzira a Yunivesite (2016)

Ziwerengero zapamwamba pakugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti zinali zogwirizana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti tsiku lililonse kapena pafupipafupi. Komabe, zotsatira zake zikusonyeza kuti panalibe kulumikizana mwachindunji pakati pa kuchuluka ndi kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti komanso kulimbana ndi nkhawa, kuvutika maganizo, komanso kukhutira ndi moyo ndi ubale . Kugwirizana kwakukulu ndi ziŵerengero zapamwamba za zolaula pa intaneti kunaphatikizapo kuwonetsedwa koyamba pa zolaula pa intaneti, chizolowezi cha masewera apakanema, komanso kukhala mwamuna. Ngakhale zotsatira zabwino za kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti zalembedwa m'mabuku am'mbuyomu, zotsatira zathu sizikusonyeza kuti magwiridwe antchito amisala ndi anthu amakula bwino ndikugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti pang'ono kapena mwachisawawa.

5) Kuonera Zithunzi Zolaula pa Intaneti: Kodi N’kovuta kwa Ndani, Motani, Ndipo Chifukwa Chiyani? (2009)

Kafukufukuyu adafufuza kufalikira kwa mavuto owonera zolaula pa intaneti, momwe zimakhalira zovuta, komanso njira zamaganizo zomwe zimayambitsa vutoli mwa chitsanzo cha amuna 84 azaka zaku koleji pogwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku wosadziwika pa intaneti. Zapezeka kuti pafupifupi 20%–60% ya zitsanzo zomwe zimaonera zolaula zimapeza kuti ndi zovuta kutengera gawo lomwe akufuna. Mu kafukufukuyu, kuchuluka kwa kuonera sikunanene kuchuluka kwa mavuto omwe akukumana nawo.

Motero, kuyambira pachiyambi kafukufukuyu ndi zomwe akunena zikugwa chifukwa mfundo zake zimadalira kufananiza maola omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito pano ndi kuchuluka kwa chizolowezi/mavuto/mavuto omwe anthu omwe akutenga nawo mbali amawanena ngati muyeso wovomerezeka wa chizolowezi.

Chifukwa chiyani akatswiri osokoneza bongo samangodalira maola ogwiritsidwa ntchito?

Ingoganizirani kuyesa kuyesa kupezeka kwa chizolowezi mwa kungofunsa kuti, "Kodi pano mukudya maola angati (kumwa zosokoneza bongo)?" kapena "Mumakhala maola angati mukutchova juga (kuwonjezera njuga)?" kapena "Mumatha maola angati mukumwa (uchidakwa)?" Kuti muwonetse momwe "maola ogwiritsira ntchito" ovuta angakhalire ngati chisonyezo chakumwa, taganizirani za mowa monga:

1. Mnyamata wina wazaka za ku Italy wa 45 ali ndi chizolowezi chomwa magalasi a 2 a vinyo usiku uliwonse ndi chakudya chamadzulo. Chakudya chake chiri ndi achibale ake ndipo amatenga maola a 3 kukwaniritsa (zambiri zamking). Kotero amamwa maola 3 usiku, ola la 21 pa sabata.
2. Wogwira ntchito ku fakitale wazaka 25 amangomwa kumapeto kwa sabata, koma amamwa mowa kwambiri Lachisanu ndi Loweruka usiku mpaka kumwalira kapena kudwala. Amanong'oneza bondo chifukwa cha zomwe adachita ndipo akufuna kusiya, koma sangathe, kuyendetsa galimoto ataledzera, kumenya nkhondo, kuchita zachiwerewere, ndi zina zambiri. Kenako amakhala Lamlungu lonse akuchira, ndipo akumva ngati wopanda pake mpaka Lachitatu. Komabe, amangokhala maola 8 okha pasabata akumwa.

Ndi womwa mowa uti amene ali ndi vuto? Kodi kugwiritsa ntchito "maola ogwiritsira ntchito" ndikutchova juga? Tengani otchova njuga awa awiri;

1. Mphunzitsi wopuma pantchito pasukulu yoyambira yemwe amakhala ku Las Vegas. Iye ndi abwenzi ake atatu nthawi zonse amakhala masana masana pamasewera akusewera makina olowetsa faifi tambala ndi makanema ojambula pamakasino osiyanasiyana osasuta. Pambuyo pake nthawi zambiri amadya chakudya chamadzulo ku buffet ya CircusCircus $ 9.99. Zotayika zonse zitha kukhala mpaka $ 5.00, koma nthawi zambiri zimawonongeka. Nthawi yonse pamlungu - maola 25.
2. Wamagetsi wazaka 43 wazaka zitatu wazaka zakubadwa, yemwe tsopano amakhala yekha mu seedy motel. Kubetchera mahatchi kumabweretsa chisudzulo, kuchotsedwa ntchito, kutha ndalama, kulephera kulipirira ndalama zothandizira ana, komanso kutaya ufulu wokawayendera. Pomwe amangoyendera njirayo katatu pamlungu, pafupifupi maola 3 nthawi iliyonse, kutchova juga kovuta komwe kumawononga moyo wake. Sangayime ndipo akuganiza zodzipha. Nthawi yonse njuga pamlungu - maola 3.

Koma, mukudabwa, kodi kuchuluka kwa mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyenera kufanana ndi kuchuluka kwa chizolowezi? Sikofunikira kwenikweni. Mwachitsanzo, mamiliyoni aku America omwe ali ndi ululu wosatha amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a opioid olembedwa ndi dokotala (Vicodin, Oxycontin) nthawi zonse. Ubongo ndi minofu yawo yakhala imadalira iwo, ndipo kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yomweyo kungayambitse zizindikiro zazikulu zosiya. Komabe, odwala ochepa okha omwe ali ndi ululu wosatha ndi omwe amamwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Kuledzera kumaphatikizapo kusintha kwa ubongo komwe kumadziwika bwino komwe kumabweretsa zizindikiro ndi zizindikiro zomwe akatswiri amazizindikira ngati chizolowezi. (Ngati kusiyana sikukudziwika, ndikupangira kufotokozera kosavuta kumeneku ndi NIDA.) Ambiri mwa odwala ululu wosatha angataye mosangalala mankhwala awo osokoneza bongo posinthana ndi moyo wopanda ululu wofooketsa. Izi ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi anthu omwe amamwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo omwe nthawi zambiri amaika pachiwopsezo chilichonse kuti apitirize chizolowezi chawo.

"Maola ogwiritsira ntchito panopa" kapena "kuchuluka kwa zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito" zokha sizingatidziwitse omwe ali ndi chizolowezi ndi omwe sali ndi chizolowezi. Pali chifukwa chomwe "kupitiriza kugwiritsa ntchito ngakhale zotsatirapo zoyipa kwambiri" kumathandiza akatswiri kufotokozera chizolowezi, ndipo "maola ogwiritsira ntchito panopa" sakuthandiza. Kumbukirani, mafunso atatu a "Kuyesetsa Kupeza" a CPUI adayesa "kulephera kusiya ngakhale zotsatirapo zoyipa kwambiri." Mu deta ya Grubbs, mafunso awa anali owonetsa kwambiri za chizolowezi chenicheni cha zolaula.

Mfundo yofunika: Zonena za Grubbs zimadalira "maola ogwiritsira ntchito panopa" kukhala muyezo wokhawo wovomerezeka wa chizolowezi chenicheni. Sizili choncho. Ngakhale maola ogwiritsira ntchito anali oimira chizolowezi, maphunziro athunthu a Grubbs akuwonetsa kuti "maola ogwiritsira ntchito zolaula pano" akugwirizana kwambiri ndi ziwerengero zonse za CPUI-9 (mwachitsanzo, chizolowezi "chodziwika"). Chofunika kwambiri, "maola ogwiritsira ntchito zolaula" akugwirizana kwambiri ndi chizolowezi chenicheni cha zolaula (mafunso a CPUI 1-6) kuposa chipembedzo. Chifukwa chake zomwe Grubbs akunena sizowona ndipo sizikuchokera ku sayansi ya chizolowezi yomwe ilipo.

"Masiku ano ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula" amasiya zinthu zambiri

Vuto lina lachiwiri ndiloti Grubbs adayesa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pofunsa mafunso za "zolaula zomwe akuchita" pakadali pano. Funso limeneli ndi losamveka bwino. Pa nthawi iti? Phunziro limodzi lingakhale likuganiza kuti "Ndagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zingati dzulo?" china "sabata yatha?" kapena "pa avareji kuyambira pomwe ndidaganiza zosiya kuwonera chifukwa cha zosafunika?" Zotsatira zake ndizosafanizira zomwe sizingafanane ndipo sizingasanthulidwe ndi cholinga chofuna kupeza mayankho odalirika, osatinso zazikulu, zosagwirizana ndi zomwe Grubbs amatenga.

Chofunika kwambiri, funso loti "kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula", lomwe pamapeto pake phunziroli limalephera, limalephera kufunsa zazosintha zakugwiritsa ntchito zolaula: kugwiritsa ntchito zaka, zaka zoyambira, kaya wogwiritsa ntchitoyo adayamba bwanji zolaula kapena adapanga zolaula zosayembekezereka , chiŵerengero cha kuthamangitsidwa ndi zolaula mpaka kukodza popanda izo, kuchuluka kwa kugonana ndi wokondedwa weniweni, ndi zina zotero. Mafunso amenewa angatithandizenso kudziwa kuti ndani amene ali ndi vuto logwiritsa ntchito zolaula kuposa "kugwiritsa ntchito masiku ano."

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CHIGAWO 3: Kodi Kukhulupirira Zipembedzo Kumayenderana ndi Zovuta Zolaula?

Chiyambi: Umboni wochokera kwa akatswiri ogonana umasonyeza kuti pali makasitomala omwe amamva kuti ali ndi chizolowezi choonera zolaula, koma amangoonera nthawi zina. N'zotheka kuti ena mwa makasitomalawa ndi achipembedzo ndipo amamva kukhala ndi liwongo komanso manyazi okhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zina. Kodi anthuwa akuvutika ndi "chizolowezi chodziwika" osati chizolowezi chenicheni cha zolaula? Mwina. Komabe, anthuwa akufuna kusiya koma akupitirizabe kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Kaya "ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zina" awa ndi chizolowezi chenicheni kapena akumva kuti ali ndi liwongo komanso manyazi, chinthu chimodzi ndi chotsimikizika: Grubbs CPUI sangasiyanitse "chizolowezi chodziwika" ndi chizolowezi chenicheni mwa anthuwa kapena wina aliyense.

Funso limodzi mwa magawo atatu a mafunso a CPUI amafufuza kukhumudwa ndi manyazi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu ambiri azipembedza

Chifukwa 3 yomaliza pamafunso a 9 CPUI amawunika kuti ndi olakwa, manyazi komanso kudzimvera chisoni, owerenga zolaula a CPUI omwe amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula amapitilira m'mwamba. Mwachitsanzo, ngati Mkhristu amene sakhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu ali ndi zofanana pa mafunso a CPUI 1-6, zili zowona kuti Mkhristu azikhala ndi ziwerengero zapamwamba kwambiri za CPUI-9, pambuyo poti mafunso 7-9 awonjezedwa.

7. Ndimachita manyazi ndikaona zolaula pa intaneti.
8. Ndimaona kuti ndikuvutika maganizo chifukwa choona zolaula pa intaneti.
9. Ndimadwala kwambiri ndikaona zolaula pa intaneti.

Zomwe Grubbs anapeza n’zakuti ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zachipembedzo angamve kukhala ndi mlandu kwambiri pankhani yogwiritsa ntchito zolaula (mafunso 7-9), koma salinso oledzera (mafunso 4-6).

Pamapeto pake, zomwe tingaphunzire kuchokera ku maphunziro a Grubbs ndikuti ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zachipembedzo ena amamva chisoni komanso manyazi. Palibe zodabwitsa pamenepo. Popeza anthu ochepa kwambiri achipembedzo amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula, zomwe Grubb adapeza sizikutiuza chilichonse chokhudza anthu achipembedzo onse. Mfundo yofunika kwambiri: Grubbs akugwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha nkhani zachipembedzo - zolaula pogwiritsa ntchito anthu ochepa - kunena kuti chizolowezi cha zolaula chikugwirizana ndi chipembedzo.

Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti mafunso owunikira mitundu ina ya chizolowezi nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mafunso okhudza kudzimva ndi manyazi. Ndithudi , palibe amene amafunsa mafunso okhudza kudzimva ndi manyazi. Mwachitsanzo, mfundo za DSM-5 zochokera ku Alcohol Use Disorder zili ndi mafunso 11. Komabe palibe funso lililonse lomwe limafufuza kudzimva chisoni kapena kudzimva chisoni mutamwa mowa kwambiri. Komanso mafunso okhudza DSM-5 Gambling Addiction alibe funso limodzi lonena za kudzimva chisoni, kudzimva chisoni kapena manyazi. M'malo mwake, mafunso onse awiriwa a DSM-5 addicted amalimbikitsa makhalidwe osagwira ntchito , ofanana ndi mafunso 4-6 a CPUI-9:

4. Nthaŵi zina, ndimayesetsa kukonza ndondomeko yanga kuti ndikhale ndekha kuti ndione zolaula.
5. Ndakana kukakhala ndi anzanga kapena kupita kuntchito zina kuti ndipeze zolaula.
6. Ndaika zofunikira kwambiri kuti ndiziona zolaula.

Kumbukirani, mafunso a CPUI 4-6 ndi okhudzana kwambiri ndi "Maola Ogwiritsa Ntchito Zolaula" omwe alipo panopa kuposa china chilichonse (0.44) . Kutanthauza kuti "maola ogwiritsira ntchito" ndiye chizindikiro champhamvu kwambiri cha chizolowezi chenicheni cha zolaula mu deta ya Grubbs. Kumbali ina, mafunso 4-6 analibe ubale wokwanira ndi "chipembedzo" (0.07) . Kutanthauza kuti chipembedzo sichikugwirizana kwenikweni ndi chizolowezi cha zolaula. Ubale wochepa kwambiri pakati pa chipembedzo ndi chizolowezi chenicheni cha zolaula mwina umafotokozedwa bwino ndi chitsanzo cha Grubb chopotoka ndi zinthu zina zomwe zafotokozedwa pansipa.

Chipembedzo sichikuneneratu zolaula. Osati ngakhale ife tinkangokhalira.

Mu Gawo 2 tinanena kuti "maola ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula" anali okhudzana kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa CPUI-9 kuposa chipembedzo. Kapena monga momwe wofufuza anganenere: "maola ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula" adaneneratu chizolowezi chogonana ndi zolaula bwino pang'ono kuposa chipembedzo. Tinanenanso kuti ubale pakati pa chizolowezi chenicheni cha zolaula (mafunso a CPUI 4-6) ndi Chipembedzo unali pafupifupi 0.07 , pomwe ubale weniweni wa chizolowezi chogonana ndi zolaula (mafunso a CPUI 4-6) ndi "maola ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula" unali 0.44. Kunena kwina: "maola ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula" adaneneratu chizolowezi chogonana ndi zolaula 600+% mwamphamvu kuposa chipembedzo.

Komabe, Grubbs akadali kunena kuti pali ubale wofooka pakati pa mafunso okhudza chipembedzo ndi chizolowezi chachikulu cha chizolowezi 4-6 ( 0.07 ). Kodi Grubbs akunena zoona, kuti chipembedzo chimaneneratu chizolowezi cha zolaula? Ayi, chipembedzo sichineneratu chizolowezi cha zolaula. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi. Anthu achipembedzo sagwiritsa ntchito zolaula molakwika ndipo motero sangakhale okonda zolaula.

Maphunziro a Grubbs sanagwiritse ntchito gawo la anthu achipembedzo. M'malo mwake, okhawo omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula (achipembedzo kapena osakhulupirira) adafunsidwa. Kupindula kwa kafukufuku kumapereka chiwerengero chochepa cha kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula mwachipembedzo poyerekeza ndi anthu omwe si achipembedzo (phunzirani 1, phunzirani 2, phunzirani 3, phunzirani 4, phunzirani 5, phunzirani 6, phunzirani 7, phunzirani 8, phunzirani 9, phunzirani 10, phunzirani 11, phunzirani 12, phunzirani 13, phunzirani 14, phunzirani 15, phunzirani 16, phunzirani 17, phunzirani 18, phunzirani 19, phunzirani 20, phunzirani 21, phunzirani 22, phunzirani 24)

Motero, chitsanzo cha Grubbs cha ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zachipembedzo chikukopeka ndi chiwerengero chochepa cha amuna achipembedzo omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Mwachidule, kupembedza kumateteza ku chizolowezi cha zolaula.

Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku wa 2011 ( The Cyber ​​​​Pornography Use Inventory: Comparing a Religious and Secular Sample ) adanenanso kuchuluka kwa amuna achipembedzo ndi achipembedzo aku koleji omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula kamodzi pa sabata :

• Zomwe: 54%
• Zipembedzo: 19%

Kafukufuku wina wokhudza amuna achipembedzo azaka zaku koleji ( ndikukhulupirira kuti ndi zolakwika koma ndimachitabe - Kuyerekeza anyamata achipembedzo omwe amachita chiwerewere motsutsana ndi omwe sagwiritsa ntchito zolaula, 2010 ) kunavumbula kuti:

• 65% ya anyamata achipembedzo anafotokoza kuti sakuwona zolaula m'mwezi ya 12 yapitayi
• 8.6% adawonetsa kuwona masiku awiri kapena atatu pa mwezi
• 8.6% adawonetsa kuyang'ana tsiku ndi tsiku kapena tsiku lina lililonse

Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kafukufuku wosiyanasiyana wa amuna azaka za ku koleji amanena kuti anthu ambiri amaonera zolaula ( US – 2008 : 87%, China – 2012 : 86%, Netherlands – 2013 (zaka 16) – 73%). Mwachidule, popeza kuti amuna ambiri azaka za ku koleji, opembedza, saonera zolaula kawirikawiri, chitsanzo cha Grubbs cha “ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zachipembedzo” n’cholakwika kwambiri, pomwe chitsanzo chake cha “ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zadziko” n’chofanana ndi cha anthu ena.

Tsopano tikutchula zifukwa zingapo zomwe anthu ogwiritsira ntchito zolaula amatha kulembera mafunso akuluakulu okhudzana ndi zolaula.

#1) Chipembedzo ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula mwina amakhala ndi miyeso yapamwamba yomwe ilipo kale

Popeza kuti amuna ambiri azaka zaku koleji, opembedza, saonera zolaula kawirikawiri, a Grubbs ndi Leonhardt, ndi ena, zitsanzo za "ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zachipembedzo" zinali zochepa mwa anthu opembedza. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, zitsanzo za "ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zadziko" nthawi zambiri zimayimira anthu ambiri omwe si achipembedzo.

Achinyamata ambiri ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zachipembedzo amati sakonda kuonera zolaula (100% mu kafukufukuyu ). Nanga n’chifukwa chiyani ogwiritsa ntchito awa amaonera? N’zotheka kwambiri kuti chitsanzo cha “ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zachipembedzo” sichili choimira anthu ambiri omwe akukumana ndi mavuto kapena matenda ena omwe alipo kale. Matendawa nthawi zambiri amapezeka mwa anthu omwe ali ndi zizolowezi zoipa (monga OCD, kuvutika maganizo, nkhawa, matenda a nkhawa za anthu, ADHD, mbiri ya mabanja ya chizolowezi, kuvulala kwa ana kapena nkhanza zogonana, zizolowezi zina, ndi zina zotero).

Izi zokha zitha kufotokoza chifukwa chake ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zachipembedzo, monga gulu, amapeza ndalama zambiri pafunso la Grubbs lokhudzana ndi chizolowezi chogonana. Lingaliro ili limathandizidwa ndi maphunziro okhudza chithandizo cha anthu omwe akufuna zolaula / okonda kugonana (omwe tingayembekezere kuwayamikira mosiyanasiyana kuchokera ku gawo lomwelo losowa). Ofunafuna chithandizo sawonetsa ubale uliwonse pakati pa chipembedzo ndi muyeso wa chizolowezi ndi chipembedzo ( phunziro la 2016 1 , phunziro la 2016 2 ). Ngati zomwe Grubbs adapeza zinali zolondola, titha kuwona chiwerengero chosayerekezeka cha ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zachipembedzo omwe akufuna chithandizo. Lingaliro ili limathandizidwa ndi maphunziro okhudza chithandizo cha anthu omwe akufuna zolaula / okonda kugonana omwe sawonetsa ubale uliwonse pakati pa chipembedzo ndi muyeso wa chizolowezi ndi chipembedzo ( phunziro la 2016 1 , phunziro la 2016 2 ).

#2) Kuonera zolaula kumapangitsa anthu achipembedzo kubwerera kuzipembedzo komanso chipembedzo chimakhala chofunika kwambiri

Kafukufuku wa mu 2016 wokhudza ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zachipembedzo adafotokoza zomwe zapezeka zomwe zokha zitha kufotokoza mgwirizano wochepa wa Grubbs pakati pa chizolowezi chenicheni cha zolaula ndi chipembedzo. Ubale pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi chipembedzo ndi wozungulira. Pamene kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumawonjezeka, machitidwe achipembedzo ndi kufunika kwa chipembedzo kumachepa - mpaka kufika pamlingo winawake. Komabe munthu wachipembedzo akayamba kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kamodzi kapena kawiri pa sabata, izi zimadzisintha: Wogwiritsa ntchito zolaula amayamba kupita kutchalitchi pafupipafupi ndipo kufunika kwa chipembedzo m'moyo wake kumawonjezeka. Chidule cha kafukufukuyu:

"Komabe, zolaula zomwe zidachitika m'mbuyomu zimakhudza kupembedza kwam'mbuyomu ndikupemphera zidaperewera: Kupezeka kwachipembedzo ndi kupemphera kumatsika mpaka kenako ndikuwonjezeka pamakanema apamwamba owonera zolaula."

Chithunzichi, chomwe chatengedwa kuchokera ku phunziroli, chikufanizira kupezeka kwachipembedzo ndi kuchuluka kwa zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito:

Zikuwoneka kuti pamene zolaula za anthu achipembedzo zikuwonjezeka, amabwerera kuchipembedzo ngati njira yothetsera mavuto awo. Izi sizosadabwitsa, chifukwa magulu ambiri osokoneza bongo omwe amatsata njira za 12 amaphatikizapo gawo lauzimu kapena lachipembedzo. Wolemba pepala adalongosola izi ngati tanthauzo:

… Kafukufuku wokhudzidwa amatanthauza kuti iwo omwe amadzimva kuti alibe chochita pakulowerera kwawo nthawi zambiri amalandira chithandizo champhamvu. Zowonadi, mapulogalamu a magawo khumi ndi awiri omwe amayesetsa kuthandiza anthu omwe ali ndi zizolowezi zosokoneza bongo amapezeka paliponse ziphunzitso zodzipereka kuulamuliro wapamwamba, ndipo kuchuluka kwamapulogalamu achikhristu khumi ndi awiri osasunthika kumapangitsa kulumikizaku kukhala kowonekera bwino. Zitha kukhala kuti anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula mopitilira muyeso (mwachitsanzo, magwiridwe antchito omwe atha kukhala okakamiza kapena osokoneza bongo) amakakamizidwa kupita kuchipembedzo kwakanthawi m'malo mochokako.

Chochitika ichi cha ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula achipembedzo kubwerera ku chikhulupiriro chawo ngati chizoloŵezi chowopsa chikhoza kufotokozera mosavuta kusiyana kochepa pakati pa zolaula zenizeni ndi zachipembedzo.

# 3) Mosiyana ndi nkhani zachipembedzo, zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito sizingazindikire zomwe zimachitika chifukwa samayesa kusiya

Kodi n'zotheka kuti ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zachipembedzo apeze zambiri pa mafunso okhudza kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula chifukwa chakuti ayesadi kusiya, mosiyana ndi abale awo osakhulupirira? Pochita izi, amatha kuzindikira zizindikiro za chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula monga momwe Leonhardt, et al. 5-item questionnaire adawunikira.

Kutengera zaka zambiri zowonera ma forum obwezeretsa zolaula pa intaneti, tikupangira kuti ofufuza alekanitse ogwiritsa ntchito omwe ayesa kusiya zolaula ndi omwe sanayesepo, powafunsa za zotsatira za zolaula zomwe amadziona okha. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala choncho kuti ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula masiku ano (onse achipembedzo komanso osapembedza) samvetsa bwino momwe zolaula za pa intaneti zimakhudzira iwo mpaka atayesa kusiya (ndipo amatha kupirira zizindikiro zilizonse zosiya ).

Kawirikawiri, ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zosakhulupirira Mulungu amakhulupirira kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula sikuli koopsa, kotero alibe chifukwa chosiya ... mpaka atakumana ndi zizindikiro zosapiririka (mwina, nkhawa yofooketsa, kulephera kugonana ndi mnzanu weniweni kapena kukwera kufika pa zomwe akuwona kuti ndizosokoneza/zosokoneza kapena zoopsa kwambiri). Asanafike nthawi imeneyo, ngati muwafunsa za kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo zolaula, adzanena kuti zonse zili bwino. Mwachibadwa amaganiza kuti ndi "ogwiritsa ntchito wamba," omwe angasiye nthawi iliyonse, ndipo zizindikiro zomwe ali nazo, ngati zilipo, zimachokera ku china chake . Manyazi? Ayi.

Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, anthu ambiri opembedza mafano amachenjezedwa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula n'koopsa. Chifukwa chake iwo amatha kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zochepetsetsa ndipo ayesera kupereka, mwinamwake kangapo. Zomwe zimayesedwa ndi kuchotsa zolaula pa intaneti zikuwunikira kwambiri, monga ndizo pamene ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula (achipembedzo kapena ayi) akupeza:

1. Zimakhala zovuta kusiya (ngati ali osokoneza bongo)
2. Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kwawapweteka kwambiri, pamaganizo, m'magonana komanso mosiyana (nthawi zambiri chifukwa zizindikiro zimayamba kuchepa)
3. [Pankhani ya zizindikiro zotere] Kodi kutaya kotani kumapangitsa kuti zizindikirozo zikhale zovuta kwa kanthawi, ubongo usanabwererenso
4. Zimakhala zomvetsa chisoni bwanji akafuna kusiya zinazake koma sangathe (Ichi ndi manyazi, koma osati “zachipembedzo / zamanyazi” - monga momwe ofufuza amaganizira nthawi zina chifukwa ogwiritsa ntchito achipembedzo amawafotokozera kawirikawiri. Ambiri mwa omwe amakhala osokoneza bongo mwatsoka amakhala ndi manyazi akamaona kuti sangathenso kusiya, kaya ndi achipembedzo kapena ayi.)
5. Amakhala ndi zikhumbo zofuna kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Kukonda nthawi zambiri kumawonjezereka mwamphamvu ndi sabata kapena kupitilira kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula.

Zochitika zoterezi zimapangitsa iwo omwe ayesa kusiya kusamala kwambiri za zolaula. Popeza ogwiritsa ntchito achipembedzo ambiri akhala akuyesera izi, zida zamaganizidwe ziwonetsa kuti amadera nkhawa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kuposa omwe siopembedza - ngakhale atakhala kuti sagwiritsa ntchito zolaula pang'ono!

Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kodi ofufuza sayeneranso kufufuza ngati ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zina amaona molakwika kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ngati zopanda vuto, m'malo moganiza kuti ndi anthu achipembedzo omwe akumvetsa molakwika kukhalapo kwa mavuto okhudzana ndi zolaula ngakhale akugwiritsa ntchito zochepa? Kupatula apo, chizolowezi sichimayesedwa kutengera kuchuluka kapena kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito, koma m'malo mwake zotsatira zake zimakhala zofooketsa.

Mulimonsemo, kulephera kulekanitsa anthu omwe ayesa kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi omwe sanasiye, ndi vuto lalikulu mu kafukufuku woyesa kupeza mfundo zokhudzana ndi ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa chipembedzo, manyazi ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula . N'zosavuta kutanthauzira molakwika deta ngati umboni wakuti " chipembedzo chimapangitsa anthu kuda nkhawa ndi zolaula ngakhale atakhala kuti sakugwiritsa ntchito zolaula mochepa kuposa ena, ndipo ngati sakanakhala achipembedzo sakanada nkhawa."

Chowonadi ndichakuti omwe anayesa kusiya, ndipo adazindikira mfundo zomwe zili pamwambapa ndi omwe amada nkhawa kwambiri, ndipo chipembedzo ndicho chifukwa chokha chomwe adapangira mayeso otere (ndipo mwina sizikugwirizana kwenikweni). N'zokhumudwitsa kuona akatswiri a zamaganizo akupanga mgwirizano wosavuta ndi chipembedzo/uzimu ndikupanga "zochititsa manyazi", osazindikira kuti akuyerekeza "maapulo" ndi "malalanje" akamayerekeza ogwiritsa ntchito omwe anayesa kusiya ndi ogwiritsa ntchito omwe sanasiye. Apanso, oyamba okha ndi omwe amawona zoopsa ndi zoyipa za kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula momveka bwino , kaya ndi achipembedzo kapena ayi.

Kusokonezeka kumeneku nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu omwe akufuna kuchotsa chidwi pa zizindikiro zoopsa zomwe anthu osakhulupirira amakhala nazo nthawi zambiri. Anthu omwe sakhulupirira kuti Mulungu alipo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zizindikiro zoopsa kwambiri akasiya , chifukwa chakuti nthawi zambiri amasiya pang'onopang'ono poyerekeza ndi anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula zachipembedzo. N'chifukwa chiyani ofufuza sakuphunzira izi?

Ndipotu, tinganene kuti anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi vuto la kugonana chifukwa cha zolaula ndi osakhulupirira Mulungu. Chifukwa chiyani? Chifukwa anthu osakhulupirira nthawi zambiri amakhutira kwambiri ndi kuopsa kwa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti kotero kuti amapitirizabe kuzigwiritsa ntchito kuposa zizindikiro zochenjeza, monga kuwonjezeka kwa nkhawa pagulu, kuwonjezeka kwa zinthu zoopsa, kusasamala, kuvutika kufika pogonana popanda zolaula, kuvutika kugwiritsa ntchito makondomu kapena kufika pachimake ndi mnzanu, ndi zina zotero.

Zoona zake n'zakuti, ngakhale kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula mwachisawawa, kapena mosazolowereka, kungayambitse kugonana kwa ogwiritsa ntchito ena kotero kuti kumasokoneza kukhutira kwawo pa kugonana ndi ubale wawo . Nayi nkhani ya mwamuna mmodzi . Kuwonjezeka kwa zithunzi zolaula zomwe kale sizinali zosangalatsa kapena zonyansa ndizofala pakati pa theka la ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti . Mwachidule, monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula mwachisawawa si mankhwala. Anthu omwe sagwiritsa ntchito pafupipafupi koma akuda nkhawa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zawo akhoza kukhala ndi chifukwa chabwino chodera nkhawa kutengera zomwe akuyesera, kupatula zomwe amamva zokhudza zolaula panthawi ya mapemphero achipembedzo.

Kodi kungakhale bwino kupanga kafukufuku wopempha ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula (onse achipembedzo ndi ena) kuti asiye zolaula kwakanthawi ndikuyerekeza zomwe adakumana nazo ndi zowongolera? Onani Njira Yochotsera Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zithunzi Zolaula Paintaneti Povumbulutsa Zotsatira Zake kuti mudziwe kapangidwe kake ka kafukufuku.

#4) Zifukwa zachilengedwe zomwe zimagwiritsira ntchito owerenga zithunzi zolaula amatha kulemba kwambiri pa mafunso okhudzana ndi zolaula

Kawirikawiri kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti kumawopsa kwa ambiri ogwiritsa ntchito masiku ano. Izi zikuphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa zinthu zoopsa kwambiri, kugonana kosauka komanso kugonana, kuledzera, ndi / kapena kutengeka kochepa kwa okondedwa (kuphatikizapo zovuta zowonongeka).

Chomwe sichidziwika bwino ndi chakuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi ndi nthawi (monga maola awiri olaula mopitirira muyeso kenako ndi milungu ingapo yodziletsa musanayambe kugonana) kumabweretsa chiopsezo chachikulu cha chizolowezi. Zifukwa zake ndi zachilengedwe, ndipo pali kafukufuku wonse wokhudza kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi ndi nthawi mwa nyama ndi anthu omwe akufotokoza zomwe zimachitika muubongo.

Mwachitsanzo, onse awiri mankhwala ndi zakudya zosapatsa thanzi Kafukufuku amasonyeza kuti ntchito yapakati imatha kupita mofulumira ubongo wokhudzana ndi mowa umasintha (kaya kapena wosagwiritsa ntchitoyo akulowerera mofulumira). Kusintha kwakukulu ndi kulimbikitsa zomwe zimapweteka mphotho ya ubongo ndi zizindikiro zomwe zimabweretsa zovuta kunyalanyaza zokhumba. Polimbikitsidwa, maulendo a ubongo amakhudzidwa ndi zolimbikitsa komanso kufunafuna malipiro kufunafuna kukhala osaganizira zochitika kapena zovuta zokhudzana ndi khalidwe losokoneza bongo. Chikhalidwe chachikulu cha pavlovian chimasintha kukulitsa "kufuna" kapena kulakalaka kwinaku mukukonda kapena chisangalalo kuchokera pantchitoyi kumachepa. Mfundo, monga kutembenuza kompyuta, kuona pop-up, kapena kukhala yekha, zimayambitsa zolakalaka zolaula. (Kufufuza zochitika polimbikitsa anthu owerenga zolaula: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20.)

Chodabwitsa kwambiri n'chakuti nthawi yodziletsa (masabata awiri mpaka anayi) imabweretsa kusintha kwa mitsempha komwe sikumachitika mwa wogwiritsa ntchito komwe sikutenga nthawi yayitali. Kusintha kumeneku muubongo kumawonjezera chilakolako chogwiritsa ntchito poyankha zomwe zimayambitsa. Kuphatikiza apo, dongosolo la kupsinjika limasintha kotero kuti ngakhale kupsinjika pang'ono kungayambitse chilakolako chogwiritsa ntchito.

Kumwa mowa nthawi ndi nthawi (makamaka ngati munthu wamwa mowa wambiri ) kungayambitsenso zizindikiro zazikulu zosiya kumwa mowa , monga kutopa, kuvutika maganizo ndi chilakolako . Mwa kuyankhula kwina, munthu akamwa mowa wambiri atasiya kumwa mowa pang'ono, zimatha kumukhudza kwambiri munthuyo - mwina chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zomwe wamwa mowa.

Kutengera kafukufukuyu, asayansi atsimikiza kuti kumwa tsiku lililonse monga cocaine , mowa , ndudu , kapena zakudya zopanda thanzi sikofunikira kuti ubongo usinthe chifukwa cha chizolowezi. Kumwa mowa nthawi ndi nthawi kungathandize chimodzimodzi ndi kumwa mowa nthawi zonse, ndipo nthawi zina kungathandize kwambiri.

Tsopano, tiyeni tibwerere ku kuyerekeza kwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zachipembedzo ndi zosapembedza . Ndi gulu liti lomwe lingakhale ndi ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zambiri? Popeza kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zachipembedzo sakonda kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula , mwina pali ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zambiri kuposa ogwiritsa ntchito zachipembedzo omwe amakhala munthawi yodziletsa kwambiri. Ogwiritsa ntchito zachipembedzo nthawi zambiri amakhala "ogwiritsa ntchito nthawi ndi nthawi." Ogwiritsa ntchito zachipembedzo nthawi zambiri amanena kuti nthawi zambiri samatenga masiku opitilira ochepa - pokhapokha atakhala ogwiritsa ntchito nthawi ndi nthawi chifukwa akuyesera kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula.

Chinthu china chofunika kwambiri chomwe chimachitika chifukwa cha kudziletsa kwambiri ndichakuti ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi ndi nthawi amakhala ndi mipata yayitali (ndipo nthawi zambiri amakula). Amatha kuwona bwino momwe kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo zolaula kwawakhudzira, mosiyana ndi ogwiritsa ntchito pafupipafupi. Izi zokha zitha kupangitsa kuti apeze zigoli zambiri pafunso la chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Zotsatira zake zachiwiri, zofunika kwambiri ndikuti ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi ndi nthawi amakhala ndi zilakolako zamphamvu pafupipafupi. Chachitatu, ogwiritsa ntchito nthawi ndi nthawi akagonja, sayansi yomwe yatchulidwa pamwambapa ikuneneratu kuti nthawi zambiri amamva kuti sakulamulira, ndipo amakumana ndi zokhumudwitsa zambiri atatha kumwa mowa kwambiri. Mwachidule, ogwiritsa ntchito nthawi ndi nthawi amatha kukhala osokoneza bongo ndipo amapeza zigoli zambiri modabwitsa pamayeso okhudzana ndi chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula, ngakhale akugwiritsa ntchito pafupipafupi kuposa abale awo.

Malinga ndi momwe zinthu zilili, n’zosayembekezereka kunena kuti manyazi ndi omwe amachititsa kusiyana pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala achipembedzo ndi osapembedza. Ofufuza ayenera kuwongolera momwe kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala nthawi ndi nthawi kumakhudzira. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ngati anthu ambiri achipembedzo a Leonhardt ndi anzake anali ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala nthawi ndi nthawi kuposa anthu omwe sali achipembedzo, munthu angayembekezere kuti ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala achipembedzowo apeze zotsatira zabwino kwambiri pa mayeso a chizolowezi ngakhale kuti sagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri.

Zoonadi, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo amatsenga sikungokhala kwa anthu ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Chochitika ichi chikuwonetseratu zinyama ndi anthu ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula omwe akuyesera kusiya koma nthawi zina amazoloŵera kudya. Mfundo ndi yakuti chodabwitsa cha kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula ndi zolaula zimayenera kuwerengedwa mosadalirika musanayambe kujambula ndi kufalitsa malingaliro okhudza manyazi (kapena "kuzindikira" zolaula) monga chokhacho chomwe chingatheke chifukwa chomwe anthu ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula amavomereza kuti apamwamba kwambiri ntchito zochepa.

Chidule cha Kukhulupirira Zipembedzo ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zolaula:

1. Chikhulupiriro sichitchula kuti chizoloŵezi chogonana (chodziwika kapena chosiyana). Chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha anthu akugwiritsa ntchito zolaula.
2. Popeza chiwerengero chochepa cha anthu achipembedzo chimagwiritsa ntchito zolaula, zikuoneka kuti zipembedzo ndizoona chitetezo zolaula.
3. Grubbs ndi Leonhardt, et al. zitsanzo zomwe zidatengedwa kuchokera kwa ochepa mwa "ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula" zimasokonekera polemekeza ogwiritsa ntchito achipembedzo, zomwe mwina zimapangitsa kuti azipembedzo azikhala ndi zovuta zambiri. Zotsatira zake ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula amapembedza pang'ono pazomwe amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndipo amafotokoza zovuta kuwongolera kugwiritsa ntchito.
4. Pamene kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula kumakhala kawirikawiri kapena kukakamiza, anthu olambira zolaula amapembedza. Izi zikutanthawuza kuti anthu omwe amawerengera zapamwamba zowononga zolaula amapezekanso pamwamba pa chipembedzo.
5. Anthu ambiri oonera zolaula amachenjezedwa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula n'koopsa. Chifukwa chake iwo amatha kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula zochepa ndikuyesera kuzipereka. Pochita zimenezi iwo amatha kuzindikira zizindikiro za zolaula monga momwe Grubss CPUI-9 imaonera Leonhardt, et al. Mafunso azinthu 5 - mosasamala kuchuluka kwa zolaula.
6. Ogwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zolaula angathe kukhala osokoneza kwambiri komanso akudabwa kwambiri pa zovuta zowononga zolaula, ngakhale kuti akugwiritsa ntchito mobwerezabwereza kuposa abale awo amdziko lapansi.

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CHIGAWO 4: Grubbs Imafalikira Kufufuza Kwambiri Kwachizolowezi

Kutsimikizika kwa chizolowezi choonera zolaula pa intaneti kukufotokozedwa m'maphunziro osachepera atatu a Joshua Grubbs ( Grubbs et al., 2015 ; Bradley et al., 2016 ; Grubbs et al., 2016. ) Mapepala onse atatuwa amataya mwachisawawa zaka makumi ambiri za kafukufuku wa neuropsychological ndi zina zoledzera (ndi zida zowunikira zokhudzana nazo) kuti ayesere kutsimikizira owerenga kuti mabuku asayansi akuwonetsa kuti chizolowezi choonera zolaula pa intaneti sichilipo (motero akuchirikiza zomwe Grubbs akunena kuti umboni wonse wa chizolowezi choonera zolaula uyenera "kuwonedwa," osati weniweni).

Maphunziro a Grubbs adatchula kuti asiye kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula

M'ndime zawo zoyambirira, maphunziro atatu a Grubbs omwe atchulidwa m'ndime yapitayi akuwonetsa tsankho lawo lalikulu potengera zomwe akunena za kusakhalapo kwa chizolowezi chogonana pa intaneti pamapepala a anthu awiri omwe amadzitcha okha "otsutsa chizolowezi chogonana pa intaneti": David Ley, wolemba buku lakuti The Myth of Sex Addiction, ndi wofufuza wakale wa UCLA Nicole Prause, omwe ntchito yawo yatsutsidwa mwalamulo m'mabuku azachipatala chifukwa cha njira zofooka komanso mfundo zosachirikizidwa . Mapepala atatuwa Grubbs amakhulupirira kuti chizolowezi chogonana pa intaneti sichinatchulidwe:

1. Emperor Alibe Zovala: Kubwereza za 'Zithunzi Zolaula' (wolemba 2014), wolemba David Ley, Nicole Prause & Peter Finn
2. Chilakolako cha kugonana, osati chiwerewere, chikugwirizana ndi mauthenga okhudza ziwalo zokhudzana ndi kugonana (2013), Vaughn R. Steele, Cameron Staley, Timothy Fong, Nicole Prause
3. Kuwona Zoyipa Zogonana Zokhudzana ndi Kugonana Kwakukulu, Osati Erectile Dysfunction (2015), Nicole Prause & Jim Pfaus

Pepala #1 ( Ley et al., 2013) ndi nkhani yofalitsa nkhani yokhudza nkhani ya Ley, Prause ndi mnzake Peter Finn, yomwe inati ndi ndemanga ya chitsanzo cha chizolowezi chogonana. Sizinali choncho. Choyamba, Ley et al . sanasiye maphunziro onse ofalitsidwa omwe akuwonetsa zotsatira zoyipa kuchokera ku kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula chifukwa chakuti ndi "zogwirizana" chabe. Mwawerenga bwino zimenezo. Kachiwiri, idasankha mizere yosokeretsa, yosokeretsa kuchokera mkati mwa maphunziro, kulephera kufotokoza zomwe ofufuzawo adapeza. Chachitatu, Ley et al . adatchula maphunziro ambiri omwe sanali okhudzana ndi zomwe adanenazo. Tikudziwa kuti izi ndi mfundo zamphamvu kwambiri, komabe zikuthandizidwa mokwanira ndikulembedwa mu ndemanga iyi ya mzere ndi mzere. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti mkonzi wa Ley et al. , Charles Moser, wakhala akutsutsa kwambiri zolaula ndi chizolowezi chogonana. Dziwaninso kuti Current Sexual Health Reports ili ndi mbiri yochepa komanso yovuta . Inayamba kufalitsidwa mu 2004, kenako inapumula mu 2008, koma inaukitsidwa mu 2014, panthawi yake yoti iwonetse Ley et al.

Pepala #2 (Steele et al., 2013) anali EEG kuphunzira zonseed m'ma TV monga umboni motsutsana kukhalapo kwa zolaula. Osati choncho. Maphunziro a Labani a SPAN amapereka chithandizo ku zizolowezi zolaula ndi zolaula zimagwiritsa ntchito malamulo oletsa kugonana. Mwanjira yanji? Phunzirolo linalemba ma eEG apamwamba mawerengedwe (P300) pamene nkhani zinkatchulidwa mwachidule ku zithunzi zolaula. Kafukufuku amasonyeza kuti P300 yakwezeka imachitika pamene anthu osokoneza bongo amadziwika kuti ali ndi vuto (monga mafano) okhudzana ndi chizoloŵezi chawo. Komabe, chifukwa cha njira zolakwika zomwe zofukufukuzi ndizosasinthika: 1) nkhani zinali zosiyana (amuna, akazi, osagonana amuna okhaokha); Zithunzi za 2) sizinawonedwe kuti zisokoneze maganizo kapena zoledzeretsa; Kuphunzira kwa 3) kunalibe gulu loletsa kulinganirana; Mayankho a 4) sanavomerezedwe chifukwa cha kuledzera. Mogwirizana ndi Ubongo wa University of Cambridge umaphunzirira maphunziro, phunziroli la EEG linanenanso kuti kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zolaula zikugwirizana kwambiri ndi Zochepa chilakolako chogonana. Ikani njira ina, anthu omwe ali ndi ubongo wambiri komanso zolakalaka zolaula amakonda kugonana maliseche kuposa kugonana ndi munthu weniweni. Woimira Pulofesa Nicole Prause adanena kuti anthu ogwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zolaula amangokhala ndi libido yamakono, komabe zotsatira za phunziroli zimanena zosiyana kwambiri (chilakolako chawo chogonana pakati pawo chinali kugwera poyerekezera ndi zolaula zawo). Monga palibe chifukwa chofanana ndi mitu yoyamba, Grubbs adalimbikitsa zolakwika za olemba oyambirira ("debunkers a zolaula"). Mapepala asanu ndi limodzi owunikiridwa ndi anzawo adasanthula mwadongosolo Steele et al., 2013 pomaliza kunena kuti zofukufuku zake zikugwirizana ndi zolaula zomwe zimati debunk: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Onaninso izi mfundo yaikulu.

Pepala #3 ( Prause & Pfaus 2015) linaperekedwa ndi Grubbs ngati umboni wa zotsatira zabwino za zolaula:

… Maphunziro ena amatchulanso zotsatira zabwino zomwe zingakhalepo chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula (Prause & Pfaus, 2015).

Prause ndi Pfaus sizinali kafukufuku weniweni ndipo sizinapeze "zotsatira zabwino" zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Palibe deta iliyonse kuchokera mu pepala la Prause & Pfaus (2015) yomwe inafanana ndi maphunziro anayi oyambirira omwe idakhazikitsidwa. Zosiyanazo sizinali zazing'ono ndipo sizinafotokozedwe. Ndemanga ya wofufuza Richard A. Isenberg MD , yofalitsidwa mu Sexual Medicine Open Access, ikuwonetsa zingapo (koma osati zonse) za kusiyana, zolakwika, ndi zonena zosathandizidwa. Zotsatira zabwino zokha zomwe Prause & Pfaus adati zinali "kukwera pang'ono kwa chidwi" ataonera zolaula mwa anthu omwe amaonera zolaula zambiri kunyumba. Mavuto angapo ndi zomwe akunenazi:

1. Njira yowonjezera sayansi yotanthauzira kusiyana kotereku ndikuti amuna omwe amagwiritsira ntchito zolaula amakula kwambiri zolakalaka kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti iwo anali ndi chilakolako chochepa chogonana ndi wokondedwa wawo komanso chilakolako chofuna kuseweretsa maliseche kuposa omwe amawona maola ocheperapo.
2. Pembedzero & Pfaus sakanakhoza kuwunika molondola zomwe ophunzirawo anali nazo chifukwa:

• zofufuza zapachiyambi za 4 zinagwiritsa ntchito zolaula zosiyanasiyana. Maphunziro awiri omwe anagwiritsa ntchito filimu ya 3-imodzi, kafukufuku wina anagwiritsa ntchito filimu yachiwiri ya 20, ndipo phunziro limodzi linagwiritsabe ntchito zithunzi.
• zofufuza zapachiyambi za 4 zinagwiritsidwa ntchito masikelo owerengeka. Chimodzi chinagwiritsa ntchito 0 ku 7, imodzi imagwiritsa ntchito 1 ku 7, ndipo phunziro limodzi silinafotokoze kuwonetsera kwa kugonana.

Richard A. Isenberg MD adafunsa Prause & Pfaus kuti afotokoze momwe anganenere izi popanda umboni wotsimikizira. Palibe wolemba aliyense amene wapereka yankho lomveka bwino.

Zimene ma Grubbs amaphunzira zimasiyidwa

Ponena za kukondera kwa Grubbs, zikudziwikiratu kuti maphunziro a 3 omwe atchulidwa pamwambapa asiya maphunziro aliwonse amitsempha ndi ma neuropsychological omwe adapeza umboni wothandizira mtundu wa zolaula (pa 40 anasonkhanitsidwa pano). Komanso, Grubbs anasiya Ndemanga za 17 zaposachedwa pamabuku & ndemanga zolemba pa zolaula komanso zolaula (mndandanda womwewo). Ambiri mwa maphunziro ndi kuwunikaku ndi ena mwa akatswiri asayansi ya mitsempha ku Yale University, University of Cambridge, University of Duisburg-Essen, ndi Max Planck Institute. (Zina mwa izi zinali zisanatulutsidwe pamene maphunziro a Grubbs amapita kukasindikiza, koma ambiri anali, ndipo anangonyalanyazidwa.)

Kusiyanitsa ochita kafukufuku amene ali ndi Ley ndi Prause. Ley alibe chidziwitso cha sayansi ndipo sanafalitse kanthu mpaka Ley et al., 2014. Pembedzero silinayanjanitsidwe ndi yunivesite iliyonse kuyambira Disembala, 2014, ndi iye amati Zochitika zake za 2 EEG zakhala zikudziwitsidwa mobwerezabwereza mu zolemba zowonedwa ndi anzawo (phunziro la 2015: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.; Phunziro la 2013: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.)

Tikhoza kuganiza kuti kuvomereza kuti pali maphunziro 40 a ubongo ndi ndemanga 18 za mabuku ndi ndemanga zomwe zimathandiza chitsanzo cha chizolowezi chogonana zingachepetse kwambiri lingaliro la Grubbs lakuti chizolowezi chogonana ndi zolaula….

“Ili ndi chochita chilichonse ndi kupembedza komanso malingaliro okhudzana ndi kugonana. Mwachidule, akuti, "Ndizopangitsa manyazi."

Ngati "chizolowezi chogonana ndi manyazi chabe," kodi Grubbs akufotokoza bwanji kuchuluka kwa maphunziro a ubongo omwe apeza kusintha kwa ubongo mwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula omwe ali ndi vuto logwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo? Kodi manyazi angayambitse bwanji kusintha komwe kumachitika mu ubongo komwe kumachitika ndi chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo? Kodi umboni wa manyazi ungatsutse bwanji kupezeka kwa chizolowezi mu ubongo chomwe chikuwonetsa umboni wa chizolowezi? Sizingatheke.

(onse achipembedzo ndi ena) kuti asiye zolaula kwakanthawi ndikuyerekeza zomwe adakumana nazo ndi zowongolera? Onani Kuchotsa Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zithunzi Zolaula Paintaneti Povumbulutsa Zotsatira Zake kuti mudziwe kapangidwe kake ka kafukufuku.

• Onaninso: Critique ya: "Katundu Wowonongeka: Kuzindikira Zolaula Kuledzera Monga Mkhalapakati Pakati Pachikhulupiriro ndi Ubale Nkhawa Zazungulira Zolaula Gwiritsani Ntchito" (Leonhardt, Willoughby, & Young-Petersen 2017)