Zotsatira za Zizolowezi Zamagetsi pa Intaneti ndi pa Smartphone pa Kuvutika Maganizo ndi Nkhawa Zowonongeka Matching Analysis (2018)

Int J Zomwe Zingakuthandizeni Kukhala ndi Thanzi Labwino. 2018 Apr 25; 15 (5). pii: E859. yani: 10.3390 / ijerph15050859.

Kim YJ1, Jang HM2, Lee Y3, Lee D4, Kim DJ5.

Kudalirika

Mabungwe omwe ali ndi vuto logwiritsa ntchito intaneti (mankhwala osokoneza bongo a Internet). Tidasanthula zotsatira za IA ndi SA pakukhumudwa ndi nkhawa ndikusintha masinthidwe amtundu wa anthu. Phunziroli, ophunzira a 4854 adatsiriza kafukufuku wopanga-masamba pakati pa anthu, kuchuluka kwa anthu ambiri, Korea Scale for Internet Addiction, Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale, ndi ma subslines a Sy Symbom Checklist 90 Zinthu-Revised. Ophunzirawo adagawika m'magulu a IA, SA, ndi magulu wamba (NU). Kuchepetsa kukondera, tinagwiritsa ntchito njira yofananira ndi kutengera mtundu wathu. Gulu la IA linawonetsa chiwopsezo chowonjezeka cha kukhumudwa (chiopsezo cha wachibale 1.207; p <0.001) ndi nkhawa (chiopsezo chachikulu 1.264; p <0.001) poyerekeza ndi ma NU. Gulu la SA likuwonetsanso chiopsezo chowonjezeka cha kukhumudwa (chiopsezo chachikulu 1.337; p <0.001) ndi nkhawa (chiopsezo chachikulu 1.402; p <0.001) poyerekeza ndi NCs. Zotsatira izi zikuwonetsa kuti onse, IA ndi SA, adakhudza kwambiri kukhumudwa komanso nkhawa. Kuphatikiza apo, zomwe tapeza zikuwonetsa kuti SA ili ndi ubale wolimba ndi kukhumudwa ndi nkhawa, yamphamvu kuposa IA, ndipo idagogomezera kufunikira kopewa ndi kuwongolera njira yogwiritsira ntchito foni yamakono kwambiri.

MAFUNSO:  Mankhwala osokoneza bongo pa intaneti; nkhawa; kukhumudwa; kuchuluka kwa gawo; chizolowezi cha foni yamakono

PMID: 29693641

DOI: 10.3390 / ijerph15050859

 

1. Introduction

Ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kochulukirapo komanso kosavuta kwa intaneti ndi ma foni a m'manja m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, kafukufuku wopezedwa wawonetsa zoyipa zomwe zimapezeka chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri intaneti komanso ma smartphone pazinthu zamatenda amisala [1].
Chiwerengero cha ogwiritsa ntchito ma smartphone ku South Korea ndi pafupifupi 85%, apamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi [2]. Komabe, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kwa smartphone kumalumikizidwa mwamphamvu ndi mavuto angapo azaumoyo, kuphatikizapo kupsinjika ndi chiopsezo chowonjezereka cha nkhawa zopanda pake [3,4]. Kugwiritsa ntchito foni ya Smartphone (SA) kwakhala ngati njira yatsopano yodumphira pamodzi ndi zosokoneza bongo za pa intaneti (IA), ndipo chikhalidwe cha zamankhwala ku SA chalandira chidwi pazaka zaposachedwa [5]. Mwachitsanzo, pali zosiyana zina ponena za mtundu wa zida, monga kusavuta kosavuta, kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti yeniyeni komanso kulumikizana mwachindunji ndi ma foni mafoni [6]. Kufanana ndi kusiyana pakati pa IA ndi SA zidanenedwapo pankhani yokhudza kuchuluka kwa anthu komanso momwe zimagwirira ntchito pakugwiritsa ntchito media [1,6].
Kuchokera pamachitidwe azachilengedwe, kusowa kwa zochitika zina kumalumikizidwa ndi IA [7]. Kuphatikiza apo, kukhala wosakwatiwa kumanenedwa kuti kumalumikizana kwambiri ndi malo ochezera a pa Intaneti komanso masewera a pa intaneti [8]. Ponena za mulingo wamaphunziro ndi magawo azopeza pamwezi, kafukufuku waposachedwa kwambiri mwa anthu omwe ali ndi SA adapeza kusiyana kwakukulu pamlingo waumoyo m'malo mwa iwo omwe anali ndi ndalama zochepa komanso maphunziro apamwamba [9]. Pakugwirizana ndi izi, kuwunika mwadongosolo kunanenanso kulumikizana kwakukulu pakati pa maphunziro apadera ndi kuuma kwa IA [10]. Ponena za zaka, ndemanga zaposachedwa zapezedwa kuti kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwamavuto pa intaneti ndikofunikira kwambiri kwa achinyamata komanso achinyamata omwe akutuluka (azaka za 19 ndi akulu) [10], pomwe chizolowezi cha smartphone chikuchulukirachulukira mu achinyamata achichepere poyerekeza ndi akulu omwe akutuluka (azaka za 19 ndi akulu) [11]. Kafukufuku waposachedwa adawonetsa kuti azimayi amakonda kukhala ndi nthawi yayitali kwambiri yogwiritsa ntchito tsiku lililonse komanso kuchuluka kwa kudalirika kwa mafoni, poyerekeza ndi amuna [4]. Choi et al. (2015) idanenanso kuti amuna ndi akazi ali ndi vuto loyambitsa matenda a IA, ndipo akazi ndi amuna ku SA [1]. Ponena za cholinga chogwiritsira ntchito, malo ochezera a pa Intaneti adawonetsa kuti ali okhudzana kwambiri ndi kudalirika kwambiri kwa smartphone, poyerekeza ndi ntchito zina zokhudzana ndi mafoni [11]. Mwa anthu omwe ali ndi IA, Anderson et al. (2016) idanenanso kuti amuna ndi akazi amagwirizana kwambiri ndi masewera a pa intaneti pa intaneti [10].
Ponena za zokhudzana ndi malingaliro, mayanjano abwino a IA ndi SA omwe ali ndi nkhawa komanso nkhawa adanenedwa zambiri [12,13]. Kafukufuku waposachedwa ati kupezeka kuti munthu atha kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti ndi ma foni a m'manja atha kugwiritsa ntchito mbiri ya munthu payekha m'malo modzikhulupirira [14,15,16]. Kafukufuku waposachedwa adawona gawo la kumvera chisoni ndi kukhutira kwaumoyo ku IA ndi SA [17]. Pankhani ya psychopathology, maphunziro angapo adanenanso kulumikizana kwabwino pakati pa IA, kukhumudwa, ndi nkhawa [18,19,20], pomwe kafukufuku waposachedwa adanena za ubale pakati pa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa smartphone komanso kuuma, kukhumudwa, ndi nkhawa [13]. Chifukwa chake, maubwenzi apakati pa IA, SA, ndi mavuto amisala yamaubongo amafunika kukonzedwa bwino. Kuphatikiza apo, potengera kuchuluka komanso kusiyana pakati pa IA ndi SA [16], ndiye funso lomwe likubwera ndi loti IA ndi SA zikugwirizana bwanji ndi kuchuluka kwa kukhumudwa ndi nkhawa atasintha magawo osokoneza anthu komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu?
Sizikudziwikiratu ngati mavuto azachipatala amayambitsa kapena chifukwa chodalira kwambiri intaneti ndi mafoni. Kafukufuku wapaulendo adagwiritsa ntchito njira zowunikira zingapo kuti afufuze ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa zovuta zaumoyo, IA, ndi SA mwa anthu [21]. Komabe, mu maphunziro owonera, omwe samasinthika, kusanthula kwakanthawi kambiri kumakhala ndi malire, monga kuthekera kwa kuchulukitsa ndi cholakwika chochepa pomwe olemba angapo alipo, kuwonjezera pazosankha [22]. Chifukwa chake, kuwerengera zomwe zimapangitsa munthu kukhala osokoneza bongo mwa kungowerenga zomwe zachitika, monga kupsinjika ndi nkhawa, zitha kukhala zopanda pake chifukwa cha kusalingana kwa demographic ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu pazokhudzana ndi IA ndi SA. Kuphatikiza apo, palibe kafukufuku yemwe adafufuza za kusiyanaku malinga ndi mawonekedwe a ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti ndi ma smartphone, kuphatikiza zochitika zachilengedwe ndi mbiri ya ogwiritsa ntchito, a IA ndi SA okhumudwa ndi nkhawa. Propensity lintlha likufanana (PSM) yakhala njira yotchuka yochepetsera kusankhaku mu maphunziro owonera [23,24]. Mu pepala ili, tinagwiritsira ntchito kusanthula kwa PSM kuti tifufuze zotsatira za IA ndi SA pa kukhumudwa ndi nkhawa, kuti tichepetse kusankhaku mu deta yathu. Tidasankha kugonana, zaka, maphunziro, maukwati, ndi ndalama ngati zosokoneza, poganizira kuyanjana kwa mitundu iyi ndi IA ndi SA pakuphunzira kwathu [9,25].
Cholinga chachikulu cha phunziroli ndikuwunika maubwenzi apakati pa IA, SA, ndi momwe akusinthira, komwe kumakhala kukhumudwa ndi nkhawa, pogwiritsa ntchito kufananizira kwa kulinganiza mphotho. Chachiwiri, tikufuna kudziwa momwe zovuta za nkhawa ndi nkhawa zimasiyanirana ndi IA ndi SA.

 

 

2. Zida ndi njira

 

 

2.1. Ophunzira Phunziro

Zambirizi zinali ndi mayankho omwe adapezeka pa intaneti omwe anadziwika kale a 5003 aku Korea (azaka za 19-49 zaka), lotsogozedwa ndi Catholic University of Korea, Seoul; ndi Chipatala cha St. Mary mu Disembala 2014 [26]. Phunziroli linachitidwa mogwirizana ndi Declaration of Helsinki. Mabodi owunika a University University of Korea, Seoul; ndipo Chipatala cha St. Mary chavomereza izi. Ophunzira onse adauzidwa za phunziroli ndipo adapereka chidziwitso cholemba. Ochita kafukufukuwo adalembedwa ndi gulu la kampani yopanga kafukufuku ndipo adadziwonetsa mafunso awo kudzera pa intaneti popanda kulipidwa. Ofunsidwa a 149 okha, omwe sanagwiritse ntchito ma foni a smartphones, ndi omwe anapatula. Pomaliza, tidasanthula zomwe ophunzira a 4854 adachita. Mu zitsanzo zomaliza, mibadwo idagawika m'magulu atatu: Pansi 30 (33.19%), 30-39 (43.94%), ndi 40-49 (22.87%). Panali amuna amuna a 2573 (53.01%) ndi akazi a 2281 (46.99%). Zowonjezera za kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe adawaganizira anali maphunziro, banja, ndi ndalama.

 

 

2.2. Njira

 

 

2.2.1. Kuyeza kwa Kusuta Kwachangu pa intaneti

Korea Scale for Internet Addiction (K-wadogo) idapangidwa ku Korea kuti iyese IA ndipo yakhala ikuvomerezeka kwa anthu aku Korea omwe ali ndi kudalirika kwakukulu kosasintha kwamkati [27]. Mgwirizano wapaofesi a Cronbach a K-Scale anali 0.91 [28]. Ili ndi subscales zisanu ndi ziwiri ndi zinthu za 40, kuyeza kusokonezeka kwa moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, kusokonezeka kwa kuyesa koona, malingaliro osokoneza, maubwenzi apabanja, machitidwe opatuka, kusiya, ndi kulolerana. Mlingo wamtunduwu wa Likert wakhazikitsidwa kuyambira 1 (ayi) mpaka 4 (nthawi zonse). Malinga ndi malipoti am'mbuyomu ogwiritsa ntchito kuchuluka uku, ophatikizidwa adasankhidwa m'magulu atatu: achitetezo abwinobwino, oopsa, komanso oopsa [29]. Gulu lomwe lili pachiwopsezo chachikulu limafotokozedwa kuti limakhala ndi chiwonetsero chokhazikika cha 70 kapena kupitilira apo, pakusokonezedwa kwa moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, malingaliro osokoneza bongo, zinthu zololera, kapena 70 yonse. Gulu lomwe lingakhale pachiwopsezo lidafotokozedwa ngati chiwonetsero cha 62 kapena kuchuluka m'masokonezo a moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, malingaliro osokoneza bongo, zololera, kapena 63 yonse. Gulu logwiritsa ntchito mwachizolowezi linali ndi ziwerengerozi m'munsimu. Phunziroli, magulu a IA anapangidwa kuti akhale oopsa komanso magulu omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu.

 

 

2.2.2. Kuyeza kwa Kusuta kwa Smartphone

Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale (K-SAS) yakhala yovomerezeka ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kutsimikizira ku SA [30]. Muli ndi zinthu za 15 zomwe zidavoteledwa pamakina anayi a Likert mtundu wamavuto kuchokera ku 1 (ayi) mpaka 4 (nthawi zonse). Mafunso amafufuza zinthu zitatu izi: kusokonezeka kwa moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, malingaliro osokoneza bongo, ndi kulolerana. Mgwirizano wapaofesi a Cronbach a K-SAS anali 0.880 [5].
Kutengera ndi lipoti lakale lomwe tikugwiritsa ntchito kuchuluka uku, tinagwiritsa ntchito zigawozo kuti zigawike ophunzira m'magulu atatu: Zosavuta, zoopsa, komanso zoopsa [30]. Gulu lomwe lili pachiwopsezo chachikulu limatanthauzidwa kuti lili ndi chiwonetsero cha 44 kapena kupitilira apo, kapena kukhala ndi gawo lolembetsa la 15 kapena kupitilira pazovuta za tsiku ndi tsiku limodzi ndi ma subscores a 13 kapena kupitilira, m'magulu onse olimbikitsa olekerera. Gulu lomwe lingakhale pachiwopsezo limafotokozedwa kuti limakhala ndi 41 kapena kupitilira muyeso, kapena 15 kapena zambiri pazakusokoneza moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Gulu logwiritsa ntchito mwazomwe zili ndi manambala omwe ali pansi pa manambala [30]. Phunziroli, gulu lokhala ndi smartphone linapangidwa ndi magulu oopsa komanso oopsa.

 

 

2.2.3. Kuyeza Kwa Mavuto Athupi Lathupi: Kukhumudwa ndi kuda nkhawa

SCL-90-R ndi mafunso ochulukirapo ophatikizidwa kuti aunike zochitika zingapo zamaganizidwe a 9: Zosachedwa, kukakamiza, kukhudzika, kukhudzika, kukhumudwa, kuda nkhawa, kuda nkhawa, kuda nkhawa, kuchita mantha,31]. SCL-90 ili ndi zinthu za 90 zomwe zidavoteredwa pama 5-point point of vuto kuchokera ku 0 (palibe) mpaka 4 (owonjezera). Kuyesa-kuyesanso kudalirika kwa SCL-90-R mchilankhulo cha Korea kunali 0.76 pamatenda okhumudwa ndi 0.77 pamakhala ndi nkhawa. Kusasinthika kwamkati kunali 0.89 ya kukhumudwa ndi 0.86 ya nkhawa [31]. Matenda okhumudwa ndi nkhawa akuti ndi zizindikiro zamisala zogwirizana kwambiri ndi IA ndi SA [12,13]. Magawo osangalatsa omwe adzawonekere mu phunziroli anaphatikizanso zolipira za SCL-90-R za Kukhumudwa ndi kuda nkhawa.

 

 

2.3. Kusanthula Deta

 

 

2.3.1. Tanthauzo la Statistical

Tiyeni Zi

 

khalani chisonyezo cha mankhwala osokoneza bongo cha nkhaniyi; ndiye kuti, Zi=1 ngati phunziroli lidasokonekera (IA kapena SA), ndipo Zi=0 apo ayi. Zotsatira zomwe zingakhalepo zamavuto amisala (nkhawa kapena nkhawa) zimafotokozedwa kuti Yi(Zi. Dziwani kuti imodzi mwazotsatira zomwe zimachitika pa nthawi imodzi pamutu uliwonse, kuphatikiza mwachindunji Yi(1)-Yi ndizosatheka. M'malo mwazomwe zikuchitika, gawo lalikulu lokhala ndi chidwi ndi zomwe anthu omwe ali nazo akuchita

τ=E(Yi(1)-Yi(0)|
 
Komabe, kuyerekezera kwa τ

akadali ndi vuto chifukwa E(Yi(0)|Zi sitingathe kuwerengera mwachindunji. Zachidziwikire, poyesa mosasamala, E(Yi(0)|Zi zakhuta, motero τ zitha kuwerengedwa mosavuta. Komabe, mu kafukufuku wowonera, kuyerekezera kwa naïve kwa τ ikhoza kukhala tsankho chifukwa E(Yi(0)|Zi. Kusintha tsankho ili, timaganiza kuti titha kuwona omwe adayendetsa Xi zomwe sizikhudzidwa ndi chizolowezi chilichonse, komanso gulu lapadera Xi, Zotsatira zake Yi(1), Yi ali osadalira chidziwitso chaukonda Zi. Kuphatikiza apo, ngati zotsatira zomwe zili zothekera ndizosagwirizana ndi zomwe anthu sangakwanitse kuchita pakubwera Xi, nawonso osayimira pawokha pazokakamira pazowerengera P(Xi)= P(Zi=1|Xi[19]. Makina a PSM a τ imakhala

τPSM=EP(X)|Z=1

 

 

 

 

 

2.3.2. Kuwerengera Kuchulukana Kwa Zochita

Zambiri zowerengedwa zimawerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu ikuluikulu, mtundu womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kulosera kuthekera kwakuti chizolowezi chimachitika 

fufuzaniP(Zi=1|Xi)

 

 

 
Mu pepala ili, monga olemba Xi

 

 

, timaganizira za magawo asanu ophatikizika: kugonana (1 = chachimuna ndi 2 = chachikazi), msinkhu (1 = 20-29, 2 = 30-39, ndi 3 = 40-49), maphunziro (1 = pakati sukulu, 2 = mkulu sukulu, ndi 3 = kuyunivesite kapena kumtunda), maukwati (1 = osakwatiwa, 2 = cohabitation, 3 = wokwatiwa, 4 = wosudzulidwa, ndi 5 = wofedwa), ndi ndalama (1 = otsika, 2 = pakati-otsika, 3 = pakati, 4 = chapakatikati, ndi 5 = mkulu). Mu Gawo 1, ma covariateswa amatha kutengera zomwezo nthawi yomweyo zotsatira (kukhumudwa kapena nkhawa) komanso kuzolowera. Chifukwa chake, pamutu uliwonse, timayesa kuchuluka; kutanthauza kuti, momwe angakhalire osavuta atapatsidwa mwayi wopezeka atapatsidwa ndalama [32].

 

 

2.3.3. Njira Zogwirizanitsa Kutengera Kuyerekeza Kwambiri Kuwona

Pakuyerekezeredwa kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka, kufananiza kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kuyerekeza momwe chithandizo chikuthandizira mutasintha malekano pakati pa magulu awiriwo [33]. Cholinga chofananira ndikupanga chitsanzo chogwirizana chomwe chimagawa kugawa kwa wophunzirayo ndikufananiza magawo a magulu owongolera omwe awonedwa. Njira zosinthira izi zimatilola kuwongolera kusintha kosokoneza. Phunziroli, tidagwiritsa ntchito njira ziwiri zofananira, mtundu woyenerana komanso chibadwa [34].

 

 

2.3.4. Kuyerekezera kwa Zoyipa Zoyipa Pazovuta za Matenda a Mental Pambuyo pa Propensity Score Matching

Pambuyo pamalingaliro ofanana ndi olemba zakale (zaka, jenda, ukwati, ndalama, ndi maphunziro), tili ndi dawunifomu yabwino. Kuti titengere zovuta zamavuto amisala (nkhawa kapena nkhawa), tinagwiritsa ntchito mitundu yoyang'anira mitundu (ma GLM) pamafanizo. Chifukwa kuchuluka kwa thanzi laubongo ndi kwabwino komanso kopanda tsankho, kugawa kwa gamma kogwirizanitsa ndi chipika kumakhala koyenera. Tiyeni Yi

 

khalani zotsatira za chidwi (chithunzi cha kukhumudwa kapena kuda nkhawa) moperewera μi, titha kugwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a Gamma GLM ndi covariates Xi:

 

fufuzaniμi=γT
 
 
Kudzera modutsa, timalingalira eγ

 

 

monga zowopsa zake (monga momwe zimayembekezera kusiyana pakati pa magulu) a IA ndi SA pa gulu lililonse.

 

 

3. Zotsatira

Kuphatikiza pa omwe anali nawo pa 4854, 126 (2.60%) adaphatikizidwa m'gulu la IA ndipo 652 (13.43%) adaphatikizidwa ku gulu la SA. Gulu 1 ikuwonetsa ziwerengero zofotokozera za kukhumudwa ndi nkhawa. Zambiri zomwe zikutanthauzira nkhawa ndi nkhawa za magulu a IA ndi SA ndi akulu kuposa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito masiku onse (NU) gulu.
Gulu 1. Ziwerengero zofotokozera za Kukhumudwa ndi kuda nkhawa.
Table

 

 

3.1. Kulinganiza Bwino kwa Njira Yopanga Zambiri Poyerekeza

Ngakhale timalemba ochepa chabe omwe ali pamafunso aphunziroli, kudzera pamalowo, tapeza kuti njira zofananira ndizokwanira kugawa aliyense payekha, Gulu 2 ndi Gulu 3. Tidayesa mtunda m'magawo oyambira a Xi

 

 

 

. Pa chilichonse chomwe timagwirizana, timayeseza kusankhaku; Ndiye kuti, kusiyana kwakanema pamavuto osavuta ndi ena. Musanagwiritse ntchito kufananirana kwamapulogalamu, kusasamala sikunanyalanyazidwe. Komabe, pambuyo pamalingaliro ofanana, izi ndi zomwe zinali zabwinobwino zimagawidwa mofanananira kwa onse olamulira.
Gulu 2. Kuyerekeza kuchuluka kwapakati pazomwe zimakhazikitsidwa pakati pa IA ndi magulu ogwiritsidwa ntchito mwachizolowezi, mu choyambirira cha zitsanzo ndi masitepe akufanana, pogwiritsa ntchito chibadwa komanso zofananira.
Table
Gulu 3. Kuyerekeza kuchuluka kwapakati pazomwe zimakhazikitsidwa pakati pa SA ndi magulu abwinobwino, mu zitsanzo zoyambirira ndi masanjidwe ofanana, pogwiritsa ntchito chibadwa komanso kufananirana koyenera.
Table

 

 

3.2. Zotsatira zakuwonetsa kwa intaneti pa Kukhumudwa ndi kuda nkhawa

Zotsatira za IA pa kukhumudwa ndi nkhawa zomwe zimapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito kufanana kwa zigawo zikunenedwa Gulu 4. Kudzera mwa kufanana kwa majini, zitsanzo 3846 zidasankhidwa. IA inali yokhudzana ndi chiopsezo chachikulu cha kukhumudwa (chiopsezo chachikulu 1.207, 95% chidaliro 1.128-1.292, ndi p <0.001) ndi nkhawa (chiopsezo chochepa 1.264, 95% chidaliro 1.173-1.362, ndi p <0.001). Zonsezi zowerengera pachiwopsezo ndizofunikira chifukwa nthawi yazikhulupiriro mulibe 1. Pogwiritsa ntchito njira yoyenera, zitsanzo za 252 zidasankhidwa. IA inali yokhudzana ndi kukhumudwa kwakukulu (chiopsezo chochepa 1.243, 95% chidaliro 1.145-1.348, ndi p <0.001) ndi nkhawa (chiopsezo 1.308, 95% chidaliro 1.192-1.435, ndi p <0.001). Mofananamo ndi kufanana kwa majini, ziwopsezo zomwe zili pachiwopsezo pa zonse, kukhumudwa ndi nkhawa, ndizokulirapo kuposa 1.
Gulu 4. Zotsatira za intaneti ndi chizolowezi cha foni ya smartphone pakukhumudwa ndi nkhawa, kutengera kufanana kwa mphambu.
Table

 

 

3.3. Zotsatira za Kusuta kwa Smartphone pa Kukhumudwa ndi kuda nkhawa

Zotsatira zaku SA pakukhumudwa ndi nkhawa pogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe akufanizira akuti Gulu 4. Pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu yofananira, zitsanzo za 4516 zidasankhidwa. SA inali yokhudzana ndi chiopsezo chachikulu cha kukhumudwa (chiopsezo chachikulu 1.337, 95% chidaliro 1.296-1.378, ndi p <0.001) ndi nkhawa (chiopsezo chachikulu 1.402, 95% nthawi yokhulupirira 1.355-1.450, ndi p <0.001). Pogwiritsa ntchito njira yoyenera, zitsanzo 1304 zidasankhidwa. SA inali yokhudzana ndi chiopsezo chachikulu cha kukhumudwa (chiopsezo chachikulu 1.386, 95% nthawi yokhulupirira 1.334-1.440, ndi p <0.001) ndi nkhawa (chiopsezo chachikulu 1.440, 95% nthawi yokhulupirira 1.380-1.503, ndi p <0.001). Zonsezi zowerengera zowopsa ndizofunikira.

 

 

3.4. Kusiyanitsa mu Zotsatira za intaneti komanso Chidwi cha Smartphone pa Kukhumudwa ndi kuda nkhawa

Chiwopsezo chocheperako cha kukhumudwa ndi nkhawa, kuchokera ku ma genetic komanso kufananirana bwino, anali 10% apamwamba ku SA kuposa IA. Izi zikutanthauza kuti SA ili pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha kukhumudwa ndi nkhawa kuposa IA. Zodalirika izi sizikhala ndi 1, chifukwa chake titha kunena kuti SA ndi 34-44% ikhoza kuyambitsa kusokonezeka kwa malingaliro.

 

 

4. Kukambirana

Zotsatira zathu ndikuti onse a IA ndi SA amalimbikitsa kwambiri kukhumudwa ndi nkhawa, ngakhale atawongolera osokoneza omwe akugwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe ofanana. Kafukufuku wa Epidemiological akuyerekezera kuchuluka kwa kukhumudwa kwa IA [35,36]. Kafukufuku wambiri wazomwe ananena kuti anthu omwe ali ndi IA kapena SA adawonetsa kukhumudwa kwambiri komanso nkhawa kuposa ogwiritsa ntchito wamba [13,37]. Mu kafukufuku wapano, zotsatira zathu zikuwonetsa ntchito za IA ndi SA pakupanga nkhawa ndi nkhawa. Pali mafotokozedwe ena omwe angapezeke pazomwe zapezedwa. Choyamba, kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti ndi ma foni osokoneza bongo kumatha kukulitsa mavuto omwe amakhudzana ndi nkhawa komanso nkhawa, monga kusamvana pabanja, kusagwirizana ndi anzawo, komanso kufunika kovomerezeka pa intaneti. Chachiwiri, Zizindikiro zakudzipereka zimaperekedwa ngati njira za psychopathological ku IA ndi SA, zofanana ndi zovuta za mankhwala osokoneza bongo [5]. Akakhala kuti alibe PC kapena foni yam'manja, anthu omwe ali ndi IA kapena SA akhoza kuda nkhawa, kenako akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kapena foni yam'manja kuthawa malingaliro olakwika [38]. Kulongosola kwinanso kungakhale kosiyana ndi zinthu zina zomwe zingakhale zosokoneza bongo, monga mowa ndi chikonga, intaneti komanso ogwiritsa ntchito mafoni sangakhale ndi chidziwitso chambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri moyo watsiku ndi tsiku chifukwa chaulere komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zida [3], kuwapangitsa kuti agwiritse ntchito kwambiri ngati okwiyitsa osati chizindikiro chazovuta [39]. Chidziwitso china chosangalatsa chinali chakuti SA idachita zambiri pakukhumudwa ndi nkhawa kuposa IA. Izi zikutifikitsa kuti tilingalire kuti IA ndi SA zimakhudzidwa mosiyanasiyana pamavuto azamisala. Pakhoza kukhala mafotokozedwe angapo opezeka pankhaniyi. Choyamba, poganizira mawonekedwe a media, ndizosavuta pakugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri foni yamakono kumatha kukhala chizolowezi chachipangizochi, chifukwa chofikira kwambiri pa netiweki yopanda zingwe ndi 24 h yodziwitsidwa pafupipafupi [39]. Chachiwiri, ponena za chilengedwe, izi zitha kuwonetsa kusintha kwakukulu kwa moyo watsiku ndi tsiku kuyambira pa PC kupita ku ma foni a m'manja. Anthu atha kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti ya PC pantchito yovuta ndikuchita ntchito zina zatsiku ndi tsiku ndi ma Smartphones, zomwe zimayambitsa kuchepa kwa zokolola za antchito komanso kupsinjika kwakukulu [40]. Pomaliza, anthu omwe ali ndi SA angagwiritse ntchito mafoni kulimbikitsa ubale komanso kulumikizana ndi malo ochezera a pa intaneti [41], zomwe zimatsogolera ku mantha osowa ndikuopa kuwonongeka kwa kulumikizidwa, ndikuyambitsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwapamwamba kwa smartphone [42].
Kafukufukuyu ali ndi zolepheretsa zingapo kuphatikiza zomwe zapezeka kwa anthu onse, monga gawo la malire amomwe matanthauzidwewo amatanthauzira kutanthauzira kolakwika pakati pa intaneti ndikusuta kwa mafoni a smartphone, kukhumudwa, ndi nkhawa. Kufanizira kwachuma kumakhalanso ndi malire komanso zofunikira. Zowonjezera zazikulu ndikuti kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kumatha kuwongoleredwa ndi conforders [43]. Kuthekera kwa mabungwe opanda umboni kungakhalebe, kutsalira pakupeza kafukufuku kungachitike. Kuphatikiza apo, chifukwa chamalingaliro onse owonedwa mu phunziroli adasonkhanitsidwa monga mitundu yosiyanasiyana, kukhoza kutayika pakumanga kapangidwe ka PSM. Chifukwa chake, zomwe tapeza zikuyenera kutanthauziridwa mosamala. Komabe, kuti tipeze zotsatira zofananira, tinalingalira njira ziwiri zofananira, kufanana kwa majini ndi kufanana kwenikweni. Makamaka, kufananitsa ma genetic kumagwiritsa ntchito ma genetic search algorithm, kotero njira yake imatha kupeza njira yabwino yofananira ndikutaya chidziwitso chochepa [44]. Pomaliza, kuwunika kwa chisonyezo cha nkhawa komanso kuda nkhawa kunachitika ndi kudziwonetsa ngati munthu ali ndi vuto la maganizo pogwiritsa ntchito SCL-90-R. Kuunikira zovuta zaumoyo wamaganizidwe molondola komanso mosasinthasintha. Kuyankhulana koyeserera ndi dotolo kuyenera kuchitikira maphunziro ena.

 

 

5. Zotsatira

Phunziroli, tidasanthula momwe IA ndi SA zimathandizira pamavuto amisala, nkhawa komanso nkhawa. Monga momwe tingadziwire, uku ndi kuphunzira koyamba kuyerekezera kuyanjana pakati pa IA, SA ndi psychopathology pogwiritsa ntchito njira yogwirizanitsa zowerengera kuchokera pazambiri zam'malo, ndikufufuza momwe masiyanidwewo mu psychopathology pakati pa IA ndi SA. Pomaliza, zomwe tapeza zikuwonetsa kuti onse IA ndi SA akuwonjezera ngozi ya kukhumudwa ndi nkhawa. Kuphatikiza apo, SA idawonetsa ubale wamphamvu ndi kukhumudwa ndi nkhawa poyerekeza ndi IA.
Tanthauzo la zomwe zapezazi ndikuti anthu omwe ali ndi vuto logwiritsa ntchito ma smartphone ayenera kuyang'aniridwa mozama pa zovuta zaumoyo, ndikuwunikira kufunika kukhazikitsa mfundo zoyenera kupewa ndi kasamalidwe koyenera kwa SA. Maphunziro owonjezeranso akuyenera kuwunikira mayendedwe a ubale omwe ali pakati pa IA, SA, ndi mavuto azaumoyo ndipo ayenera kudziwa zomwe zimayambitsa tsankho IA ndi SA.

 

 

Zopereka za Wolemba

D.-JK ndi DL anaganiza ndikupanga zoyesazo; HMJ adasanthula deta; Y.-JK adalemba pepalali. YL amayang'anira ntchito yosonkhanitsa. Olemba onse adathandizira kukonza zolemba pamanja, kusinthanso mozama, ndikuvomereza zolemba zomaliza.

 

 

Kuvomereza

Ntchitoyi idathandizidwa ndi thandizo lochokera ku National Research Foundation of Korea (Grant No. 2014M3C7A1062894, 2014M3C7A1062896).

 

 

Mikangano ya Chidwi

Olembawo amanena kuti palibe kutsutsana kwa chidwi.

 

 

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