Ubongo, kunenepa kwambiri ndi chizolowezi: Kuphunzira kwa EEG kusaganizira (2016)

Kudalirika

Kunenepa kwambiri ndikumodzi kwa mavuto akuluakulu omwe akukumana nawo ndi a 20% a anthu padziko lonse omwe akuvutika. Kusiyana kwakukulu kulipo ngati kunenepa kwambiri kungawonedwe ngati matenda osokoneza bongo kapena ayi. Posachedwapa, mafunso a Yale Food Addiction Scale apangidwa ngati chida chozindikiritsa anthu omwe ali ndi zizoloŵezi zowononga chakudya. Kugwiritsira ntchito deta yamakono ndi malo omwe ali ndi ma EEG deta omwe timakhala nawo amachititsa kuti tisawonongeke kwambiri. Kuchita ubongo ku chakudya-anthu osokoneza bongo komanso osakhala chakudya-amadziyerekezera ndi oledzeretsa ndi osagwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera.

Timasonyeza kuti kuledzera kwa chakudya kumagwirizana ndi ntchito ya ubongo ya ubongo ndi zakumwa zoledzeretsa. Izi 'neural brain activity' zimakhala zowonongeka komanso zowonongeka, zomwe zimapangidwa ndi parahippocampal komanso precuneus. Komanso, nthenda yowonjezera ubongo ya neural brain ntchito iliponso. 'Kunenepa kwa neural brain activity' kumakhala kosalekeza komanso koyambirira kamene kamakhala kosalala, kamene kamakhala koyambira kumalo ochepa kwambiri / cuneus komanso parahippocampal ndi malo ochepa kwambiri a parietal. Komabe, odyetsa chakudya amasiyanasiyana ndi anthu osagwidwa ndi zakudya zopanda chakudya chifukwa cha zochitika zosiyana ndi zomwe zimachitika kale. Chizoloŵezi cha zakudya ndi zakudya zopanda thanzi kunenepa kwambiri zimasonyeza kuti pali 2 mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kunenepa kwamtundu wautali ndi ntchito yowonongeka, koma zosiyana ndi zochitika zamkati zamtundu wa cortex.

Kunenepa kwambiri ndi zovuta zomwe zimagwirizanitsa ndizovuta kwambiri zokhudzana ndi thanzi labwino lomwe likukumana ndi dziko lamakono. Kukula kwakukulu kwapadziko lonse kwa kunenepa kwambiri ndi kunenepa kwambiri ndi 50% ndi 20% motsatira. Izi zikugwirizana ndi ndalama zambiri zokhudzana ndi zaumoyo, zomwe ku USA zawerengedwa kuti ziposa $ 215 biliyoni pachaka. Pakadali pano, njira za umoyo za anthu sizinapambane pofuna kuteteza kuwonjezeka kwa msinkhu wa kunenepa kwambiri, kuwonetsa kufunika kofulumira kukhazikitsa njira zogwira mtima pazomwe anthu ndi aliyense alili.

Kunenepa kwambiri kumaonedwa ngati vuto lovuta limene mazira, thupi, maganizo ndi zachilengedwe zimagwirizanitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kwambiri. Komabe magulu ang'onoang'ono a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'thupi mwa anthu ambirimbiri akhala ovuta kuzindikira. N'zodziwikiratu kuti mankhwala ochiritsira amatha kukwaniritsidwa ndi mankhwala opangidwa ndi munthu payekha. Ngakhale kuti zakhala zikudziwikiratu kuti malo otere a homeostatic mu ubongo amathandiza kwambiri pa kulemera kwa thupi, posachedwapa ubongo umakhala wofanana ndi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito pa zakudya.

Kusagwirizana kwakukulu kulipo ngati lingaliro la kuledzera kwa zakudya ndilolondola, ndi zotsutsana zomwe zikugwirizana ndi motsutsa,. Maganizo amodzi amawona kunenepa kwambiri monga zotsatira za kuledzera kwa zakudya, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zakudya zina (zomwe zili ndi mafuta, mchere ndi shuga) zikhale zofanana ndi zomwe zimachitika mu ubongo ndikupanga zofanana ndi zomwe zimayambitsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo,. Njira yachiwiri ndi yakuti kuledzera kwa zakudya ndi phenotype ya khalidwe yomwe ikuwonetsedwa mu kagulu kakang'ono ka anthu omwe ali olemera kwambiri ndipo amafanana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo,. Maganizo amenewa amasonyeza kufanana pakati pa zizindikiro za DSM-IV za matenda odalira thupi ndi zochitika zowononga monga kudya mowa kwambiri. Kufanana kwa chipatala kwachititsa kuti lingaliro lakuti kunenepa kwambiri ndi kumwa mowa kungawononge njira zamagulu, maselo ndi njira zowonongeka. Zokambirana zokhudzana ndi chizoloŵezi chakumwa-kumwa mowa mwauchidakwa tafotokozedwa kale,. Pali matenda (1) omwe amapezeka pakati pa kunenepa kwambiri ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo, (2) omwe angathe kugawanika ndi kuledzera komanso kuledzera. TaqChiwerengero cha 1A chaching'ono (A1) cha dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) jini, lomwe lakhudzana ndi uchidakwa; Kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kuphatikizapo cocaine, kusuta ndi opioid kudalira ndi kunenepa kwambiri (3) Kusintha kwapadera kwa mphuno zazitsulo zakhala zikufotokozedwa zomwe zili ndi mapepala ochepa omwe amalandira dopamine receptors mwa anthu ovuta kwambiri komanso oledzera, komanso (4) zotsutsana zokhudzana ndi anthu olemera kwambiri poyerekezera ndi zovuta zowonongeka pazochitika zoganizira zogwira ntchito.

Zonsezi zimatsutsidwa kuti anthu ambiri olemera kwambiri sanasonyeze khalidwe lokhalitsa kapena lachangu lomwe likufanana ndi chizoloŵezi, komanso kuti kusagwirizana kwakukulu kochokera ku ndondomeko yokhudzana ndi matendawa kumasonyeza kuti kunenepa ndi matenda osokonezeka kwambiri.

Choncho funso limabuka ngati palidi anthu ochepetsedwa omwe ali oledzera. Kumvetsetsa kumeneku kungayambitse chitukuko cha mankhwala opatsirana pogwiritsa ntchito njira zachipatala kwa magulu a anthu odwala kwambiri. Chiwerengero cha mankhwala osokoneza bongo chovomerezeka ndi chovomerezeka chatsopano chatsopano, Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS). Zomwe zili mu Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) zili ndi mafunso ozikidwa pa DSM-IV-TR ndi miyeso yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kuledzera, monga kutchova njuga, kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi, komanso kugonana, kuphatikizapo South Oaks Gambling Screen , Zochita Zolimbitsa Thupi, ndi Zida Zogwiritsira Ntchito Kugonana Kwaokha. Pofuna kudziwa kuti munthu ali ndi vuto la zakudya, zomwe zimafanana ndi matenda omwe amadziwika kuti ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV, zimayesedwa ngati ophunzira adalola katatu kapena kuposera asanu ndi awiri a DSM-IV-R komanso chimodzi mwa zinthu ziwiri zofunika kwambiri (kuchepa kapena kuvutika). Izi ndizo (1) Zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mochulukirapo komanso kwa nthawi yaitali kuposa momwe zinakhalira, (2) Chikhumbo chokhazikika kapena kuyesedwa kosaleka kusiya, (3) Nthawi zambiri / ntchito kuti mupeze, kugwiritsa ntchito, kubwezeretsa, (4) Ntchito, kapena zosangalatsa zomwe zimaperekedwa kapena kuchepetsedwa, (5) Kugwiritsa ntchito kumapitirizabe ngakhale kudziŵa zotsatira zovuta (mwachitsanzo, kulephera kukwaniritsa maudindo, kugwiritsa ntchito pangozi, (6) Kupirira (kuwonjezeka kwa chiwerengero, kuchepetsa kuchepa kwenikweni) (7) Makhalidwe omwe amatha kutaya thupi; mankhwala otengedwa kuti athetse kuchotsa.

Zogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo chifukwa cha zizolowezi za YFAS zafufuzidwa pogwiritsa ntchito fMRI pamalo ochotseratu, kuyang'ana momwe ubongo wa chakudya umadalira anthu ovuta kwambiri kumasiyana ndi kuyendetsa kotheratu poyankha ku chakudya chokoleti (chocolate milkshake). Ophunzira omwe ali ndi chiwerengero chokhala ndi zakudya zochepa m'madera ochepa amasonyeza kuti akuwoneka bwino kwambiri m'malo otetezedwa ndi anthu ogwira ntchito poyang'anira chakudya komanso kuchepa kwa chakudya chokhazikika pokhapokha atalandira chakudya. Kuwonjezera apo, pakufufuza kwa mgwirizano, zakudya zowonjezera zakudya zimagwirizana ndi kuchitidwa kowonjezereka m'khamulo kameneka, kapangidwe ka orbitofrontal cortex, ndi amygdala potengera chakudya choyembekezeredwa. Kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa kuti machitidwe ofanana ndi omwe amachititsa kuti thupi likhale loyendetsa thupi limakhudzidwa ndi khalidwe lodyera monga chizolowezi chodyera komanso kudalira mankhwala. Inde, kupititsa patsogolo madera ochuluka kwa madera chifukwa cha chakudya komanso kuchepetsa kutsekemera kwa malo oletsedwa poyang'anira chakudya.

Kusintha kwokhudzana ndi chilakolako mu ubongo kunkafufuzidwa ndi njira zomwe zinayambitsidwa ndi fMRI. Ntchito yokhudzana ndi chilakolako chofuna kukondweretsa inapezeka mu hippocampus, insula, ndi malo otukuka, magawo atatu omwe akufotokozedwanso kuti akukhudzidwa ndi chilakolako cha mankhwala, pothandizira kugwirizana kwa gawo la chakudya ndi zilakolako za mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Mu kafukufuku waposachedwa, akuyang'ana pa neural correlates ya mankhwala osokoneza bongo kumalo opuma ndi magwero a EEG omwe amapezeka, maminiti asanu pambuyo pa kukoma kwa chokoleti ya milk choke, odwala omwe ali ndi zizindikiro zitatu zowonjezera zakudya zimasonyeza kuwonjezeka kwa mphamvu ya delta pakati Greyrus (Brodmann Area [BA] 8) komanso gyrus yoyenera (BA 9), komanso mphamvu zapamtunda (BA 13) komanso gyrus yoyenera (BA 47). Kuwonjezera apo, poyerekeza ndi machitidwe, odwala omwe ali ndi zizindikiro zitatu zolimbitsa thupi akuwonetsa kuwonjezeka kwa kugwirizanitsa ntchito m'zipinda zapronto-parietal mu theta ndi alpha band. Kuwonjezeka kwa kugwirizanitsa ntchito kwabwino kunalumikizidwa bwino ndi chiwerengero cha zizindikiro zowonongeka. Kafukufukuyu adawonetsa kuti chizoloŵezi cha zakudya chili ndi zofanana zokhudzana ndi matenda ena okhudzana ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ndi zizindikiro zosokoneza bongo zomwe zimasonyeza njira zofanana za maganizo.

Cholinga cha phunziroli chinali kufufulira ngati anthu ovuta kwambiri omwe alibe chizoloŵezi cha zakudya ali ndi chizoloŵezi 'obesity neural brain ntchito ' komanso ngati, pogwiritsa ntchito mabuku apitayi, chizoloŵezi chosokoneza ubongo cha ubongo chikhoza kudziŵika pakati pa mowa woledzeretsedwa ndi zakudya zomwe anthu amamwa mowa.

Njira

Nkhani zofufuzira

Okalamba makumi awiri omwe ali ndi thanzi labwino komanso osankhidwa a 46 ophatikizidwapo anaphatikizidwa mu phunziroli. Ophunzira onse adatumizidwa kuchokera kumudzimo kudzera mu nyuzipepala. Kuphatikiza apo, tinasonkhanitsa deta kuchokera kwa anthu a 14 omwe anali ndi vuto loledzera mowa.

Opaleshoni

Onse omwe angakhalepo nawo anapezeka pa malo opangira kafukufuku kuti azitha kuyendera komanso kukapereka chidziwitso. Pulogalamu yophunzirayo inavomerezedwa ndi komiti ya South Health and Disability Ethics Komiti ya Yunivesite ya Otago (LRS / 11 / 09 / 141 / AM01) ndipo inachitika motsatira malangizo ovomerezeka. Chidziwitso chodziwika chinaperekedwa kwa onse omwe adagwira nawo ntchito. Zowonjezereka zoyenera zinali amuna kapena akazi omwe ali pakati pa 20 ndi zaka 65 ndi BMI 19-25 kg / m2 (gulu lowonda) kapena> 30 kg / m2 (gulu lolemera kwambiri). Ophunzirawo sanasankhidwe ngati ali ndi zovuta zina zomwe zimaphatikizapo matenda a shuga, malungo, matenda a mtima, matenda osokoneza bongo, matenda opatsirana pogwiritsa ntchito matenda (maganizo awo ngati adapezeka kuti ali ndi matenda a maganizo), kuvulazidwa kwa mutu kapenanso matenda ena onse. Ophunzira omwe sankalandirapo njira iliyonse yowonjezera kunenepa panthawi ya kusonkhanitsa deta. Ophunzira onse anali ndi miyeso ya anthropometric, kuunika kwa thupi, kupuma kwa magetsi komanso kusanthula thupi. Pambuyo pake, ophunzira omwe anakumana ndi ndondomeko zolowera ku chipatala atapita ku chipatala atatha msinkhu wofufuza za EEG, kusonkhanitsa magazi ndi mayankho a mafunso. Kuonjezera kwa odwala omwe ali chidakwa anali ophatikiza amuna ndi akazi pakati pa 20 ndi zaka 65 ndikukwaniritsa zofunikira zogonjera mowa malinga ndi DSM-IVr yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ndi kafukufuku wamaganizo. Kuonjezerapo, iwo adafunikanso kuwona zovuta zokhudzana ndi chilakolako chokhumba, amakhala ndi mankhwala osachepera amodzi, chithandizo chammbuyo ndi mankhwala amodzi odana ndi chilakolako, komanso osachepera amodzi omwe amatha kuchipatala. Odwala anali osasamala ngati anali ndi matenda a maganizo a psychotic kapena manic symptom, kuvulaza mutu wam'mbuyo kapena matenda ena onse ofunika. Izi zinachitika ndi kufunsa odwala ngati anali atapezeka kale ndi matenda aliwonse a matenda a maganizo.

Otsatira omwe anakumana ndi ndondomeko zowonjezereka adapezekapo pambuyo poyesa kumwa mowa kwa EEG kusanthula, kusonkhanitsa magazi ndi mayankho a mafunso.

Zotsatira za khalidwe ndi labu

Mayankho

Yale Food Addiction Scale

Wophunzira aliyense anamaliza Yale Food Addiction Scale yomwe ili ndi mafunso ovomerezeka okha, owongolera zizindikiro za DSM-IV zokhudzana ndi kudzidalira, kuti adziŵe anthu omwe ali pangozi yowononga zakudya, mosasamala kanthu za kulemera kwa thupi,,. Ngakhale pakalipano palibe chizindikiro chovomerezeka cha "chizoloŵezi cha zakudya", YFAS inalengedwa kuti ipeze anthu omwe amasonyeza zizindikiro zodalira zakudya zina. Zakudya zokhala ndi mphamvu zolimbitsa thupi makamaka zomwe zimazindikiritsidwa ndi YFAS zikuphatikizapo omwe ali ndi mafuta ambiri komanso shuga. YFAS ndi chida chovomerezeka pamaganizo chophatikizapo mafunso a 27 omwe amadziwika kudya zakudya zomwe zimafanana ndi makhalidwe omwe amapezeka m'madera ovuta kwambiri (2). Pogwiritsira ntchito pulogalamu yapamwamba ya scoring system tinayesa chiwerengero cha YFAS kuchokera ku 7 kwa ophunzira aliyense (2). Kugawidwa kwapakati kunagwiritsidwa ntchito pa YFAS kusiyanitsa magulu a kunenepa kwambiri. Otsatira omwe anali ndi zofanana zofanana (= 3) sanatengedwe. Ophunzira omwe ali ndi mapepala ochepa kuposa apakati aperekedwa ku gulu laling'ono la YFAS, mwachitsanzo, gulu lopanda kunenepa kwambiri (NFAO) koma omwe ali ndi mapepala apamwamba kusiyana ndi apakati aperekedwa ku gulu lapamwamba la YFAS, mwachitsanzo, oledzera gulu lolemera kwambiri (FAO).

Nambala yamatawerengero (NRS) kuchokera ku 0 mpaka ku 10 njala (Mumamva bwanji njala?); kukhutira (mumakhutitsidwa bwanji?); chidzalo (mumamva bwanji?); Kuyamikira (Kodi mukuganiza kuti mungadye pakali pano?); ndi chilakolako cha chakudya / kukhumba (mungakonde kudya chinachake pakali pano?).

BIS / BAS

Makhalidwe oletsa njira / njira zoyendera njira (BIS / BAS) masikelo anakhazikitsidwa kuti azindikire kusiyana pakati pa zochitika ziwiri zomwe zimayambitsa khalidwe. BIS imanenedwa kuti ikhale ndi zolinga zowopsya, zomwe cholinga chake ndicho kuchoka ku chinthu chosasangalatsa. MASEWERO amakhulupirira kuti zimayambitsa zolinga zokhutiritsa, zomwe cholinga chake ndi kupita ku chinthu chomwe chikafuna.

DEBQ

Ophunzirawo adamaliza kafukufuku wa funso la Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) mwa kuwonetsera kuchuluka kwa zomwe amadya chifukwa cha maganizo, zifukwa zowonjezera.

BES

Binge kudya kwambiri (BES) ndi mafunso omwe akuyesa kukhalapo kwa makhalidwe enaake odyera kudya omwe angasonyeze kuti akudya matenda.

Kuzindikira Chakudya

Kuzindikira chakudya kumayesedwa ndi mafunso okhudzana ndi kudya ndi kuwonetsa mphamvu zokhudzana ndi zomwe zili mkati ndikudziwitsidwa kwa organoleptic (mwachitsanzo, kuyamikira kuyamikira zotsatira za chakudya pazochitika zonse).

Mapulogalamu ndi maulendo oyendera

Zida zamagazi zidatumizidwa ku labotale ya Dunedin Public Hospital kuti ayese shuga, lipids ndi chiwindi ndi njira zowonetsera. Kuwongolera thupi kunayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) (Tanita MC-780 Multi Frequency Segmental Body Composition Analyzer). Mphamvu zowonjezera zogwiritsidwa ntchito zimayesedwa mwachindunji (calmimry, COSMED).

Kuyerekezera gulu

Kugawidwa kwapakati kunagwiritsidwa ntchito pa YFAS kusiyanitsa magulu a kunenepa kwambiri. Otsatira asanu ndi atatuwo anali ndi zofanana zofanana (= 3) ndipo sanasankhidwe. Ophunzira omwe ali ndi mapepala ochepa kuposa apakati aperekedwa ku gulu laling'ono la YFAS, mwachitsanzo, gulu lopanda kunenepa kwambiri (NFAO) koma omwe ali ndi mapepala apamwamba kusiyana ndi apakati aperekedwa ku gulu lapamwamba la YFAS, mwachitsanzo, oledzera gulu lolemera kwambiri (FAO). Olankhula ndi anthu omwe ali ndi 3 okha ndiwo adakwaniritsa zofunikira zokhudzana ndi kudya zakudya, mwachitsanzo, katatu kapena kuposa zisanu ndi ziwiri za DSM-IV-R komanso chimodzi mwa zinthu ziwiri zofunika kwambiri (kuwonongeka kapena kuvutika) (Gearhardt, Corbin et al.).

Kuyerekeza kunapangidwa pakati pa oonda, otsika YFAS ndi magulu a YFAS apamwamba kwa mafunso osiyanasiyana pogwiritsa ntchito MANOVA. Monga wodalira amatha mafunso onse omwe anaphatikizidwa mu chitsanzo chimodzi monga momwe adatchulidwira Gulu 1. Zosintha zodziyimira pawokha zinali gulu (lowonda, low YFAS ndi mkulu YFAS). Kuwongolera kufananitsa kambiri kudagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito kukonza kwa Bonferroni (p <0.05) kufananitsa magulu atatuwa. Tidaphatikizanso zaka zosinthika monga covariate yowongolera zomwe tapeza pazaka.

Gulu 1  

Chiwerengero cha chiwerengero cha anthu, chiwerengero cha ma laboratory ndi ma laboratory kwa magulu oonda ndi opepuka.

Tinachita kafukufuku wogwiritsa ntchito deta komanso zamankhwala, komanso chakudya chokhudzana ndi matenda okhudzana ndi kunenepa kwambiri (onani Matebulo 1 ndi And2) 2) kumathandizidwa ndikupumula zochitika muubongo wa EEG pagulu la onenepa kwambiri (BMI> 30 kg / m2anthu (n = 38) ndi otsika (n = 18) ndi apamwamba (n = 20) YFAS amawayerekeza ndi kuwayerekeza ndi gulu lachidziwitso chopanda chizoloŵezi (n = 20), pogwiritsira ntchito zojambula za EEG zomwe zimapezeka.

Gulu 2  

Kufufuza mafunso kumaphatikizapo: Zimatanthauza zambiri ndi zosiyana.

Kuwonjezera apo, kuti tiwone ngati mapikidwe apamwamba a YFAS amasonyezadi mankhwala osokoneza bongo omwe timawayerekezera magulu apamwamba ndi otsika a YFAS kupita ku gulu la anthu osokoneza mowa omwe amamwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo (n = 13), kufunafuna mchitidwe wogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, komanso neural magawo a zakudya ndi zakumwa za mowa.

Kusagwirizana pakati pa kuledzera kwa zakudya ndi kudya mowa kwambiri

Poona kulumikizana komwe kumadziwika pakati pa kusuta ndi Binge Eating (BES> 17), kusanthula kwamayendedwe kunachitika pakati pa YFAS ndi BES. Kuphatikiza apo, gulu la BES lidagawika m'magulu apamwamba a BES (> 17) ndi otsika a BES ndipo izi zinali zogwirizana ndi gulu la YFAS (otsika motsutsana ndi otsika a YFAS).

Kusokoneza magetsi

Kusonkhanitsa kwa Dongosolo la EEG

Dongosolo la EEG linapezedwa ngati ndondomeko yoyenera. Zolembazo zinapezeka mu chipinda chowonekera bwino ndi wophunzira aliyense atakhala pa mpando waung'ono koma womasuka. Zojambula zenizenizo zinatenga pafupifupi mphindi zisanu. EEG idasankhidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ampitsulo a Mitsar-201 (NovaTech http://www.novatecheeg.com/) ndi makina a 19 omwe anaikidwa motsatira ndondomeko ya 10-20 International (FP1, FP2, F7, F3, T4, C8, CX, C7, T3, P4, P8, PX, P7, P3, O4 , O8). Ophunzirawo adasiya kumwa mowa maola 1 asanayambe kujambula ma EEG ndi zakumwa za khofi pa tsiku lolembera kuti asatenge kusintha kwa EEG kapena kuchepa kwa mphamvu ya caffeine,. Kuonetsetsa kwa ophunzirawo kunayang'aniridwa ndi magawo a EEG monga kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha alpha kapena maonekedwe a ziboda monga kugona kumasonyezedwa mu mphamvu ya theta. Zomwe zinkayendetsedwa zinali kuyang'aniridwa ndi 5 kΩ. Deta inasonkhanitsidwa maso otsekedwa (sampling rate = 500 Hz, gulu loperekedwa 0.15-200 Hz). Deta yam'ndandanda yamasukiti idasinthidwanso ku 128 Hz, band-pass filtered muzithunzi 2-44 Hz ndipo kenaka inasinthidwa ku Eureka! software, amalinganiza ndi kuyang'anitsitsa mosamala kuti asamangidwe. Zithunzi zonse zomwe zimaphatikizapo maso kuphatikizapo diso, kugwedeza kwa diso, kutsekemera kwa mano, kuthamanga kwa thupi, kapena chombo cha ECG chinachotsedwa pamtunda wa EEG. Kuphatikiza apo, kufufuza kwachindunji china (ICA) chinachitidwa kuti chitsimikizire ngati zida zonse zidachotsedwa. Kuti tifufuze zotsatira za kukanidwa kwa ICA, timagwirizanitsa mawonedwe amphamvu ndi njira ziwiri: (1) pambuyo pa kukanidwa kwa maonekedwe okha, ndi (2) pambuyo pa kukanidwa kwa ICA. Mphamvu yamtundu wa delta (2-3.5 Hz), theta (4-7.5 Hz), alpha1 (8-10 Hz), alpha2 (10-12 Hz), beta1 (13-18 Hz), beta 2-18.5 Hz ), beta21 (3-21.5 Hz) ndi magulu a XMA (30-30.5 Hz),, sanasonyeze kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa njira ziwirizi. Motero tinali otsimikiza pofotokozera zotsatira za deta yolongosola zizindikiro ziwiri, zomwe zimakanidwa ndi kukanidwa kwapadera komanso zina zotsutsa zokhazokha. Matrix a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya Fourier anawerengedwa kwa magulu asanu ndi atatu.

Gwero lakumidzi

Kuyimira ubongo wotsimikizika wa ubongo wamagetsi (sLORETA,) ankagwiritsidwa ntchito kulingalira za magetsi omwe amatha kupanga magulu asanu ndi awiri a BSS. Monga mwambo wodalirika wamba wowonjezera kutembenuzidwa ikuchitidwa musanagwiritse ntchito algorithm ya SLORETA. sLORETA imagwiritsa ntchito magetsi a neuronal monga mphamvu yamakono (A / m2) popanda kuganizira chiwerengero choyambirira cha magwero ogwira ntchito. Malo osokonekera omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu phunziro lino ndi maulendo oyendetsa magulu omwe amayanjanitsidwa ndi omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito pulogalamu ya LORETA-Key (yomasuka pa http://www.uzh.ch/keyinst/loreta.htm). Pulogalamuyi imagwiritsanso ntchito mapulogalamu ofunika kwambiri omwe amagwiritsa ntchito magetsi (Jurcak et al. 2007) ndi munda wotsogolera wopangidwa ndi Fuchs et al. kugwiritsa ntchito njira ya malire pa MNI-152 (Montreal neurological institute, Canada) template ya Mazziotta et al.,. SlORETA-key anatomical template igawanika ndipo imatchula kuti neocortical (kuphatikizapo hippocampus ndi anterior cingulate cortex) MNI-152 voliyumu mu 6,239 voxels of dimension 5 mm3, pogwiritsa ntchito zowonongeka zobweretsedwa ndi Demon Atlas,. Kulembetsa kolembera kumagwiritsira ntchito kumasulira kolondola kuchokera ku malo a MNI-152 kupita ku Talairach ndi Tournoux danga.

Kusanthula kwagwirizano

Njira yomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa SLORETA zilembo sizowonjezera. Zachokera pa kulingalira, kudzera mwazinthu zowonjezereka, zowonjezereka kufalitsa kwa chiwerengero chachikulu, pansi pa nthano zosagwirizana ndi null. Njira imeneyi imakonzekera kuyesedwa kosiyanasiyana (mwachitsanzo, pofuna kusonkhanitsa mayesero omwe amachitikira voxels onse, ndi ma frequency onse). Chifukwa cha mtundu wosasinthika wa njirayi, zenizeni zake sizidalira lingaliro lililonse la Gaussian. Mapu osiyana siyana a SORORETA anawerengedwera poyerekezera ndi ma voxel-vo-voxel ambiri. Chofunika kwambiri chinali chokhazikitsidwa ndi mayeso ovomerezeka ndi ziwalo za 5000. Mgwirizano amawerengedwa chifukwa cha mowa, otsika YFAS ndi magulu a YFAS omwe ali ndi chilakolako, njala, chidzalo ndi zidziwitso.

Kusonkhanitsa kusanthula

Kuphatikiza pa kulinganitsa kwa gulu pakati pa otsika YFAS ndi high YFAS, mkulu YFAS ndi mowa omwe adakali nawo omwe timagwiritsidwa ntchito mowa tinayanjananso,,,. Kusanthula kwachilumikizidwe kumatanthawuza 'chigwirizano chogwirizanitsa' kwa ntchito ziwiri kapena zambiri / zochitika pofufuza malo omwe athandizidwa pa kuchotsa pawokha,,,. Friston et al. Anasonyezanso kuti ngakhale kugwirizanitsa kwakukulu kumagwiritsidwa ntchito mkati mwa chikhalidwe cha gulu, lingagwiritsidwe ntchito pakati pa magulu ndipo linagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mapepala ena atsopano,. Tinasankha kuchotsa mafano a gulu loonda kwambiri kuchokera ku YFAS ndi a YFAS, a YFAS komanso a anthu omwe amamwa mowa mwauchidakwa kotero kuti ntchito yokhayo yokhayokha (ntchito yomwe inachoka pazinthu zabwino) imakhalabe yotsika kwambiri YFAS ndi high YFAS, high YFAS ndi moledzeretsa mowa gulu limodzi. Kuchokera pa zithunzi za onse otsika YFAS ndi a high YFAS, a high YFAS ndi omwe amamwa mowa, tinayambitsa chiwonetsero kuti tiwone zomwe zimafanana.

Results

Zotsatira za makhalidwe

YFAS

Kuyerekeza pakati pa wathanzi, wotsika komanso wapamwamba YFAS kumasonyeza kusiyana kwakukulu (F = 104.18, p <0.001) kuwonetsa kuti gulu lowonda ndi otsika a YFAS samasiyana wina ndi mnzake, koma kuti magulu onsewa amasiyana ndi gulu lapamwamba la YFAS (Gulu 3). Tikayang'ana zosiyana siyana za YFAS, kugwiritsira ntchito chakudya, nthawi yomwe timadya pa chakudya, chiwonongeko cha anthu, zizindikiro za kuchotsedwa ndi zakudya zokhudzana ndi zakudya zimakhala zosiyana kwambiri ndi YFAS kuchokera kumunsi otsika a YFAS. Komabe, gulu lapamwamba la YFAS silisiyana ndi otsika YFAS ndi gulu loonda la subscales ntchito yopitilizabe ngakhale zovuta ndi kulekerera. Pazigawo zilizonse zomwe zimakhala zochepa zimakhala zosiyana kwambiri ndi maphunziro a YFAS. Gulu 3 amapereka mwachidule mwachidule.

Gulu 3  

YFAS amawombola kwa magulu oonda ndi opepuka.

Kusagwirizana pakati pa kuledzera kwa zakudya ndi kudya mowa kwambiri

Malipiro a YFAS a gulu lonse lomwe limalumikizidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa BES (r = 0.50, p <0.01) (Gulu 4). Kwa gulu lotsika la YFAS palibe kulumikizana kwakukulu komwe kunapezeka (r = 0.18, p <0.05) (Gulu 4), pagulu lapamwamba la YFAS kulumikizana kwakukulu kunapezeka (r = 0.56, p <0.05) (Gulu 4).

Gulu 4  

Pearson Correlation pakati pa mafunso osiyanasiyana.

Chiwerengero cha chiwerengero cha anthu, anthropometric ndi laboratory

Kuyerekeza pakati pa magulu otsika ndi apamwamba a YFAS kumasonyeza phenotype wamba. Magulu onsewa sangathe kupatulidwa pogwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku wamagetsi (F = 0.89, p = 0.572), zizindikiro zofunika (F = 0.75, p = 0.532), kulemera ndi njira zina za anthropometric (F = 1.17, p = 0.342) kuphatikiza mafuta amthupi (F = 0.66, p = 0.684), kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zopumula (F = 0.77, p = 0.387). Magulu onse onenepa anali osiyana kwambiri ndi gulu lowonda. Odwala omwe amamwa mowa amakhala ndi thupi lolemera, kutalika ndi BMI. Malingaliro awo anali 8.32 / 10 ndipo mayeso awo ozindikiritsa vuto la kumwa mowa (audit) alama 36.21 (wamba <20). Mwawona Gulu 2 kwachidule.

Mayankho

Gulu laling'ono ndi lapamwamba la YFAS lipoti likuti ali ndi njala yochuluka yomwe gulu loonda. Gulu lapamwamba la YFAS limanenetsa kuti amamva mokwanira kuposa a YFAS ndi gulu loonda. Palibe kusiyana kwakukulu komwe kunawonetsedwa kuti ndikhutira, kuyamikira ndi chakudya chokhumba. Palezidenti la BIS / BAS, gulu lapamwamba la YFAS limalemba malipiro apamwamba kusiyana ndi otsika YFAS ndi gulu loonda pa BIS, koma osati pa BAS. Pazigawo zitatu zosiyana za DEBQ zakhala zikupezeka. Pomwe gulu la "YFAS" limagwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza komanso gulu lapamwamba la YFAS linalemba mapepala apamwamba poyerekeza ndi gulu loonda, koma sizimasiyana. Pulogalamu ya 'kunja' imasonyeza kuti maphunziro apamwamba a YFAS ali ndi mapepala apamwamba kuposa onse a YFAS ndi nkhani zoonda, koma gulu laling'ono la YFAS liri ndi chiwerengero chochepa kusiyana ndi gulu loponda ndi lapamwamba la YFAS. Zomwe zimapangitsa kuti 'maganizo' aziwonetseratu zimasonyeza kusiyana pakati pa gulu la YFAS ndi zonse zochepa za YFAS ndi nkhani zoonda. Kuwonjezera apo, gulu lapamwamba la YFAS liri ndi mapepala apamwamba pa kudya Binge ndi Kuzindikira Chakudya poyerekeza ndi otsika YFAS ndi gulu loonda. Kuwunikira kwa chakudya kunasiyana kwambiri pakati pa gulu la pansi la YFAS ndi gulu loonda. Gulu 3 imasonyeza chidule cha zotsatira. Kuphatikiza apo Gulu 4 imasonyeza mgwirizano pakati pa mafunso osiyana siyana gulu lonse, otsika ndi lapamwamba la YFAS, mosiyana.

Kusokoneza magetsi

Chigwirizano chikuyesa

Gulu lonse

Kukambirana kwathunthu kwa ubongo ndi YFAS kunawonetsa mgwirizano wabwino kwambiri ndi rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC) ya theta (r = 0.23, p = 0.041) ndi beta3 (r = 0.22, p = 0.041) mafupipafupi (Chith. 1).

Chithunzi 1  

Kukambirana kwathunthu kwa ubongo ndi YFAS kunawonetsa mgwirizano wofunika kwambiri ndi (A) rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC) ya theta (r = 0.23, p = 0.041) ndi (B) beta3 (r = 0.22, ...
Gulu la Low YFAS

Kufufuza kwa mgwirizano kwa ubongo wonse ndi njala adawonetsa zotsatira zazikulu za theta ndi beta1 ndi beta2 frequency band. Njala zambiri zimagwirizanitsa bwino ndi maulendo a mpumulo a EEG ntchito yolemba malo osungirako zizindikiro komanso ma caltex (r = 0.69, p = 0.0007) (Fanizo la 2A) ndipo limagwirizanitsa ntchito yoipa ndi beta1 gawo la EEG chochita kumalo osokoneza bongo (dACC) (r = -0.49, p = 0.019) (Fanizo la 2B). Kugwirizana kolakwika kwa ntchito ya BEKEUMX yopuma ya EEG mu EEG ntchito yamtundu wakuda wamtambo (rACC) ndi yotsalira (r = -2, p = 0.022) imapezekanso (Fanizo la 2C). Palibe zotsatira zogwirizana ndi delta, alpha1, alpha2, beta3 ndi bandma frequency band. Mgwirizano wabwino unapezeka pakati pa malingaliro a chidzalo ndi ntchito ya 3 mu cortex yosakanikirana (PCC), mpaka kufika pamakina ochepa kwambiri (r = 0.52, p = 0.013) (onani Fanizo la 2D) komanso pogwiritsa ntchito gamma m'kanyumba kake kameneka (pgACC) (r = 0.61, p = 0.004) (Chifaniziro). Chigwirizano chogwirizana chinapezeka pakati kuzindikira chakudya ndi zochitika za atala mu rACC ndi setiosensory cortex (r = 0.44, p = 0.034) (Fanizo la 2F). Kuphatikiza kolakwika kunapezedwa ndi zochitika za beta1 mu pgACC (r = -0.90, p <0.00001) (Fanizo la 2G). Kuphatikizanso, kusagwirizana kolakwika kunayesedwa ndi ntchito ya beta2 mu dACC komanso subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) yopita ku amygdala (r = -0.73, p = 0.0003) (Fanizo la 2H). Komanso, kugwirizana kolakwika kunapezeka (buluu) ndi ntchito ya gamma mu dACC ndi PCC (r = -0.61, p = 0.004) (Fanizo la XUMUMI). Palibe zotsatira zina zofunikira zomwe zinapezeka. Palibe zotsatira zomwe zinadziwika pakati pa ntchito za ubongo ndi njala yaikulu kwa gulu laling'ono la YFAS.

Chithunzi 2  

(AKusanthula kwagwirizanitsidwe kwa anthu osagwidwa ndi zakudya zopanda thanzi. Njala zambiri zimagwirizanitsa bwino ndi maulendo a mpumulo a EEG ntchito yotchedwa EEG chochita posungira malo osungirako ziweto komanso kalotex yotsalira (r = 0.69, p = 0.0007). (B) Kulumikizana ...
Gulu la High YFAS

Kugwirizana kwakukulu kunadziwika pakati njala zambiri ndi gamma band pakali pano mu rACC yomwe ikukwera mpaka kumalo osungirako makondomu (dmPFC) (r = 0.56, p = 0.005) (Fanizo la 2J). Palibe zotsatira zapadera zomwe zinadziwika ku delta, theta, alpha1, alpha2, beta1, beta2 ndi mabanki a beta3. Palibe mgwirizano wofunikira pakati pa ntchito za ubongo ndi njala, chidzalo ndi zidziwitso.

Mowa wauchidakwa gulu

Kugwirizana kwakukulu kunazindikirika pakati pa mowa wolakalaka zambiri ndi gamma band pakali pano kuti rACC ifike mu dmPFC (r = 0.72, p = 0.002) (Chith. 3).

Chithunzi 3  

Kusinkhasinkha kwapakati pakati pa mowa umafuna zambiri ndi gamma band panopa (r = 0.72, p = 0.002).

Kusonkhanitsa kusanthula

Kuwonetseratu kugwirizanitsa ntchito zapadera pakati pa magulu apamwamba ndi otsika a YFAS kumapanga ntchito ya beta2 mu sgACC, pgACC, parahippocampal, malo ochepa otsika komanso ozungulira (Z = 1.99, p = 0.023) (Fanizo la 4A) ndi ntchito ya gamma mu PCC yomwe ikulowera ku precuneus ndi cuneus (Z = 1.99, p = 0.023) (Fanizo la 4B). Ntchito yothandizira yothandizira pafupipafupi ya beta2 inapezeka m'madera a RACC / dmPFC pakati pa a YFAS ndi a YFAS ochepa (Z = -2.03, p = 0.021) (Fanizo la 4A).

Chithunzi 4  

(A) Kusonkhanitsa kusanthula kwa beta2 gulu ntchito yowonongeka pakati pa zakudya zomwe anthu omwe amadwala kwambiri (YFAS) ndi anthu omwe sali chakudya chambiri (otsika YFAS). Chifiira chimayimira kupatuka kwakukulu kuchokera ku zowonongeka zowonongeka zomwe sizinayende bwino zomwe zimakhala zowonjezereka kwambiri ...

Kusanthula pakati pa gulu lapamwamba la YFAS ndi gulu loledzeretsa mowa linasonyeza zotsatira zenizeni ku bandida ya alpha1 mu ACC / dmPFC ndi precuneus (Z = 2.24, p = 0.013) (Fanizo la 4C) komanso ntchito ya alpha2 ku sgACC ndi orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) komanso nthawi ya fusiform / parahippocampal) (Z = 2.78, p = 0.003) (Fanizo la 4D). Palibe zotsatira zooneka pakati pa magulu a YFAS ndi gulu loledzeretsa mowa.

Kukambirana

Zotsatira izi zikusonyeza kuti mapikidwe apamwamba a YFAS akuimira chikhalidwe choledzera. Kusanthula komweku kunasonyeza kuti gulu lapamwamba la YFAS ndi gulu loledzeretsa mowa limagwirizanitsa ubongo wamagulu, osati m'magulu otsika a YFAS. Nthenda yotchedwa visualized neural substrate imatengedwa ngati imayendetsedwa m'madera onse awiri a YFAS komanso mowa mwauchidakwa chifukwa chochotsa ubongo kuchokera ku gulu lopanda thanzi labwino. Matendawa amachititsa kuti thupi likhale lopweteka kwambiri, limaphatikizapo kapangidwe kake kameneka kamene kamakhala koyambirira, kamene kamakhala kogwiritsirana kameneka kamene kamakhala mkati mwake.. Kafukufuku wakale wa FMRI wasonyeza kuti ziwerengero za YFAS zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi ntchito zomwe zimachitika mu RACC ndi mOFC kutanthauza kuti madera a ubongowa akumvera chakudya. Zotsatira zathu zikuwonetsa kuti amakhalanso ogwira ntchito muzotsalira poyerekeza ndi kafukufuku wapadziko lapansi wa LORETA EEG. Potero kumwa mowa ndi zakudya kungakhale, kupatulapo maselo, maonekedwe ndi makhalidwe, gwiritsaninso gawo lodziwika bwino la chiwalo cha ubongo pazochitika zazikulu za ubongo.

Magulu awiri a YFAS, omwe ali ndi phenotype wamba, amatha kunenepa kwambiri, ndipo sangathe kupatulidwa pogwiritsa ntchito kayendedwe ka zinthu zakuthambo, zizindikiro zofunika, kulemera ndi zina zomwe zimaphatikizapo kuphatikizapo mafuta a thupi, kupuma kwa magetsi, kapena kulingalira kwa chakudya chokwanira kupatula kulingalira kwathunthu (Gulu 2). TKufanana kwake ndi chidziwitso kumagwirizanitsa ndi zomwe zimachitika m'maganizo a "ubongo wa ubongo" zomwe zimagwiridwa ndi magulu otsika ndi apamwamba a YFAS. Kusanthula (kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa oonda) kunasonyeza ntchito yowonongeka yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa subgenual ndi pgACC, ndi ntchito ya gamma m'kati mwa PCC yomwe imadutsa mu precuneus ndi cuneus, komanso kuphatikizapo beta ntchito m'dera la parahippocampal komanso malo ochepa omwe ali otsika kwambiri. Makhalidwe amenewa amapanga njira yosasinthika, yomwe ikuphatikizidwa pokonza zodzidzimva komanso zofuna za thupi. Komabe, n'zodabwitsa kuti magawo osiyanasiyana a mafilimu osasinthika akupanga mauthenga osiyanasiyana pafupipafupi. Zatsimikiziridwa kuti mawonekedwe osayenerera a mawonekedwe ali ndi 3 subnetworks. Chigawo chimodzi chimaphatikizapo pgACC / vmPFC ndipo ndizofunikira kwambiri pa malo omwe amalandira chidziwitso chochokera kumayiko akunja ndi thupi, ndipo amachita ngati chidziwitso chodziwika bwino ndi khalidwe la chikhalidwe cha anthu, kusintha kwa maganizo, ndi kuyendetsa galimoto. Gawo limeneli mwa anthu olemera kwambiri limasokoneza pazinthu zamagetsi, zomwe zikuphatikizapo maulosi osamveka ndi chikhalidwe chomwe chikugwiritsidwa ntchito. Pakuphatikiza izi mu lingaliro laposachedwa la kusintha kwa khalidwe momwe pgACC ikulingalira kudalirika kwa khalidwe lamakono, izi zikhoza kuganiza kuti mwa anthu ovuta kwambiri pgACC iwerengetsa kuti dziko lolemera kwambiri ndilololandira. PCC / Precuneus amasokoneza ntchito ya gamma. Zochitika za Gamma zakhudzana ndi zolakwika zolosera, kapena m'mawu ena, kusintha, ndipo PCC / precuneus ndizitsulo zazikulu zomwe zimachokera payekha, mawonekedwe osasintha. Zingaganize kuti PCC / Precuneus ikukonzanso maumboni, mwachitsanzo, kulamulira allostasis, kupyolera muzinthu zowonongeka zowonongeka. Allostasis yakhala yovuta kwambiri, komanso kunenepa kwambiri (zakudya zowonjezera). M'dera la parahippocampal komanso malo osungirako anthu ochepa omwe amakhalapo pakati pa peresenti ya beta ndi gamma alipo. Parahippocampal ikuphatikizidwa m'kukonzekera kwachidule,, pomwe malo ochepa otsika mtengo amathandizira pa multimodal sensory integration center. Kuphatikizana kwa Beta / gamma kunalumikizidwa ndi zosayenera. Wina angaganize kuti ntchito ya beta ndi gamma m'maderawa ndi ofanana ndi kusagwiritsidwa ntchito (kuchotsa zosokoneza chakudya) mu multimodal sensory m'deralo ndipo osayikamo. Potero anthu okhwima zakudya zowonjezera zimatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwadongosolo la decontextualized ,. mwachitsanzo, mosaganizira za momwe chakudya chingakhalire chovuta. Komabe, kusiyana kwakukulu kunayambanso pakati pa magulu otsika ndi apamwamba a YFAS. Kusanthula kwa pakati pa YFAS ndi magulu akuluakulu a YFAS kunapangitsa kuti anthu asamagwirizane ndi mabungwe omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa RACC / dmPFC. Kusiyana kumeneku kumakhala kovuta kwambiri pakuyanjanitsa mgwirizano ndi njala. Njala yowonjezereka ikugwirizana ndi kukula kwa ntchito za gamma mu rACC / dmPFC ku gulu lapamwamba la YFAS, lofanana ndi dera la RACC lomwe likugwirizana ndi chilakolako chowonjezeka cha mowa (Chith. 1 pakati, S1C-D). Malo omwewo amathandizidwa ndi zakudya zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala ndi chikhumbo, mwa anthu omwe ali ndi maphunziro apamwamba a YFAS mu maphunziro a fMRI. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, mu njala yochepa ya gulu la YFAS inasonyeza kusagwirizana kosagwirizana ndi ntchito yomwe ili m'dera lomwelo la RACC. Kafukufuku wakale wasonyeza kuti rACC imakhudzidwa ndi chikhumbo cha mowa, komanso zofuna za mankhwala osayenera. Zomwe timapeza zimasonyeza kuti zimakhudzidwa ndi chilakolako cha chakudya. Kusiyana, ngakhale sikofunikira, muzochitika mu ACC pakati pa anthu onenepa omwe ali ndi apamwamba (> 3) motsutsana ndi otsika (≤2) zizolowezi zakudya zidanenedwapo kale. Zomwe anapeza kuchokera ku phunziro lino zikhoza kufotokoza chifukwa chake maphunziro apamwamba a kalembedwe ka nthendayi akutsutsa zotsatira.

ACC inakhazikitsidwa mbali yochititsa chidwi kwambiri ya ubongo chifukwa cha zambiri zomwe zimaperekedwa ntchito,, Kusintha kwalakwika kwa Bayesian, chiyimire cha zofunikira zoyenera kukhazikitsa homeostatic kulingalira, ndi kuyendetsa zoyenera zoyankha machitidwe. Kafukufukuyu akusonyeza kuti mu gulu la YFAS lapamwamba, pakhala kuwonjezeka kopanda chakudya, kukumbitsa chilakolako chodya.

Njala mu gulu la NFAO limagwirizanitsa bwino ndi kuwonjezeka kwachitetezo chachitetezo kumalo otayika kumbuyo kwake, malo omwe amachititsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kuziwona, komanso mbali yotsalira yomwe imakhalapo, yomwe imathandizira kumva komanso kumvetsetsa m'mimba.,. Mosiyana ndi njala, njala imagwirizanitsa ndi beta ntchito ku insula yam'mbali ya kumanzere, yomwe ikuphatikizidwa pokonza zokhudzana ndi chidziwitso kuchokera ku posterior insula kudzera pazomwe zimayambitsa mantha. Izi zikusonyeza kuti kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwachisokonezo ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mauthenga a visceral mu insula akuphatikizidwa mu gulu ili. Ndiko kuyesa kulingalira kuti kukana ndi chizindikiro cha homeostatic kungakhale chifukwa cha izi. Maphunziro ena amafunikanso kufufuzira izi.

Zingatheke bwanji kutsutsana ndi ntchito ya boma mu dACC chifukwa cha zovuta zofanana ndi zina? Ngakhale kuti palibe kufotokozera komabe kulipo, zimayesa kulingalira kuti njira ya ubongo ya Bayesi ingagwire ntchito, popeza gawoli lagwirizana ndi kuphulika kolakwika ndi kulosera za ku Bayesian,. Pakati pa gulu la YFAS vuto linalake la kuwerengera zolakwika likhoza kuyendetsa chilakolako cha zakudya zomwe zimayambitsa kunenepa kwambiri, zofanana ndi zomwe zaperekedwa ku mowa ndi zina zoledzeretsa. Komabe, mu gulu laling'ono la YFAS, timaganiza kuti zotsatira zochepa za chizindikiro cha visceral zimabweretsa kuwerengera kolakwika.

Zimadziwika kuti kumwa mowa ndi kudya mowa kwambiri kumadya correlate kwambiri (r = 0.78) (Imperatori, Innamorati et al. 2014) komanso kuti mgwirizano pakati pa kugwiritsira ntchito zakudya zamagulu ndi matenda a psychopathology umagwirizanitsa ndi kudya mowa kwambiri m'zipatala (Imperatori, Innamorati et al. 2014). Ndipo ndithudi tikuwona mgwirizano pakati pa YFAS ndi BES. Komabe chifukwa cha chiwerengero chochepa cha anthu omwe ali ndi zakudya zowonongeka (n = 3) ndi odyera kwenikweni (n = 2), phunziroli silingatsimikizire izi pofufuza. Inde, pamene ubongo umagwirizanitsidwa ndi njala, kukhutira, chidzalo, kuyamikira ndi chiwerengero cha chikhumbo cha chakudya, m'magulu awiri otsika ndi apamwamba a YFAS izi sizinagwirizane ndi chiwerengero cha BES. Uku ndiko kufooka kwa phunziro lino. Komabe, n'zosangalatsa kuti m'gulu lomwe mulibe matenda a psychopathology kusiyana kwa matenda a neurophysiological angapezeke pakati pa pansi ndi yapamwamba YFAS, yomwe sichidziwika pakati pa gulu limodzi. Izi zikusonyeza kuti ngakhale gulu lino lokhala ndi YFAS lingawonetseke kuti liyimira nthumwi ya psychopathologically chakudya omwe amamwa mankhwala, kuti mu gulu lomwe palibe matenda a matenda aumphawi pali kusiyana pakati pa otsika ndi apamwamba a YFAS, ndipo pali gulu lomwe liribe matenda opatsirana maganizo omwe akadalibe ali ndi magetsi ochuluka omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mozunguza, pakakhala vutoli mowa.

Kufooka kwa phunziro ndiko kuti zofufuza za EEG zingakhale zogwirizana chabe. Koma chifukwa cha kuwonjezera pa 'mankhwala osokoneza bongo', pakati pa mowa ndi zakudya zolimbitsa thupi pali umboni wina wosonyeza kuti udindo wa dACC kulakalaka kungakhale kosavuta. Zoonadi, pa nkhaniyi pogwiritsa ntchito kachilombo kawiri ka TMS komwe kakukambidwa ndi DACC, adawonetseratu kuti ma ARV angapangitse kuchepa kwa masabata (2-3) kulakalaka mowa. Kuwonjezera apo, mu lipoti lotsatirako nkhani ya electrode inakhazikitsidwa pa dACC ya mowa woledzera wodwalayo kuti athetse yankho losatha la mowa wake, ndi zotsatira zabwino zamuyaya. Izi zikusonyeza kuti dACC ikhoza kukhala yowonjezereka mu kukakamiza chilakolako cha anthu onse, monga momwe tawonera kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu akuyang'ana pa neural correlate ya chikhumbo kudutsa zinthu zosiyanasiyana zozunza.

Kufooka kwina kwa kuphunzira ndikuti kokha mwachindunji cha chilakolako chakuthupi cha chakudya chinagwiritsidwa ntchito, mwachitsanzo, chilakolako cha zakudya (Kodi mungakonde kudya chinachake pakali pano?). Ngakhale chilakolako cha chakudya ndi chilakolako chachikulu chofuna kudya ndi kudya, kawirikawiri chilakolako cha chakudya ndi chikhumbo chofuna kudya chakudya (makamaka chokoleti), ndipo chimasiyana ndi njala yeniyeni.

Gawo lachitatu la phunziroli ndikutsimikizika kochepa komwe kumapezeka kumeneku chifukwa chokhala ndi masensa ochepa (19 electrodes) ndi kusowa kwazithunzi zapamwamba zowonongeka. Izi ndi zokwanira kuti zitsitsimwenso zowonjezeredwa komabe zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kumalo komwe zimapezeka komanso zimachepetsa kutentha kwapadera, kotero kuti kufotokozera kwapadera kwa pulogalamuyi kuli kochepa kwambiri kuposa momwe zimakhalira ndi MRI. Komabe, tomography sLORETA yakhala ikuvomerezeka kwambiri kuchokera ku maphunziro ophatikiza LORETA ndi njira zina zowakhazikika, monga Maginito Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI),, zomangamanga MRI, Positron Emission Tomography (PET),, ndipo anagwiritsidwa ntchito m'maphunziro apitalo kuti azindikire ntchito zochitika mu kacisi,,. Kuwonjezera apo LORETA yotsimikiziridwa yakhala ikugwirizana ndi kuvomereza ngati choonadi chenicheni zomwe zapeza zomwe zimapezeka kuchokera kumalo osakanikirana, omwe amapangidwira, momwemo pali maphunziro angapo mu khunyu, ndi ERPs zamaganizo. Ndikoyenera kutsimikiziranso kuti zida zakuya ngati chigoba choyambirira, ndi mesial temporal lobes Zitha kukhala bwino ndi njira izi. Komabe, kufufuza kwina kungapangitse malo osamveka bwino ndi olondola pogwiritsa ntchito EEG yapamwamba kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, ma electrode a 128 kapena 256) ndi mafanizo a mutu wapadera, ndi zolemba za MEG.

Pomalizira, timasonyeza kuti mwa anthu okhwima, ngakhale kuti ndi zofanana ndi zochitika za phenotypic, pali njira ziwiri za sayansi zomwe zimakhala ndi pathophysiologic. Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu pakati pa magulu awiri ovutawa kumagwirizana ndi zochita zosiyana za dACC. Palinso kufanana kwakukulu pakati pa chakudya ndi mowa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mowa mwauchidakwa omwe amasonyeza kuti mapikidwe apamwamba a YFAS amasonyeza kuti ali ndi matenda osokoneza bongo okhudzana ndi zakudya komanso ndi njira zofanana zogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala oledzera. Zotsatira zathu zimasonyezanso kuti mankhwala opatsirana kunenepa kwambiri, monga mankhwala kapena neuromodulation, ayenera kukhala payekhapayekha pogwiritsa ntchito matenda a neurobiological pathophysiology.

Zina Zowonjezera

Mmene mungatchulire nkhaniyi: De Ridder, D. et al. Ubongo, kunenepa kwambiri ndi chizolowezi: Kuphunzira kwa EEG kusaganizira. Sci. Rep. 6, 34122; yani: 10.1038 / srep34122 (2016).

Mawu a M'munsi

 

Zopereka za Wolemba DDR: kuphunzira zojambula, kulembedwa pamanja. PM: kujambula kuphunzira, zolembedwa pamanja. SLL: kusonkhanitsa deta, kulembedwa pamanja. SR: Kusonkhanitsa deta, chisanachitike. WS: kusonkhanitsa deta, chisanachitike. CH: kuphunzira kupanga, mafunso. SV: Kufufuza, kulembedwa pamanja.

 

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