Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oyambirira komanso kugwiritsa ntchito masewera a pakompyuta paunyamata (2015)

Front Psychol. 2015 Apr 28; 6: 501. onetsani: 10.3389 / fpsyg.2015.00501.

Coëffec A1, Romo L2, Cheze N3, Riazuelo H4, Sungani S5, Kotbagi G6, Kern L7.

Kudalirika

Kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala komanso kugwiritsa ntchito masewera a pakompyuta amapezeka kawirikawiri pakati pa achinyamata. Cholinga cha kafukufukuyu chinali kufufuza zolumikizana pakati pa kugwiritsira ntchito masewero a pakompyuta ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zosiyanasiyana monga mowa, fodya kapena khansa. Pofuna kuchita zimenezi, ophunzira a 1423 ochokera ku masukulu apakati ndi apamwamba anadzaza mafunso okhudza magalimoto omwe anali ndi mafunso okhudza zaka, amuna, zaka zophunzira, kugwiritsa ntchito masewera a pakompyuta ndi kuyamwa mowa (Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mowa Wosokonezeka Kwachidakwa, AUDIT-C ), fodya (Kulemera kwa Kusuta Ndondomeko, HSI), ndi kudwala (Cannabis Abuse Screening Test, CAST). Tapeza kuti 92.1% ya achinyamata amagwiritsa ntchito masewera a pakompyuta ndipo 17.7% amagwiritsa ntchito masewera a kanema (PUVG) mosavuta. Kuwonjezera apo, zotsatira zimasonyeza kuti mankhwala ogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala amawoneka ndifupipafupi ndi 19.8 ndi 8.3% mwa omwe ali ndi vuto loledzeretsa mowa mwauchidakwa komanso 5.2% ali ndi kudalira kwambiri fodya. Ochita masewero avidiyo adamwa kwambiri mowa ndi osewera ndi PUVG anayamba kumwa mowa wawo (mowa, fodya, ndi khansa) kale. PUVG inapezeka kuti ikugwirizana kwambiri ndi zaka zoyamba kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala, koma zogwirizana kwambiri ndi nthawi yomwe imasewera masewera a pakompyuta. Komabe, sizinagwirizanitsidwe ndi zoopsa za kudalira mankhwala (zambiri za AUDIT-C, HSI, ndi CAST). Potsirizira pake, zotsatira zathu zimagwirizana ndi mabuku, ponena za kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndi kugwiritsa ntchito masewera a pakompyuta muunyamata. Deta iyi idzapangitsa kuganizira bwino za njira zothandizira komanso kusamalidwa mtsogolo muno.

MAFUNSO:

msinkhu; mowa; chithandizo; kugwiritsa ntchito zovuta; fodya; masewera a kanema

Introduction

Kulimbana ndi zinthu zakuthupi, monga mowa, fodya kapena nthendayi, ndizofala paunyamata (Currie et al., 2010; Spilka et al., 2012a,b; Spilka ndi Le Nézet, 2013). Kusewera masewero a pakompyuta kumatchuka kwambiri m'dera lino ndipo nthawi zina, zimatha kukhala zovuta, makamaka ngati zikugwirizana ndi miyeso ina ya maganizo. Maphunziro ena angapo apeza mayanjano pakati pa masewera a pakompyuta ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Ngakhale kufufuza kwina kukuyang'ana pa kugwirizana pakati pa kutchova njuga, masewera a masewera ndi mankhwala ogwiritsidwa ntchito (Lane et al., 2004; Phillips ndi Ogeil, 2007), ena amawonetsera mgwirizano pakati pa masewero a kanema ndi mankhwala consumptions (Wenzel et al., 2009; Armstrong et al., 2010; Denniston et al., 2011; Raiff et al., 2012; Walther et al., 2012; Van Rooij et al., 2014). Komabe, kufikira lero lino ndi kudziwa kwathu, zochepa zofufuza za French zasanthula momwe zingatheke kugwirizana pakati pa mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito masewera a pakompyuta. Choncho, cholinga cha phunziro lino chinali kufufuza kugwirizana pakati pa kugwiritsira ntchito masewero a pakompyuta ndi kumwa mowa, fodya komanso nthendayi pakati pa achinyamata. Cholinga chachikulu cha phunziro lathu ndi chakuti, pali maonekedwe (umunthu ndi psychopathological) omwe amawoneka kwa osewera omwe amagwiritsa ntchito masewera a pakompyuta (PUVG; mwachitsanzo, monga ochita kafukufuku ena amachitira masewero a kanema) ndi achinyamata osewera mavidiyo omwe ali pangozi ya kulimbikitsa PUVG.

Kusanthula kwazolemba

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Maganizo Pakati pa Achinyamata

Kafukufuku wa HBSC (Health Performance in Children's School, 2010) omwe ali ndi achinyamata omwe ali pakati pa 11 ndi zaka 16, amasonyeza kuti kumwa mowa, fodya ndi nkhono nthawi zambiri zimakula ndi kukula. Choncho, pakati pa ophunzira a kalasi yachisanu ndi chimodzi, 59.3, 12.7, ndi 1.5% anali atamwa kale mowa, fodya ndi nthendayi. Komanso, 6.8% mwa anthu asanu ndi limodzi omwe ali ndi okalamba ndi 34% mwa okalamba asanu ndi anayi adanena kuti akuledzera (Currie et al., 2010; Spilka et al., 2012a).

Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa ESCAPAD (2011) (kapena French: "Inquête sur la Santé et Consommations pa Appel de Préparation A la Défense"), pafupifupi 75% a achinyamata a zaka za 17 akulengeza kuti adamwa mowa, 42 % adanena kuti agwiritsa ntchito fodya (Spilka et al., 2012b) ndipo 26.8% adalengeza kuti adayambitsa nthendayi (Spilka ndi Le Nézet, 2013) mwezi watha.

Kugwiritsa Masewera a Pakompyuta

Kugwiritsa ntchito masewera a pakompyuta kumakhala kofala pakati pa ana ndi achinyamata (Tejeiro ndi Moran, 2002; Wood et al., 2004). Pamenepo, Le Heuzey ndi Mouren (2012) anapeza kuti 87% a zaka za 11-13 ndi 80% a zaka za 15-17 akusewera masewera a kanema kamodzi pa tsiku. Masewera a pakompyuta omwe amafufuzidwa kwambiri ndi ofufuza ndi masewera a masewera apakompyuta, makamaka MMORPG (masewera owonetsera masewera ambiri pa intaneti). Masewerawa ali ndi zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti achinyamata aziwakonda kwambiri, monga: kusadziwika, kusakwanira, kugwiritsirana ntchito, kukondweretsa, kusakanikirana, kupikisana, kumizidwa, kudziŵa zambiri, ndipo nthawi zina, chilengedwe chosatha (Greenfield ndi Ceap, 1999; Griffiths ndi Wood, 2000; Morahan-Martin ndi Schumacher, 2000; Chou et al., 2005; Ng ndi Wiemer-Hastings, 2005; Allison et al., 2006; Sebeyran, 2008; Minotte, 2010; INSERM, 2014).

Lingaliro la "kusokoneza masewero a pakompyuta" sikuti ndi matenda osakhazikika. Komabe, "Masewera a Masewera a pa intaneti" adayambitsidwa mu gawo III la DSM-5 (Kufufuza ndi Masamba a Mental Disorders, version 5, Association of Psychiatric Association, 2013). Kafukufuku ambiri omwe amafufuza momwe akugwiritsira ntchito pa masewera a pakompyuta amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "cyberdependence" (Varescon, 2009). Komabe, lingaliro la "ntchito yovuta" likuyamba kufalikira mu gawo la sayansi, monga likuwonetseredwa ndi INSERM's (2014) lipoti, lomwe limaphatikizapo tanthawuzo lofanana kwambiri ndi Goodman's (1990) zizolowezi zoledzera. Ngakhale kuti PUVG sinafotokozedwe bwino, nthawi zambiri imagwiritsa ntchito masewera a pakompyuta, ovuta, kapena oledzera, amapezeka kuti ali ndi chiwerengero cha pakati pa 1.3% mpaka pa 50%. Kusiyanasiyana kwakukulu pakati pa maphunziro kungathe kufotokozedwa ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zida zosiyanitsa zosiyana, zosankha zosankhidwa, ndondomeko yowonjezera monga zaka, ndi zina zotero (Haagsma et al., 2012; Festl et al., 2013; Mfumu ndi al., 2013; Pápay et al., 2013; Ricquebourg et al., 2013).

Masewera a Video ndi Kugwiritsira Ntchito

Kafukufuku ambiri amapeza mgwirizano pakati pa zizolowezi zamagwiritsa ntchito ndi masewero a masewera. Kafukufuku waposachedwapa amasonyeza kuti anyamata akudya fodya, nthendayi ndi mowa amawopseza mwayi wawo wokhala ndi PUVG (kuyesedwa ndi PVG kapena "masewero owonetsa mavidiyo") kuposa omwe sanatero (Van Rooij et al., 2014).

Pankhani ya mowa, zikuwoneka kuti ndizogwirizanitsidwa kwambiri ndi nthawi yomwe amachitira masewera a pakompyuta. Pamenepo, Armstrong et al. (2010) adawonetsa, mwa chitsanzo cha ophunzira a pulayimale a 4691, kuti nthawi yomwe imakhala kutsogolo kwa kanema wa kanema ndi kusewera masewera a pakompyuta imagwirizanitsidwa bwino ndi mowa.

Malinga ndi zaka zogwiritsiridwa ntchito moyenera, kuyambitsa kumwa mowa musanafike zaka za 13 kunkagwirizana kwambiri ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri pa makanema, makompyuta ndi masewera a kanema (Denniston et al., 2011).

Pankhani ya kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso kudalira, kumwa mowa mopitirira muyeso kunkawonjezeka ndi nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito masewera a pakompyuta ku Norway omwe amasiyana ndi 16 mpaka zaka 74 (Wenzel et al., 2009). Kuonjezerapo, anthu omwe amanena kuti ali oledzeretsa ku zinthu monga mowa, caffeine, chokoleti ndi ndudu, ndi omwe ali ovuta kwambiri kudalira ntchito zina monga kuchita masewero a TV, kusewera masewera, kutchova njuga, kugwiritsa ntchito makanema ndi masewera a kanema (Greenberg ndi al., 1999). Motero, PUVG inali yogwirizana ndi zoopsa za kumwa mowa, fodya ndi matenda a khansa (Ream et al., 2011a,b).

Chochititsa chidwi, Raiff et al. (2012) anawonetsa kuti, mwa anthu akuluakulu, kugwiritsa ntchito masewera a pakompyuta kumakhala kofala komanso kwasuta kwambiri kuposa osuta fodya.

Komabe, maphunziro ena sanathe kupeza mgwirizano pakati pa nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito masewera a pakompyuta ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zina. Choncho, Walther et al. (2012) anawonetsa kuti kupatula kugwiritsa ntchito kansanga, ngakhale fodya kapena kumwa mowa, zimakhalapo ndi masewera a pakompyuta. Kuphatikiza apo, McClure ndi Mears (1986) anasonyeza kuti ophunzira (n = 190) omwe ankasewera masewera a pakompyuta tsiku lililonse sadamwe mowa kapena fodya kwambiri kusiyana ndi omwe ankasewera kamodzi kapena kawiri pamwezi.

Njira

Anthu

Zitsanzo zathu zinali ndi ophunzira a 1423 French, omwe anakhala pakati pa 11 ndi zaka 17, omwe adatengedwa kuchokera ku masukulu apakati ndi apamwamba (7th, 8th, 10th, ndi grade 11th) m'chigawo cha "Ile de France." Ophunzirawa adziwa za zolinga za kuphunzira kwathu ndikugwira nawo mwadzidzidzi mwa kutsiriza mafunso okhudza magalimoto panthawi ya sukulu. Makolowo adadziwitsidwa za ufulu wawo kukana kutenga nawo mbali kwa ana awo mu phunziro lino. Phunziroli linatsatira ndondomeko zoperekedwa ndi komiti ya malamulo a Psychological Science and Learning Science department, University of Paris West Nanterre La Défense, UFR SPE (Dipatimenti ya Psychology ndi Education). Utsogoleri wa maphunziro a Versailles, sukulu zomwe zimagwira nawo ntchito komanso maphunziro apamwamba adavomerezanso mafunsowa.

Njira

Mafunso odzipangira okhawo amakhala ndi magawo awiri: oyamba anaphatikiza mafunso okhudzana ndi chiwerewere, zaka ndi msinkhu wophunzira. Yachiŵiri inagawidwa mu zigawo zinayi:

Kugwiritsa Masewera a Pakompyuta

Funso la PUVG linagwiritsidwa ntchito. Pofuna kufufuza PUVG, funsoli linakhazikitsidwa potsata ndondomeko yodalira kwambiri mankhwala mu DSM-IV-TR (Kufufuza ndi Tsatanetsatane wa Mavuto a Mitsempha, Vesi IV-TR, Association of Psychiatric Association, 2000). Chiyeso ichi cha PUVG chinagwiritsidwa ntchito, chifukwa palibe chida chovomerezeka mu French chinalipo pachiyambi cha phunziro lathu. Mavoti onsewa kuchokera ku 0 mpaka ku 7. Mapu ofanana kapena apamwamba kuposa atatu amasonyeza PUVG. Mapiritsi odulidwawa ndi ofanana ndi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti azindikire kugonjera mankhwala. Nkhaniyo inafunsidwa kuti iwonetsere nthawi yomwe imasewera masewera a pakompyuta masiku ndi osaphunzira. Otsatirawo adasankhidwa kukhala "osewera mavidiyo" ngati atsewera kusewera masewera a pakompyuta m'miyezi yotsiriza ya 12. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti zipangizo zamaseŵera ndi mitundu ya masewera a kanema (masewera, kutonthoza kapena masewera a makompyuta, maseŵera a pa Intaneti, ndi zina zotero) adafufuzidwanso mu phunziro ili.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mowa

AUDIT-C (Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mavuto Omwe Amagwiritsira Ntchito Mowa Wosakaniza; Bush ndi al., 1998) anagwiritsidwa ntchito. Chida ichi chimapereka chidziwitso choyenera cha kumwa mowa mopitirira muyeso, pa miyezi ya 12 yapitayi, kupyolera mu zinthu zitatu pafupipafupi, kuchulukitsidwa ndi kuledzeretsa (zakumwa zisanu ndi chimodzi kapena zina pa nthawi imodzi). Anagwiritsidwa ntchito m'maphunziro osiyanasiyana pofuna kuzindikira kuti mowa umakhala woopsa (Bush ndi al., 1998; Gual et al., 2002), kuphatikizapo maphunziro opatsirana m'maganizo monga Health barometer (mu French: "Barometer de Santé"), koma alibe chidziwitso cha Chifalansa chomwe chimadziŵika mpaka lero. Mapiritsi ofanana kapena oposa anayi kwa amuna ndi ofanana kapena apamwamba kuposa atatu kwa akazi amasonyeza kuti mowa angathe kukhala wodalirika (Bradley et al., 2007).

Kusuta Fodya

HSI (Kulemera kwa Ndondomeko ya Kusuta), yomwe imathandiza kuti anthu azindikire mofulumira kudalira kwa fodya wamakono (abridged version of Yesetsani Kuyesedwa kwa Nicotine by Fageström, 1978) anagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ngakhale kuti funsoli linali lovomerezeka kwa akuluakulu (Heatherton et al., 1989), wakhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kale m'mabuku a achinyamata (Hastier et al., 2006). Ngakhale kuti ali ndi makhalidwe ofooka a m'maganizo (kugwirizana pakati pa 0.62 ndi 0.65), akugwiritsidwanso ntchito mofulumizitsa mu utsogoleri (Etter, 2005). Chiwerengero chonse, choperekedwa ndi zinthu ziwiri za mafunso awa, pakati pa: 0 ndi 1 amasonyeza pang'ono kapena osadalira; 2 ndi 3 imasonyeza kudalira koyenera; 4 ndi 6 zikuwonetsa kudalira kwakukulu (Fagerström et al., 1990).

Kugwiritsa ntchito kansalu

Mayendedwe a kanema (Cannabis Abuse Screening Test) agwiritsidwa ntchito. Mayesowa anatsimikiziridwa ku France ndi kafukufuku wotchedwa ADOTECNO (ADOlescents et TEChniques d'évaluation des consommations Nocives) pa ophunzira a 1728. Iyenso idatsimikiziridwa ndi anthu ambiri Legleye et al. (2007). Mapiritsi ofanana kapena oposa awiri akuwonetsa chiopsezo chodalira matendawa.

Chiwerengero cha Kusanthula

SPSS 19 inagwiritsidwa ntchito pa zowerengera zonse zowerengetsera. Kufotokozera kufotokozera (monga magawo, njira ndi zolakwika zina) zinachitidwa pofuna kufotokoza chitsanzo cha anthu. Pambuyo pake, tinapanga kufufuza kwa bivariate (Wophunzira t-kuposa, Chi-square, mgwirizano wa Pearson) kuti mufufuze zotheka kugwirizana pakati pa mitunduyi. Pomalizira, kulingalira kwa multivariate (MANOVA, regress) anachitidwa kuti awonetsere zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zinali ndi kulemera kwa chiwerengero pa PUVG podziwa zonsezi. Motero, tinatha kuwonetsera kuchuluka kwa kusiyana kwafotokozedwa ndi kufufuza mbiri ya "mavidiyo osewera" ndi PUVG.

Results

Masewero a Video

Chiwerengero cha 92.1% (N = 1289) amaonedwa ngati osewera mavidiyo motsutsana ndi 7.9% (N = 111) osagwiritsa ntchito mavidiyo. Ena mwa osewera omwe adayankha funso la PUVG (N = 1192), 17.7% (N = 211) inapereka PUVG (ndi mfundo zitatu kapena zambiri). Only 1.1% mwa iwo adawonetsera zofunikira zonse (mapepala apamwamba a 7). Nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito masewera a pakompyuta pa tsiku la sukulu anali otsika kwambiri kuposa tsiku lopanda sukulu [53 min (SD: 1 h 23 min) ndi 2 h 12 min (SD: 2 h 45 min) motsatira; t(1288) = 22.78, p <0.0001]. Kuphatikiza apo, osewera makanema omwe ali ndi PUVG amathera nthawi yochulukirapo pamasewera akanema kuposa omwe amasewera makanema opanda PUVG [masiku ali ndi sukulu (t = 10.62, p <0.0001)] komanso wopanda sukulu [t(1085) = 10.8, p <0.0001].

Pankhani ya masewera a masewera ndi mitundu ya masewera a pakompyuta: zitatu zomwe zatchulidwa kwambiri m'gulu la masewera a masewera ndi, makompyuta (85.1%), zida zolimba (75.2%), ndi mafoni a m'manja (66%). Ponena za mtundu wa masewera, ndiwo maseŵero a masewera (54.8%), masewera apulatifomu (48.9%) ndi maseŵera a masewera (48.3%).

Kusamala

Pafupifupi theka la anthu athu (46.7%) adayamba kumwa mowa. Zaka zogwiritsidwa ntchito moyambirira zinali zaka 12.4 (SD = 2.7). Tinazindikira kuti 89.3% ya zoyamba zomwe zinkachitika pambuyo pa zaka za 8. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, mmodzi mwa achinyamata a 10 anali atalawa mowa nthawi yoyamba asanafike zaka za 8. Komanso, 19% ali ndi chiopsezo chakumwa mowa.

Pafupifupi 16.7% ya anthu athu adalengeza kuti amasuta fodya. Chiwerengero choyambirira cha zaka zapitazo chinali zaka 12.8 (SD = 1.9). Tapeza kuti 90.3% ya osuta anayamba kusuta panthawi ya 10 kapena pamwambapa. Komanso, 5.2% ali ndi kudalira kwapamwamba kwa fodya.

Chiwerengero cha 21.1% cha ophunzira adanena kuti akusuta fodya kamodzi kokha m'moyo wawo ndipo 8.3% akhala ali ndi mankhwala oopsa, pamene 8.6% adalengeza kuti akusuta.

Kuyerekeza pakati pa Gamer Video ndi Gamer Osati Video

Ochita masewera avidiyo amakhala ndi mowa mopitirira malire kuposa omwe sangakhale nawo masewera a kanema (p = 0.04). Palibe kusiyana kwakukulu komwe kunapezekanso pakati pa magulu awiriwa chifukwa cha zosiyana zomwe zili mu Table Table1.1. Tchati Table22 imafotokozera zotsatira pa mayeso omwe angawononge chiopsezo cha kudalira ndi zaka zoyambirira za kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa osewera mavidiyo ndi osati mavidiyo.

Gulu 1 

Peresenti (%) ya ogulitsa ndi maphunziro omwe ali pangozi yodalira.
Gulu 2 

Zotsatira za AUDIT-C, HSI, ndi CAST, ndipo zimakhala zaka zakubadwa poyamba.

ANOVA yowonjezera inkachitidwa kuti iphunzire nthawi yomwe imasewera masewera a pakompyuta pa tsiku limodzi komanso popanda sukulu kwa iwo omwe amamwa mowa, nthendayi ndi fodya ndi omwe sali. ANOVA inali yofunika. Bonferroni posachedwa mayesero amasonyeza kusiyana kwakukulu kokha kwa gulu la osuta ndi osasuta pokhudzana ndi nthawi yomwe akusewera masewera a pakompyuta pa tsiku la sukulu (n = 1199, p = 0.004) komanso tsiku lopanda sukulu (n = 1199, p = 0.003). Osuta fodya adapezeka kuti akukhala nthawi yambiri akusewera masewera a pakompyuta.

Tinapanganso MANOVA ndi zida zodalira AUDIT-C, HSI, ndi CAST kufanizitsa magulu awiri a masewera avidiyo ndi osakhala nawo masewera a kanema. MANOVA amasonyeza kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa magulu awiriwa. [F(3,1196) = 3.3, p = 0.02]. Makamaka, osewera mavidiyo ali ndi mapepala apamwamba pa AUDIT-C (Bonferroni posachedwa mayesero, p = 0.106) ndi pa CAST (Bonferroni posachedwa mayesero, p = 0.207) kusiyana ndi osagwiritsa ntchito kanema. Komabe, palibe kusiyana komwe kunapezeka pofufuza zotsatira za HSI (p = 0.538).

Tinapangitsanso MANOVA ndi zaka zomwe zimadalira nthawi yoyamba kumwa mowa, fodya ndi nkhanza kuyerekezera magulu awiri a osewera mavidiyo komanso osasewera mavidiyo. Komabe, palibe kusiyana kwakukulu komwe kunapezeka pakati pa magulu awiriwa [F(3,153) = 0.965, p = 0.41] pazinthu izi.

Correlational Analysis

Table Table33 amasonyeza mgwirizano pakati pa mapu a PUVG; amatanthauza zambiri za AUDIT-C, HSI, ndi CAST ndi zaka kuntchito yoyamba.

Gulu 3 

Kugwirizana kwa Pearson pakati pa mapepala a PUVG, nthawi yomwe amachitira masewera a pakompyuta, mapepala a AUDIT-C, HSI, CAST ndi zaka pazoyamba zakumwa.

Ngati timangoganizira okha omwe amasuta (N = 100), tikuwona kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa mapiritsi pa PUVG ndi HSI (r = 0.19, p = 0.052). Mofananamo, ngati tiganizira omwe amadya nthendayi (N = 150) tikuwona mgwirizano waukulu ndi wofanana pakati pa mphambu yawo pa PUVG ndi CAST (r = 0.27, p = 0.001).

Zolemba Zambirimbiri Zina

Tinayesa chitsanzo choyendetsera mzere pofuna kuyesa kufotokozera PUVG (variable variable) pogwiritsa ntchito AUDIT-C, HSI, CAST, zaka pazoyamba (s) mankhwala kapena nthawi yogwiritsira masewero a kanema (pa tsiku ndi / popanda sukulu; zosiyana zosinthika). Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti kusanthula kumeneku kunaphatikizapo chitsanzo chochepa kuposa chiyambi choyamba, chokhala ndi maphunziro a 108 omwe amadya kapena adya zinthu zitatuzo. Mchitidwe wamatsengawu unafotokoza 37.76% (R2 = 0.3776) ya kusiyana kwa mapu a PUVG. Kusintha kwakukulu kotanthauzira mu chitsanzo ichi ndi nthawi yogwiritsidwa ntchito masewera a pakompyuta pa tsiku ndi sukulu (b* = 0.311; p = 0.018), zaka poyamba kumwa mankhwalawa (b* = -0.25; p = 0.02) ndi msinkhu akayamba kumwa fodya (b* = 0.22; p = 0.04) (Zamkatimu (Table44).

Gulu 4 

Kuwerengeka kwafupipafupi ndi chiwerengero cha PUVG monga kusintha kwadalira.

Tinachitanso zochitika zowonjezera zowonjezera (R2 = 0.367). Nthawi yogwiritsidwa ntchito masewera a pakompyuta pa tsiku la sukulu (b* = 0.292) ndi msinkhu pa nthawi yoyamba kumwa mowa (b* = -0.26; p <0.05) komanso, kuchuluka kwa HSI (b* = 0.148), nthawi yogwiritsira masewera a pakompyuta pa tsiku popanda sukulu (b* = 0.191), pota pa CAST (b* = 0.153) ndi zaka zogwiritsira ntchito fodya yoyamba (b* = 0.2; p > 0.05) anali mitundu, yomwe idasankhidwa ndi njirayi.

Mofananamo, ifenso tinkachita zinthu zowonongeka kwa mbeu.R2 = 0.32). Nthawi yogwiritsidwa ntchito masewera a pakompyuta pa tsiku la sukulu (b* = 0.446), zaka pa nthawi yoyamba kumwa mowa (b* = -0.18) ndi phindu la HSI (b* = 0.173; p <0.05) anali zosintha, zomwe zidasankhidwa ndi njirayi.

Choncho, nthawi yomwe mumasewera kusewera masewera a pakompyuta pa tsiku la sukulu komanso msinkhu wa msinkhu woyamba wa nthendayi kumaonjezeranso kuopsa kwa kukhala ndi PUVG. Mitundu iwiriyi idawoneka kuti inali yofunika muzitsanzo zonse zomwe zinayesedwa (regression, ascendant, ndi mbeu).

Kukambirana

Kukula

Achinyamata athu (N = 1423), tapeza 92.1% ya osewera mavidiyo (N = 1289) ndi 17.7% ya osewera mavidiyo ndi PUVG (N = 211). Kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala (mowa, fodya, ndi nthendayi) m'dzikolo kunali kawirikawiri, komwe kumaphatikizapo chidziwitso cha matenda m'mabuku (Currie et al., 2010; Spilka et al., 2012a). Tchifukwa chake, 8.3 ndi 19.8% a achinyamata amakhala ndi mchitidwe woopsa wa mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso kumwa mowa mwauchidakwa ndipo 5.2% akuwonetsa kuti amatha kusuta fodya kwambiri. Zotsatira izi sizikusiyana pakati pa osewera masewera ndi osakhala mavidiyo osewera.

Masewera a Video ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zida

Ochita masewera a pakompyuta ali ndi mowa mopitirira muyeso kusiyana ndi osagwiritsa ntchito kanema. Ichi chinali chokhacho kusiyana kwakukulu komwe kunapezeka pakati pa magulu awiriwa pamene zinayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera. Zotsatira zathu ndi zofanana ndi za McClure ndi Mears (1986) chifukwa cha kusuta fodya, koma zosagwirizana ndi zotsatira zawo zokhudzana ndi mowa. Zikuwoneka kuti kusuta fodya ndi nthendayi kupyolera mu masewera a pakompyuta sikofunikira monga kumwa mowa. Ndipotu, osewera nawo mavidiyo anali ndi mwayi wofanana kuti agwiritse ntchito imodzi mwa zinthu zitatuzi kusiyana ndi osagwiritsa ntchito kanema. Zotsatira zathu: (1) zimatsutsana ndi zomwe Barrientos-Gutiérrez et al. (2012) omwe akuwonetsa kale kuyambitsa kusuta fodya pakati pa anyamata omwe akuwonetsedwa ku ma TV; (2) ndi ofanana ndi a Tucker et al. (2013) zokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito mowa m'maseŵera achinyamata achinyamata.

Komanso, zotsatira zathu (MANOVA) zimasonyeza kuti pali zosiyana ziwiri zosiyana pakati pa ojambula masewera ndi mavidiyo osagwiritsa ntchito mavidiyo potsata malingaliro awo pazinthu zowonjezera (mowa, fodya, nkhono). Komabe, palibe kusiyana kwakukulu komwe kunapezeka pokhudza zaka zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyambirira kwa magulu awiriwa.

Nthawi Yoyesera Masewera a Pakanema ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zida

Panalibe kusiyana kwakukulu kwa nthawi yomwe tinkasewera masewera a pakompyuta pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito mowa ndi nkhanza komanso osagwiritsa ntchito. Nthawiyi inali yaitali kwambiri kwa osuta fodya kusiyana ndi osuta fodya. Zotsatirazi n'zogwirizana ndi zomwe Raiff et al. (2012). Nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito masewera a pakompyuta (pa tsiku kapena popanda sukulu) imagwirizana kwambiri ndi AUDIT-C, HSI, ndi CAST zambiri. Kuwonjezera apo, zotsatira zathu zokhudzana ndi mowa ndi: (1) mogwirizana ndi zomwe Wenzel et al. (2009) amene anapeza kuti kumwa mowa mwauchidakwa kumawonjezeka ndi nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito masewera a pakompyuta; (2) zosagwirizana ndi za Armstrong et al. (2010), amene adapeza kuti kumwa mowa kumafala kawirikawiri pakati pa achinyamata omwe amathera nthawi yambiri akusewera masewera a pakompyuta.

Tiyenera kuzindikira kuti nthawi yambiri yogwiritsira ntchito masewera a pakompyuta pa tsiku lomwe suli kusukulu ikukhudzana ndi zaka zoyambirira za mankhwala oyambirira (mowa, fodya, ndi khanna). Zotsatira izi zikugwirizana ndi zomwe Denniston et al. (2011) amene adapeza kuti, kuyamba koyambirira kwa mowa (zaka zisanafike zaka 13), kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mobwerezabwereza wailesi yakanema, makompyuta ndi masewera a kanema. Kuphatikizanso apo, panali mgwirizano wabwino pakati pa nthawi yomwe mumasewera masewera a pakompyuta pasukula ndi msinkhu pa nthawi yoyamba kumwa mowa ndi fodya. Komabe, mgwirizano umenewu sungaperekedwe ku msinkhu wa poyamba mowa.

Kugwiritsa ntchito PUVG ndi mankhwala

Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu adayang'ana pa kupeza chiyanjano kapena zochitika pakati pa PUVG ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala, monga tanenera kale. Zotsatira zathu sizigwirizana ndi mabuku (Greenberg ndi al., 1999; Ream et al., 2011a,b; Walther et al., 2012) chifukwa chipepala cha PUVG sichinapezeke kuti chikugwirizana ndi AUDIT-C, HSI, kapena CAST.

Kugwiritsa ntchito masewera a pakompyuta kumawoneka kuti akugwirizana ndi kuyambitsa zinthu koyambirira chifukwa pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa PUVG chiwerengero ndi zaka poyamba kumwa mankhwala (mowa, fodya, ndi khansa). Choncho, zaka zoyambirira zoyambirira zimagwirizana ndi chiopsezo chowonjezeka cha PUVG. Kudziwa kwathu, deta iyi siinaphunzire ndi maphunziro ena.

Kuwonjezera apo, 36.76% yokha ya kusiyana kwa mapikidwe a PUVG anafotokozedwa ndi chitsanzo chathu chophatikizapo AUDIT-C, HSI, CAST, zaka pa nthawi yoyamba kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndi nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito masewera a pakompyuta (pa tsiku ndi / popanda sukulu) monga zosiyana. Ukalamba ukayamba kumwa fodya komanso kumwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito masewera a pakompyuta pa tsiku limodzi ndi sukulu ikufotokoza kusiyana kwakukulu. Mitundu iwiri yomwe idasokonezedwa (ngakhale kuti njirayi idagwiritsidwa ntchito), nthawi yomwe ankasewera masewera a pakompyuta pa tsiku la sukulu komanso zaka zoyambirira za kumwa mowa.

sitingathe

Tiyenera kuzindikira kuti maphunziro athu ali ndi zochepa; kuyambira pa mafunso oyeza PUVG omwe akuchokera pa DSM-IV-TR. Kuwonjezera apo, chitsanzo chathu chinali chitsanzo chabwino: Kulembera ntchito kunangopangidwa m'masukulu omwe adalola kuti azichita nawo phunziroli. Magulu a masewera avidiyo ndi osasewera mavidiyo ndi omwe ali ndi PUVG osakhala nawo, kapena omwe alibe PUVG sagwirizana, omwe salola kuti tisatuluke kapena kulamulira zinthu zina zovuta, monga zotsatira za maphunziro. Ndipotu, malinga ndi olemba ena (Chiu et al., 2004; Skoric et al., 2009), pali mgwirizano wolakwika pakati pa PUVG ndi maphunziro apamwamba. Tingathenso kutchula nyumba zofooka zomwe zingabweretse kuopsa kwa kudalira (INSERM, 2014). Tingathenso kutchula zachiwerewere, popeza anyamata amakonda kusewera kuposa atsikana (INSERM, 2014).

Kuonjezera apo, phunziro loyenerera lochokera ku hetero lingatithandize kuti tiyese bwino zotsatira zathu, zomwe tsopano zongoganizira chabe.

Kutsiliza

Kugwiritsa ntchito masewera a pakompyuta ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo (makamaka kumwa mowa) nthawi zambiri ali achinyamata. Achinyamata omwe amasewera masewera a pakompyuta amamwa kwambiri mowa kuposa omwe sagwiritsa ntchito mavidiyo. Izi sizinali choncho chifukwa cha fodya kapena mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Ngakhale zovuta zomwe tinkagwiritsa ntchito poyesa PUVG, zotsatira zathu zimapereka chidziwitso chofunikira pa mayanjano, kufufuzidwa bwino, pakati pa kusewera masewera a pakompyuta ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mowa, fodya, ndi nthendayi pakati pa achinyamata. Choncho, zaka zoyamba kugwiritsa ntchito mowa (mowa, fodya, ndi khansa) sizimasiyana kwambiri pakati pa ojambula masewera ndi mavidiyo osagwiritsa ntchito mavidiyo koma zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi mapepala a PUVG komanso nthawi yomwe amachitira masewera a pakompyuta tsiku lomwe alibe sukulu. Kuopsa kokhala ndi chidziwitso cha thupi (chiwerengero cha AUDIT-C, HSI, ndi CAST) sichinali chogwirizana ndi chiwerengero cha PUVG koma chinali chogwirizana ndi nthawi yomwe imasewera masewera a pakompyuta. Kumbali ina, zaka zomwe zimayamba kusuta fodya komanso zachisawawa komanso nthawi yomwe ankasewera masewera a pakompyuta pa tsiku la sukulu zinali zodziwika bwino za PUVG.

Zakale zogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi PUVG. Choncho, zinali zofunikira kunena kuti, ngakhale kuti PUVG ingakhale yopitirira, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala kumayambiriro koyambirira kumayambiriro kwa anthu odzudzulidwa m'tsogolo. Choncho, palifunika kuwonetsetsa kupewa ndi kudziwa momwe ntchito zatsopano zimagwiritsidwira ntchito ndi achinyamata komanso achinyamata, komanso makamaka kugwiritsa ntchito masewera a pakompyuta. Komabe, zotsatira zathu zikungosonyeza zokhudzana zopezeka pakati pa zosiyanazo ndipo sizikuwonetseratu chiyanjano cha ubale pakati pa mitunduyi. Maphunziro a kutalika kwina ndi zowonjezera zowonjezera ndizofunikira kuti athe kuunika njira zomwe zingatheke.

Kutsutsana kwa Chidwi

Gulu lathu la kafukufuku walandira ndalama kuchokera kwa ogwira ntchito zamakampani otchova njuga (FDJ ndi PMU) ndi IREB (Institut de Recherches Scientifiques sur les Boissons- "Institute for Scientific Research on Drinks").

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