Zakudya zam'thupi zimatha kusiyanitsa dopamine kulamulira sucrose ndi kudya fructose mu makoswe (2011)

1. Introduction

Zaka khumi zomwe Hoebel ndi omwe adaphunzitsidwa nawo adapereka chidziwitso chofunikira pantchito yaubongo wa dopaminergic pakukhazikitsa njira zodyetsera, ndikupangitsa lingaliro la "mphotho ya chakudya" [1-4]. Chodabwitsa ndichakuti, zoyeserera zoyambirira za Hoebel zidakhazikitsa midbrain dopamine ngati chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakudya mopitirira muyeso komanso zotsatira za kunenepa kwambiri [5-8], nthawi yaitali chisanachitike umboni weniweni unaperekedwa kuchokera ku maphunziro a kujambula [9, 10].

Lingaliro loti chakudya chimalamulira pakudya, komanso, chakudya chokhazikika kapena chosadukizadukiza (monga omwe ali ndi shuga ndi mafuta ambiri) chitha kuyambitsa kusintha kosatha pakudyetsa kayendetsedwe kazinthu kwakhala kale pakati pa malingaliro a Hoebel pakukula kwa zizolowezi zolimbitsa thupi. Kumayambiriro kwa ntchito yake, adagwiritsanso ntchito zifukwa izi kunenepa kwambiri. Pakuwunika kwa 1977, Hoebel adati pakhoza kukhala "mitundu yambiri ya kunenepa kwambiri yomwe imafunikira chithandizo chosiyanasiyana"11]. Kuchokera nthawi imeneyo, kafukufuku wambiri wokhudzana ndi kunenepa kwambiri watulukira mitundu yambiri ya zamoyo, zamagetsi, ndi zachilengedwe zomwe zingathe kufotokozera kusiyana kwa chitukuko, zotsatira, ndi chithandizo cha kunenepa kwambiri [12-15]. Komabe, kumvetsetsa kwathu za zopereka za ma macronutrients pakusintha ntchito za mphotho ya chakudya sikunamalizidwe. Papepalali pali chidule cha kafukufuku yemwe adalimbikitsidwa ndi kafukufuku wa Bart ndipo akufuna kuchepetsa kusiyana kumeneku mu chidziwitso chathu.

Pakati pa mauthenga ambiri okhudzana ndi kunenepa kwambiri, zakudya zimakhalabe zofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko cha kunenepa kwambiri. Zakudya zamagazi ndi zakudya zomwe zimakhala zamtengo wapatali, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimadya zakudya zomwe zimayambitsa kunenepa kwambiri atatha kutuluka [16]. Komabe, mapangidwe ambiri a zakudya zamtundu wa obesogenic akhoza kusiyana ndipo kusiyana kumeneku kungakhudze machitidwe a neural omwe amasinthidwa kunenepa kwambiri, monga dopamine. Ndithudi, kukonza pa chakudya obesogenic wasonyeza kuchepetsa milingo dopamine mu accumbens, komanso ngati kuloza reactivity a dongosolo mesocorticolimbic ngati kuti zakudya zambiri zokopa chofunika kukwaniritsa ofanana ukuwonjezeka chakudya kwachititsa dopamine extracellular malinga chow -dongosolo lolamulira [17]. Njira imodzi yokha ndiyo njira yothetsera vutoli chifukwa cha kuwonjezereka kwowonjezereka komanso kosatha ndi zakudya zokoma [18]. Ndipotu, kafukufuku wochokera ku labotore athu awonetsa kuti ngakhale kuthamanga kwa orosensory ndi sucrose kapena mafuta kumakhutiritsa kuti dopamine amasulidwe mu nucleus accumbens [19, 20]. Chofunika kwambiri, mafuta ndi shuga zimawoneka kuti zimakhudza machitidwe a malipiro mosiyana, monga momwe amachokera ku mphamvu yambiri ya shuga kuti apange zizoloŵezi zoledzera [21]. Kafukufuku wina waposachedwapa wasonyeza kusiyana kwa dongosolo la neuroendocrine ndipo pambuyo pake akuganiza kuti phindu lalemera liyenera kuwonjezeka chifukwa cha chiŵerengero cha mafuta ndi chakudya mu zakudya zamagetsi [22, 23]. Kuonjezera apo, chidwi chowonjezeka chakhala chikugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zowonjezereka m'mayendedwe otsogolera ku zakudya za chimanga chapamwamba-fructose komanso zomwe zimawoneka kuti zimakhala zosavuta komanso zomwe zimayambitsa kunenepa ndi kusokoneza chakudya. Mwachindunji, maphunziro posachedwapa Avena ndi Hoebel anasonyeza kuti makoswe ndi mwayi mkulu-fructose chimanga madzi (HFCS) kwa 12 maola tsiku lililonse kwa milungu 8 wabweza kwambiri ndi thupi kuposa nyama anapatsidwa mwayi wofanana 10% sucrose, ngakhale iwo kunyeketsa chiwerengero chomwecho cha calories, koma makilogalamu ochepa kuchokera ku HFCS kuposa sucrose [24]. Kuwonjezeka kwamtundu wa kunenepa kwambiri ndi kuthekera kwa kupezeka kwa mankhwala ochiritsira kumafuna kufufuza momwe kudya kwa chakudya chofanana ndi chapamwamba ndi chokoma, monga sucrose ndi fructose, chimayang'aniridwa ndi matenda olemera kwambiri.

Choncho kafukufuku wamakono akufufuza dopamine malamulo a sucrose ndi fructose kudya mu makoswe omwe anakula kwambiri chifukwa cha kukonzanso kwambiri pa miyezo ikuluikulu yowonjezera mphamvu zamagetsi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zakudya zowonongeka mu makoswe, komanso mosiyana ndi mafuta ndi makhakudya. Mwachindunji, tinayang'ana momwe magulu awiri akuluakulu a dopamine receptors amagwiriramo ntchito (interperitoneal; ip) kuyang'anira mdani wa dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) SCH23390 kapena dopamine D2 wochepetsera (D2R) wotsutsa raclopride wathanzi ndi zakudya zamphongo zowonongeka mufupikitsa (2-hr) imodzi ya botolo yoyesera ya sucrose kapena fructose. Zakudya zamtunduwu wamba zimapezeka m'madyerero aumunthu, zimangowonongeka ndi makoswe ndipo zimakhala ndi malo olimbitsa thupi [25-28]. Katemera wa sucrose wakhala akuwonetsedwa kale kuti athandize dopamine kumasulidwa mkati mwa nucleus accumbens [3, 19, 29] ndi maulamuliro oyang'anira onse awiri SCH23390 ndipo raclopride amachepetsa sucrose [30]. Ngakhale kuti chidwi cha a sayansi, komanso mauthenga a anthu, chidwi chofanana cha odwala a dopamine pa kudya kwa fructose kangofufuzidwa pokhapokha ngati akufunidwa komanso akuwonetseratu zofuna zawo, ndipo maphunzirowa amakhalanso ndi makoswe [31-33]. Ngakhale kuti zingakhale zotanthawuza, zotsatira za dopamine receptor antagonists pa zakumwa zimayambitsa zowonjezera zitsanzo zapamwamba komanso popanda homeostatic drive (mwachitsanzo nthawi zotsatira za chakudya choletsedwa) sanafufuzidwe. Chifukwa chake, makoswe omwe amaphunzira panopo adasungidwa kuti asawononge zotsatira za njala ndi mphamvu zoperewera.

2. Njira

2.3 Dopamine Antagonists, Njira Zowunika, ndi Kuyesera Njira

Wotsutsa DOPAMINE D1R SCH23390 (HFHE: N = 6; FCHE: N = 5; Chow: N = 4) ndi dopamine D2 cholandilira antagonist raclopride (HFHE: N = 5; FCHE: N = 6; Chow: N = 4) anagwiritsidwa ntchito. SCH23390 ndipo raclopride (Tocris Biosciences, Ellisville, MO) inasungunuka mu saline wosabala ndipo inkaperekedwa maminiti a 10 intraperitoneally musanafike 2-hr kupeza 0.3 M sucrose kapena 0.4 M fructose. Izi zimasankhidwa monga zimakhala zovuta kwambiri ndi makoswe ndipo zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri m'maphunziro apitalo [3, 19, 32, 34]. Sucrose ndi fructose (Fisher-Scientific, Fair Lawn, NJ) zinasungunuka mu madzi a matepi osasankhidwa kuposa maola 24 asanayese kuyesedwa.

Nyama zimaphunzitsidwa kumwa mayankho pamayeso a tsiku ndi tsiku pomwe 2-hr kupeza (kuyambira 1000 hr) kuti sucrose kapena fructose iperekedwe masiku a 8 asanayesedwe kuti akwaniritse zolowera zoyambira, mwachitsanzo kudziwana ndi zotsatira za orosensory ndi postingestive. Kuphunzira ndi kuyesa kumachitika mchipinda chinyama cha nyamazo, ndi mabotolo apulasitiki a 100 ml omwe amangiriridwa kwakanthawi kutsogolo kwa khola lanyumba kuti ma spout afike mchikwere. Kuyendetsa magalimoto (saline) kapena omwe amatsutsana ndi dopamine adayamba pambuyo pa masabata 24 osamalira zakudya, pomwe magulu onse azakudya (HFHE ndi FCHE) anali ndi zolemera kwambiri kuposa zoletsa chow (Chithunzi 1). Maola osachepera a 48 anapatsidwa pakati pa masiku osakaniza kuti alowetse mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Palibe kusintha kwa kulemera kwa thupi kapena ola la 24 ola kudya pambuyo pochiza mankhwala ndi otsutsa a dopamine.

 

Chithunzi 1

Kulemera kwa thupi nthawi yomwe isanayambe komanso nthawi yonse yoyezetsa mankhwala (imvi)

Kusanthula kwa 2.4

Kulemera kwa thupi ndi ¹Dongosolo la H-NMR linaganiziridwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira imodzi yodziimira kusanthana kusanthula (ANOVA) ndi zakudya monga kusintha kwaokha.

Kuyesa kunayesedwa monga ml kudyetsedwa ndipo akuwonetsedwa ngati wovuta ± SEM. Kuyambira koyambirira (galimoto yotsatira, mwachitsanzo jekeseni ya saline) inayesedwa kusiyana pakati pa magulu odyera njira ya ANOVA ndi zakudya, mankhwala, ndi ma carbohydrate monga magulu odziimira okha. Panalibe zotsatira zofunikira za zakudya (F_(2,48)= 0.3533, p= 0.704), mankhwala (F_(1,48)= 0.1482, p= 0.701), komanso panalibe zotsatira zofunikira zogwirizana (zakudya × mankhwala: F_(2,48)= 0.4144,p= 0.66; zakudya × makapu: F_(2,48)= 0.2759, p= 0.76; mankhwala × kagawodidirate: F_(1,48)= 0.0062, p= 0.73; zakudya × mankhwala × zimagawenga: F_(2,48)= 0.3108, p= 0.73). Komabe, zotsatira zofunikira za mavitamini (F_(1,48)= 8.8974, p<0.01) adawonedwa (Gulu 1). Chifukwa chake, chifukwa chodziwitsako zotsatira zowonjezereka zinatembenuzidwa kukhala peresenti yochepetsedwa kuchokera pazotsatira (kumwa mankhwala ochepa × [ml] / kudya pambuyo pa 0 μg / kg [ml]) ndikuyesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mobwerezabwereza kuyesa kusiyana kwa (ANOVA) ndi zakudya (HFHE, FCHE, kapena Chow) ndi mankhwala (raclopride kapena SCH23390) monga zosinthika komanso mlingo wodziimira (0, 50, 200, 400 kapena 600 nmol / kg SCH23390 kapena raclopride) monga mobwerezabwereza muyeso. Dothi loletsedwa (ID₅₀) zofunikira kuti kuchepetsa kudya kwa 50% ya mzere woyamba (0 nmol / kg) kuwerengedwera monga momwe tafotokozera kale [35]. Kusiyana kwa ID₅₀ amafanizidwa ngati ntchito ya Zakudya ndi Mankhwala ogwiritsa ntchito njira ziwiri za ANOVA. Kusanthula konse kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito Statistica (v6.0, StatSoft® Inc., Tulsa, OK) ndipo zotsatira zazikulu zidawunikidwanso pogwiritsa ntchito mayeso ochepa kwambiri a Fischer (LSD) pambuyo pa hoc. Kusiyanako kudawonedwa ngati kofunikira powerengera ngati p <0.05.

 

Gulu 1

Kuyambitsa sucrose ndi fructose mu mayeso a 2-h. Zomwe mumadya (ml) wa sucrose ndi fructose kudya ndi magulu pamagalimoto (0 nmol / kg) jekeseni. Palibe kusiyana komwe kunkachitika pakati pa kudya ndi mankhwala. Baseline sucrose ...

3. Zotsatira

Zotsatira za 3.2 za dopamine D1R ndi D2R kutsutsana pa sucrose kudya

Zakudya za sucrose zinachepetsedwa SCH23390 m'magulu onse (Chithunzi 2a). Raclopride anachepetsanso sucrose kudya mu ntchentche, koma sizinapindule kwambiri ndi makoswe a Chow ndi FCHE (Chithunzi 2b). Zomwe mobwerezabwereza ANOVA adasonyeza zotsatira za mankhwala osokoneza bongo (F_(1,24)= 8.8446, p<0.01), Mlingo (F_(4,96)= 27.1269, p<0.001), ndi Dose by Drug interaction (F_(4,96)= 2.9799, p<0.05). Pomwe mphamvu zonse Zakudya sizinali zofunikira (F_(1,24)= 2.5787, p= 0.09), kufananitsa kwapadera kumasonyeza kusiyana kwakukulu kwa mankhwala a raclopride pakati pa HFHE ndi magulu a Chow (p<0.05) ndi pakati pa magulu a HFHE ndi FCHE (p<0.05).

 

Chithunzi 2

Kusintha kwa sucrose kudya kumatsatira otsutsa a dopamine receptor

Kusanthula kwapakhomo polemba kukuwonetsa izo SCH23390 zinali zothandiza kwambiri pochepetsa sucrose kudya lonse poyerekeza ndi raclopride (p<0.01). SCH23390 analetsa sucrose kudya mu ntchentche zonse zomwe zimayesedwa ndi kudyetsa kudya mu FCHE ndi Chow makoswe pa 200 nmol ndi mlingo waukulu (Chithunzi 2a). Mafuta a sucrose anaphwanyidwa mu ntchentche za HFHE ndi mankhwala onse a raclopride, koma mlingo wokhawokha womwe unachepetsa sucrose umadya kwambiri makoswe a FCHE, pamene palibe mankhwala omwe amaletsa sucrose kudya ndi Chow rats (Chithunzi 2b).

Kufufuza kwa ID₅₀ (Gulu 2) sanawulule zotsatira za zakudya (F_(2,24)= 0.576, p= 0.57) kapena mankhwala (F_(1,24)= 2.988, p= 0.09), ngakhale kuti zosiyana zikuoneka mu ID₅₀ kwa raclopride. Izi sizingatheke chifukwa cha kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa magulu.

 

Gulu 2

Kugwira ntchito kwa otsutsa a dopamine omwe amawonetsedwa ngati ID50. ID50 imaimira mlingo womwe kudya kumene kungachepetse ku 50% ya zoyambira (galimoto). Palibe kusiyana pakati pa magulu ...

Zotsatira za 3.3 za dopamine D1R ndi D2R kutsutsana pa kudya kwa fructose

SCH23390 kuchepetsa fructose kudya m'magulu onse (Chithunzi 3a). Raclopride, kumbali inayo, anangowonjezera kudya kwambiri mu gulu la FCHE (Chithunzi 3b). Zochitika mobwerezabwereza ANOVA zawonekera zotsatira za mankhwala osokoneza bongo (F_(1,24)= 5.7400, p<0.05), Mlingo (F_(4,96)= 33.9351, p<0.001) ndi Mlingo waukulu wothandizana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo (F_(4,96)= 3.0296, p<0.05) koma palibe vuto la Zakudya (F_(2,24)= 1.5205, p= 0.24). Apanso, kufotokozera polemba kumasonyeza kusiyana kwakukulu kwa chithandizo cha raclopride pakati pa ma HFHE ndi FCHE magulu (p<0.05).

 

Chithunzi 3

Kusintha kwa kudya kwa fructose pambuyo poyendetsa dopamine receptor antagonists

Kusanthula kwapakhomo polemba kukuwonetsa izo SCH23390 inali yothandiza kwambiri popewera fructose kudya kuposa raclopride (p<0.05), ndipo adachita izi modalira mlingo (Chithunzi 3). SCH23390 kuchepetsa kudya m'magulu onse a zakudya pa 400 ndi 600 nmol ndi kuchepetsa kudya kwa fructose pokhapokha mlingo wa 200 nmol mu ntchentche za HFHE (Chithunzi 3a). Zotsatira za Raclopride pa kudya kwa fructose, komabe, zinali zochepa pa makoswe a FCHE ndi kufufuza kwapambuyo povumbulutsira kuchepetsa kuperewera kwa fructose m'magulu a FCHE pa 200 nmol ndi mlingo waukulu, popanda mankhwala a raclopride omwe amaletsa fructose kudya mu HFHE kapena ratsu (Chithunzi 3b).

ANOVA pa chidziwitso₅₀ (Gulu 2) adawonetsa zotsatira za mankhwala osokoneza bongo (F_(1,24)= 4.548, p<0.05) koma osati Zakudya (F_(2,24)= 1.495, p= 0.25). SCH23390 ankafunika mlingo wochepa kwambiri kuposa raclopride kuti muchepetse kudya kwa theka la maziko oyambirira (p<0.05). Pogwirizana ndi kusanthula kwamlingo weniweni, kusanthula positi kwa ID₅₀ amavomerezanso kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa magulu awiri ovuta poyerekeza ndi makoswe a Chow (p<0.05).

4. Kukambirana

Kafukufuku wamakonowa anayerekezera kuzindikira kuti dopamine receptor blockade mu kuchepetsa kudya kwa makina awiri a carbohydrate, sucrose kapena fructose, mu zakudya ziwiri zowonongeka kwambiri. Tinagwiritsa ntchito zakudya ziwiri kuti tiyerekezere kudya zakudya zopatsa thanzi (HFHE), kapena zakudya zokhudzana ndi shuga (FCHE), monga momwe zimawonera zakudya za ku Western [25]. Malingana ndi zomwe zinkayembekezeredwa, zakudya zonsezi zinapanga phindu lalikulu komanso zowonongeka kuyambira masabata a 12, ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kulemera kwa thupi nthawi zonse kuyesa (Chithunzi 1). Maguluwa ndiye amafanizidwa ndi machitidwe okhudzana ndi chowuni omwe ali ndi zaka zomwe amawoneka kuti ali ndi mphamvu zogwirizana ndi D1 ndi D2 receptor subtype-specific blockade ndi SCH23390 kapena raclopride, motsatira. Tapeza kuti kutseka kwa D1 receptors kunachepetsa zonse sucrose ndi fructose kudya mu magulu onse zakudya. Mosasamala kanthu kuti makoswe anali kudya sucrose kapena njira za fructose, HFHE makoswe amavomereza mowonongeka pang'ono SCH23390 poyerekeza ndi FESI yawo yowonjezera kapena othandizana ndi Chow (Chithunzi 2a, , 3a) .3a). Kuwonjezeka kumeneku kumveka ku mphamvu ya dopamine D1 kulandira kutsutsana ndi nthenda za HFHE zinayambanso kutsatira D2 receptor blockade pamayesero a sucrose. Inde, makoswe a HF ayankha pa mankhwala onse a raclopride ndi kuchepetsa kudya kwa sucrose, pamene ntchentche za FCHE zinkangomvera mlingo waukulu kwambiri, ndipo makoswe a Chow sanawonetsetse kuti akudya mankhwala a sucrose pambuyo pa mankhwala a raclopride (Chithunzi 3b). Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, makoswewa sanalepheretse fructose kudya pambuyo pa mankhwala a raclopride. M'malo mwake, raclopride ananyengerera kwambiri fructose kudya mu makoswe a FCHE. Kuwonjezereka kwakukulu kwa otsutsana ndi dopamine omwe amatsutsana nawo amasonyeza kuti kuchepetsedwa kwa dopamine kukuwonetsa, mwachitsanzo, chifukwa cha zochepa zovomerezeka, mpikisano wotsika kuchokera ku DA wodalirika pa malo obwezeretsa, kapena kuphatikiza zonse ziwiri. Ndipotu pali umboni wakuti mwina mawonekedwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito pa chitsanzo chathu. Mwachitsanzo, kuwonetsa zakudya zam'mafuta kwambiri ngakhale asanabadwe zingachepetse D2Rs [36]. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, kudya zakudya zamtengo wapatali kunasonyeza kuchepa kwachibadwa kapena magetsi kuchotsa dopamine kumasulidwa, ndi kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha dopamine [37-39]. Pomwe makinawa akuyenera kupitiliza kufufuzidwa, zambiri zathu pamodzi ndi izi komanso zomwe tawonapo m'mbuyomu zimathandizira lingaliro loti kudya zakudya zina - zomwe sizimayimira kunenepa kwambiri - kumatha kubweretsa kusintha mkati mwa dongosolo la dopamine kukumbukira kuphulika kwa mitsempha ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo [40]. Ndipotu kafukufuku waposachedwapa amasonyeza kuti kudya zakudya zamtengo wapatali kumawonjezereka kwambiri ku mankhwala osokoneza bongo omwe amachititsa dopamine systems [41, 42].

Kafukufuku wam'mbuyo wamphongo wathanzi awonetsa kuti mphamvu ya D1 ndi D2 imatha kutetezedwa pofuna kuchepetsa kudya kwa ma carbohydrate pogwiritsa ntchito zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito mu phunziro lino [31-33, 43]. Zotsatirazi zimakhulupirira kuti zimatsatiridwa pang'ono ndi mbali za ubongo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mphotho ya chakudya, ndipo ovomerezeka a D2 m'madera amenewa akhoza kukhala otengeka makamaka ndi kusintha kwa kunenepa kwambiri [31, 33, 44-46]. Kafukufuku wamakono akuwonjezeka pa zomwe apeza za dopamine receptor modulation of carbohydrate kudya mu makoswe oonda ndi kuyamikila maphunziro omwe akuwonetsa pulasitiki wokhalitsa mu mphotho ya kunenepa kwambiri. Ngakhale kuvomereza kwa machitidwe ndi zinthu zomwe zingasokoneze machitidwe oterewa (mwachidziwitso kuchepetsa kudya mwa dongosolo losasinthika) mwachiwonekere kumawonjezera kusiyana kwaumodzi ndipo motero kuchepetsa kugwirizana kwa zotsatira za ANOVAs, zofananitsa (poso) zofanana ndi zotsatira za mayendedwe amavomereza kusiyanitsa pakati pa magulu a zakudya. Zosintha zokhudzana ndi D2R makamaka zimapezeka kuti zimadalira zakudya zomwe zimadya kwambiri, zomwe zimawonetsa kuti zakudya zomwe zimadya zimatha kusintha mosiyana mphoto.

Kusiyana kwa mphamvu ya raclopride mu test sucrose kungakhale chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa sucrose mu zakudya. Ngakhale kuti zakudya zonse zowopsya zili ndi sucrose, chakudya cha FCHE chinali ndi 23% yambiri sucrose kuposa chakudya cha HF. Motero kusowa yankho kwa raclopride muvuto la sucrose ndi makoswe a FCHE, koma osati makoswe a HFHE, zikhoza kukhala chifukwa cha kupititsidwa patsogolo kwa sucrose mu zakudya za HFHE. Komabe, ngakhale zakudya zopanda mphamvu zinali ndi fructose, komabe kusiyana kunayambanso potsata magulu odyetsa obesogenic kuti agwiritse ntchito raclopride muyezeso wa fructose. Komanso, palibe sucrose yomwe inalipo mu zakudya za Chow, komabe mayankho a gulu la Chow kuti agwiritse ntchito mofulumira mu mayeso a sucrose anali osiyana kwambiri ndi mayankho omwe anapangidwa ndi FCHE kuposa makoswe a HFHE. Izi zikusonyeza kuti zina mwazifukwa zingakhale zosiyana ndi zomwe zimachitika pa mankhwala a raclopride monga ntchito ya zakudya ndi mayesero.

Kufotokozera kwina kungaphatikizepo kusiyana kosale ndi mahomoni omwe amachititsa zotsatira za fructose ndi sucrose. Ngakhale kuti njira zenizeni zenizeni zimakhala zosaonekera, pali umboni wochuluka wotsimikizira mfundo imeneyi [47, 48]. M'nkhaniyi, kuthekera kuti zakudya ziwirizi zinasintha sucrose ndi fructose zokonda mosiyana chifukwa cha kusiyana kwawo pamilomo ndi m'mimba zizindikiro zowoneka m'munsi mwa mphotho sizingatheke ndipo zimafunikanso kufufuza.

Kunenepa kwambiri ndi zakudya zochititsa chidwi zakhala zikusonyeza kuti kusintha dopamine [3, 45, 49, 50], choncho akhoza kuwerenganso kusiyana kwa zomwe tawona mu phunziro lino. Zoonadi, thandizo lathu la deta zomwe tafufuza kale zomwe zikusonyeza kuti dopamine D2R chizindikiro chikucheperachepera kunenepa kwambiri [45, 50]. Komabe, kafukufuku wopeza maphunzirowa tsopano ndikuti chikhalidwe cha chiyanjanochi chikhoza kukhala chodalira pa zakudya zamagetsi m'malo mwa kunenepa kwambiri kapena zovuta zake. Zowonjezereka kwakukulu ndizosiyana zomwe zimawoneka mu mphamvu ya otsutsana a D2R pakati pa mayesero a mayesero. Tinawona momwe zinthu zilili mu deta yathu kuti fructose imawoneka kuti imayang'aniridwa molimba ndi D2R kuposa momwe imadya sucrose, yomwe imatsogolera munthu kukayikira momwe kudya kwa zakudya zosiyanasiyana kungakhazikitsidwe mosiyana, ndipo ngati mphotho yomwe imaperekedwa ndi zakudya zosiyanasiyana ingayambitse njira zosiyanasiyana. Deta yam'mbuyomu yanena kuti sucrose ndi fructose kudya zakudya zosiyana za thupi. Sucrose yawonetsedwa kuti ipangitse zotsatira zoyenerera malinga ndi momwe zimakhalira ndi zolemba zowonjezera [28, 51, 52] pamene fructose ikuwoneka kuti imayambitsa khalidwe loyenerera kokha mwa kukoma kwake osati mwa kulimbitsa zotsatira zowonongeka [27, 53]. Choncho, kuyang'anira madera oyendetsera mphoto ku fructose kungakhale kovuta ngakhale pamene mayankho okhudzana ndi sucrose amavomereza chifukwa cha kupweteka kwachiwiri mpaka kunenepa kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, kuchepa kwa insulini / kutsegula kwa leptin). Zotsutsana zingakhalenso zowona: Yankho loletsa kuletsa katemera wa sucrose silingathe kuyang'ana fructose kudya. Kafukufuku wamtsogolo mwa anthu amafunikira kuti afufuze ngati zosankha za zakudya zowonjezera fructose zikhoza kuwonjezeka ndi kunenepa kwambiri, kapena ngati sucrose yamtunduwu ndi zokonda za fructose ziri zosiyana ndi odwala kwambiri omwe ali ndi shuga.

Ngakhale kuti zotsatira za sucrose pa dopamine zafufuzidwa kwambiri [3, 19, 43, 50], zocheperako zimadziwika bwino za mgwirizano pakati pa fructose ndi dopamine mphoto, ngakhale kuti mapepala oyambirira kuchokera ku labotolo la Hoebel amasonyeza kuti fructose ikhoza kubweretsa mayankho ake enieni a thupi [24]. Kafukufuku wamakono akuwonjezera chidziwitso ku zovuta izi zomwe zimasonyeza kuti zakudya zamitundu zosiyanasiyana zimasiyana kwambiri ndi kusintha kwa dopamine kwa kudya kwa fructose. Kafufuzidwe kafukufuku amafunikanso kumvetsetsa njira zomwe mafuta ndi shuga angakhudzire m'matumbo. Kuwonetsa ubongo ndikupanga kusintha mkati mwa ubongo.

5. Zotsatira

Phunziroli likuwonetsa kuti zakudya zamagetsi (mkulu-mphamvu) zomwe zimasiyana ndi mafuta ndi makhakudya, m'malo molemera kwambiri, zingapangitse kuwonjezera kuzindikiritsa kuti D1 ndi D2 omwe amamenyana nawo amachepetsa kuchepetsa kudya. Izi zikugwirizana ndi lingaliro lachidziŵitso lakuti dopamine yosonyeza kuti mukudya kwambiri kunenepa, ndipo akuwonetseratu mgwirizano wamakono pakati pa zakudya ndi zotsatira zapakati pa dopamine. Zowonjezera zowonjezera zinali kuti zakudya zomwe zinasintha mwapadera zinapangitsa kuti dopamine antpt antagonists asagwiritsidwe ntchito poletsa sucrose ndi fructose kudya. Poyerekeza ndi zachibadwa (mafuta otsika) kapena mafuta olemera, zakudya zamagulufididwe, kunenepa kwambiri komwe kunatulutsa mafuta ochepa koma ochepa kwambiri okhudzana ndi shuga kunachititsa kuti D1 ndi D2 zithetsedwe pakamwa kuti achepetse kudya, koma D2 kulandira fructose kudya zasungidwa. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, makoswe amadyetsa zakudya zamagetsi ndi mafuta odyetserako mafuta omwe amathandiza kwambiri kuti adziwe D2 receptor malamulo a fructose kudya. Motero, zikuwoneka kuti mbiri ya zakudya ingasinthe chitukuko cha kuchepa kwa dopamine poyamba kunatchulidwa kuti kunenepa kwambiri. Deta yamakono ikuwonetsanso kuti izi zenizeni za dopamine plastiki zingakhudze momwe zakudya zina, monga fructose ndi sucrose, zimapindulitsa kwambiri. Kusiyanasiyana koteroko kungathe kufotokoza zina mwa kusintha kwa mankhwala opatsirana okhudzana ndi kunenepa kwambiri komanso mankhwala ochiritsira. Maphunziro ena amafunikanso kuti ayese kufufuza kwa anthuwa ndi kufufuza njira zowonongeka.

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