MAFUNSO: Mtsutso umodzi wokhudza dopamine ndikuti mwina ndizomwe zimapangitsa kusangalala. Zatsimikizika kuti dopamine imapanga kulakalaka komanso kulakalaka kapena "kufuna", koma imakhudzidwa ndi "kukonda". Ochita kafukufuku adasiyanitsa zomwe akufuna ndizoyeserera pakudya, ndipo adatsimikiza kuti dopamine sachita nawo gawo la chakudya. Koma kodi izi zikugwiranso ntchito pa kugonana, kulumikizana bwino komanso chikondi? Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti malipoti anu achisangalalo amafanana ndi milingo ya dopamine.
Blog Post ndi Ubongo Wotsitsimula
Kodi brain neurotransmitter dopamine imagwira ntchito yokondweretsa? Bungwe la Neuroscientifically Challenged liri ndi zokambirana zabwino kwambiri za kusagwirizana pakati pa asayansi omwe amakhulupirira kuti dopamine sichitanira kuti chisangalalo chikhale chosangalatsa koma china chake, chikhumbo.
"Pamene kulumikizana pakati pa kufalikira kwa dopamine ndi zokumana nazo zopindulitsa (monga kudya, kugonana, mankhwala osokoneza bongo) kunakhazikitsidwa, zidapangitsa kuti ambiri azimvetsetsa kuti dopamine ndiyomwe idapangitsa kuti tizingokhalira kusangalala."
"Koma pamapeto pake sayansi idayamba kutengera chidwi pomwe ofufuza adazindikira kuti dopamine siyimagwirizana chimodzimodzi ndi chisangalalo."
Wofufuza Kent Berridge wachita kafukufuku wambiri mderali. Apeza kuti dopamine sasintha zomwe zimachitikira ma hedonics amakoma. Kwenikweni izi zikutanthauza kuti dopamine sasintha momwe chakudya chimakondera. Ndiye kodi izi zimamasulira bwanji dziko lenileni? Mwachitsanzo, mowa umatha kupangitsa kuti chakudya chikhale bwino. Ichi ndichifukwa chake anthu amamwa mowa ndi pizza palimodzi.
Mowa umalumikizana ndi makina amunthu opioid ndipo izi mwina ndizomwe zimapangitsa kuti azisangalala ndi ma hedonics. Kukhazikitsa kwa mu-opioid receptor m'malo ena aubongo kumatha kupangitsa chidwi chakumva kukhala chosangalatsa kwambiri. Chifukwa chake pizza yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala chakudya imatha kulawa modabwitsa mukamwa mowa kapena opiate ngati heroin. Kuchulukitsa kwa dopamine kumapangitsa kuti zinthu zisamveke bwino (kutenga cocaine mwachitsanzo).
Malo achitetezo a Hedonic
Berridge adayesa kwambiri nyama ndipo wapeza chomwe amachitcha "malo otetezera" angapo muubongo.
M'malo otentha a hedonic gloss omwe amakulitsa chisangalalo chachilengedwe amapentedwa ndi mankhwala amubongo monga mu opioids ndi endocannabinoids, omwe ndi mathero aubongo achilengedwe a heroin ndi chamba. Ngati titsegulira ma neurochemical receptors (kudzera mu tinthu tating'onoting'ono tosamva ululu timadontho tating'onoting'ono tomwe timagwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa timakulitsa zomwe timakonda). "
Kuwonjezeka kwa opioid receptors ndi endocannabinoid receptors kumatha kupangitsa kuti chakudya chizikhala bwino (makoswe ndi mbewa). Mukudziwa bwanji ngati khoswe kapena mbewa amasangalala ndi chakudya? Zikuwoneka kuti ofufuza amatha kuyang'ana nkhope ya mbewa (kapena makoswe) kuti anene momwe amakonda kudya chakudya china. Nkhope yawo imapereka malingaliro awo momwe nkhope ya munthu ingachitire. Komabe ndi chinthu chabwino bwanji chomwe chimalawa mawu ofotokozera achisangalalo? Chisangalalo chimayenera kufotokozedwa mwanjira ina ndipo sindine wotsimikiza kuti kukoma hedonics ndichisangalalo chilichonse. Nditha kulingalira za munthu yemwe amapeza chakudya kuti adye bwino, komabe amati amamva anhedonic yonse.
Anhedonia
Mulingo wa anhedonia wodalirika umaphatikizapo zinthu zingapo zomwe zingapezeke patsamba lino "Negative Symptom Initiative". Zinthu zomwe zili pamiyeso zikuphatikizapo; pafupipafupi chisangalalo panthawi yolumikizana ndi anthu, pafupipafupi chisangalalo pakumverera kwakuthupi, kulimba kwachisangalalo panthawi yazisangalalo / ntchito zantchito. Chifukwa chake pamlingo wokonda izi, sipangatchulidwe za ma hedonics amakoma (komabe masikelo ena amaphatikizapo muyeso wazinthu zawo). Chifukwa chake ma hedonics atha kukhala olekanitsidwa ndi zokondweretsa zina monga zosangalatsa zakugonana kapena zochitika zina zosonyeza kuti ma neurotransmitters osiyana amatenga nawo mbali pazinthu zina.
Zina mwazomwe zimapangitsa kuti dopamine azisangalala nazo zimachokera ku maphunziro a makoswe (onani Kent BerridgeTsamba lawebusayiti). Pakafukufuku wina, ofufuza adachepetsa dopamine mu ma nyukiliya omwe amakhala ndi makoswe ndi 99%. Ofufuzawo adapeza kuti makoswe sadzadyanso okha. Dopamine imakhudza kwambiri machitidwe ndi kupondereza magwiridwe ake amachepetsa zomwe nyama kapena munthu ayenera kuchita ndikuzisiya. Ofufuzawo amakakamiza kudyetsa makoswewo ndikuwunika nkhope zawo kuti adziwe momwe amasangalalira kudya.
Aheronics
Pansi pa izi, makoswe amapeza chakudyacho kukhala chokoma monga momwe amakhala ndi mulingo wabwinobwino wa dopamine wosonyeza kuti kuchepa kwa neurotransmitter sikuchepetsa "chisangalalo" chomaliza. Pakafukufuku wina, ofufuza adapeza kuti mbewa zosintha ndi kuchuluka kwa ma dopamine zikuwonetsa "kufuna" koma osati "kukonda" chakudya chotsekemera cha shuga. Kutanthauza kuti anali ndi mwayi wodya chakudya, koma sanasonyeze kuwonjezeka kwa ma hedonics.
Ine ndekha ndikuganiza kuti umboni wokhudzidwa kwa dopamine pazinthu zina zakusangalatsa ndikwabwino ndipo sindimagwirizana ndi ofufuza omwe amataya gawo lawo kwathunthu. Chifukwa chimodzi chakhala chikudziwika kwakanthawi kuti ma anti-psychotic omwe amaletsa ma dopamine receptors amatha kuchepetsa chidwi komanso kuyambitsa anhedonia. Chifukwa chake kutha kukhala kusiyanitsa msanga chidwi (chikhumbo) pamalipiro. Dopamine atha kukhala nawo pamalingaliro onse awiriwa. Palinso vuto lomwe ma receptors a dopamine amachita zinthu zosiyanasiyana m'malo osiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chake kuyambitsa kwa zolandila mu mesolimbic system (ma nucleus accumbens) atha kuphatikizidwa ndi chisangalalo pomwe m'malo ena aubongo dopamine receptor activation itha kuphatikizidwa ndi mayankho osiyanasiyana monga chikhumbo.
Dopamine agonist mankhwala
Pramipexole mankhwala a dopamine agonist omwe amalimbikitsa mtundu wa D2 / D3 mtundu wa dopamine receptors ndipo awonetsedwa kuti ali ndi zida zotsutsana ndi anhedonic. Ichi ndichinthu chofunikira kwambiri chosonyeza kuti dopamine imakhudzidwa mwachindunji ndi chisangalalo cham'malingaliro chifukwa zikuwonetsa kuti kuwonjezera kuyambitsa kwa dopamine receptor kumatha kukulitsa chisangalalo cha munthu. Ndidayankhulapo kale za mankhwala amtundu wa D2 dopamine omwe adakulitsa cholandirachi m'dera lamalipiro aubongo kuti muchepetse kulakalaka mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Ndizodziwika bwino kuti cocaine imatha kuyambitsa chisangalalo chachikulu (mwachitsanzo chisangalalo) komanso anhedonia chifukwa chosiya mankhwala osokoneza bongo chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa receptor. Kent Berridge akuwoneka kuti akuchepetsa udindo wa dopamine ndipo amakhulupirira kuti imayimira "chilimbikitso" (kutanthauza kufuna kapena kukhumba) osati zosangalatsa. Sali yekha pakati pa malingaliro ake.
Tanena kuti chisangalalo 'chofuna', osati 'kukonda', chimagwira bwino zomwe dopamine amachita. Nthawi zambiri 'kukonda' ndi 'kufuna' zimayendera limodzi kuti zikulimbikitseni, monga mbali ziwiri za ndalama zomwezo zamaganizidwe. Koma zomwe tapeza zikusonyeza kuti 'kufuna' kumatha kulekanitsidwa mu ubongo ndi 'kukonda', komanso kuti masolimbic dopamine machitidwe amangoyimira 'kufuna' kokha. ”
Mmodzi amafunikanso kusamala kwambiri pa kugawa zokondweretsa zokondweretsa ndipo wina ayenera kusamala kusiyanitsa hedonics lachisangalalo ku zosangalatsa zomwe zimachokera ku kugonana kapena kucheza. Mankhwala otchedwa Dopaminergic amadziwika kuti amakhala opatsirana pogonana komanso apamwamba. Zikuwoneka kuti zingathe kukondweretsa chisangalalo chimene munthu amakhala nacho chogonana kapena kukhala ndi chikhalidwe.
Kugwirizanitsa ma neurotransmitters ndi chisangalalo cha malingaliro
Kodi tingathedi kusinthira ma neurotransmitter ena ndi zosangalatsa zam'malingaliro? Kwa ine ndikulakwitsa kuganiza kuti dongosolo limodzi la ma neurotransmitter limasangalatsa zosangalatsa zam'mutu. Mankhwala osachepera atatu omwe ali ndi makina osiyanasiyana ochita zinthu amakhala opindulitsa. Kuchulukitsa dopamine, kutsitsa ma NMDA receptor activation ndikuwonjezera kutsegulira kwa ma-opioid onse ndi njira zopindulira modzikakamiza za zochita za mankhwala (kutanthauza kuti zimapangitsa chisangalalo). Kupindulitsa kwakukulu kusintha izi mozungulira ma neurotransmitters kungakhale chifukwa chakuchepetsa kusefukira kwa maulalo apakati am'mitsempha ya maukosi.
Chifukwa chake m'malo mwa neurotransmitter inayake, itha kukhala yopindulitsa pa zochitika zonse za neuron ndipo zikuwoneka kuti ma neurotransmitters amalumikizana ndikuchita magawo omwe mwina sangamveke bwino kapena ovuta kuwamvetsetsa. Pali ma neurotransmiters ena ambiri ndi makaseti amkati omwe amathanso kuchita nawo mphotho, kotero kupatsa kufunikira kwathunthu ku neurotransmitter kumatha kukhala nthawi isanakwane. Ofufuzawo amakonda kutsata zochepetsera ndipo amamangiriridwa ku neurotransmitter inayake mukakonza zochitika zina.
Kodi chikuchitika ndi chiani mu ubongo?
Osati zokhazo, pomwe kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo muubongo kumatiphunzitsiratu kuti ndi neurotransmitter iti yomwe imagwirizanitsidwa ndi malingaliro ena siili mulingo wotheratu. Chitsanzo ndikuti kukondoweza kwa maginito omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pakadali pano kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mapu osasunthika omwe amatha kuyambitsa kapena kugwetsa zigawo zina zamaubongo kuti zidziwe momwe amagwirira ntchito. Ngati zochitika mdera lina laubongo zimaponderezedwa (monga 'kugogoda') ndikulimbikitsidwa ndi TMS ndipo mutu umachita bwino pantchito inayake, izi zimapatsa ochita kafukufuku lingaliro loti dera limenelo likukhudzidwa ndi ntchitoyi. Komabe imangouza asayansi kuti dera limalumikizidwa ndi ntchitoyi sikuti limangotenga nawo mbali.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo poyesa malingaliro ndikofanana ndi kugogoda m'dera laubongo. Mankhwala ali ndi zovuta zingapo zomwe sizisankha muubongo zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala "zachilendo". Pomwe dopamine agonist ichepetsa kuchepa kwa anhedonia, sizimatiuza kuti dopamine imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi chisangalalo. Monga "kugogoda" zigawo zamaubongo ndi TMS zitha kungotiuza kuti dopamine imagwirizanitsidwa ndi chisangalalo nthawi zina. Dopamine D2 / D3 agonist pomwe imaphunzitsa, ikupangabe zochitika zatsopano muubongo. Mwachitsanzo, agonist a D2 / D3 atha kuchepa modabwitsa kuyambitsa kwa D1 receptor subtype (chifukwa chochepetsa maubongo a dopamine kuchokera pakukakamiza kwa D2 / D3 autoreceptors). Chifukwa chake mankhwala amatha kukhala ndi zovuta zambiri zomwe zimakhala zovuta kuziyeza ndikuziyeza.
Kafukufuku wambiri akufunika
Ndikuganiza kuti akatswiri ofufuza zamitsempha amatenga thupi poganiza kuti amatha kumvetsetsa bwino bongo ndikulongosola mwakuwongolera zochitika zapadera za ma neurotransmitter kapena ma receptors. Vuto ndiloti ubongo ndi chida chovuta kwambiri ndipo chinyengo chilichonse chimasinthiratu magwiridwe antchito m'njira zosayembekezereka. Ofufuza ena akuyembekeza kupeza njira yomaliza yosangalatsa mtsogolo. Komabe, njirayi ikusinthasintha poyankha chinyengo chakunja ndipo asayansi sangapeze konse mphotho yosayenerera ya mphotho. Mauthenga osiyanitsidwa ndi mphotho sakhala osasintha komanso osasinthika.
Ubongo umakhala ndi ma neuron 100 biliyoni ndi ma trilioni ma synapses okhala ndi mitundu yambiri yamapuloteni ovomerezeka ndi ma neurotransmitters. Ubongo uliwonse umakhala ndi mawonekedwe ake apadera komanso mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana amunthuyo. Asayansi amatha kulumikizana ndi kusintha kwa ma neurotransmitter, mapuloteni olandila, kapena kuyambitsa kwa ubongo / kutsekeka ndi zochitika zina. Komabe nthawi iliyonse kunyengerera kumachitika kusintha kosazindikirika pakugwira koyambirira kwa ubongo. Ndinganene kuti "Kusatsimikizika Kwambiri" kwa Heisenberg kwaubongo. Mukamapanga zochitika muubongo, simungayeze gawo linalake laubongo osasintha zomwe mungachite m'njira yosadziwika.
Tsogolo
Kuyeza kwa ubongo (monga kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo) kumasintha magwiridwe antchito a ubongo mwanjira yatsopano kwambiri kupangitsa kuyesa kwathunthu kwa ubongo kumagwira ntchito kukhala kosatheka. Osatchula tanthauzo lenileni la malingaliro am'malingaliro ambiri zimakhala zovuta kwambiri. Liwu loti zosangalatsa limatha kukhala ndi matanthauzidwe osiyanasiyana kwa anthu osiyanasiyana, chifukwa chake kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake kungakhale kochepa. Kodi izi zikutanthauza chiyani kwa dopamine? Ndikuganiza kuti ndizotetezeka kunena kuti zimagwirizanitsidwa kapena zimakondweretsedwa, koma nkhani yonseyi ndiyachidziwikire kuti ndi yovuta kwambiri.
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