Shuga ndi Mafuta Odzipaka Mafuta Ali ndi Kusiyanitsa Kwambiri mu Khalidwe la Addictive (2009)

J Nutriti. 2009 March; 139(3): 623-628. do:  10.3945 / jn.108.097584

PMCID: PMC2714381
  1. Nicole M. Avena 1 , 2 ,
  2. Pedro Rada 1 ndipo
  3. Bartley G. Hoebel 1 , *

+ Kugwirizana kwa Wolemba


  1. 1Dipatimenti ya Psychology, University of Princeton, Princeton, NJ 08540 ndi 2Yunivesite ya Rockefeller, New York, NY 10021
  1. *Kwa omwe makalata oyenera kuyankhulidwa. Imelo: [imelo ndiotetezedwa].

Gawo Lotsatira

Kudalirika

Kusakaniza kwa zakudya zosiyana, monga mafuta ndi shuga, nthawi zambiri kumabweretsa zotsatira zosiyana pa thupi, ubongo, ndi khalidwe. Komabe, amagawana njira zina za neural zoyendetsera khalidwe, kuphatikizapo masolimbic dopamine (DA). Pamene zakudyazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mabingeni, izi zingathe kumasula DA kwambiri, zomwe zimachititsa kusintha kwapomveka kofanana ndi zotsatira za mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

M'nkhaniyi, timakumbukira deta yomwe imapezeka ndi mafuta komanso shuga. Lingaliro la "chizoloŵezi cha zakudya" limafotokozedwa ndikuwongosoledwa kuchokera ku zinyama zonse zamakono ndi ma laboratory. Ziwonetsero za makhalidwe omwe ali ndi chizoloŵezi chowongolera komanso kusintha kwazitsulo mu DA ndi ma opioid amayerekeza ndi shuga ndi mafuta oledzera. Pomalizira, pokhudzana ndi vuto la kudya ndi kunenepa kwambiri, timakambirana momwe mafuta angakhale olemera kwambiri omwe amachititsa kuti thupi likhale lolemera kwambiri, ndipo kukoma kokhala ndi mafuta sikungathe kukhala ndi makhalidwe omwe amachititsa munthu kukhala ndi vuto lachiwerewere lomwe limaphatikizapo kutaya thupi.

Gawo LoyambaGawo Lotsatira

Introduction

Ngakhale kuti kudya mowa kwambiri kumagwirizanitsa ndi vuto la kudya, likukula kwambiri ku United States kudzera m'mabungwe osiyanasiyana a zachipatala komanso osagwirizana. Kudya zakudya zowonjezera kunayanjanitsidwa ndi kunenepa kwambiri, komwe kumayambitsa 33% ya anthu akuluakulu a US (1,2) komanso zingakhale zogwiritsira ntchito phindu la mafuta pakati pa ana (3). Kudya chakudya kumagwirizananso ndi kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa thupi, kusinthasintha, nkhawa, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo (4-6). Kukhalapo kwa kumwa mosiyanasiyana m'mabvuto osiyanasiyana odyera, kuphatikizapo anthu osakhala nawo, kwapangitsa kukhala kofunika kuphunzira kuchokera kuwonongeka kwa anthu.

The Kusanthula ndi Buku Lophatikiza la Mavuto a Mitsempha (ed. 4) amatanthauzira kudya mowa kwambiri monga maulendo obwerezabwereza omwe nthawi zonse amatsatiridwa monga kudya chakudya chochulukirapo kuposa nthawi yachidule (nthawi zambiri mkati mwa nthawi ya 2-h) (7). Zakudya zolimbitsa thupi zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi 3 kapena zina mwa izi: 1) kumadya mpaka kumverera mokwanira bwino, 2) kudya chakudya chochuluka osakhala ndi njala, 3) kudya mofulumira kwambiri kuposa mwachizolowezi, 4) kudya okha chifukwa wina amanyazi ndi kuchuluka kwa chakudya chake, 5) kumverera wokhumudwa, wopanikizika, kapena wolakwa pambuyo pa kudya, kapena 6) adawonetsa nkhawa kapena nkhawa ponena za kudya zakudya zolimbitsa thupi.

Kupatula odwala omwe ali ndi matendawa, palinso anthu ochuluka kwambiri omwe amadya chakudya, koma mwina osati mokwanira kuti athandizidwe. Sikuti nthawi zonse zimamveka bwino pamene wina amakoka mgwirizano pakati pa kudya chakudya chachikulu komanso kudya zakudya zambiri. Komabe, zotsatira za thupi la kudya mowa mwauchidakwa zingakhale zofanana, kaya zimakhala zochitika mwachibadwa chifukwa cha njala, zosavomerezeka chifukwa cha chikhalidwe kapena hedonic, kapena nthawi zonse kuti zidziwitsidwe.

Kodi zakudya zowonjezera ndi ziti?

Pofotokoza mwachidule, nthawi zambiri anthu amadya chakudya chopatsa mphamvu. Zakudya zimenezi zimakhala zazikulu m'mafuta, shuga, kapena nthawi zonse (8,9). Zomwe zimaphatikizapo nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo kudya mkate kapena pasta, kumatsatira nthawi zambiri ndi maswiti, zakudya zamtundu, kapena zakudya zopatsa thanzi (10). Anthu omwe amakonda kukonda kudya zakudya zokoma amakonda kudya mowa kwambiri.

Nchifukwa chiyani anthu samamwa mowa wa broccoli? Pakhomo pakhomo podyetsa zakudya zamchere komanso / kapena mafuta omwe amalimbikitsa kudya kwambiri. Sugars ndi mafuta zimadziwika kuti zimakhala ndi zotsatira zosiyana pa zaumulungu ndi ubongo (11), zomwe zingagwirizane ndi zotsatira zawo zosiyana pa khalidwe. Kuti timvetsetse khalidwe ndi njira za m'magazi chifukwa chodya mowa kwambiri pa macronutrients, timayang'ana ku zinyama zamakono zodyera kudya.

Zinyama zodyera kudya

Kudya mowa kwambiri ndi khalidwe lamtundu uliwonse, ndi zigawo zamaganizo ndi chikhalidwe zomwe zimakhala zovuta kubereka ndi zinyama. Komabe, zinyama zodyera kudya ndizofunikira kwambiri kumvetsetsa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti thupi likhale labwino komanso lachilengedwe.

Mitengo ya shuga yophika

Ma laboratories ambiri adagwiritsa ntchito njira zochepa zothetsera shuga kuti azidya zakudya zolimbitsa thupi (12-15). Zomwe apezazi zimasonyeza kuti nyama izidzadya chakudya chokoma mukamazipereka mwachindunji. Labatore yathu yakhazikitsa chitsanzo cha shuga yophika shuga (16) momwe makoswe amasungidwira tsiku ndi tsiku chakudya cha 12-h, kutsatiridwa ndi kupeza kwa 25% kapu kapena 10% sucrose solution (mofanana ndi msanga wa zakumwa zofewa) ndi zakudya zopanda madzi. Pambuyo pa masiku angapo pa ndondomekoyi, makoswewa amachulukitsa kudya kwawo kwa shuga tsiku ndi tsiku (Chith. 1 A) ndikuyamba kumwa mowa, monga momwe akusonyezera kuwonjezeka kwa kudya kwa shuga pa ola loyamba la kupeza. Makoswe omwe amatha kupeza njira yothetsera shuga ndi zakudya zopanda chotupa ad libitum amadya kuchuluka kwathunthu kwa tsiku ndi tsiku kofanana ndi komwe kumadyerera ndi makoswe, koma nthawi zambiri sagwiritsanso ntchito zovuta zowonongeka. Kulemera kwa thupi ndi chakudya chokwanira cha tsiku ndi tsiku sikusiyana ndi makoswe omwe amadya shuga (Chith. 1 C), kuwonetsa kuti makoswe amatha kuyendetsa mphamvu zawo ndi kulipira mphamvu yochulukirapo mwa kudya zakudya zochepa zopanda mankhwala (Chith. 1 B).

CHITSANZO CHA 1   

Onani ndemanga yayikulu:  

CHITSANZO CHA 1   

Zakudya zopanda shuga (chow) zomwe zimadya panthawi ya mwayi wa 28-d mu khola la shuga. Makoswe okhala ndi shuga wambiri + omwe sanagwiritsidwe bwino ankawonjezera chakudya chawo m'thupi tsiku lililonse (A). Mphuka ndi shuga wosakanizidwa + osadya bwino amadya chakudya chochepa chosadetsedwa kusiyana ndi gulu lopanda zakudya zosasakaniza komanso zakudya zopanda chithandizo ad libitum control group (B); Komabe, maguluwo sanali osiyana mphamvu ya tsiku ndi tsiku (1 kcal = 4.184 kJ) (C). Makhalidwe amatanthauza ± SEM, n = 9-10 / gulu. Kubweretsedwa ndi chilolezo kuchokera ku Avena et al. (23).

Mafuta a mafuta oledzera

Nyama zidzamvanso mafuta odzola, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti kudya mowa sikumangokhala kukoma kokoma. Corwin ndi al. (17) asonyeza kuti makoswe omwe ali ndi mwayi wopita ku ndondomeko yosakanizidwa ndi ad libitum amadya mafuta a masamba (kufikitsa) pamene amaperekedwa kwa 2 tsiku lililonse, ndipo zotsatirazi zimakula pamene mafuta amaperekedwa nthawi zokha za 3 pa sabata. Kufufuza komweko kwatchulidwa ndi kuchepetsedwa komwe kulibe mafuta (18). Makoswe okhala ndi mafuta osakaniza omwe sali oletsedwa sangasonyeze kusintha kwa thupi lawo kapena kulemera kwa mafuta poyerekeza ndi zakudya zopanda zakudya zopanda mphamvu (17,19); Komabe, amasonyeza mazinga a leptin okwera kwambiri (19).

Zitsanzo za kudya mavitamini okoma

Kusakaniza kokoma ndi mafuta kumayambitsa mauthenga ambiri a kukoma, zizindikiro zolemba, ndi machitidwe a neuropeptide. Kuphatikiza mafuta a shuga, monga ma makeke kapena mafuta osakaniza shuga, akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Boggiano ndi ena kuti azidyetsa zakudya zamabotolo (20,21). Takhala ndi chitsanzo chodyera kudya zakudya zopatsa thanzi zokhala ndi zakudya zokoma m'zakumwa zomwe siziri zakudya zokha (22). Mabala ndi 2-h tsiku lililonse chakudya chokoma [Mafufuzidwe a #12451, 45% mafuta, 20% mapuloteni, 35% mafuta, 4.7 kcal / g (20 kJ / g)] amazinga, ngakhale kuti ali ndi mavitamini oyenera omwe alibe mankhwala operekedwa ad libitum kwa ena 22 h / d. Pogwiritsa ntchito wokhudzana ndi mwayi wokhudzana ndi matendawa, mavitamini amatha kutchulidwa, ndipo makoswe amadya, pafupifupi, 3% ya chakudya chawo cha tsiku ndi tsiku pa nthawi ya 58-h yobwera kwa zakudya zonenepa (Chith. 2 A). Mapikowa amaletsa kudya zakudya zopanda mphamvu, zofanana ndi zotsatira zomwe tanena ndi shuga (23) ndipo ena adalengeza ndi mafuta (17,19) kapena zakudya zopatsa shuga (14). Kuwombera mofulumira ndi kudziletsa komwe kumapangidwira chakudya kumabweretsa kusintha kwa kulemera kwa thupi tsiku ndi tsiku komwe kumakhala kulemera kwa pakati pa mapiko (Chith. 2 B). Komabe, ngakhale titaganizira zoletsedwa za zakudya zomwe sizingathetsedwe pakati pa mabingeni, kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa kulemera kwa thupi kumachitika pakakhala makoswe odyera mafuta odzola poyerekeza ndi magulu olamulira omwe amadyetsedwa wamba wokhawokha omwe alibe chakudya kapena chofikira kwa mafuta omwewo okoma mafuta omwe amachititsa libitum (Chith. 2 C). Choncho, chitsanzochi chikuyimira kudya zakudya zomwe zingabweretse kulemera kwa thupi.

CHITSANZO CHA 2   

Onani ndemanga yayikulu:  

CHITSANZO CHA 2   

Kusintha kwa mphamvu zamagetsi ndi kulemera kwa thupi mu khola lopangira mafuta. Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya tsiku ndi tsiku pa nthawi ya 3 ya mwayi woperekedwa monga mphamvu yotengedwa kuchokera ku zakudya zosavomerezeka (chow)woyera) motsutsana ndi zakudya zonunkhira zopanda mafuta (chakuda) (A). Gulu la 2-h la mafuta okoma tsiku lililonse komanso gulu lomwe limalandira 2-h ya mafuta okoma tsiku Lolemba, Lachitatu, ndi Lachisanu (2-h MWF Mafuta okoma) onse amadya> 50% yamphamvu zawo zatsiku ndi tsiku kuchokera ku zotsekemera -mafuta akamagwiritsa ntchito akapezeka. Mtundu wa sawtooth umatulukira pagulu lamafuta okoma a 2-h tsiku lililonse momwe amachepetsera kunenepa kwambiri ndikuwonjezera kulemera kwake tsiku lililonse (B). Komabe, ngakhale kuti kulemera kwa thupi kunasintha tsiku lonse, makoswe omwe ali ndi 2-h mafuta okoma tsiku ndi tsiku amapeza kulemera kwambiri kwa thupi kusiyana ndi makoswe omwe amadya zakudya zosadetsedwa zosakaniza ad libitum (1 kcal = 4.184 kJ) (C). Makhalidwe amatanthauza ± SEM, n = 10 / gulu. * Kusiyana ndi gulu la chow ad libitum, P <0.05. Kusinthidwa ndi chilolezo kuchokera kwa Berner et al. (22).

Kudya zakudya

Asayansi ambiri amanena kuti kunenepa kwambiri ndi matenda, monga bulimia ndi anorexia, akhoza kukhala ndi "zizoloŵezi"24-30). Komanso, mabuku ambiri otchuka othandizira alembedwa pa mutu wakuti "kusuta shuga" (31-34, kutchula owerengeka chabe). Maphunziro a zinyama ndi ma laboratory amasonyeza kufanana pakati pa kumwa mowa kwambiri ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Kuthandizira kuchipatala kwa chiphunzitso cha kuledzera kwa zakudya

Kafukufuku wamakono watsopano akuwonetsa kuti chakudya chimatha kukhala ndi zida zogwiritsira ntchito "zofuna zamagazi" (35). Chimodzimodzinso, kusintha kokhudzana ndi zilakolako zokhudzana ndi zakudya zokometsetsa zakhala zikudziwika pogwiritsa ntchito njira zamaganizo zojambula, ndipo kusintha kumeneku ndikofanana ndi zomwe zimawonedwa panthawi ya chilakolako cha mankhwala.36,37). Dopamine (DA)4 adalangizidwa kukhala ndi gawo limodzi pazogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi kunenepa kwambiri (28). Mavitamini a tomato amasonyeza kuti zovuta kwambiri zimasonyeza kuchepetsa D2 kupezeka kwapatsidwe komwe kumayenderana ndi kulemera kwa thupi la phunzirolo (38) ndi zofanana mofanana ndi zochepetsedwa zomwe zimanenedwa ndi maphunziro osokoneza bongo (39). Opioid yakhalanso cholinga cha maphunziro a zachipatala (25). Mavuto okhudzana ndi kudya zakudya mwachizoloŵezi chodyera kapena kuvutika ndi njala angakhudze ntchito yodalirika ya opioid (40). Pogwiritsa ntchito, maphunzirowa akuthandizira kuona kuti kudya kwambiri kungakhudze khalidwe ndi ubongo m'njira yomwe ikufanana ndi zomwe zimakhala zoledzeretsa.

Zizindikiro za khalidwe la kudalira shuga m'mabotolo

Zambiri zomwe zimachitika ndi kusintha kwa matenda a ziwalo zomwe zimakhala zogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo zimayambanso kuwonetseratu zinyama zathu za shuga zotchulidwa pamwambapa ndipo mwachidule. Gulu 1. Chitsanzochi chikuwerengedwera ndipo chikugwirizana ndi zoledzeretsa zamabuku mwatsatanetsatane kwina kulikonse (16).

Onani gome ili:  

MASAMBA 1  

Zizindikiro za kudalira zomwe zimapezeka mu makoswe a shuga1

Mwachidule, makoswe omwe amapatsidwa njira yothetsera shuga tsiku ndi tsiku ndi zakudya zopanda chotupitsa amawonjezera chakudya chawo cha shuga ndi kuonjezera kudya kwawo pa ola loyambirira lofikira tsiku lililonse, lomwe tilitcha "binge" (15). Makoswe obweretsa shuga amasonyeza zizindikiro za opiate-ngati kuchotsa ngati atapatsidwa mlingo waukulu wa wotsutsa opioid naloxone (3 mg / kg, subcutaneous). Zisonyezero zachisokonezo zowonongeka, monga kunjenjemera kwa mano, kunjenjemera kwapadera, ndi kugwedezeka kwa mutu, komanso kuwonetsa khalidwe,41). Zisonyezero zofanana za kuchotsa opiate-ngati zimachokera pokha popanda kugwiritsa ntchito wotsutsa opioid pamene zakudya zonse zimachotsedwa kwa 24 h (23,41). Chiwombankhanga cha tchizi-bingeing chiyimbira 23% kwambiri shuga muyeso pambuyo pa 2 wk popanda shuga kuposa kale lonse (42), kusonyeza kusintha kwa zomwe zimakhudza shuga zomwe zimapitiriza ndikuwonjezeka nthawi yonse ya kudziletsa. Tasonyezanso kuti makoswe omwe amawotcha shuga amakhala ndi mphamvu zolimbana ndi vuto la amphetamine (0.5 mg / kg, intraperitoneally) lomwe liribe phindu kapena phindu lililonse pa makoswe (43). Pamene makoswe akudya shuga ndikukakamizidwa kuti asiye, amawonetsa kudya kwa 9% mowa (44), kuwonetsa kuti kupeza pakati pa shuga kungakhale njira yopangira mowa.

Ofufuza ena atulukira zinthu zothandizira anthu pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya shuga. Zizindikiro za nkhawa zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pa makoswe omwe sali ndi chakudya chochepa cha asprose (14). Kutulutsidwa kwa shuga kwatchulidwa kuchepetsa kutentha kwa thupi (45). Komanso, khalidwe laukali lakhala likuwonetsedwa pa kuchotsedwa kwa zakudya zomwe zimaphatikizapo kufika kwa shuga (46). Pogwiritsira ntchito magetsi, Grimm et al. (47) onani kuti sucrose yofuna kuwonjezeka pamwezi wokhala ndi shuga wodziletsa mu makoswe omwe anali ndifupipafupi. Kutsekemera kwapadera kwa sucrose-kumalimbikitsa osati ndi amphetamine (43) komanso ndi cocaine (48) ndikuthandizira kulimbikitsidwa kwa DA agonist quinpirole (49). Zotsatira izi zimatsimikizira kuti chiwerengero cha DA chikulimbikitsidwa ndi kufika kwa shuga; izi ndizofunikira chifukwa kuwonjezeka kwa masolimbic dopaminergic neurotransmission kumathandiza kuti khalidwe likhale lolimbikitsanso komanso kuwonetsetsa (50) ndipo zingapangitse kuledzera (51,52).

Umboni wokhudzana ndi shuga wodalira shuga

Umboni umene watchulidwa pamwambawu umasonyeza kuti kusakaniza shuga kungapangitse makhalidwe omwe ali ofanana ndi omwe amapezeka pakompyuta. Kusintha kwabwino kwa matenda a ubongo kungabweretse, kapena kupitiliza, makhalidwe awa. Zizindikiro izi zimaphatikizidwira mwachidule Gulu 1 ndipo akufotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane m'nkhani yapitayi (16).

Tapeza kusintha kwa DA, acetylcholine (ACh), ndi ma opioid ma rats-bingeing makoswe omwe ali ofanana ndi omwe amachitira ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Zojambula zojambula zithunzi zimasonyeza kuti D1 phwando lomangiriza mu nucleus accumbens (NAc) ndi kuchepa D2 phwando lomangirira mu striatum poyerekeza ndi makoswe osadetsedwa odyetsedwa (15). Makoswe omwe ali ndi shuga komanso zakudya zopanda chotupitsa amathandizanso D2 receptor mRNA mu NAC, ndi kuwonjezera D3 mchere wa receptor mu NAC ndi dorsal striatum poyerekeza ndi zosavomerezeka zoperewera chakudya (53). Mankhwala a shuga-bingeing ali ndi kuchepa kwakukulu mu enkephalin mRNA (53), pomwe μ-opioid receptor kumanga imakula kwambiri mu nkhono ya NAc, yolemba, hippocampus, ndi locus coeruleus (15).

Chimodzi mwa zovuta kwambiri pakati pa shuga ndi kumwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi zotsatira zake pa DA ya extracellular. Chizindikiro cha mankhwala omwe amachitiridwa nkhanza ndi kuwonjezeka mobwerezabwereza ku DA ya extracellular, pamene nthawi yodyetsa nthawi zonse, mayankho a DA amatuluka pambuyo pobwereza chakudya (54). Pamene makoswe akudya shuga, kumasulidwa kwa DA kumakhala kobwerezabwereza, zomwe zingapangitse ubongo kukhalanso ngati ukugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Makoswe omwe amadya shuga amawamasula DA tsiku ndi tsiku, monga momwe anayezera pa D 1, 2, ndi 21 ya kupeza (55). Makoswe amatsuka shuga kapena osapatsidwa zakudya ad libitum, makoswe omwe amatha kupeza chakudya chosadetsedwa, kapena makoswe omwe amasuta shuga kokha nthawi za 2, kumayambitsa yankho la DA lomwe lilibe vuto lomwe limakhala ngati chakudya chomwe chimataya zachilendo zake.

Kuchokera ku mankhwala monga morphine, nikotini, ndi mowa nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizidwa ndi kusintha kwa DA / ACh muyezo wa NAc: makamaka, DA imachepa pamene ACh ikuwonjezeka (56-58). Makoswe omwe amawotcha shuga amasonyezanso kusamvetsetsana kwa matendawa mu DA / ACh panthawi yosiya. Zotsatira izi zimachitika pamene makoswe amapatsidwa nalxone kuti asamangidwe ngati otuate41) kapena pambuyo pa 36 h ya chakudya chosowa (23).

Ena adanena zofufuza zothandizira. Pali kuchepa kwa D2 kulandira cholowa mu NAC ya makoswe okhala ndi mwayi wopita ku sucrose ndi zakudya zopanda chofufumitsa poyerekeza ndi makoswe omwe amadyetsa zakudya zosakanizidwa zosadetsedwa zokha (59), ndipo kusintha kumapezeka muwonjezetsa DA chiwerengero ndi woyendetsa DA omwe amamanga makoswe omwe amasungidwa panthawi yochepa yopatsa shuga (12,60).

Kodi pali umboni wosonyeza kuti mumadalira mafuta kapena mafuta okoma?

Mabukuwa amasonyeza kuti, monga ndi shuga, boma lofanana ndi mankhwala likhoza kutuluka ndi mafuta. Le Magnen (29) adanena kuti nayxone ikhoza kuthetsa kuchotsa makoswe kuti idye chakudya chodyera zakudya zomwe zimakhala ndi mafuta komanso shuga (monga tchizi, cookies, chokoleti chips). Posachedwapa, Teegarden ndi Bale (61) amasonyeza kuti mbewa zimapatsidwa zakudya zokhudzana ndi mafuta kapena ma carbohydrate ad libitum kwa 4 wk ndiyeno zimakakamizika kupeŵa chilengedwe chosasunthika kuti chipeze chakudya chawo. Amaganiza kuti kuchotsa zakudya zoterozo kumapangitsa kuti anthu azivutika maganizo, zomwe zimawathandiza kuti asamadye zakudya. Komanso, Corwin ndi anzake akuwonetsa kuwonjezeka kwakupita patsogolo-kuwerengera kwa makoswe omwe amadya mafuta (62).

Ponena za matenda a ubongo, zikuwoneka kuti kudya mafuta kumakhudza kwambiri kuwonjezera machitidwe a DA ndi enkephalin omwe ali ofanana ndi omwe amawonedwa ndi shuga. Kupezeka kwa mafuta (mafuta a chimanga) pang'ono kumatulutsa DA mu NAC, ndipo zotsatirazi zimayambitsidwa ndi kukoma kwa mafuta (63). Makoswe okhala ndi chakudya chokoma tsiku ndi tsiku amachepetsa kuchepa kwa enkephalin mRNA ku NAc (64), zofanana ndi zomwe zalembedwa pamwambapa ndi shuga (53). Udindo wa opioids mumtundu wozungulira wa hypothalamus wakhala ukuphunzitsidwa pogwiritsira ntchito binge chitsanzo (65), ndipo zotsatirazi zikusonyeza kuti d-Ala2, NMe-Phe4, Gly-ol5-enkephalin amachulukitsa mafuta kudya mafuta-amakonda makoswe koma alibe mphamvu mu sucrose-amakonda makoswe. Zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa ntchito yovuta yopangira mafuta oyukiliya opangira zakudya, ndi zokonda ndi zakudya zamtundu zomwe zimathandiza kuti mankhwalawa asinthe khalidwe.

Malingana ndi matendawa a m'maganizo ndi makhalidwe omwe tawafotokozera pamwambapa, zikuwoneka kuti kulapa mafuta kungathenso kukhala ndi makhalidwe odzitayirira. Komabe, deta siili bwino. Ngakhale mafuta omwe adaperekedwa ad adbitum adatulutsidwa kuti azikhala ndi makhalidwe ena ozunguza bongo (29,61), kubetcha kungapangitse zotsatirazi. Tachita kafukufuku ngati zizindikiro zokhudzana ndi kudalira zimatuluka pamene nyama zimadya pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zakudya zamtengo wapatali komanso mafuta okoma. Timayesa makoswe (12-h kapena 2-h) kupeza zakudya zopatsa mafuta (Zofufuzira za # 12451, 45% mafuta, 20% mapuloteni, 35% mafuta), 12-h kupeza mafuta okoma Kusakaniza (35.7% mafuta a masamba, 64.3% sucrose), kapena 12-h kupeza mafuta a masamba (100% Crisco masamba akufupikitsa), onse omwe alibe zakudya zopanda mphamvu. Magulu olamulira ankadyetsa zakudya zamatendawa libitum kapena amapatsidwa zakudya zosavomerezeka zowonongeka ad libitum. Pambuyo pa 21-25 d pa zakudya, makoswe ankapatsidwa 3 mg / kg subcutaneous naloxone ndipo kenako anawona zizindikiro zachisoni ndi nkhawa muzitali zoonjezera. Palibe umboni wodalirika wochotsa opiate womwe umapezeka ndi njira iliyonse yodetsa mafuta, kaya m'magulu odyera kapena omwe adalandira chakudya ad libitum, ngakhale kuti njirazi zinapereka zotsatira zabwino m'mbiri yathu yapitayi ndi shuga yonyamula (41). Mu maphunziro ena, tinayesa kupanga zizindikiro zowononga opiate-ngati kuchotsedwa ndi chakudya chochotsa makoswe omwe amakhalabe pa zakudya zowononga mafuta kwa 24-36 h. Kachilinso, ngakhale timapereka zizindikiro zokhudzana ndi nkhaŵa ndi zina zomwe zimatipatsa nkhawa tikamatsata makoswe ophera shuga (23), izi sizinawonedwe mu makoswe omwe anali akudya ndi mafuta omwe ali ndi mafuta ambiri.

Ngakhale sitinazindikire zizindikiro za opiate-monga kuchotsa mafuta-makoswe, sizitanthauza kuti kudya mafuta ochulukirapo sikungathe kukhala ndi makhalidwe odzitayirira. Kutaya sikofunika kofunikira kwa chilakolako cha mankhwala, monga momwe kudya chakudya sikofunikira kulakalaka chakudya (37). Komanso, magulu osiyanasiyana a mankhwala (mwachitsanzo, agonist a DA, opiates) amachititsa zizindikiro zina zowonongeka ndi zakuthupi. Choncho, zikhoza kukhala kuti macronutrients osiyana angathenso kupanga zizindikiro zochotsera zosiyana. Sitiyenera kutsimikiziranso ngati kudya mafuta kapena kusadya mafuta kungachititse kuti ena asakhale ndi makhalidwe oipa, kuphatikizapo kutsegula m'mimba komanso chifukwa chodziletsa chifukwa chodziletsa.

Nchifukwa chiyani zizindikiro za kuchotsa opiate ngati kutuluka zimayambira ndi shuga koma osati mafuta oledzera?

Kuperewera kwa opiate-ngati kuchotsa zizindikiro pambuyo poti mafuta amadzimadzi amatsindika kufunika kwa ma opioid posiyanitsa shuga ndi mafuta ndi zotsatira zake pa khalidwe. Neuropeptide galanin (GAL) ndi malo ake omangika amasonyezedwa m'madera a ubongo ofunika kwambiri phindu la mankhwala ndi chakudya (11). GAL imatengedwa kuti ndi peptide yokhala ndi mafuta chifukwa chakuti imayambira m'madera amenewa pogwiritsa ntchito chakudya chambiri (66). Kuonjezerapo, jekeseni la hypothalamic la GAL limalimbikitsa kudya mafuta m'malo mwazirombo zina (67,68). Chochititsa chidwi, jekeseni wamagetsi wa galnon, yokonza GAL agonist, imachepetsa opiate kuchotsa zizindikiro mu morphine-amadalira mbewa (69). Katemera wosakanikirana wa galini mu mbewa za GAL-knockout ndi zokwanira kusintha zina mwa kusintha kwa zinthu zakuthambo zomwe zimabweretsa morphine administration (70). Motero, GAL ikhoza kukhala otsogolera osagwirizana ndi opiate phindu mwa kuchepetsa zotsatira za khalidwe ndi matenda a opiates. Malingana ndi deta izi, nkotheka kuti kusowa kwa opiate-ngati kuchotsa zizindikiro mu mafuta-kubwezera makoswe mwina chifukwa cha mafuta-ankapangitsa GG activation activation, zomwe zingalepheretse opioid zotsatira.

Zotsatira za vuto la kudya ndi kunenepa kwambiri

Tinayamba nkhaniyi ndi zokambirana zokhudzana ndi kudya kwambiri. Zoonadi, zomwe zapeza ndi zinyama zomwe zafotokozedwa zikusonyeza kuti kudya zakudya za shuga, ndipo mwinamwake ngakhale mafuta, kungakhale ndi katundu wotere. Komabe, kusamba shuga sikusokoneza thupi, koma kuphatikizapo mafuta okoma ndi mafuta kumawonjezera kulemera kwa thupi (22). Choncho, mafuta akhoza kukhala olemera thupi, ndipo kukoma kotheka kumakhala kochititsa kuti azikhala ndi makhalidwe ozunguza bongo omwe akuphatikizapo matenda ochotsera.

Zina mwazolembazi ndizolemba (73-75).

Gawo LoyambaGawo Lotsatira

Kuvomereza

Tikuthokoza Miriam Bocarsly kuti athandizidwe pokonzekera zolembedwazo.

Gawo LoyambaGawo Lotsatira

Mawu a M'munsi

  • ↵1 Yasindikizidwa ngati chowonjezera kuwonjezera The Journal of Nutrition. Osonyezedwa ngati gawo la nkhani yosiyirana yokhudza "Chakudya Chakumwa: Zoona Kapena Zopeka" zoperekedwa ku msonkhano wa 2008 Experimental Biology, April 8, 2008 ku San Diego, CA. Nkhani yosiyiranayi inathandizidwa ndi American Society for Nutrition ndipo ikuthandizidwa ndi thandizo la maphunziro kuchokera ku National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcohol, ndi National National Council of Dairy Council. Nkhani yosiyiranayi inatsogoleredwa ndi Rebecca L. Corwin ndi Patricia S. Grigson.

  • ↵2 Zothandizidwa ndi donso za USPHS DK-79793 (NMA) ndi AA-12882 (BGH).

  • ↵3 Zolemba za wolemba: N. Avena, P. Rada, ndi B. Hoebel, palibe mikangano ya chidwi.

  • ↵4 Mafanizo: ACh, acetylcholine; DA, dopamine; GAL, galanin; NAc, nucleus accumbens.

Gawo Loyamba  

 

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