Front Psychol. 2018 Aug 13; 9: 1444. onetsani: 10.3389 / fpsyg.2018.01444.
Eide TA1, Awaread SH2, Andreassen CS3, Chithunzi RM4, Pallesen S2.
Kudalirika
Kugwiritsira ntchito mafilimu ochulukirapo kwagwirizanitsidwa ndi zotsatira zingapo zoipa kwa munthu ndi chilengedwe. Zofanana zina zikhoza kuwonetsedwa pakati pa kugwiritsira ntchito foni yamakono ndi zizoloŵezi zingapo zamayendedwe, ndipo kupitiriza ntchito ndi chimodzi mwa zizindikiro zomwe zimaphatikizapo kuledzera. Pakati pa mapeto apamwamba a kugawidwa kwa kugwiritsa ntchito mafoni, kugwiritsa ntchito mafilimu kungakhale kuyembekezera kuyambitsa zotsatira zoipa kwa anthu pawokha. Zotsatira zoipa izi zikhoza kuonedwa ngati zizindikiro zowonongeka mwachizoloŵezi zokhudzana ndi zoledzeretsa zokhudzana ndi mankhwala. Pofuna kuthetsa vutoli panthawi yake, phunziroli likufufuza zambiri pa Smartphone Kuchokera Scale (SWS), Kuopa Kulephera Kwambiri (FoMOS) ndi Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) pa 72 h ya kukanikiza kwa smartphone. Chitsanzo cha olowa 127 (72.4% akazi), zaka za 18-48 zaka (M = 25.0, SD = 4.5), adapatsidwa mwadzidzidzi chimodzi mwazimenezi: chikhalidwe chokhazikika (gulu loyesera, n = 67) kapena chikhalidwe cholamulira (gulu lolamulira, n = 60). Pa nthawi yoletsedwa, ophunzira adatsiriza masikelo omwe tatchulawa katatu patsiku. Zotsatirazo zinawunikira maulendo apamwamba kwambiri pa SWS ndi FoMOS kwa ophunzira omwe apatsidwa chikhalidwe choletsedwa kusiyana ndi omwe apatsidwa chikhalidwe cholamulira. Zonsezi zimasonyeza kuti kuyimitsa mafilimu kungabweretse zizindikiro zobwerera.
MAFUNSO: FoMO; PANAS; chizolowezi chamakhalidwe; kafukufuku woyeserera; kuletsa; foni yamakono; kusiya
PMID: 30150959
PMCID: PMC6099124
DOI: 10.3389 / fpsyg.2018.01444
Introduction
Tekinoloje zamakono zamakono zili ponseponse ndipo zili patsogolo kwambiri pazaka khumi zapitazi. Zojambula (monga mafoni am'manja) zimaphatikizapo ntchito zingapo zamagetsi, zomwe zimathandiza ogwiritsa ntchito kulumikizidwa nthawi zonse ndipo amatha kutuluka kwa nthawi yeniyeni kuchokera kumasamba ochezera (SNSs; Valderrama, 2014; Chóliz et al., 2016). Chifukwa chake, foni yamakono ya smartphone ili chinthu chofunikira kwambiri m'miyoyo ya anthu, ndipo 73% ikuwonetsa kuti angadandaule ngati atasokoneza smartphone yawo ndi 58% yomwe ikupereka lipoti loyang'ana pafupifupi ola limodzi (Lookout, 2012).
Kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri ma smartphone komanso ovuta, amatchedwanso kuti (zikhalidwe)Andreassen et al., 2013; Billieux et al., 2015a,, ili ndi zotsatira zoyipa (onani Elhai et al., 2017, pobwereza mwadongosolo). Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mopitirira muyeso kumatha kubweretsa zotsatira zosafunikira kwa onse komanso komwe zikuzungulira ndipo kungakhale ndi nkhawa yayikulu paumoyo wa anthu (Tossell et al., 2015; van Deursen et al., 2015). Kafukufuku wina akuwonetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri ma smartphone kumatha kubweretsa kusokonekera kwa minofu ndi mafupa (İnal et al., 2015; Xie et al., 2016), kusachita bwino pamaphunziro (Lepp et al., 2014), nkhawa ndi kukhumudwa (Demirci et al., 2015; Elhai et al., 2016) komanso kugona bwino (Chang et al., 2015). Mawu akuti chizolowezi chomenyera munthu amatanthauza chizolowezi chomwe sichiri cha mankhwala kapena chosagwirizana ndi chilengedwe ndipo, chisanachitike Griffiths (1996) nkhani, imakonda kutchedwa kuti yosagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Kugonjera kwa Smartphone kwatuluka ngati gawo logawanitsa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto. Malinga ndi kapangidwe kazinthu zosokoneza bongo Griffiths (2005) adanenanso kuti imadziwika ndi zigawo zisanu ndi chimodzi, kuphatikizapo kupendekera, kusintha kwa malingaliro, kulolerana, zizindikiro zochoka, kusamvana, ndi kubwereranso. Zigawozi zimaganiziridwa kuti ndizofala pazinthu zonse zomwe zimagwirizana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala komanso pazolakwika. The zizindikiro za kuchotsa gawo limanena za zosasangalatsa m'maganizo ndi zokhudza thupi zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chakuwonongeka kwa ntchitoyo. Mphamvu yakuchotsedwako imatha kusiyanasiyana kwa aliyense malinga ndi zotsatira zamaganizidwe ake komanso zolimbitsa thupi. Zizindikiro zochotsa m'maganizo zimatchula zovuta monga kusinthasintha, kusakwiya, komanso kuda nkhawa, pomwe mawonekedwe achibadwa amasiyana ndi thukuta, nseru, kusowa tulo, kupweteka mutu, ndi zina zotero. Zizindikiro zochotsa zamaganizidwe ndi zotsatira zomwe zinalembedwera bwino muzogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo (Orford, 2001,, ndipo tsopano pali umboni wokulirapo wonena kuti zisonyezo zodzipatula zilipo chifukwa cha zizolowezi zoipa zikhalidwe, monga kutchova juga kwa pathological (Griffiths, 2004).
Pakadali pano chiwerengero cha maphunziro omwe adayang'ana zovuta zakulepheretsa kupeza ma foni a m'manja ndi ochepa. Kafukufuku wina adawonetsa kuti kuletsa kumapangitsa kuti ophunzira azidandaula kwambiri ndi nthawi (Cheever et al., 2014). Komabe, izi zimapezeka kokha mwa anthu omwe anali ogwiritsa ntchito ma foni a smartline kapena osapatsa mphamvu (Cheever et al., 2014). Kafukufuku wina chifukwa cholephera kuyankha mafoni obwera pa foni ya 'smartphone' wina adapezeka kuti amayambitsa kuthamanga kwa mtima komanso kuthamanga kwa magazi, komanso nkhawa komanso zosasangalatsa (Clayton et al., 2015). Kafukufuku wina angapo adayesa ziletso za smartphone komanso kuthekera kosokoneza bongo kudzera mumapangidwe osiyanasiyana (Sapacz et al., 2016; Cutino ndi Nees, 2017; van den Eijnden et al., 2017). Zotsatira izi zikuwonetsa kuti zizindikiritso zochoka zimatha kusewera pamene anthu azilumikizana ndi mafoni awo. Chodabwitsa chomwe chingafotokozere zizindikiro zakuletsedwa kwa ma smartphone ndikuopa kuperewera (FoMO), zomwe zikuwonetsa nkhawa yomwe ikupezeka kuti munthu sakutenga nawo mbali kapena kugawana nawo zokumana nazo zosangalatsa zomwe ena angakhale nazo (Przybylski et al., 2013). Kutenga nawo mbali pa intaneti kungakhale kokopa kwambiri chifukwa chidziwitso cha abwenzi ndi zochitika pomwe anthu apamwamba ku FoMO amatha kutsata njira izi. Kuphatikiza apo, kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito njirazi kumatha kupangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kusiya. Kafukufuku zingapo zimatsimikizira kuyanjana kwabwino pakati pa FoMO ndikugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri smartphone (Rosen et al., 2013a,b; Lepp et al., 2014; Clayton et al., 2015; Elhai et al., 2016; Fuster et al., 2017). Mwakugwirizana ndi izi, gulu lakukula kafukufuku pazogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri ma smartphone lazionetsa kuti likugwirizana kwambiri ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosokoneza bongo pa intaneti (Andreassen et al., 2013, 2016; Salehan ndi Negahban, 2013; Fuster et al., 2017; Lopez-Fernandez ndi al., 2017). Makhalidwe a foni yam'manja, monga kukula kwake komanso kulumikizika kwake, amatha kuyambitsa zomangira zolimbitsa thupi zingapo zomwe zimakhudzana ndi zomwe zimapangitsa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zizolowezana. Pali malingaliro osiyanasiyana okhudzana ndi kusuta kwa ukadaulo, ngakhale atakhala kuti amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo pawokha kapena ngati sing'angayo amangolimbikitsa zina zilizonse. Pali malingaliro atatu okhudzana ndi nkhaniyi: (1) imodzi ikhoza kusinthidwa ndi sing'anga pakokha; (2) imodzi ikhoza kusinthidwa ndi sing'anga, chifukwa imapereka mwayi wopezeka muzosiyanasiyana zomwe zimapezeka kokha kudzera sing'anga; ndipo (3) m'modzi amangowona pazomwe sing'anga zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka komanso osati zapakatikati. Achinyamata (1998) akutsutsa kuti sing'anga ndi yomwe imayambitsa chizolowezi chifukwa choti zomwe zili sizingapezeke popanda iwo, pomwe Griffiths et al. (2016) Nenani kuti sing'anga pakokha siyokakamiza, koma sing'anga imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nsanja / gwero lomwe limapangitsa kuti anthu azichita zambiri. Komabe, zomwe ena apeza kuchokera ku kafukufuku wamilandu zawonetsa kuti anthu ochepa akuwoneka kuti ali ndi intaneti palokha. Anthu awa nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti malo ochezera komanso zochitika zomwe zimapezeka kokha pa intaneti (Griffiths et al., 2016). Kutsutsana uku kwagwiritsidwanso ntchito kufotokozera anthu omwe akuwoneka kuti ali osokoneza bongo pazanema ndi ma SNS (Kuss ndi Griffiths, 2011; Griffiths et al., 2014). Kuphatikiza apo, pamakhala kutsutsana kuti kodi munthu angafike poti angaitane anthu ambiri kapena ovuta kugwiritsa ntchito foni yamakono,Billieux et al., 2015b). Panokha pazokambiranazi, pali kufanana pakati pa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kwa mafoni a smartphone ndi chizolowezi chamakhalidwe, zomwe zimapangitsa kufufuzidwa kwa zizindikiro zomwe zingachotsedwe pakubweza.
Mukamayang'ana za kusiyanasiyana, zithupsa zimakhazikika makamaka pazomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazomwe zimayambitsa bongoShiffman ndi Jarvik, 1976; Griffiths, 1996, 2005; Etter, 2005), pomwe zizindikiro zochoka mu zizolowezero zamakhalidwe zimakonda kukhala ndi zizindikiro zamaganizidwe (Griffiths, 1996, 2005; Alavi et al., 2012; Parlak ndi Eckhardt, 2014). Kafukufuku angapo agwiritsa ntchito njira zokhala ndi nkhawa komanso zotsatirapo zake molakwika monga njira yofufuzira zomwe akumana nazo mu nthawi yoletsa anthu omwe ali ndi zizolowezi zosiyanasiyana (Przybylski et al., 2013; Cheever et al., 2014; Clayton et al., 2015). Komabe, pali kafukufuku wochepa wokhudza kuchoka pakukonda zamakhalidwe (Nyenyezi, 2016).
Kafukufuku wosiya kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo akuwonetsa kuti pali zochitika zina zakanthawi pazizindikiro. Kudziwa za zotsatirazi kumatha kukhala kothandiza kwambiri popeza nkhani yokhudza kusiyanitsa zizolowezi zina mpaka pano isanafufuzidwe bwino. Shiffman ndi Jarvik (1976) adaphunzira osuta omwe amasuta ndudu kwakanthawi. Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti zizindikirazo zinali ndi ntchito yooneka ngati U, pomwe zizindikirozo zinali zodziwika bwino pachiyambi mpaka kumapeto kwa nthawi yoletsa. Komabe, kafukufuku wokhudza kusiyanitsa mowa adapeza zizindikiritso zakutsatira U-pamapindikiraOgulitsa ndi Kalant, 1976). Zotsatira izi zikuwonetsa kuti pakhoza kukhala pali kusiyana kulikonse pazokonda zosiyanasiyana pokhudzana ndi mawonekedwe akuchulukirachile azizindikiro zochotsa. Kuphatikiza apo, Hughes et al. (2004) adawunikira mwatsatanetsatane mabuku pomwe adawerengera omwe amasuta, ndipo adapeza kuti zambiri zobwerera zimachitika m'masiku oyamba a 8. Chifukwa chake, titha kunena kuti payenera kukhala ndi chidwi chachikulu pazachipatala sabata yoyamba ya nthawi yoletsa (Hughes et al., 2004). Pali kafukufuku wochepa yemwe amachitika pokhudzana ndi kuchoka ndikukula kwake kwakanthawi.
Pokana izi, tinapangira kuyesera kofananiza kwa 72 h ya kuyimitsidwa kwa ma smartphone kuti ikhale yolamulira popanda choletsa chilichonse. Tidawerengera kuti omwe atenga nawo gawo pazoyeserera akhoza kukhala apamwamba kwambiri pazinthu zochotsa mafoni, kuopa kuperewera ndi kusasangalala, ngakhale kutsika pang'ono, poyerekeza ndi kuwongolera (H1), kuwonetsa zotsatira zazikulu zamikhalidwe. Tinkayembekezeranso kuti zizindikiro zoyipa zidzakhala zazikulu kumayambiriro kwa nthawi yolembetsa poyerekeza ndi pambuyo pake (H2), kuwonetsa zotsatira zazikulu za nthawi. Pomaliza, timayembekezera kugwa kwakukulu kwa zizindikiro zochotsera pakanthawi koyeserera kuposa momwe zimakhalira pakuwongolera (H3), zomwe zikuwonetsedwa ndi zotsatira ziwiri zazikulu zolumikizana (Mkhalidwe × Nthawi).
Zida ndi njira
ophunzira
Zitsanzozi zinali za ophunzira a 127, azimayi a 72.4% (n = 92) ndi amuna a 27.6% (n = 35). Onse omwe anali nawo anali pakati pa zaka za 18 ndi 48, ali ndi zaka 25 zaka (SD = 4.5). Zonse, 79.5% (n = 101) anali ophunzira anthawi zonse omwe amapita maphunziro apamwamba ku Bergen.
Zida
Chiwerengero cha anthu
Ophunzirawo adapemphedwa kuti amalize zonse zokhudzana ndi zaka zawo, jenda, ubale wawo, ndi mkhalidwe wa ophunzira.
Frequency ya Smartphone ndi Zinthu Zogwiritsa Ntchito
Mafunsowo anali ndi zinthu zisanu pomwe omwe ophunzira adadzigulitsa pamitu yanthawi monga ma frequency, nthawi ndi mawonekedwe (mwachitsanzo, "Kodi mumagwiritsa ntchito foni yanu tsiku lililonse?"). Mafunso amafunsidwa mu Zakumapeto A.
Smartphone Withdrawal Scale (SWS)
Kukula kumeneku kunaphatikizidwa ndikuphunziridwa poyesa kuchuluka kwa zizindikiro zochotsera zokhudzana ndi kuletsedwa kwa smartphone. The Smartphone Withdrawal Scale (SWS) ndi mtundu wosinthidwa wa Cigarette Withdrawal Scale (CWS; Etter, 2005). Ngakhale kusiya fodya kumakhudzanso chinthu, pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa zizindikiro zakuchotsa fodya ndi zizindikiro zosiya kusuta zomwe zimagwirizana ndi chizolowezi chomachita pakamwa.Association of Psychiatric Association, 2013). CWS choyambirira imakhala ndi zinthu za 21 zomwe zidagawidwa m'mabungwe asanu ndi amodzi (Depression-Anxiety, Craving, Irritability-Impatience, Difficulty Concentrating, Appetite-Weight Gain, ndi Insomnia), koma paphunziroli pano Appetite-Weight Gain ndi Insomnia subscale sizinali kuphatikizidwa monga momwe zimawonekera kukhala zosafunikira pakuchotsa kwa smartphone. Zinthu zinayi pa Craving subscale, zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndudu, zidasinthidwa kuti zizikhala zofunikira pakuchotsa kwa smartphone. Kuphatikiza apo, muyeso udasinthidwa kuchoka pamachitidwe kupita ku mtundu, potchula mafunso kuchokera pachimake kupita ku boma linalake (mwachitsanzo, "Chokhacho chomwe ndingaganizire mu nthawi ino, ndi foni yanga yamakono"; onani Supplementary Material for a mndandanda wathunthu wazinthu). Mulingo wosintha uli ndi zinthu za 15 zomwe zidavotera pamakwerero asanu a Likert kuyambira 1 (osagwirizana kwathunthu) kwa 5 (kuvomereza kwathunthu). Manambala ophatikizidwa adawerengedwa potengera kuchuluka kwa zinthu zonse za 15. Alpha ya Cronbach ya SWS idawonetsedwa kuti ndi yabwino kwambiri nthawi zonse zisanu ndi zinayi zomwe amayesedwa, kuyambira 0.88 mpaka 0.92.
Ndondomeko Yabwino ndi Yabwino Yothandizira (PANAS)
Ndondomeko Yabwino ndi Yabwino Yothandiza (PANAS) (Watson et al., 1988) idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyesa kudzidzimva komwe mumadzidziwitsa ndipo imakhala ndi zinthu za 20, zinthu za 10 zokhudzana ndi Positive Afitive schedule (PA) ndi zinthu za 10 zokhudzana ndi Negative Afitive schedule (NA). Zinthu izi zimafotokozera mayiko omwe ali ndi mgwirizano, monga ankhanza ndi wokondwa. Ophunzirawo adalemba chilichonse pamakwerero asanu a Likert kuchokera (pang'ono kapena ayi) kwa 5 (Kwambiri), potengera momwe alili masiku ano. Pakafukufuku waposachedwa, kudalirika kwa alpha kwa Cronbach kwa onse PA (0.87-0.92) ndi thandizo la NA (0.77-0.85) adawonetsedwa kuti ali abwino kupitilira nthawi zisanu ndi zinayi za kuyeza.
Kuopa Kusowa Pabwino (FoMOS)
Kuopa Kuphonya Scale (FoMOS) (Przybylski et al., 2013) idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chiyeso chodzidziwitsa cha FoMO. Komabe, mu kafukufuku wapano, sikeloyo idasinthidwa kukhala yofanana ndi boma mwa kuyankha mafunso kuchokera kwa ambiri kukhala boma lenileni. Mulingowo umakhala ndi zinthu za 10 (mwachitsanzo, "Ndikuopa kuti ena ali ndi zokumana nazo zabwino kwambiri kuposa ine pakadali pano") adavotera pamiyeso ya Likert isanu kuchokera ku 1 (sichoncho konse kwa ine) kwa 5 (zoona kwambiri za ine). FoMOS idawonetsa kusasinthika kwamkati kudutsa nthawi zisanu ndi zinayi za kuyeza ndi kudalirika kwa alpha kuyambira 0.80 mpaka 0.87.
Njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mafoni a smartphone zimayendetsedwa nthawi imodzi, pomwe batire yolumikizana yokhudzana ndi kuchoka idamalizidwa panthawi zisanu ndi zinayi panthawi yopumira. Mulingo wokhudzana ndi kudzipatula umakhala ndi mitundu yodalira. Nthawi idayimira magawo obwereza omwe aliyense amatenga nawo gawo (nthawi zisanu ndi zinayi), zomwe zidathandizira kufufuza kosiyanasiyana kwa anthu ena. Mkhalidwe unayimira kupumira kapena kuwongolera.
Kayendesedwe
Ophunzirawo adalembedwa kudzera pa kutsatsa pa Facebook komanso pochita apilo. Ophunzira omwe sanagwiritse ntchito foni yawo ya SmartN XXUMX h tsiku lililonse sanasungidwe. Kafukufukuyu adachitika pakupitilira masabata khumi munthawiyo kuchokera pa Okutobala 1 mpaka February 2016. Wophunzira aliyense adapatsidwa ID yapadera ndikusinthidwa mwanjira yoletsedwa kapena yoyeserera ndi makina owerengera pa intaneti (Urbaniak ndi Plous, 2015).
Lolemba lisanafike sabata loyesera (Lachisanu mpaka Lolemba; onani chithunzi Chithunzi11) omwe adalandira nawo adalandira imelo yolumikizana ndi kafukufuku wofufuza pawebusayiti (kuchuluka kwa anthu ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ma smartphone). Pakuphatikiza, onse omwe adapatsidwa nawo gawo adapatsidwa nambala yosiyana, yogawidwa motsatizana ndipo idagawidwa mosawerengeka kapena kuwongolera (onani. chithunzi Chithunzi22). Lachisanu, iwo omwe adapatsidwa gawo loletsa (gulu loyesera; n = 67) adawalangizidwa kuti azimitsa ma foni awo ndikupereka iwo. Omwe adapatsidwa gawo lolamulira (gulu lolamulira; n = 60) adaloledwa kusunga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito foni yawo yamakono monga mwa masiku onse. Munthawi yoletsa (72 h), ophunzirawo adalangizidwa kuti amalize zolemba zofunsa (SWS, FoMOS, ndi PANAS) katatu patsiku papepala lomwe adalandira patsiku loyesera loyamba. Lolemba lotsatira, ophunzirawo adaponya timapepala totsiriza. Omwe ali m'malo ochepetsedwa adabwezeretsa mafoni awo ndikuyankha funso lotseguka lotseguka lokhudza zovuta zomwe zikukhudzana ndi nthawi yoletsa. Ophunzira onse adalandira malipiro a 500 NOK chifukwa chotenga nawo mbali pa phunziroli. Ndalamazo sizinadziwitsidwe pasadakhale kuti zitsimikizire zoyambirira zoyambitsa phunzirolo.
Kupititsa patsogolo kosonyeza kapangidwe ka kuyesera.
Ethics
Kafukufukuyu adachitidwa molingana ndi Declaration of Helsinki ndikuvomerezedwa ndi Norwegian Data Protection Authority (projekiti no. 49769) ndipo komiti yamakhalidwe ili ndi munthu m'modzi, Belinda Gloppen Helle kuchokera ku Norwegian Center for Research Data. Onse omwe adatenga nawo gawo adalembedwa ntchito kwa akulu akulu (osachepera zaka 18) ndipo onse adapatsidwa chidziwitso pakompyuta.
Kusanthula Deta
Kusanthula kwa mzere wosakanikirana kunagwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo njira yochepetsetsa kwambiri idagwiritsidwa ntchito popeza izi zimapereka ziwonetsero zosasinthika zamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Njira zopanda pake zidaphatikizidwa pamitunduyi (Harville, 1977; West et al., 2014). Pakuwunikaku, zinthu zapakati pamituyi zikuwonetsa kusiyana komwe kungakhalepo pakati pa anthu omwe ali ndi malire ndi momwe angayang'anire, malinga ndi kuchotsedwa kwa smartphone (kutsimikizika kuchokera ku lingaliro la SWS), kuwopa kuphonya (kutsimikiziridwa kuchokera ku gawo la FoMOS), ndi zabwino / zoyipa (zochokera ku PANAS scores). Kuwunika kwa magetsi kunawonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa omwe anaphatikizidwa kukhale kokwanira kukhala ndi mphamvu ya 0.80 pazachuma zamagetsi pazinthu zosinthika komanso mgwirizano wolingana pakati pa magawo obwereza a 0.5 (Hedeker et al., 1999). Kusanthula konse kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito SPSS Version 23.
Pazinthu zochokera pamlingo wa SWS, zomalizidwa panthawi yoletsa, zosowa zikuphatikizapo 4.4% yonse. Zinthu za FoMO zinali ndi 4.2%, PA wadogo 4.5%, ndipo NA lonse inali ndi 4.2% yosowa idatha. Komabe, njira yosakanikirana yosakanikirana ya mzere imapangitsa kuti zitheke kugwiritsa ntchito deta yomwe ilipo ya magawo pomwe nthawi yakusowa.
Results
Zomwe zidasungidwa zidzapezeka pofunsa ku TE.
Mafotokozedwe
Kugwiritsa ntchito mafoni a Smartphone kumayesedwa sabata yoyamba kuyezetsa. Kusiyana kwakanema komwe ma smartphone anena sanasiyane pamitundu ina (t = 1.36, df = 125, p = 0.177). Mwaona Table Table11 chifukwa chofotokozera mwatsatanetsatane. Panalibe kusiyana pogawa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (χ2= 0.373, df = 1, p = 0.541) pakati pamikhalidwe iwiri.
Gulu 1
Kutanthauza (M) ndi kupatuka kwofananira (SD) kwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mafoni a smartphone ndikukumana ndi zovuta munyengo yoletsa ya smartphone peresenti.
| M (SD) | Peresenti | |
|---|---|---|
| Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa | ||
| Gulu loletsedwa | 2.79 (0.85) | |
| Control | 2.62 (0.56) | |
| Zovuta mu nthawi yoletsa zokhudzana ndi | ||
| Mapulogalamu apulogalamu | 49.3% | |
| Kuyankhulana ndi anthu | 49.3% | |
| Kulephera | 43.3% | |
| Planning | 40.3% | |
| Alamu / koloko | 32.8% | |
| Nyimbo / podcast | 25.4% | |
| Mapulogalamu ochezera pa intaneti | 13.4% | |
| Security | 10.4% | |
| Nthawi yopita | 6.0% | |
Kusanthula poyesera
Zotsatira zakuletsedwa kwa Smartphone pa Zizindikiro Zodziletsa (onani Matebulo Tables2,2, , 33)
Gulu 2
Zotsatira zakuletsedwa kwa mafoni a smartphone pochotsa (SWS) ndi mitundu yosakanikirana.
| Time | Zindikirani | Chovuta chodziwika | t | F |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0.177 | 0.071 | 2.48 * | |
| 2 | 0.133 | 0.072 | 1.85 | |
| 3 | 0.026 | 0.072 | 0.359 | |
| 4 | 0.053 | 0.071 | 0.745 | |
| 5 | -0.050 | 0.072 | -0.696 | |
| 6 | -0.011 | 0.072 | -0.150 | |
| 7 | 0.032 | 0.072 | 0.449 | |
| 8 | 0.047 | 0.071 | 0.657 | |
| 9 | ||||
| Ulili | 4.90 * | |||
| Time | 2.83 ** | |||
| Ulili*nthawi | 0.226 | |||
Gulu 3
Kupatuka kwatanthauzo ndi koyenera kwa mtundu uliwonse pa SWS, FoMOS, ndi PANAS pa Time 1-9.
| Kuletsedwa
|
Zosaletseka
|
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time | SWS | FoMO | PA | NA | SWS | FoMO | PA | NA |
| 1 | 1.69 (0.647) | 2.01 (0.720) | 2.77 (0.713) | 1.34 (0.392) | 1.57 (0.655) | 1.86 (0.558) | 2.78 (0.737) | 1.27 (0.367) |
| 2 | 1.68 (0.660) | 2.05 (0.744) | 2.61 (0.576) | 1.32 (0.422) | 1.53 (0.562) | 1.76 (0.642) | 2.67 (0.854) | 1.29 (0.405) |
| 3 | 1.57 (0.561) | 1.88 (0.793) | 2.63 (0.719) | 1.32 (0.394) | 1.40 (0.552) | 1.75 (0.624) | 2.79 (0.829) | 1.26 (0.389) |
| 4 | 1.60 (0.650) | 1.93 (0.754) | 2.61 (0.820) | 1.34 (0.471) | 1.44 (0.556) | 1.77 (0.631) | 2.73 (0.791) | 1.20 (0.287) |
| 5 | 1.57 (0.683) | 1.87 (0.660) | 2.53 (0.699) | 1.27 (0.382) | 1.32 (0.395) | 1.68 (0.597) | 2.63 (0.775) | 1.18 (0.282) |
| 6 | 1.54 (0.536) | 1.81 (0.695) | 2.47 (0.852) | 1.27 (0.421) | 1.37 (0.420) | 1.59 (0.555) | 2.71 (0.856) | 1.24 (0.360) |
| 7 | 1.62 (0.576) | 1.86 (0.623) | 2.30 (0.749) | 1.33 (0.387) | 1.41 (0.528) | 1.64 (0.517) | 2.60 (0.743) | 1.25 (0.335) |
| 8 | 1.65 (0.676) | 1.85 (0.682) | 2.43 (0.695) | 1.31 (0.388) | 1.43 (0.461) | 1.60 (0.586) | 2.57 (0.775) | 1.21 (0.352) |
| 9 | 1.53 (0.536) | 1.74 (0.573) | 2.57 (0.665) | 1.21 (0.370) | 1.36 (0.506) | 1.62 (0.573) | 2.64 (0.787) | 1.19 (0.351) |
Pa SWS panali zowerengera zazikulu zamikhalidwe, F(1,124.97) = 4.90, p <0.05, ndi nthawi, F(8,951.19) = 2.83, p <0.005 pamalipiro onse. Kuyanjana pakati pa nyengo ndi nthawi sikunali kofunikira, F(8,951.19) = 0.226, p = 0.986 (chithunzi Chithunzi33). Makamaka, Time 1 inali ndi chiwonetsero champhamvu kwambiri cha SWS poyerekeza ndi Time 9 (t = 2.48, p <0.05) yomwe imayimira nthawi yolozera.
Kutanthauza zambiri pa Smartphone Withdrawal Scale (SWS) yokhala ndi malire ndi kuwongolera. Zotchingira zolakwika zikuyimira zolakwika zonse pamtengo uliwonse. *p <0.05 ya zotsatira zazikulu za chikhalidwe, †p <0.05 pazotsatira zazikulu za nthawi, ndi ∫p <0.05 ya Nthawi 1 yerekezerani ndi Nthawi 9.
Zotsatira zakuletsedwa kwa Smartphone pa Kuopa Kuphonya (onani Matebulo Tables3,3, , 44)
Gulu 4
Zotsatira zakuletsedwa kwa smartphone poopa kusowa (FoMOS) zambiri ndi mitundu yosakanikirana.
| Time | Zindikirani | Chovuta chodziwika | t | F |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0.239 | 0.064 | 3.72 **** | |
| 2 | 0.149 | 0.065 | 2.28 * | |
| 3 | 0.114 | 0.065 | 1.75 | |
| 4 | 0.140 | 0.064 | 2.18 * | |
| 5 | 0.072 | 0.065 | 1.11 | |
| 6 | -0.021 | 0.065 | -0.328 | |
| 7 | 0.018 | 0.065 | 0.280 | |
| 8 | -0.026 | 0.064 | -0.407 | |
| 9 | ||||
| Ulili | 3.99 * | |||
| Time | 8.17 **** | |||
| Ulili*nthawi | 0.652 | |||
Panali zofunika kwambiri pazowerengera, F(1,124.81) = 3.99, p <0.05, ndi nthawi, F(8,952.40) = 8.17, p <0.001, pamlingo wathunthu wa FoMOS. Kuyanjana pakati pa nyengo ndi nthawi sikunali kofunikira, F(8,952.40) = 0.652, p = 0.734 (chithunzi Chithunzi44). Kupitilira, Nthawi 1 (t = 3.72, p <0.001), Nthawi 2 (t = 2.28, p <0.05), ndi Nthawi 4 (t = 2.18, p <0.05) anali ndi ziwerengero zazikulu kwambiri za FoMOS poyerekeza ndi nthawi yolozera (Nthawi 9).
Kutanthauza zambiri pa Mantha Akuphonya (FOMO) Scale for the limited (n = 67) ndi kulamulira (n = 60) mkhalidwe. Zotchingira zolakwika zikuyimira zolakwika zonse pamtengo uliwonse. *p <0.05 ya zotsatira zazikulu za chikhalidwe, †p textitp <0.05 pokhudzana ndi nthawi, ∫p <0.05 ya Nthawi 2 ndi Nthawi 4 poyerekeza ndi Nthawi 9, ndi ∫p <0.001 ya Nthawi 1 poyerekeza ndi Nthawi 9.
Zotsatira zakuletsedwa kwa Smartphone pa Zabwino ndi Zosasangalatsa Zabwino (onani Matebulo Tables3,3, , 55)
Gulu 5
Zotsatira zakuletsedwa kwa smartphone pa zotsatira zabwino (PANAS) ndi mitundu yosakanikirana.
| Time | Zindikirani | Chovuta chodziwika | t | F |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0.190 | 0.109 | 1.75 | |
| 2 | 0.101 | 0.111 | 0.914 | |
| 3 | 0.181 | 0.111 | 1.64 | |
| 4 | 0.045 | 0.110 | 0.405 | |
| 5 | 0.131 | 0.110 | 1.19 | |
| 6 | 0.002 | 0.110 | 0.015 | |
| 7 | 0.017 | 0.109 | -0.155 | |
| 8 | -0.017 | 0.109 | -0.155 | |
| 9 | ||||
| Ulili | 1.89 | |||
| Time | 3.72 **** | |||
| Ulili*nthawi | 0.865 | |||
Panalibe zofunika zazikulu pazowerengera, F(1,125.15) = 1.89, p = 0.171 pa PA. Komabe, kusanthula kwawonetsa kuchuluka kwakukulu pakukwanira kwakanthawi, F(8,951.23) = 3.72, p <0.001, pamlingo wokwanira wa PA. Palibe zotsatira zofunikira zomwe zapezeka pakati pa nthawi iliyonse poyesa kutsatira. Kuyanjana pakati pa nyengo ndi nthawi pamlingo wa PA, F(8,951.23) = 0.865, p = 0.546, sizinali zofunikira polemba (chithunzi Chithunzi55). Zotsatira za NA sizinakhale ndi tanthauzo lalikulu pamkhalidwe, F(1,124.23) = 1.73, p = 0.191, kapena kwa nthawi F(8,952.48) = 1.95, p = 0.050 (Table Table66). Kuphatikiza apo, kulumikizana kumatha pakati pa nyengo ndi nthawi pa mphambu wa NA F(8,952.48) = 0.730, p = 0.665, sizinali zofunikira polemba (chithunzi Chithunzi66).
Kutanthauza zambiri pa Positive Afitive (PA) kwa zoletsedwa (n = 67) ndikuwongolera (n = 60) mkhalidwe. Zotchingira zolakwika zikuyimira zolakwika zonse pamtengo uliwonse. †p <0.001 ya zotsatira zazikulu za nthawi.
Gulu 6
Zotsatira zakuletsedwa kwa smartphone pazakhudzidwa zoipa (PANAS) ndi mitundu yosakanikirana.
| Time | Zindikirani | Chovuta chodziwika | t | F |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0.054 | 0.049 | 1.10 | |
| 2 | 0.069 | 0.049 | 1.40 | |
| 3 | 0.042 | 0.049 | 0.861 | |
| 4 | -0.012 | 0.049 | -0.252 | |
| 5 | -0.030 | 0.049 | -0.614 | |
| 6 | 0.028 | 0.049 | 0.570 | |
| 7 | 0.032 | 0.049 | 0.652 | |
| 8 | 0.000 | 0.049 | 0.003 | |
| 9 | ||||
| Ulili | 1.73 | |||
| Time | 1.95 * | |||
| Ulili*nthawi | 0.730 | |||
Kutanthauza zambiri pa Negative Afable (NA) pazoletsa malire (n = 67) ndikuwongolera (n = 60) mkhalidwe. Zotchingira zolakwika zikuyimira zolakwika zonse pamtengo uliwonse.
Kukambirana
Cholinga chachikulu cha phunziroli lidali kufufuza zisonyezo zochotsa, kuopa kuperewera, komanso zabwino ndi zoyipa zomwe zimakhudzana ndi kuletsedwa kwa ma smartphone kwakanthawi. Kutengera kapangidwe kofufuzira, kafukufuku wapano akuimira imodzi mwamafukufuku oyambilira omwe apangidwa pamutuwu. Zomwe amapezazi zinali zogwirizana ndi chimodzi mwazokambirana komanso kafukufuku wapitalo, zotsatira zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti kuletsa kwa mafoni kunathandizira kwambiri pazomwe tafotokozazi zakusiyana ndi FoMO. Komabe, kuletsa sikugwirizana ndi zabwino kapena zoipa.
Panali chofunikira chachikulu pa SWS pomwe choletsa chinali chamtundu wapamwamba poyerekeza ndi mawonekedwe. Mwatsatanetsatane, izi zikuwonetsa kuti kuletsa kwa smartphone kumayambitsa zizindikiro zosiya kubwezeretsa m'malingaliro zofanana ndi zomwe zimapezeka pazikhalidwe zina. Zotsatirazi zidawonekeranso kufunika kwakukulu kwa FoMOS kuwonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa FoMOS kunali kokulirapo pamlingo wochepetsedwa, poyerekeza ndi mawonekedwe owongolera, mosasamala za momwe nthawi ikuyendera. FoMOS ikhoza kukhala choimira cha chikhalidwe chodzipatula motero ingathe kuthandizira lingaliro ili. Zotsatira izi zitha kuchitika chifukwa choletsa kugwiritsa ntchito Intaneti, zomwe zimayambitsa zotsatirazi. Panalibe zovuta zazikulu zofunikira pa PA, motero sizimayimira kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pamikhalidwe yoletsedwa ndi chikhalidwe chowongolera malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa PA. Izi zikuwonetsa kuti kuletsedwa ku smartphone sikuyambitsa kuchepa kwa PA. Ponena za NA, kunalibe tanthauzo lalikulu lofunikira. Zotsatira zake zikuwonetsa kuti kuletsedwa ku smartphone sikuyambitsa kuchuluka kwa NA. Zotsatira izi zimapereka thandizo kwa H1 powonetsa kuti anthu amakhudzidwa ndikamaletsedwa kucheza ndi ma foni awo.
Kuchulukitsa kwakukulu kwa nthawi ya SWS, FoMOS, ndi PA kunapezeka, kuwonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwawo kunasiyana kwambiri pakapita nthawi, mosasamala kanthu za momwe aliri. Kupitilira apo, zotsatira zazikulu za nthawi ya NA sizinali zazikulu. Chifukwa chake, H2 idathandizidwa pang'ono ndi data. Panalibe kuyanjana kwakukulu kwa zotsatira zosinthika (SWS, FoMOS, PA, ndi NA), zomwe zimabweretsa kusowa kwa chithandizo cha H3. Chifukwa chake, kafukufukuyu sanathe kuzindikira zomwe zikuchitika pazoyipa zomwe zimakhalapo panthawi yoletsa.
Zotsatira zoyipa zomwe zidanenedwa (SWS ndi FoMOS) zomwe zimayambitsidwa chifukwa cholephera kuyanjana ndi foni ya smartphone zimatha kulumikizidwa ndi nkhawa zambiri (Lazaro ndi Folkman, 1984; Folkman, 2008) monga kafukufuku wina wanena kuti kugwiritsa ntchito foni ya smartphone kumatha kuyambitsa kupsinjika kwakanthawi (Lavoie ndi Pychyl, 2001; Thomée et al., 2007). Phunziro la Patel et al. (2006) adaulula kuti ana omwe amasewera kanema wam'manja m'manja asanachitidwe opaleshoni anali ndi nkhawa yochepa komanso nkhawa kuposa ana omwe makolo awo okha alipo. Masewera a kanema pamanja ali ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi mafoni am'manja, zomwe zimapangitsa kuyerekezera uku ndikofunikira potanthauzira zomwe zapezedwa. Ngakhale masewera angapo amapezeka kudzera pa mafoni a m'manja, palinso kusiyana pakati pa masewera amakanema ndi mafoni omwe amaika malire pazovuta zina. Komabe, mutakhala nacho, foni yamakono imapezeka ndi mapulogalamu onse osiyanasiyana ndi mapulogalamu azachikhalidwe. Wina angayerekezere kuti achinyamata atha kukumana ndi vuto lomwelo la smartphone pazovuta zosiyanasiyana zatsiku ndi tsiku. Ngati ndi choncho, wina akhoza kunena kuti kuletsa mitundu yofananira ya zida kumatha kuletsa vuto loyipa la smartphone. Komabe, izi ndi malingaliro chabe ndipo maphunziro owonjezera amafunikira kuti awone momwe zingatheke polumikizana. Kuchokera pamiyeso ya PANAS, Negative Afact yatsimikiziridwa kuti ikuphatikizidwa bwino ndi kupsinjika komwe ukunena nokha (Watson et al., 1988).
Kufotokozera kwina pazomwe zapezedwa za H1 zitha kulumikizidwa ndi kulumikizidwa komanso kukulitsidwa kwa iko komwe. Kutchuka kwa SNS kukupitilizabe kukula kuyambira pomwe adayambitsa ndipo adayamba kupanga zofunikira, monga kutumizirana mauthenga pompopompo. Ananenanso kuti kulongosola kotheka kwa ma SNS kukhala otchuka momwe aliri chifukwa cha kuthekera kolumikizana ndi zosowa zazikulu zaumunthu. Ma SNS amatha kupereka chithandizo kwa ogwiritsa ntchito popereka njira yolumikizirana pafupipafupi ndi mabanja, abwenzi, komanso anzawo 24 / 7. Kuphatikiza apo, mauthengawa omwe amafunsidwa pompopompo amapereka mwayi wachinsinsi kwa anzawo kuti azilumikizana popanda kuyang'aniridwa ndi ena. Izi zitha kuthandiza kufotokozera zomwe ogwiritsa ntchito apamwamba amawonetsa ku SNSs (Carbonell ndi Panova, 2017; Kuss ndi Griffiths, 2017). Ma Smartphones apangitsa kuti ikhale yosavuta kupeza ma SNS chifukwa chake poletsa kulumikizana ndi mafoni amodzi kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kwambiri kulumikizidwa nthawi zonse ndikuchita nawo mbali zokhudzana ndi magulu amtundu wa Smartphones.
Mawu ena ogwirizana kwambiri pokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha zoletsa ndi kudziwonjezera, komwe Belk (1988). Pakupanga kuthekera kwakenso, akuti zomwe munthu ali nazo zimakhala ndi gawo lofunikira posonyeza zomwe ali. Zinthu zawo zikachotsedwa, ndiye kuti kudzichotsera ulemu kumachitika. Izi zikutanthauza kutuluka kwa malingaliro osalimbikitsa. Zotsatira zina zaukadaulo waukadaulo ndikukulitsa kwa eni kukhala zithunzi zowonetsera za munthuyo, monga ma avatar omwe angakhudze malingaliro athu okhudzana ndi intaneti. Pulatifomu ya digito yachoka kuti ikhale yabwinobwino mpaka kukhala gawo lalikulu lodzivumbulutsira ndikudzikwaniritsa tokha. Kuchulukana kwa kugawana zidziwitso zachinsinsi pa SNSs kumatha kusiya wogwiritsa ntchitoyo, komwe ogwiritsa ntchito pafupipafupi amafunikira kuti azitha kuwongolera (Thompson ndi Cupples, 2008).
Kulephera kufunsa mafunso, kupereka malangizo kapena kusinthana ndi zomwe mukupita kumatha kufotokoza zambiri pa SWS ndi FoMOS. Kuphatikiza apo, ikhoza kukhala yokhudzana ndi mapulogalamu omwe amapezeka pafoniyi, omwe amathandizira kuyanjana ndi anthu wamba kudzera mu nkhani zamatikiti, mabasi, maimelo, ndi zina zambiri. Izi zikugwirizana ndi zovuta zina zomwe anthu omwe ali ndi zilembozi amakumana nazo, pomwe pafupifupi theka linanenanso zavuta chifukwa choletsa mapulogalamuwa, komanso kulumikizana ndi anthu ena. Komanso, ophunzira adapereka zovuta zokhudzana ndi kukonzekera komanso kufalikira kwa anthu ena. Wodzikulitsa yekhayo ali ndi lingaliro losangalatsa pankhani yogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo. Kudzera pa tekinoloje ya digito, zomwe zikuchitika pa intaneti komanso pa intaneti zimapangidwa palimodzi; Chifukwa chake, kupereka lamulo kwa munthu yemwe amuchotsa pa intaneti, monga kuletsa mafoni, kumatha kubweretsa zizindikiro zokhudzana ndi kusiya (ntchito)Belk, 1988, 2013).
Kafukufukuyu ndi imodzi mwamafukufuku oyamba okhudzana ndi kuletsedwa kwa smartphone pakuwonjezera nthawi komanso pochotsa smartphone. Maphunziro ena ochepa adayesa ziletso za smartphone, koma ndimapangidwe osiyanasiyana. Phunziro la Cheever et al. (2014), ophunzirawa adasankhidwa mwachisawawa chimodzi mwamagawo awiri: mkhalidwe umodzi utasinthidwa mu foni yawo yamakono, pomwe zina zimaloledwa kusunga foni yawo ya smartphone koma amayiyimitsa nthawi yayitali phunzirolo. Gawo loyesera linangokhala mphindi 75 zokha. Kafukufuku wachiwiri adafufuza ziletso za smartphone za 3 h pa chikondwerero (van den Eijnden et al., 2017). Phunziroli, ophunzirawo amayenera kusunga smartphone yawo, koma amayiyika pamalowedwe othawirako ndipo mawonekedwe ake anali osawoneka ndi chidindo. Pankhani yakuchoka, wakale ndi okhawo kuphatikiza zomwe zikuchitika. Izi, komabe, ndizovuta kuyerekeza ndi zomwe zapezeka phunziroli chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa nthawi.
Mphamvu ndi Zoperewera
Zosintha zomwe zidadaliridwa zidaphatikizidwa kuti ziyese magawo osiyanasiyana komanso oyenera a kudzipereka kwa smartphone ndikuyimira mphamvu imodzi yayikulu mu phunziroli. Gawo loyesera la 72 h, lalitali kwambiri kuposa kuyesa kwakanthawi kwakanthawi kotsatira kwa smartphone komwe kunaloledwa pakuwunikira mwatsatanetsatane kusinthasintha kwodalira kosinthika ndipo ndi chinthu chinanso cha phunziroli lipano (Cheever et al., 2014; van den Eijnden et al., 2017). Chowonadi chakuti omwe atenga nawo gawo pazoyeserera zomwe adaperekedwa mu ma foni awo apamwamba panthawi yoletsa zinapangitsa kuti kukhulupirika kuyesedwe.
Pankhani ya malire osankhidwa ndi kufooka komwe kungachitike pofikira pano chifukwa munthu angaganize kuti anthu omwe anali ogwiritsa ntchito mopitirira muyeso sanathe kutenga nawo mbali. Ophunzirawo atha kusankha momasuka sabata yomwe akufuna kutenga nawo mbali. Izi zitha kukhala zochepa poyerekeza kuti ophunzira atha kusintha masabata awo moyenera. Kukonzekera kwabwino kwa akazi mu nkhanizo kumayimiranso malire ena, popeza kafukufuku wina wanena kuti abambo ndi amayi amachita mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ogwiritsa ntchito ma smartphone. Ndizothekanso kuti ophatikizawo adagwiritsa ntchito ma SNS pazida zina zaumisiri (mwachitsanzo, laputopu, piritsi) panthawi yoletsa. Izi zikuyenera kuwongoleredwa m'maphunziro amtsogolo. Titha kunena kuti kafukufukuyu sanatanthauze kuti ophunzira atha kugwiritsa ntchito zida zina zamagetsi zomwe angathe kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Komabe, monga momwe anthu ambiri masiku ano amagwiritsira ntchito mafoni awo kuti athe kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti m'malo omwe sangathe kukhala ndi PC / piritsi yomwe phunziroli lidanenazi limatanthawuza zoletsa izi. Komanso, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti ntchito zina zimangopezeka pafoni zam'manja. Kuphatikiza apo, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti cholinga cha phunziroli pakadali pano chinali chofufuza kuchotsera kwa mafoni mwachindunji, osati kutulutsa pa intaneti ambiri. Zowona kuti gulu loyesalo linali ndi ziwonetsero zambiri pamiyeso ingapo yochotsa poyerekeza ndi gulu lowongolera zikuwonetsanso kuti kuletsa kwenikweni kunachitika. Imodzi mwa miyeso yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kuchoka kwa smartphone (SWS) inali muyeso wosinthidwa wosuta fodya. Ngakhale SWS inali ndi kusasinthika kwapakatikati sichinagwiritsidwepo ntchito pamaphunziro ena, zomwe zitha kuonedwa ngati kufooka. Kupitilira apo, kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa mafoni a smartphone ndi nikotini ndikofunikira kutchula. Kuphatikiza apo, kuperewera kwamasamba pazotsala zofanana ndi zomwe akuchotsa pamathandizidwe ngati chinthu china popewa kuphunzira pompano. Pomaliza, ziyenera kudziwidwa kuti kusiyana pakati pa gulu loyesera ndi gulu loyendetsa pafupipafupi kugwiritsa ntchito mafoni a intaneti kusanayambe nthawi yoletsa kuyenera kukhala choperewera.
Zotsatira
Pankhani ya zizolowezi zakakhalidwe, zomwe zapezazi zikugwirizana ndi umboni womwe umawonetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri foni yamakono kwa smartphone kumakhala ndi zinthu zomwe zingakhale zosokoneza bongo. Zotsatira zakufukufuku wapano zithandizira kukulitsa chidziwitso ndi kumvetsetsa kuzungulira gawo ili la malo osokoneza bongo, monga zotsatirapo zoyipa zotsatiridwa. Izi zimatsimikizira chidwi pa zovuta zomwe zimakhudzana ndi kusiya kuchoka pamakhalidwe omwe ali pachiwopsezo chogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufukuyu akhoza kuthandiza maphunziro amtsogolo omwe adzayang'ane zizindikiro zokhudzana ndi kusiya pambuyo pazoletsa, popeza zonse zazikulu ndi zofooka zawonetsedwa.
Kutsiliza
Kafukufuku wapano adawonetsa kuti kuletsedwa ku ma smartphone amodzi kumawonjezera chizindikiro chodziyimira ndikuwopa kuphonya, koma osatengera zomwe zingakhudze zomwe sizikukhudzani. Zotsatira zake zikuwonetsa kuti gawo lalikulu la zoyipa zomwe ophunzira adakumana nazo panthawi yoletsa, zili zofanana ndi mitundu ina yamakhalidwe olakwika. Kuphatikiza apo, phunziroli lidaphatikizapo gawo la nthawi kuti liwunike momwe akuchokera, koma zotsatira zake sizinali zazikulu. Poganizira zotsatira za phunziroli, ndikofunikira m'maphunziro amtsogolo kuti mufufuze bwino za momwe munthu angakhalire waukadaulo wa smartphone poyerekeza ndi zizindikiro za kusiya. Zingakhalenso zosangalatsa kuyerekezera zomwe anthu ena achita zodzipatula. Uku ndi kuphunzira koyamba kwa mtundu wake kwa chidziwitso cha olemba, ponena za zovuta za kapangidwe. Kafukufuku wamtsogolo akuyenera kuganizira mphamvu ndi zolephera mukamafufuza nkhaniyi patsogolo.
Zopereka za Wolemba
TE, SA, ndi SP anaganiza ndikuyesa kuyesa ndikuwunika. TE ndi SA adayesera izi. TE, SA, SP, CA, ndi RB adalemba pepalali.
Kutsutsana kwa Chidwi
Olembawo akunena kuti kufufuza kunkachitika popanda mgwirizano uliwonse wa zamalonda kapena zachuma zomwe zingatengedwe kuti zingatheke kukangana.
Zowonjezera Zowonjezera
Zowonjezera Zowonjezera pa nkhaniyi zitha kupezeka pa intaneti pa: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01444/full#supplementary-material
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