Kukula kwa Mtundu Wogwiritsa Ntchito pa intaneti komanso Offline for Healthy Internet Use: Theory and Preliminary Umboni (2018)

Front Psychol. 2018; 9: 492.

Idasindikizidwa pa intaneti 2018 Apr 13. do: 10.3389 / fpsyg.2018.00492

PMCID: PMC5908967

Xiaoyan Lin,^1,^2,^† Wenliang Su,^1,^3,^*^† ndi Marc N. Potenza^4,⁵

Kudalirika

Intaneti yakhala gawo lofunikira m'moyo wathu watsiku ndi tsiku, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito bwino intaneti ndikofunikira kwa anthu komanso pagulu. Kutengera ndi maphunziro apakale, Online ndi Offline Integration Hypothesis ikufunsidwa kuti ikuwongolere momwe mungaganizire kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti moyenera komanso moyenera. Integration Hypothesis ikuganiza kuti njira zabwino zogwiritsira ntchito intaneti zitha kupezedwa kudzera pakuphatikizana bwino kwa anthu pa intaneti komanso pa intaneti. Kuphatikiza pa intaneti / pa intaneti kumapangidwira kuti mugwirizanitse kudzizindikira nokha, kuyanjana pakati pa anthu, komanso kugwira ntchito ndi zochitika zonse zazikhalidwe komanso zochitika potsatira mfundo za kulumikizana, kusamutsa, kusasinthasintha, komanso "zosayambitsa". Kuti muyambe kuyesa zonena zokhudzana ndi mgwirizano pakati pa magawo ophatikizika ndi zotsatira zamaganizidwe, zambiri pazomwe zapezeka pano zinasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera kwa ophunzira a 626 undergraduate (amuna a 41.5%). Ophunzira adamaliza miyeso yolumikizidwa pa intaneti komanso pa intaneti, kukhudzidwa ndi intaneti, zabwino ndi zovuta zogwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti, kusungulumwa, kusinthasintha, ndikukhala ndi moyo wokhutira. Zomwe zapezazi zidawonetsa kuti maphunziro omwe ali ndi njira zapamwamba kwambiri zophatikizira pa intaneti / pa intaneti ali ndi kukhutira kwa moyo, chidwi chochulukirapo, komanso malingaliro olondola pa intaneti komanso kusungulumwa pang'ono, kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti pang'ono, komanso malingaliro ochepa olakwika pa intaneti. Kuphatikiza kumatanthawuza kulumikizana pakati pazowonjezera ndi zotsatira zamaganizidwe, ndipo itha kukhala chinthu chomwe chimayambitsa kusiyana pakati pa "olemeralemera" ndikubwezeretsanso zachuma pagulu. Zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi kuphatikiza kwa pa intaneti komanso kopanda pake kumakambidwa.

Keywords: kuphatikiza zoyerekeza, mfundo zophatikiza, kulemera kumalemera, kubwezera anthu ena, kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti, kuvuta kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti, kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti bwino, kutsata pa intaneti ndi Offline

"...chodabwitsa cha kusinthika kwina kulikonse kwaukadaulo ndikuti muyenera kupita kunja kuti mukapeze nzeru ndi kumvetsetsa kwamtima kuti mugwiritse ntchito bwino intaneti."
—Pico Iyer

Pitani ku:

Introduction

Kaya intaneti ili ndi zotsatira zabwino kapena zoyipa pamunthu payekhapayekha yakhala nkhani yovuta kwambiri kuyambira pomwe idayamba. Intaneti yakhala ikuchita mbali yofunika kwambiri m'miyoyo ya anthu, ndipo malire pakati pa intaneti ndi moyo weniweni wasintha; komabe, pali nkhawa yomwe ikukwera pakati pa ena pazovuta zomwe zingayambitse kapena kudalimbikitsa komanso kusowa kwa malangizo omveka bwino ogwiritsira ntchito intaneti (Yau ndi Potenza, 2014; Suler, 2016; Anioke, 2017). Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu watulutsa ma hypotheses angapo (ofotokozedwa pansipa) kuti athandize kufotokozera mgwirizano pakati pazomwe zili pa intaneti komanso zopanda intaneti (Kraut et al., 2002; Ellison et al., 2007; Müller et al., 2016).

Kulemera Pezani Hypichesis

The Rich Get Richer Hypothesis (2002) ikuganiza kuti anthu omwe ali ndi mwayi wambiri kapena omwe ali omasuka pazinthu zina akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kukulitsa malo ochezera komanso kukulitsa ubale wawo (Kraut et al., 2002; Peter et al., 2005). Malinga ndi lingaliro ili, anthu omwe amawonjezera ndalama zambiri ndipo ali ndi luso lotha kugwiritsa ntchito bwino ntchito angathe kuchita bwino kugawana chisangalalo chawo ndikupempha thandizo pa intaneti, potero akhale ndi chithandizo chambiri chachuma komanso kukhutitsidwa kwa moyo wambiri kudzera pa intaneti (Lei ndi Liu, 2005; Selfhout et al., 2009; Desjarlais ndi Willoughby, 2010; Khan et al., 2016). Kuphatikiza apo, osewera masewera a pa intaneti omwe amafotokoza bwino kwambiri mdziko lenileni amatha kusewera masewera monga World of Warcraft (WOW) moyenera kuposa omwe adazindikira zolakwa zenizeni (Snodgrass et al., 2011a). Momwemonso, "osauka amakhala ovutika" malinga ndi izi. Anthu omwe ali ndi chidwi, amakhala ndi nkhawa zambiri pamagulu, komanso ali ndi luso lotha kusamvana komanso amakhala ndi chidaliro amatha kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kuthawa ndi kupewa mavuto m'moyo weniweni, ndipo izi zitha kubweretsa zotsatira zoyipa (Armstrong et al., 2000).

Social Compurance Hypothesis

Osatengera izi, a Social Compensation Hypothesis (Poor Get Richer Hypothesis) ikuwonetsa kuti anthu omwe ali ndi nkhawa zapamwamba kapena otsika kwambiri pantchito yothandizidwa ndi anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti awonetsere kukhala ndi moyo wopambana kuposa omwe amakhalanso ndi nkhawa zapagulu koma osachita gwiritsani ntchito intaneti (Gross et al., 2002; Peris et al., 2002; Peter et al., 2005, 2006). Malinga ndi lingaliro ili, kusadziwika kwa intaneti kumapereka mwayi kwa anthu kukhala omasuka chifukwa chodziwika kuti ali ndi mwayi wodziulula chifukwa chosowa malangizo (Schouten et al., 2007). Kuphatikiza apo, intaneti imatha kupereka mwayi kwa anthu ena kuti azithandizidwa ndi anthu ena, kudziwa momwe alili ndi chikhalidwe chawo (Peter et al., 2005,, ndikupititsa patsogolo luso lawo (Shepherd ndi Edelmann, 2005), komanso mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito zida zapaintanetivan Ingen ndi Wright, 2016). Kuonjezera apo, Ellison et al. (2007) adati ntchito zapaintaneti ndizothandiza kwa anthu kuti azitha kupanga zochepetsedwa pamasamba ochezera, zomwe zingakhale zothandiza kwambiri kwa iwo omwe amadzidalira pang'ono kuti apititse patsogolo chitukuko cha anzawo koma zingakhale zovulaza kwa omwe amadzidalira kwambiri chifukwa zingachepetse mwayi wawo kuti azisunga maukonde olimba pa intaneti. Mwanjira ina, "osauka akulemera" ndipo "olemera akulemera."

Malinga ndi mawu omwe ali pamwambawa, kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kumatha kukhala ndi zotsatirapo zabwino kapena zoipa kutengera kusiyana kwa anthu. Popeza maumboni onse awiri omwe ali pamwambawa ali ndi umboni wotsimikizira, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa zomwe zimaphatikizidwa kudziwa kuti "olemera adzachuma," "osauka adzasauka," "osauka adzalemera," komanso "olemera adzasauka."

Kuwona Kwapaintaneti komanso Kosagwirizana Ndi Mtundu

Lingaliro la kuphatikiza pa intaneti ndi kuthandizira pa intaneti poyambirira idaperekedwa ndi Suler (2000). Malingaliro ake, kuphatikiza kumayambitsa mgwirizano, ndikuphatikiza pa intaneti komanso kukhala kunja kwa intaneti kungapangitse kukula ndi chitukuko. Adanenanso njira zisanu ndi chimodzi zophatikiza momwe ungalumikizire pa intaneti komanso pa intaneti (mwachitsanzo, "kuwuza anzako pa intaneti za moyo wopanda ntchito," komanso "kubweretsa njira zapaintaneti"). Maganizo ophatikiza amatsimikizira mgwirizano komanso malire pakati pa mayiko omwe ali pa intaneti komanso osasokoneza; kutanthauza kuti, kukhala m'dziko lalikulu lophatikizika ndikwabwino kuposa kukhala m'dziko laling'ono.

Komabe, malingaliro ophatikiza sadziwika bwino ndi akatswiri ophunzira komanso othandizira zowonjezera kulingalira kwa malingaliro, makamaka pokhudzana ndi kulimbikitsa njira zabwino zogwiritsira ntchito intaneti. Chifukwa chake, zolembedwedwa zomwe zilipo tsopano zikufuna kupititsa patsogolo Internet and Offline Integration Hypothesis yomwe ingawongolere kuphatikiza kwa ma cyber ndi ma world eni eni ndikukulimbikitsa njira zabwino zogwiritsira ntchito intaneti.

Pitani ku:

Kupanga Ikuphatikiza Pa intaneti ndi Offline

Chifukwa Chake Intaneti Yopanda / Yopanda Maulalo Iyenera Kuphatikizidwa? Mbiri Yoganiza

Chiphunzitso cha Dongosolo chimayang'ana pamakonzedwe ndi ubale pakati pa magawo ndi momwe angagwirire ntchito limodzi yonse (Bertalanffy, 1969). Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kuchokera ku chiphunzitso cha dongosolo ndi malingaliro onse pa intaneti / ubale wapaintaneti. Mfundo zazikuluzikulu za holism zidafotokozedwa mwachidule ndi Aristotle m'mawu oti, "chonsecho ndichoposa kuchuluka kwa zigawo zake." Komabe, zikuwonekeratu kuti gawo lonse lingakhale loposa kuchuluka kwa zigawo zake kapena zochepa, kutengera momwe zigawo zimapangidwira komanso zimayenderana. Pakuwunika konsekonse, dziko lapansi limawoneka ngati gawo lophatikizika osati zophatikizika (Capra, 1997); chifukwa chake, ma intaneti ndi omwe ali pa intaneti ayenera kuthandizidwa ngati yonse. Ngati tilephera kuvomereza maulalo awo ndikuyang'ana pa chimodzi mwazo, zotsatirapo zosavomerezeka zingachitike.

Kuzindikira kwachiwiri kuchokera ku malingaliro a kachitidwe ndi kufunikira kokhazikitsa zofunika kwambiri ndikugwirizana kwa magawo mkati mwa dongosolo. Mpikisano ungathe kuchitika ngati palibe zinthu zokwanira kupezeka kuti chilichonse chichitike, kuti china chichitike ndikulipidwa ndi china chake (Mobus ndi Kalton, 2015). Zomwe zili pa intaneti komanso zakunja kwa intaneti zitha kuonedwa ngati mpikisano mpaka pamlingo wina, chifukwa onse akupikisana pa kugulitsa nthawi ndi mphamvu za anthu. Ngati kuyika patsogolo sikunakhazikike bwino, mtundu uwu wa zida zitha kubweretsa mphamvu zowononga mpikisano (Mobus ndi Kalton, 2015). Mpikisano wopanda pake ungatulutse zotsatira zoyipa, monga kusamvana ndi zolephera zomwe zikuwoneka chifukwa chokhudzana ndi vuto la intaneti (Yau ndi Potenza, 2014). M'dongosolo la ma internet a pa intaneti / pa intaneti, ndikofunikira kuti moyo wapaintaneti uzikhala wofunikira kwambiri mukamachita mpikisano pazinthu zanu, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti tiyenera kuchita zambiri pazomwe tikufuna pamoyo wathu weniweni. Ngati njira imodzi yopikisana, mayiko omwe ali pa intaneti komanso omwe ali pa intaneti atha kugwirira ntchito limodzi mogwirizana zolinga zomwe agawana. Dziko lawebusayiti limatha kukhala ngati chothandizira kupititsa patsogolo ndi kukulitsa moyo weniweni wa anthu. Makina omwe amagwira ntchito mogwirizana akhoza kukhala ndi zabwino zambiri mukamachita mpikisano ndi zida zamkati zamkati (Mobus ndi Kalton, 2015). Ngakhale mgwirizano ungalephere kulipira ndalama zambiri pazigawo zina, mgwirizano womwe ungakhalepo ungakhale wolipira bwino dongosolo lonse (Majolo et al., 2006; Pothos et al., 2011,, ndikupanga maubwino amtsogolo (Hauser et al., 2014). Chifukwa chake, kulumikizana kwa mgwirizano pakati pa ma intaneti ndi ma intaneti kungakulimbikitseni kukulitsa komanso kusinthasintha pakapita nthawi.

Pomaliza, malinga ndi chiphunzitso cha kachitidwe, njira yophatikiza ikhoza kuyimira njira yoyenera ya mabungwe apadziko lapansi komanso osadziwika, omwe akuyembekezeka kupanga zabwino kwambiri pakugwira bwino ntchito pazomwe zikuchitika pakompyuta.

Zambiri pa Online ndi Offline Integration Hypothesis

Tikupangira Internet and Offline Integration Hypothesis, yomwe ikusonyeza kuti njira yabwino yogwiritsira ntchito intaneti ikhoza kupezeka kudzera mukuphatikiza anthu padziko lapansi pompano komanso popanda kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti padziko lonse lapansi, pogwiritsa ntchito njira zophatikiza ndi anthu odziwika pa intaneti komanso pa intaneti. komanso kuchitira magwiridwe antchito m'malo azidziwitso komanso ochita.

Ngakhale dziko la cyber ndi dziko lenileni zimasiyana, tikupanga kuti ayenera kuphatikizidwa mogwirizana kukhala dziko limodzi (onani chithunzi Chithunzi1A1A). Hypothesis ikuwonetsa kuti kuphatikiza kwakukulu kophatikizana kumatha kuwonetsa njira yabwino yogwiritsira ntchito intaneti ndikuwongolera thanzi labwino komanso thanzi. Kuyesa kupewa zochitika zenizeni kapena kuthana ndi zenizeni kuchokera pa intaneti kungapangitse thanzi laumaganizo komanso zovuta kuzisintha pamagulu.

Fayilo yakunja yomwe imagwira chithunzi, fanizo, ndi zina. Dzina lopangidwa ndi fpsyg-09-00492-g001.jpg

CHITSANZO CHA 1

Chithunzi choyimira chojambula chogwirizanitsa pa intaneti / kunja. (A) Kuphatikiza magawo; (B) Mfundo Zophatikiza.

Zoyenera Kuphatikiza: Magawo Atatu a Kuphatikiza Pa intaneti / Offline

Ngakhale njira zisanu ndi imodzi zophatikizira pa intaneti komanso zopanda intaneti zomwe akutsimikiza Suler (2000) apereka chidziwitso chofunikira chokhudza momwe mungasungire mgwirizano ndi dziko la cyber ndi zenizeni zenizeni, iwo anali kuyang'ana kwambiri pa mayanjano ndi machitidwe okhudzana nawo. Kufunika kodzizindikiritsa komanso kuphatikiza magwiridwe antchito afotokozedwanso (Weiser, 2001; Bessière et al., 2007; Li et al., 2011; Utz, 2015). Poganizira zolemba zam'mbuyomu komanso maziko azomwe tikuwona, tikupangira kuti polimbikitsa kuphatikiza, munthu ayenera kuganizira za zomwe ziwirizi zikudziwika, mgwirizano wapakati, komanso kuchitira pamodzi zochitika pagulu limodzi.

Kuphatikiza Kudzidziwitsa

Kudziphatikiza kwanu komwe kumadzidziwikitsa kumatsindika kuchuluka kwa kudzidalira pakudziwona komanso kusasunthika pakudziwonetsa kokhazikika komwe kumakhalapo pa intaneti komanso pa intaneti. Anthu akuyenera kuwonetsa momwe angadziwonetsere pawokha ndikudzivomera pakati pa intaneti ndi ma intaneti, momwemonso amakumana ndi zotsutsana zochepa kuchokera kwa anthu ena. Ayeneranso kupereka chithunzithunzi chofananira ndikuwonetsa machitidwe ofanana pamawebusayiti apaintaneti komanso osapezekanso.

Kafukufuku wapereka umboni wotsimikizira lingaliro ili. Mwachitsanzo, Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti kudzidalira pawebusayiti pakompyuta -Bessière et al., 2007) kapena zenizeni zodziyimira zokha komanso kuthawa (Li et al., 2011) zitha kubweretsa kukhazikika m'maganizo komanso kukhala ndi zochita zambiri pa intaneti. Mwachitsanzo, ochita masewera a pa intaneti omwe ali ndi vuto lozindikira zokhudzana ndi dziko la cyber amakhala ndi mwayi wokhala ndi vuto la masewera apamwamba pa intaneti (King ndi Delfabbro, 2016). Mosiyana ndi izi, anthu omwe amatha kufotokozera komanso kufotokoza zenizeni pa intaneti amapezeka kuti angakhale ndi abwenzi apamtima pa intaneti komanso asunthira anzawo kudziko lenileni (McKenna et al., 2002; Valkenburg ndi Peter, 2007b; Utz, 2015).

Kuphatikiza Kwaubwenzi

Kuphatikiza maubwenzi kumaphatikizapo kulumikizana pa intaneti ngati chowonjezera paubwenzi wapamaso ndi zenizeni zapadziko lonse lapansi komanso kukonda kulumikizana pa intaneti ndi abwenzi odziwika komanso osadziwika osagwirizana ndi anthu osadziwika. Anthu ayenera kusamutsa ubale kudzera mdziko lonse lapansi kudzera pa kulumikizana pa intaneti ndi anthu odziwika (motsutsana ndi osadziwika) ndi misonkhano ndi abwenzi pa intaneti m'moyo weniweni kuti akwaniritse zochulukirapo m'magulu awiriwa. Amathandizanso kuti anzawo omwe ali pa intaneti adziwe zomwe zikuchitika pa intaneti komanso mosiyanasiyana.

Kuphatikiza kwa ubale pa intaneti / pa intaneti kumatha kubweretsa zotsatira zabwino. Mwachitsanzo, kulumikizana ndi abwenzi omwe alipo pa intaneti kumatha kubweretsa ubale wapamwamba komanso thanzi labwino, koma kucheza ndi anthu osawadziwa sikungawonetse izi (Valkenburg ndi Peter, 2007a, 2009; van den Eijnden et al., 2008). Kusewera masewera pa intaneti ndi abwenzi enieni enieni kungathandize osewera kupewa kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti zovuta komanso kusintha moyo wawo wakunja kwa intaneti mwa kuchita bwino pa intaneti komanso kukwaniritsa (Snodgrass et al., 2011b). Osewera awa amakhalanso osungulumwa ochepa mu intaneti kuposa osewera omwe samasewera ndi anthu odziwika (Martonèik ndi Lokša, 2016). Eklund (2015) adalongosola kuti maubwenzi ndizovuta kusungabe kudzera pa intaneti pokhapokha, pokhapokha ngati pali zolumikizana zina monga kulumikizana kwa intaneti ndi zina zofanana.

Kuphatikiza Ntchito Yachikhalidwe

Kugwira ntchito yothandizirana ndi anthu kumakhudzana ndi zochitika zomwe munthu akukumana nazo ndi zomwe akwaniritsa komanso kukwaniritsa maudindo omwe ali mdera lawo (Weissman, 1975; Bosc, 2000). Kuphatikizika kwa ntchito zamagulu kumapangitsa chidwi chogwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti ndikutumiza ntchito zenizeni (mwachitsanzo, zachikhalidwe, sukulu, ntchito, kapena zochitika pabanja), kupewa kupewa kuwonetsa njinga yamoto ngati kuthawa mavuto abwinobwino. Kuchokera pamachitidwe, zochitika zapaintaneti ziyenera kukhala zogwirizana ndi maphunziro / ntchito / moyo watsiku ndi tsiku ndipo zimavomerezedwa ndi ena mozungulira munthu aliyense (mwachitsanzo, achibale) polimbikitsa ntchito zenizeni.

Zotsatira zamagwiritsidwe ntchito pa intaneti komanso zamaganizidwe zimadalira ntchito zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito ogwiritsa ntchito (Weiser, 2001). Chowoneka kapena chothandiza pakugwiritsa ntchito intaneti chitha kukhala ndi zotsatira zabwino paumoyo wathu wamagulu mwa kuwongolera mgwirizano wamagulu (Weiser, 2001). Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zosangalatsa kwambiri pa intaneti kunali kokhudzana ndi kusachita bwino maphunziro (Kubey et al., 2001), koma kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti pamaphunziro kumatha kusintha magwiridwe antchito amasukulu (Kim et al., 2017). Kuphatikiza apo, chidwi cha magwiridwe antchito pazachuma ndi ntchito zakhala chinthu chofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito zovuta pa intaneti (Achinyamata, 1998; Chen et al., 2003; Lei ndi Yang, 2007,, zomwe zapezedwa zikuwonetsa kufunikira kogwiritsa ntchito intaneti kuti igwire ntchito zenizeni m'malo kuthawa.

Momwe Mungaphatikizire: Mfundo Zinayi Zophatikiza Pa intaneti / Offline

Tikupangira mfundo zinayi zokhudzana ndi kuphatikiza pa intaneti / pa intaneti: Commun Transfer, Ckukhalapo kwamphamvu, ndipo Offline koyamba (CTCO) Mfundo. Mfundo za CTCO zikulimbikitsidwa kuti zikhale njira zazikulu kwambiri zopezera zophatikiza pa intaneti / pa intaneti (onani chithunzi Chithunzi1B1B).

Mfundo Yoyankhulana

Kulumikizana kumayimira chinthu chimodzi chofunikira pankhani ya ubale wamkati mwamdongosolo (Kuhn, 1974). Kwa Kuphatikiza Hypothesis, izi zikutanthauza kuti madera omwe ali pa intaneti komanso osakhudzidwa ndi intaneti sayenera kugawidwa kukhala magawo awiri apadera, koma azikhala akukhomeredwa pazosinthana zazidziwitso. Malinga ndi mfundo yolumikizirana, anthu amalangizidwa kuti akhazikitse dziko lawebusayiti (mwachitsanzo, momwe akumvera, zochitika, ndi abwenzi) kudziko lawo lokonda kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti, mosinthana. Kutha kusinthanitsa zidziwitso momasuka komanso momasuka pakati pa maiko awiriwa ndi gawo loyambira kukwaniritsa kuphatikiza.

Kulumikizana kumathandizira kukulitsa kumvetsana kwamitundu yonse pa intaneti komanso pa intaneti, motero kumachepetsa kusiyana, kuthandizira kuphunzira, komanso kulimbikitsa mgwirizano kuti ugwire ntchito yonse. Kulankhulana kungathandizenso anthu kukhazikitsa njira zabwino zogwiritsira ntchito intaneti. Kusakhala ndi chinsinsi chogwiritsa ntchito intaneti kungalimbikitse kugwiritsa ntchito bwino komanso kupewa mavuto.

Tumizani Mfundo

Kutengera kulumikizana pakati pa maiko awiriwa, anthu amatha kupitiliza kuphatikiza kudzera pakupatsirana. Mfundo yoperekera imaphatikizira lingaliro loti dziko limodzi (mwachitsanzo, pa intaneti) lingakhale gwero latsopano lachitukuko cha dziko lina (mwachitsanzo, pa intaneti), ndipo atha kuphunzirana kuchokera kwa wina ndi mnzake. Chifukwa cha magawo osiyanasiyana amomwe amapezeka pa intaneti komanso popanda intaneti, zitha kupereka malo ochulukirapo komanso mwayi woti munthuyo ayesere kudziwika, apeze maluso atsopano, komanso adziwane ndi anzanu atsopano. Popanga kapena kufalikira kuchokera kudziko lina kupita ku lina, anthu amatha kusamutsa malingaliro, malingaliro, kapena zidziwitso zatsopanozi. Pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo yosamutsira, malire pakati pa mayiko akhoza kufooka ndipo mgwirizano wawo umalimbikitsidwa.

Mfundo ya Consistency

Ngakhale mawonekedwe apadziko lapansi a intaneti ndi omwe ali pa intaneti ali osiyana, ndikofunikira kuti mgwirizano ukhale wogwirizana pakati pawo. Kusasinthika koteroko kumatha kuphatikizira kufanana m'mazifotokozedwe, zofananira, ndi zolinga zapamwamba, pazinthu zina. Kufanana kwakukulu komwe kukufotokozedwa mu mayiko awiriwo, kumakhala kokwanira kokwanira kokwanira kokwanira kokwanira. Dziwani kuti kusasinthasintha si boma lokhazikika, koma ndi njira yosinthira kuchoka pakusiyana mpaka kusasinthika komwe kumakwaniritsidwa chifukwa cholumikizana komanso kusinthana.

Mfundo yoyamba

Kuphatikiza sikutanthauza kuti dziko lapansi pa intaneti komanso lomwe lili paliponse ndilofanana komanso lofanana. Monga anthu, timagwira ntchito mdziko lathupi, ndipo palibe amene adzapulumuka mdziko la digito. Kuphatikiza apo, tazolowera kudziko lapansi kwa zaka mamiliyoni ambiri kudzera mwa chisinthidwe, pomwe dziko la cyber lidakhalako kwa zaka makumi angapo. Mofananamo, anthu omwe amapita kudziko lenileni amatha kukhala pachiwopsezo cha matenda amisala komanso malingaliro. Mwanjira iyi, machitidwe azomwe ali pa intaneti ayenera kutumikila miyoyo yeniyeni ya anthu ndikuphatikizidwa makamaka pamaziko a moyo weniweni, m'malo motengera njira ina. Kukhazikitsa mtundu wamtunduwu ndikofunikanso pamene madera opezeka pa intaneti / pa intaneti akupikisana mu moyo woperewera wamunthu (Mobus ndi Kalton, 2015).

Pitani ku:

Kusanthula Hypothesis

Monga talingalira kuti malingaliro athu ophatikizika apaintaneti ndi osakhudzana ndi intaneti atha kukhala ndi zotsatira zabwino zamaganizidwe, tinalingalira kuti kuphatikiza kwakukulu kumalumikizidwa ndi kusakhala ndi intaneti pang'ono, zabwino zambiri, ndi zovuta zochepa zogwiritsa ntchito intaneti, kusungulumwa pang'ono, komanso zambiri kukhutitsidwa kwa moyo pakati pa ophunzira aku koleji mu phunziroli (H1). M'maphunziro am'mbuyomu, anthu owonjezera omwe adathandizidwa amapindula kwambiri ndipo anali ndi zotsatira zabwino zamaganizidwe kusiyana ndi anthu okhazikika omwe amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti (Kraut et al., 2002; Muller et al., 2014). Tidawerengera kuti kusinthika kudzakhudzana ndi kuphatikiza kwakukulu (H2), ndipo mulingo wophatikiza ungasiyanitse ubale pakati pa zowonjezera ndi njira zamaganizidwezi (mwachitsanzo, kusuta kwa intaneti, kusungulumwa, ndi kukhutira kwa moyo; H3). Popeza olemera "olemera" komanso malingaliro abwezedwe ochepetsa nkhawa za anthu amakhala ndi mikangano polingalira ngati anthu owonjezera kapena ophunzitsidwa bwino angapindule kapena akuwonongeka chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito intaneti, tidayerekeza kuti kuphatikizidwa kuyenera kuganiziridwanso pankhani imeneyi, ndipo timaganiza kuti onsewo amawonjezera zolankhula komanso zolankhula. anthu amatha "kulemera" (kukhala ndi malingaliro abwino othandizira) pazophatikiza zapamwamba kuposa zotsika kwambiri ("kukhala osauka"; H4).

njira

ophunzira

Kafukufukuyu adavomerezedwa ndi Komiti Yowona za Makhalidwe Abwino ku Institute of Psychological and Cognitive Science, Fuzhou University. Onse omwe anali nawo pa koleji anali ophunzira ku Fujian Jiangxia University ndi Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, yomwe ili kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China. Adadzipereka kuyankha mafunso mosadziwika kudzera pa kafukufuku wapawebusayiti ndipo anthu onse amene afunsidwa a 742 adamaliza mafunso. Pambuyo poyang'ana anthu omwe akupereka mayankho osayenera kapena osayenera (n = 116), tapeza mayankho oyenera a 626 kuti tiwunikenso. Mwa zitsanzo zomaliza, 260 (41.5%) anali amuna, ndipo zitsanzo zinali ndi zaka zapamwamba za 20.1 (SD = 1.4).

Njira

Mlingo wophatikizidwa pa intaneti ndi wapaintaneti (OOIS)

Mafunso omwe adziyambitsa okha, 15 -inthu OOIS adagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyesa kuchuluka kwa ophunzira mgulu la pa intaneti ndi laintaneti (onani Zowonjezera) 1 mu Zowonjezera Zowonjezera). Malinga ndi kapangidwe ka malingaliro ophatikizika a pa intaneti / pa intaneti, OOIS ili ndi ma subscales atatu, iliyonse ili ndi zinthu zisanu, zomwe zimawonetsera kuphatikiza kuzindikiritsa (SI, Cronbach α = 0.69), kuphatikiza kwa ubale (RI, Cronbach α = 0.66), ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu kuphatikiza kwa ntchito (SFI, Cronbach α = 0.57). Mulingowo wawonetsa mawonekedwe abwino (model² = 386.95, χ²/df = 4.45, RMSEA = 0.075, GFI = 0.92, CFI = 0.89). Chilichonse chimafunsa za kuphatikiza zomwe zidachitika pa intaneti komanso pa intaneti (mwachitsanzo, "Anzanga a pa intaneti amadziwa bwino momwe ndilili m'moyo weniweni"). Opanga nawo mbali adayankha pazinthu pogwiritsa ntchito sikani ya 4-point Likert, pomwe 1 = ndikutsutsana mwamphamvu; 2 = kusagwirizana; 3 = vomera; ndi 4 = ndikuvomereza mwamphamvu. Chuma chodalirika cha kuchuluka kwathunthu chinali 0.75 mu phunziroli. Kulemba kwa OOIS kudawerengedwa ngati kuchuluka kwa madongosolo atatu amsukulu, ndipo kuchuluka kwa OOIS kumawonetsa kuphatikiza kwakukulu.

Ntchito zogwiritsa ntchito intaneti pazosankha (IDBQ)

IDBQ imakhazikitsidwa pa Transtheoretical Model (Prochaska et al., 1992) ndipo cholinga chake ndi kuyeza anthu kuti asankhe zochita pa intaneti (Liu et al., 2010). Funso lili ndi zinthu za 38, kuphatikizapo zabwino ndi zopereka. Mapulogalamu othandizawa amapangidwa ndi zinthu za 16 (mwachitsanzo, "intaneti imathandizanso nkhawa kapena kuwerenga."), Pomwe ndalama zothandizira zimakhala ndi 22 (mwachitsanzo, "intaneti idandilepheretsa kumaliza ntchito yanga yakunyumba panthawi yake." ). IDBQ idawonetsa kudalirika komanso kutsimikizika ndipo ikhoza kukhala chida choyezera ngati ophunzira a ku yunivesite aku China akuganiza zogwiritsa ntchito intaneti (Liu et al., 2010). Ophunzira nawo amayankha pazinthu pogwiritsa ntchito sikani ya 4-point Likert (1 = ndikutsutsana mwamphamvu, 4 = ndikuvomereza mwamphamvu). Chuma chodalirika mu phunziroli chinali 0.91 pamasamba abwino ndi 0.94 ya subscale.

Mafunso okayikitsa pa intaneti

IADQ ndi funso lazinthu za 8 zomwe adapangidwa ndi Achinyamata (1998) kuyesa kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Mayankho a "Inde" pamakhala 1; mayankho a "Ayi" mphambu 0. Phunziroli, Crone la Cronbach linali 0.73.

Kukhutitsidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa moyo (SWLS)

SWLS ndi chida chachifupi cha 5 chopangidwa kuyesa kukhudzika kwapadziko lonse ndi chikhutiro cha moyo wamunthu (Diener et al., 1985). Ophunzira nawo amayankha pazinthu pogwiritsa ntchito sikelo ya 4-point Likert (1 = ndikutsutsana mwamphamvu, 5 = amavomereza mwamphamvu). Cronbach's α mu phunziroli inali 0.87, kuwonetsa kuti muyesowo unawonetsa kusasinthika kwapakati.

UCLA kusungulumwa

Funso la chinthu cha 20 limagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyerekezera kusungulumwa kwapabanja (Russell, 1996). Ophunzira nawo amayankha pazinthu pogwiritsa ntchito sikelo ya 4-point (1 = konse, 2 = kawirikawiri, 3 = nthawi zina, 4 = kawirikawiri). Alfa wolowa m'maphunzirowa anali 0.83.

Kuchotsa

Zowonjezera zidachotsedwa pamtundu wachidule wa China Big Five Personality Inventory (CBF-PI-B; Wang et al., 2011). CBF-PI-B ndi mulingo wapazinthu za 40 zomwe zimakhala ndi zopumira zisanu: kuvomerezedwa, kutseguka, kupitilira, kukhudzika mtima, komanso chikumbumtima. Zinthu zowonjezera zidavotera pamlingo wa 6-point Likert (1 = kusagwirizana mwamphamvu, 6 = amavomereza mwamphamvu). Kuthandizira kuvomerezeka kwa CBF-PI-B kwawonetsedwa ndi ubale wake ku Big Tano Inventory (r = 0.58∼0.83, Wang et al., 2011). Thandizo lowonjezera lili ndi zinthu zisanu ndi zitatu, ndipo Cronebach's α pa phunziroli linali 0.82, lomwe limawonetsa kusasinthika kwamkati.

Zosanthula Zosati

Zofufuza zonse zowerengera zidachitidwa pogwiritsa ntchito SPSS (mtundu 19, IBM Corp.) malumikizidwe a Pearson adagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti athe kupeza mayanjano apakati. Kuwongolera kambiri komwe kunagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti kuyang'anire ubale pakati pa zowonjezera, kuphatikiza, ndi zotsatira zamaganizidwe.

Zotsatira zoyeserera zimayesedwa ndi SPSS macros PROCESS (v3.0) ya bootstrapping monga zimaperekedwa ndi Hayes (2017). Zotsatira zosasinthika zinayesedwa ndikutsimikiza kwa 95% pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya percentile potengera zitsanzo za 5,000 bootstrap. Ngati gawo lakudzidalira mulibe ziro, ndiye kuti zikuwonetsa kuti zotsatira zosakhudzazi zitha kuonedwa kuti ndizofunikira kwambiri (Hayes, 2017).

Kutengera mtundu wamawu a OOIS, ophunzirawo adagawika pazophatikiza zazikulu (zazikulu kuposa zopanda tanthauzo, n = 262) ndi kuphatikiza kotsika (zochepa kuposa, n = 364) magulu. Momwemonso, ophatikizidwa adagawidwa kukhala owonjezera (n = 326) komanso wolankhula (n = 300) magulu potengera zambiri zomwe zinali pamwambapa kapena pansi pazomwe zikutanthauza. Kenako, ma 2 × 2 ANOVA adachitidwa ndi zowonjezera (zowonjezera ndi zazowonjezera) ndikugwirizanitsa (otsika komanso okwera) amagwira ntchito ngati kusintha kwapakati pa nkhani. Kusanthula kwakapadera kunachitidwa kuti azitha kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo pa intaneti, kusungulumwa, komanso kusangalala ndi moyo. Kuti muyerekeze zotsatirazi mosavuta, z zambiri pazomwe zimadalira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Moperewera η² linaperekedwa ngati kukula koyenera pakafunika kutero. Kukonzanso kwa Bonferroni kunagwiritsidwa ntchito kusintha pazotsatira za kuyerekezera kambiri pamitundu yosavuta.

Results

Ziwerengero Zofotokozera ndi Zogwirizana

Ziwerengero zofotokozera ndi kulumikizana pakati pa kusiyanasiyana kwaphunziro kumawonetsedwa Table Table11. Zolemba zitatu za OOIS zinali zolumikizana bwino (r = 0.20 mpaka 0.38, ps <0.01). Momwe amaganizira za H1, SI, RI, SFI, komanso kuchuluka konse kwa OOIS zidalumikizidwa molakwika ndi chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito intaneti (r = -0.15 mpaka -0.34, ps <0.01), zoyipa (r = -0.12 mpaka -0.36, ps <0.01) ndi kusungulumwa (r = -0.27 mpaka -0.43, ps <0.01). RI, SF, ndi OOIS zimagwirizana bwino ndi zabwino (r = 0.10∼0.15, ps <0.01), ndipo OOIS sinalumikizane ndi SI (r = 0.01, ns). OOIS ndi ma subscales ake atatu adalumikizidwa bwino ndikukhala ndi moyo wokwanira (r = 0.13-0.23, ps <0.01). Monga kunanenedweratu mu H2, kusokoneza kwina kunapezeka kolumikizana bwino ndi zopereka za OOIS ndi kuchuluka kwake (r = 0.20-0.31, ps <0.01).

Gulu 1

Ziwerengero zofotokozera za kulumikizana kwa zero ndi dongosolo pakati pa kusiyanasiyana kwaphunziro.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13
(1) M'badwo	1
(2) Gender^a	0.12 **	1
(3) SI	0.01	-0.08 *	1
(4) RI	0.06	-0.19 **	0.38 **	1
(5) SFI	-0.06	-0.01	0.21 **	0.20 **	1
(6) OOIS	0.01	-0.14 **	0.76 **	0.74 **	0.63 **	1
(7) nthawi yapaintaneti^b	0.15 **	-0.06	-0.06	-0.03	-0.13 **	-0.10 *	1
(8) Kugwiritsa Ntchito Intaneti	0.10 *	-0.12 **	-0.26 **	-0.15 **	-0.33 **	-0.34 **	0.17 **	1
(9) Ubwino	0.01	-0.02	0.01	0.15 **	0.10 **	0.12 **	0.13 **	0.15 **	1
(10) Cons	0.08	0.03	-0.22 **	-0.12 **	-0.36 **	-0.32 **	0.20 **	0.49 **	0.29 **	1
(11) Zowonjezera	0.06	0.11 **	0.20 **	0.24 **	0.22 **	0.31 **	-0.04	-0.19 **	0.09 *	-0.13 **	1
(12) Kusungulumwa	0.03	0.06	-0.36 **	-0.30 **	-0.27 **	-0.43 **	0.02	0.34 **	-0.08 *	0.41 **	-0.41 **	1
(13) Kukhutira kwa moyo	-0.02	0.04	0.13 **	0.16 **	0.22 **	0.23 **	0.01	-0.24 **	0.09 *	-0.18 **	0.23 **	-0.38 **	1
M	20.07	/	15.31	14.00	13.79	43.11	5.45	2.25	46.50	44.24	28.95	44.47	14.49
SD	1.36	/	2.21	2.07	1.95	4.47	3.15	1.94	10.55	14.62	6.10	8.21	3.80

Tsegulani muwindo losiyana

SI, Kuphatikiza Kudzidziwitsa; RI, Kuphatikiza ubale; SFI, Kuphatikiza Ntchito Zachikhalidwe; OOIS, kuchuluka kwathunthu pa Online ndi Offline Integration Scale. ^aGender idalembedwa ngati wamwamuna = 1, wamkazi = 0. ^bNthawi yapaintaneti idayezedwa ngati kuchuluka kwa maola pa intaneti patsiku. ^*p <0.05, ^**p <0.01.

Kodi Kuphatikiza Kumasokoneza Ubwenzi Pakati Pa Zowonjezera Ndi Zotsatira Zatsamba?

Kuti muyese hypothesized mediating mphamvu yophatikizira (H3), zotsatira zosadziwika komanso zowoneka bwino zowonjezera pazotsatira zamaganizidwe zidawerengedwa ndi zitsanzo za 5,000 bootstrap. Age, jenda, komanso nthawi yapaintaneti adaphatikizidwa ngati mitundu yosiyanasiyana yosiyanasiyana. Zotsatira za bootstrap zidawonetsera kuti kuphatikiza kwathunthu kulumikizana pakati pazowonjezera ndi kusuta kwa intaneti, ndipo kuyerekezera kwa kugwirizanitsa zotsatira kunali -0.04 ndi 95% bootstrap CI ya -0.05 to -0.02 (onani. chithunzi Chithunzi2A2A). Zoyimira pakati pa kusungulumwa zinali zazikulu komanso zazing'ono, ndipo kuyerekezera kunali -0.15 ndi 95% bootstrap CI ya -0.22 to -0.10 (onani. chithunzi Chithunzi2B2B). Zoyimira pakati pakukhutiritsa kwa moyo zinali zofunikanso komanso zochepa, ndipo kuyerekezera kunali 0.04 ndi 95% bootstrap CI ya 0.02-0.06 (onani. chithunzi Chithunzi2C2C). Zotsatira izi zidawonetsa kuti H3 idathandizidwa. Tidachititsanso zitsanzo zingapo za kusintha kwa malingaliro osiyanasiyana pazotsatira zitatu za malingaliro. Age, jenda, ndi nthawi ya intaneti adalowetsedwa poyambira koyamba, kenako zowonjezera pa 2, ndipo pamapeto pake OOIS subscales SI, RI, ndi SFI adalowetsedwa pa 3. Zotsatirazi zikuwonetsedwa mu Gawo lowonjezera S1.

Fayilo yakunja yomwe imagwira chithunzi, fanizo, ndi zina. Dzina lopangidwa ndi fpsyg-09-00492-g002.jpg

CHITSANZO CHA 2

Kuphatikiza kumayanjanitsa ubale pakati pa zowonjezera komanso zotsatira zamaganizidwe (N = Zosintha za 5000 bootstrging). Zotsatira zamalingaliro azodalirika: (A) Malonda a intaneti; (B) kusungulumwa; (C) kukhutitsidwa ndi moyo. Kuphatikiza kunayesedwa monga kuchuluka konse kwa Online ndi Offline Integration Scale. Njira zonse ndizogawika ndi ma coefficients osadziwika. ^*p <0.05, ^**p <0.01. Njira c = zathunthu (zosakhala mkhalapakati); Njira c'= molunjika (wowongolera).

Kusiyanitsa Pamaubwenzi Pakati pa Zambiri zama Psychological, Zowonjezera, ndi Kuphatikiza

Kuti mufufuze H4, ma ANOVA awiriwa adapangidwa kuti ayang'anire zotsatira za kuchuluka kwa zowonjezera (zowonjezera ndi zamkati) komanso kuphatikiza (otsika komanso okwera) pazowonjezera za intaneti, kusungulumwa, komanso kukhutitsidwa kwa moyo padera.

Pakukonda kwa intaneti, zotsatira zikuwonetsa tanthauzo lalikulu lophatikizidwa, F(1,622) = 22.12, p <0.01, pang'ono η² = 0.034, komanso yowonjezera, F(1,622) = 9.12, p <0.01, pang'ono η² = 0.015. Ponseponse, gulu lalikulu lophatikiza linanenanso zakuphwanya kwenikweni kwa chizolowezi cha intaneti (M = -0.26, SD = 0.86) kuposa gulu lophatikiza lotsika (M = 0.19, SD = 1.05). Gulu lowonjezeralo lidanenanso za chizolowezi chofuna kutsitsa kwambiri intaneti (M = -0.16, SD = 0.92) kuposa gulu logululiM = 0.17, SD = 1.06). Kugwirizana kophatikiza kwa prosion × sikunali kopambana, F(1,622) = 0.55, ns, tsankho η² = 0.001. Zotsatira zosavuta zowunika zinawonetsa kuti poyerekeza ndi kuphatikiza kocheperako, kuphatikiza kwakukulu m'magulu onse owonjezera ndi osungidwa kunawonetsa kuchepa kwapadera pazokonda pa intaneti (ps <0.01). Njira zofunikira ndikuyerekeza zimaperekedwa mu chithunzi Chithunzi3A3A.

Fayilo yakunja yomwe imagwira chithunzi, fanizo, ndi zina. Dzina lopangidwa ndi fpsyg-09-00492-g003.jpg

CHITSANZO CHA 3

Kuphatikiza, kusinthasintha, ndi malingaliro awo pazolingalira. (A) Tanthauza Z Z pamndandanda wa kusuta kwa intaneti, kusungulumwa, ndikukhutira ndi moyo ngati ntchito yolumikizira pa intaneti / pa intaneti (yotsika kapena yapamwamba) komanso yowonjezera (yowonjezera kapena yolimbikitsa). (B) Chithunzithunzi chazithunzi zamagetsi osiyanasiyana ophatikizidwa pa intaneti komanso osakanikira kwa owonjezera ndi owerenga. ^†p <0.1, ^*p <0.05, ^**p <0.01.

Pa kusungulumwa, zotsatira zinaonetsa tanthauzo lalikulu lophatikizira, F(1,622) = 53.12, p <0.01, pang'ono η² = 0.079, komanso yowonjezera, F(1,622) = 37.22, p <0.01, pang'ono η² = 0.056. Ponseponse, gulu lalikulu lophatikiza linanena za kuchepa kwa kusungulumwa (M = -0.40, SD = 1.06) poyerekeza ndi gulu lotsika lotsika (M = 0.28, SD = 0.84). Gulu lowonjezeralo lidanenanso za kuchepa kwa kusungulumwa (M = -0.28, SD = 1.01) poyerekeza ndi gulu losinjirira (M = 0.30, SD = 0.90). Kugwirizana kophatikiza kwa prosion × sikunali kopambana, F(1,622) = 2.81, ns, tsankho η² = 0.005. Kupenda kosavuta komwe kunawonetsa kuti kuyerekeza kuphatikiza kocheperako, kuphatikiza kwakukulu m'magulu onse owonjezera komanso owonerera kunawonetsa kusungulumwa pang'ono (ps <0.01). Njira zofunikira ndikuyerekeza zimaperekedwa mu chithunzi Chithunzi3A3A.

Pakukhutira ndi moyo, zotsatira zinaonetsa chofunikira kwambiri pakuphatikizidwa, F(1,622) = 6.85, p <0.01, pang'ono η² = 0.011, komanso yowonjezera, F(1,622) = 17.45, p <0.01, pang'ono η² = 0.027. Ponseponse, gulu lalikulu lophatikiza linanenanso zakukhutira kwambiri kwa moyo (M = 0.17, SD = 1.02) kuposa gulu lophatikiza lotsika (M = -0.12, SD = 0.96). Gulu lowonjezeralo lidanenanso kuchuluka kwakukwanira kwa moyo (M = 0.19, SD = 0.99) kuposa gulu logulitsidwaM = -0.21, SD = 0.97). Kugwirizana kophatikiza kwa prosion × sikunali kopambana, F(1,622) = 0.02, ns, tsankho η² <0.001. Kusanthula kosavuta kunawonetsa kuti poyerekeza ndi kuphatikiza kocheperako, kuphatikiza kopitilira muyeso m'magulu opitilira muyeso ndikuwonetsa chidwi chokwanira (p = 0.062 yowonjezera ndi p = 0.067 ya introvert). Njira zofananira ndi kufananitsa kumawonetsedwa chithunzi Chithunzi3A3A.

Zotsatira zomwe zili pamwambazi zikuwonetsa kuti zowonjezera zimakhala ndi malingaliro abwino ("olemera") kuposa introvert ("osauka") onse. Komabe, monga tawonera chithunzi Chithunzi3A3A, anthu owonjezera omwe amakhala ndi kuphatikiza kwakukulu adzakhala ndi njira zabwino zamaganizidwe (“olemera adzachuma”) kuposa omwe ali ophatikizika ("olemera kukhala osauka"). Chimodzimodzinso, anthu okhwima omwe amaphatikizidwa kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito intaneti adzakhala ndi malingaliro abwino ("osauka akhale olemera"), kuposa omwe ali ophatikizika ("osauka ayambe osauka"). Chifukwa chake, H4 idathandizidwa. Chithunzi chojambulidwa chamalingaliro osiyana opezeka pa intaneti / kunja kwa intaneti kwa magulu owonjezera ndi omvera amaperekedwa chithunzi Chithunzi3B3B.

Pitani ku:

Kukambirana Kwambiri

Cholinga cha phunziroli chinali kuyesa kuyambitsa ndikupititsa patsogolo malingaliro atsopano ophunzirira za cyberpsychology Suler (2000)ntchito yakale, yomwe ndi Online ndi Offline Integration Hypothesis. Hypothesis iyi ikugwirizana ndi System Theory yamomwe mungapangire ubale wamayiko omwe ali pa intaneti komanso osagwirizana ndi intaneti mwanjira yothandizirana komanso yopindulitsa (Mobus ndi Kalton, 2015). Mfundo za CTCO zikufotokozedwa ngati njira zazikulu zakwaniritsa kuphatikiza pa intaneti / pa intaneti, momwe kulumikizana ndikusinthira zimathandizira kufooketsa malire pakati pa dziko la pa intaneti / pa intaneti ndikulimbikitsa mgwirizano wawo, pomwe kusasinthika ndi mfundo zoyambira pa intaneti zingapereke chiwongolero pakuphatikizidwa njira. Kutengera ndi zomwe zapezedwa m'mbuyomu, oyerekeza amaganiza kuti kudziwika, mgwirizano pakati pa anthu, komanso magwiridwe antchito ndi madera ofunikira omwe anthu amayenera kuyika patsogolo kuti athe kuphatikiza. Hypothesis ikugogomezera kufunikira kopanga mgwirizano pakati pa ma intaneti ndi ma intaneti, ndikuwonetsa kuti dziko lovuta la cyber silitukula kapena kusinthitsa dziko lenileni. M'malo mwake, anthu payekhapayekha amafunikira njira yolumikizira onse awiri ndipo akuyenera kuwonetsa kuyanjana pakati pa zochitika za pa intaneti ndi zakunja.

Hypothesis ikuti kugwiritsa ntchito bwino intaneti ndikwabwino. Pakugwirizana ndi malingaliro athu, kafukufuku wapano akuwonetsa kuti kuphatikiza pa intaneti / pa intaneti kunaphatikizidwa mokwanira ndikukhala ndi moyo komanso malingaliro abwino pa intaneti (zabwino), komanso zokhudzana ndi malingaliro olakwika a intaneti, kusungulumwa, komanso malingaliro olakwika pa intaneti (Cons). Makhalidwe ena atha kukhala opatsa mphamvu pakugwiritsa ntchito njira yolumikizirana ndipo chifukwa chake zimapangitsa munthu kukhala "wolemera kwambiri." Mwachitsanzo, tapeza kuti anthu omwe anali ndi mitundu yambiri yozolowera amatha kukhala ndi magulu apamwamba ophatikizidwa pa intaneti / pa intaneti (r = 0.31, p <0.01), ndikuphatikizika kunatsogolera ubale pakati pakuwonjezera mphamvu ndi malingaliro. Chotsatira ichi mwina chitha kufotokozera chodabwitsa cha "olemera kulemera" mu Kraut et al. (2002) kusanthula, komwe kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kunaneneratu zotsatira zabwino za iwo owonjezedwa koma zotsatirapo zoyipa za anthu ovomerezeka.

Phunziro lathu lingathandizenso kufotokoza mikangano pakati pamawu ambiri opikisana kuphatikizapo olemera "olemera"Kraut et al., 2002) komanso kubwezera mawu olipiritsa pagulu ("osauka achuma"; Gross et al., 2002; Peter et al., 2005). Monga momwe taonera chithunzi Chithunzi33, anthu otsogola amatha kupindula ndi kuphatikizidwa kwakukulu pakugwiritsa ntchito intaneti (osauka ochulukirapo), ndipo owonjezera amatha kukulira zovuta chifukwa chophatikizidwa pang'ono (olemera amakhala osauka), mogwirizana ndi malingaliro amachitidwe ochezera. Kumbali inayi, anthu okhazikika mtima amatha kuipiraipira chifukwa cholumikizidwa pang'ono (osauka amakhala osauka), ndipo owonjezera amatha kupindula ndi kuphatikizidwa kwakukulu (olemera kulemera), mogwirizana ndi lingaliro la "olemeralemera". Chifukwa chake, kuphatikiza kumatha kukhala njira yomwe ikuwunikira kusiyana kwa kuneneratu kuchokera ku chipani chobwezera anthu ena komanso "olemeralemera". Ndiye kuti, "olemera" (mwachitsanzo, gulu lowonjezera) kapena "osauka" (mwachitsanzo, gulu lolembetsedwa) sangakhale wolemera kapena wosauka. pa se, yokhala ndi gawo logwirizanitsa lomwe likuthandizira kuwongolera. Kafukufuku wowonjezereka amafunikira kuti awone momwe kuphatikiza pa intaneti ndi kunja kwaintaneti kungagwirizane ndi kusintha kwa malingaliro, makamaka pakapita nthawi monga momwe kungayesedwe mu maphunziro apakatikati.

Zomwe Mungathe Kugwiritsa Ntchito Kuphatikiza Hypothesis

Kuphatikiza Hypothesis kumakhala ndi tanthauzo lofunikira. Zitha kuthandizira kupewa kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti popanda kusintha magwiridwe antchito omwe amagwiritsa ntchito pa intaneti. Anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti movutikira amatha kukhala ndi vuto losasamala kapena kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti molingana ndi moyo watsiku ndi tsiku (Yau ndi Potenza, 2014). Anthu otere atha kukhala ndi malingaliro olakwika pazokhudza mayiko awiriwa, ndipo amatha kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kuthawa mavuto azovuta zenizeni padziko lapansi (Greenfield, 1999). Amatha kunyalanyaza ubale wofunika (Achinyamata, 1998) ndikukumana ndi mavuto kuntchito (Griffiths, 2010) kapena kusukulu (Akhter, 2013). Ngakhale mapulogalamu angapo olowerera m'malo osokoneza bongo pa intaneti apangidwa ndikuyesedwa mosiyanasiyana.Mfumu ndi al., 2011,, Integration Hypothesis ili ndi phindu lotha kubweretsanso malingaliro atsopano othandizira pakanthawi kachipatala kapena maphunziro kwa anthuwa. Mwachitsanzo, Hypothesis imalimbikitsa kufunikira kwakudziwonetsa, kukhala ndi maubwenzi, komanso kuphatikiza magwiridwe antchito kuti anthu azigwiritsa ntchito intaneti moyenera, ndipo kafukufuku wathu adapereka data zoyambirira zomwe zimawonetsa kuti kuphatikiza kwakukulu m'mabizinesi atatuwa kumatsutsana ndi kuchepa kwa chizolowezi cha intaneti. Kulowerera kungayang'ane magawo amtunduwo ndikulimbikitsa kuphatikiza pa intaneti / kunja kwa intaneti ndi mfundo za CTCO pochita. Kuphatikizikako kuyenera kukhala kwapangidwe koyamba ngati mawonekedwe, ndikuthandizira gawo lolumikizirana kudzera kulumikizana ngati gawo loyamba, ndi ntchito yotsatira yomwe ikuphatikiza kusintha kwa domain iliyonse kupita kwina kuti akwaniritse kusinthana ndi mgwirizano pakati pa intaneti ndi zenizeni zenizeni. Popeza okonda kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti kuti athawe (Wamng'ono ndi Brand, 2017), mapulogalamu atha kupangidwa kuti achepetse kugwiritsidwa ntchito kovuta kwa anthu pa intaneti mwakuwongolera magawo ophatikizidwa a malo ochezera a pa intaneti komanso osagwirizana, ndipo mwayi wotere uyenera kufufuzidwa ndikuwunika mwachindunji.

Hypothesis sikuti amangoganiza za kuwunika momwe anthu amagwiritsira ntchito intaneti komanso chida champhamvu chongoyerekeza kuthekera kwa chilengedwe cha cyber kudzera njira zophatikizira. Njira yoyamba ikhoza kukhala yokhudzana ndi kumizidwa: kumizidwa kwakukulu mu chinthu cha digito, ndipamenenso anthu omwe angatengere zenizeni zenizeni (Snodgrass et al., 2011b); mwakutero, atha kukhala ndi kusiyana pakati pa chilengedwe cha digito ndi zenizeni padziko lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, Augmented Reality (AR), yomwe imalumikiza ma cyberpace kudziko lenileni, imatha kulimbikitsa kuphatikiza pa intaneti / pa intaneti (Suler, 2016, p. 85), pomwe Virtual Reality (VR), yomwe ndi njira yomakika, yolumikizirana yopangidwa ndi kompyuta, imatha kulimbikitsa kudzipatula kudziko lenileni. Chifukwa chake, izi zitha kukhala zotsogola komanso zosagwiritsa ntchito zovuta, ngakhale izi zingapangitse kuyesedwa kochitika. Njira yachiwiri ikhoza kukhala ndi omwe anthu omwe adalumikizana nawo ngati akudziwika kapena sakudziwika m'moyo weniweni, komanso kudziwa ngati akaunti zomwe zidadziwika kapena sizikulimbikitsidwa zimalimbikitsidwa. Ntchito zam'manja monga LinkedIn ndi WhatsApp, zomwe zidapangidwira kuti anthu azilumikizana ndi kugawana ndi anthu ena omwe amawadziwa kale (mwachitsanzo, abwenzi ndi abale), zitha kulembedwa ngati chida chachikulu cholumikizirana polumikizirana kuposa anthu omwe sanawadziwe - GaGa kapena Yik Yak. Zambiri zikuwonetsa kuti kusewera ndi anthu odziwika mu masewera a pa intaneti kungapangitse kuti mukhale osungulumwa kuposa kusewera ndi anthu osadziwika (Martonèik ndi Lokša, 2016). Njira yachitatu ikhoza kukhala yopanga ochezera komanso njira zoyankhulirana. Kujambula kwa zithunzi, mawu, ndi makanema ndizodziwika mu mapulogalamu monga Instagram kapena Skype, omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zidziwitso zambiri kapena zowerengera zomwe zimachitika mwanjira ya nkhope ndi nkhope ndipo zimagwirizanitsidwa kwambiri kuposa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka potengera mameseji ntchito zapaintaneti (SNS), monga Facebook ndi Twitter. Poyerekeza ndi zolemba, zowoneka komanso zowongolera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyanjana zimatha kupanga kulumikizana kwabwino, kukhazikitsa ubale wabwino, komanso kuchepetsa kusungulumwa (Martonèik ndi Lokša, 2016). Kuphatikiza pazomwe tafotokozazi, pali njira zina zomwe zingatengedwe kuchokera pazophatikizira. Kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa kuti opanga akuyenera kulingalira njira zophatikizira popanga chinthu, makamaka ngati akufuna kukhazikitsa malire pakati pa zosangalatsa ndi kulumikizana ndi moyo weniweni. Njira zosiyanasiyana zogwiritsidwira ntchito ndi ma jenereta pazinthu zomwe akupanga zimatha kubweretsa anthu kutengera magawo osiyanasiyana ophatikizira pa intaneti / popanda intaneti.

Zoperewera ndi Kafukufuku Wotsatira

Ngakhale kafukufuku wapano amatenga gawo loyamba pakupanga mfundo zazikuluzikulu za Integration Hypothesis ndikupereka umboni woyamba kuti kuphatikiza kosiyanasiyana kumatha kukhala ndi zotsatira zosiyana zamaganizidwe, pali malire omwe ayenera kuthana nawo. Choyamba, ngakhale madongosolo ophatikiza ndi mfundo zomwe zatsimikiziridwa pano zidakhazikitsidwa kale pazomwe zidalembedwera kale ndi Chiphunzitso Cha System, amafunikabe kukambirana mosamala ndi kuwunika mtsogolo. Chachiwiri, OOIS idapangidwa ndikuyesedwa potengera ophunzira aku koleji ku China, ndipo maphunziro amtsogolo akuyenera kuwunika momwe angakhalire a mibadwo ina komanso zikhalidwe zina. Chachitatu, kapangidwe ka ngongole zomwe zilipo pakadali pano ndizokhazikitsidwa pamalamulo m'malo motsatira mfundo. Zomwe zikunenedwa, mfundo zophatikiza zimawonekera pakati pazinthu za OOIS. Mwachitsanzo, mawu oti, "Anzanga omwe ali pa intaneti kapena abale anga akudziwa bwino momwe ndimakhalira pa intaneti," akuwonetsa mfundo zokhudzana ndi kulumikizana. Mofananamo, chinthu, "Anthu omwe ndimacheza nawo pa intaneti komanso omwe ndimacheza nawo m'moyo weniweni ali ofanana," chikuwonetsa mfundo zomwe zimakhudzana ndi kusasinthika. Komabe, kafukufuku wamtsogolo ayenera kuyesa mfundozo mwachindunji kuti awone momwe anthu amathandizira kuphatikizidwa. Pomaliza, zotsatira za kafukufukuyu zidakhazikitsidwa pamapangidwe ogwirizana, kotero sitingathe kudziwa mgwirizano wazomwe zimapangitsa pakati pa kuphatikiza kwa intaneti / kunja kwa intaneti ndi njira zake; maphunziro amtsogolo angagwiritse ntchito njira zazitali kapena mawonekedwe oyesera kuti afufuze ubale wa causal.

Kafukufuku wamtsogolo akuwunika momwe magawo ophatikizira a pa intaneti komanso osakhudzidwa ndi intaneti angapangire kuti pakhale kusiyana pakati pa ubale pakati pa anthu ndi chikhalidwe chogwiritsa ntchito intaneti, makamaka monga kuphatikiza kumatha kukhala ngati kusintha kapena kusiyanitsa pakati pa kusiyana kwapadera ndi zotsatira zamaganizidwe. Munjira iyi, kuunikanso zinthu zina (mwachitsanzo, zovuta zomwe zingakhalepo pazakugwirizana pakati pa chikhalidwe cha anthu pazachuma komanso zovuta) ziyenera kulingaliridwa. Kupita patsogolo, zinthu zambiri pa intaneti zitha kukhala ndi kulumikizana kwawoko ndi moyo weniweni, maphunziro omwe amafananitsa ubale pakati pazogulitsa zosiyanasiyana (kapena mbali zake) ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana ophatikizika (mwachitsanzo, kusadziwika ndi kuzolowereka, kuchuluka kwa mayendedwe ophatikizika, komanso kumizidwa) khalani okondweretsa, ofunika, komanso otha kusintha malingaliro anu pankhani zaumoyo. Malinga ndi zaumoyo wa anthu, zinthu zomwe zikugwirizana ndi thanzi labwino kapena zowonongera pakapita nthawi ndizofunikira kuzindikira. Chifukwa chake zimakhala zofunikira kwambiri kwa ofufuza kuti apenye zomwe zingatanthauze kulumikizana pakapita nthawi, makamaka ngati magawo ophatikizika amapezeka kuti amakhala ndi ubale wathanzi ndi thanzi. Kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi zinthu zoteteza komanso zoopsa chifukwa amakhudzana ndi mitundu ya kuphatikiza pa intaneti / pa intaneti kotero kumatha kukhala ndi tanthauzo lofunikira komanso thanzi labwino.

Pitani ku:

Kutsiliza

Phunziroli linayambitsa malingaliro atsopano azowonera pa cyber-psychology, Integration Hypothesis, omwe amapereka njira yatsopano yowunikira ubale wamayiko omwe ali pa intaneti komanso osagwirizana ndi intaneti. Kutsutsana kumayesedwa kugwirizanitsa kudzizindikiritsa, kukhala ndi maubwenzi, kugwira ntchito pagulu pazikhalidwe ndikutsatira mfundo zoyankhulirana, kusamutsa, kusasinthasintha, komanso "zosayambitsa". Kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa kuti kuphatikiza kophatikizika kwa intaneti ndi zochitika zapaintaneti kumalumikizidwa ndi zosokoneza bongo zochepa pa intaneti, zopindulitsa zambiri komanso zochepa zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti, kusungulumwa pang'ono, kusakonda kwambiri, ndikukhala ndi moyo wokhutira. Kuphatikiza kumayanjanitsa ubale pakati pa zowonjezereka komanso zotsatira zamaganizidwe, ndipo kuphatikiza kumatha kukhala njira yolankhulirana yosiyana ndi "olemera kulemera" komanso kubwezera pobwezerera anthu. Hypothesis yophatikizidwa ili ndi tanthauzo losiyanasiyana pakumvetsetsa kwathu kogwiritsa ntchito intaneti.

Pitani ku:

Zopereka za Wolemba

WS ndiye anali woyang'anira lingaliro lamaumulungu ndi kapangidwe ka kuphunzira. XL inathandizira pakuphatikiza deta komanso kusanthula koyambirira. WS ndi XL adalemba kukonzekera koyamba pamanja. MP idapereka malingaliro owunikira a zolemba pamanja kuti amvetsetse. Olemba onse adathandizira ndipo avomereza zolemba zomaliza.

Pitani ku:

chandalama

Malingaliro omwe apezeka pamwambowu akuimira a alembawo osati awo a mabungwe azandalama omwe sanapeze nawo gawo pazomwe zalembedwa.

Pitani ku:

Kutsutsana kwa Chidwi

MP adafunsira ndikulangizira Shire, INSYS, Rivermend Health, Opiant / Light Lake Therapeutics ndi Jazz Pharmaceuticals; adalandira chithandizo chofufuzira (kwa Yale) kuchokera ku Mohegan Sun Casino ndi National Center for Responsible Gaming; adachita nawo kafukufuku, makalata, kapena kulankhulana pafoni okhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, zovuta zowongolera, kapena mitu ina yokhudza zaumoyo; adafunsidwa maofesi a zamalamulo komanso mabungwe otchova njuga pazinthu zokhudzana ndi chiwongolero chamankhwala ndi zosokoneza; komanso kuphunzitsidwa pamisonkhano yayikulu, zochitika za CME, ndi malo ena azachipatala / asayansi. Olembawo akuwonetsa kuti kafukufukuyo anachitika popanda kulumikizana komwe kungagulitsidwe kapena kuwongolera ndalama zomwe zitha kuwoneka ngati kusamvana komwe kungachitike.

Pitani ku:

Kuvomereza

Olembawo akuthokoza kwa Jiying Huang chifukwa chothandizidwa nawo posunga deta.

Pitani ku:

Mawu a M'munsi

Ngongole. Kafukufukuyu adalipiridwa ndi National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31771238), Fujian Social Science Project (Grant No. FJ2015B117), ndi China Scholarship Council (Grant No. 201706655002). Kuphatikizidwa kwa MP kudathandizidwa ndi Center of Excellence Rout from the National Center for Responsible Gaming ndi National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse.

Pitani ku:

Zowonjezera Zowonjezera

Zowonjezera Zowonjezera pa nkhaniyi zitha kupezeka pa intaneti pa: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00492/full#supplementary-material

Dinani apa kuti mulandire deta yowonjezera.^{(678K, DOCX)}

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Zothandizira

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Kudalirika

Introduction

Kulemera Pezani Hypichesis

Social Compurance Hypothesis

Kuwona Kwapaintaneti komanso Kosagwirizana Ndi Mtundu

Kupanga Ikuphatikiza Pa intaneti ndi Offline

Chifukwa Chake Intaneti Yopanda / Yopanda Maulalo Iyenera Kuphatikizidwa? Mbiri Yoganiza

Zambiri pa Online ndi Offline Integration Hypothesis

Zoyenera Kuphatikiza: Magawo Atatu a Kuphatikiza Pa intaneti / Offline

Kuphatikiza Kudzidziwitsa

Kuphatikiza Kwaubwenzi

Kuphatikiza Ntchito Yachikhalidwe

Momwe Mungaphatikizire: Mfundo Zinayi Zophatikiza Pa intaneti / Offline

Mfundo Yoyankhulana

Tumizani Mfundo

Mfundo ya Consistency

Mfundo yoyamba

Kusanthula Hypothesis

njira

ophunzira

Njira

Mlingo wophatikizidwa pa intaneti ndi wapaintaneti (OOIS)

Ntchito zogwiritsa ntchito intaneti pazosankha (IDBQ)

Mafunso okayikitsa pa intaneti

Kukhutitsidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa moyo (SWLS)

UCLA kusungulumwa

Kuchotsa

Zosanthula Zosati

Results

Ziwerengero Zofotokozera ndi Zogwirizana

Gulu 1

Kodi Kuphatikiza Kumasokoneza Ubwenzi Pakati Pa Zowonjezera Ndi Zotsatira Zatsamba?

Kusiyanitsa Pamaubwenzi Pakati pa Zambiri zama Psychological, Zowonjezera, ndi Kuphatikiza

Kukambirana Kwambiri

Zomwe Mungathe Kugwiritsa Ntchito Kuphatikiza Hypothesis

Zoperewera ndi Kafukufuku Wotsatira

Kutsiliza

Zopereka za Wolemba

chandalama

Kutsutsana kwa Chidwi

Kuvomereza

Mawu a M'munsi

Zowonjezera Zowonjezera

Zothandizira

Links Quick