Kusiyanitsa kwa wina ndi mnzake pa zolinga, zokonda, ndi kuvuta m'maseŵera a pakompyuta: malingaliro, zolinga, ndi ziwerengero za masewero (2013)

Kudalirika

Introduction

Makampani azosewerera mavidiyo ali m'gulu lomwe likukula kwambiri pachuma cha US. Makampaniwa adapanga $ 25 biliyoni pakugulitsa ku 2011, ndipo kuchokera ku 2005 mpaka 2009, adadzitama pachaka cha kukula kopitilira 5 nthawi zonse kukula kwachuma chonse cha US munthawi yomweyo (Siwek, 2010). Umboni womwewo ukunena kuti anthu amasewera makanema apa tsopano kuposa kale (onani Anderson et al., 2007). Mwachitsanzo, Amitundu (2009) adanenanso kuti anthu azaka za 8 kupita ku 18 amasewera makanema pafupifupi 15 h pa sabata pafupifupi. Pomwe kafukufuku wowunika adayang'ana kwambiri zazotsatira zamasewera, makamaka chiwawa (onani Anderson et al., 2010), kafukufuku wofufuza pang'ono adafufuza zomwe zingapangitse kuti masewera azosewerera (omwe nthawi zina amatchedwa "osokoneza bongo") azosewerera makanema (Fisher, 1994; Chiu et al., 2004; Charlton ndi Danforth, 2007; Wamitundu, 2009; Gentile et al., 2011) ndi zomwe zimalimbikitsa anthu kusewera ndikusankha masewera ena kuposa ena (Przybylski et al., 2010). Ripoti laposachedwa limathandizira kuti mabuku omwe angobwera azisiyanasiyana pakukonda pamasewera ndi zolinga zawo popanga ndi kuvomereza chida choyeza izi.

Pomwe masewera apakanema adakula kutchuka, akhalanso osiyanasiyana. Masewera apakanema amakono amakhala masitudiyo osiyanasiyana, opanga, ndi mitundu. Masewera apadera nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zosankha zingapo, zomwe zimalola wosewerayo kuyanjana ndi masewerawa m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Pokhala ndi njira zambiri pakati pamasewera apakanema komanso mkati, sizosadabwitsa kuti nthawi zambiri anthu amakonda mtundu wina wamasewera kuposa wina, monga mitundu ina yofalitsa nkhani. Monga momwe wokonda kanema wina angakonde Spielberg monga wina amakonda Tarantino, momwemonso wosewera m'modzi angasangalale ndimasewera a Sid Meier (mwachitsanzo, chitukuko) pomwe wina amakonda okonda kuwombera a Ken Levine (mwachitsanzo, Bioshock).

Lingaliro lachilengedwe kuti opanga masewera osiyanasiyana ali ndi zolinga zosiyana ndi zokonda zamasewera a kanema amathandizidwa ndi kafukufuku waposachedwa. Mwachitsanzo, Ryan et al. (2006) idawunikira zoyeserera za osewera pogwiritsa ntchito chiphunzitso chodzisankhira (SDT) (Deci ndi Ryan, 1985). SDT ilosera kuti osewera azisangalala ndimasewera apakanema popeza amakwaniritsa zosowa zamaganizidwe a wosewera wodziyimira pawokha (kuwongolera), kuthekera (lingaliro loti wina akuchita bwino), komanso ubale (abwenzi ndi maubale). Mogwirizana ndi lingaliro ili, Ryan et al. (2006) adapeza kuti, pa osewera onse, zochitika zodziyesera zokha, kudzidalira, komanso ubale pazomasewera zidapangitsa kuti masewera azikhala olimbikitsa komanso osangalatsa kwa wosewera. Komanso, masewera owunikidwa bwino (mwachitsanzo, Nthano ya Zelda: Ocarina wa Nthawi) oyang'anira kukwaniritsa zosowa zabwino kuposa zomwe zidalepheretseka (mwachitsanzo, Moyo wa Chimbalangondo). Makamaka, osewera osiyanasiyana adapeza masewerawa omwewo omwe akuchita bwino kwambiri akukwaniritsa zosowa zawo za SDT motero amakhala osangalatsa. Zomwezi zikuwonetsa kuti kusiyanasiyana pakukonda kwamasewera kumatha kukhala kocheperako ngati masewera ena akukwaniritsa kapena akulepheretsa SDT, mwakutero, omwe osewera angasangalale ndi masewera ati.

Ofufuzawo, osewera komanso opanga masewera kalekale akufuna kudziwa kuyesa komwe kungasokoneze zomwe amakonda ndi zomwe amakonda. Malingaliro a "mawonekedwe a osewera" adayamba ndi Bartle (1996), yemwe adaganizira kuti osewera adasankhidwa kukhala amodzi mwa mitundu inayi molingana ndi momwe wosewera aliyense amakonda kuchita masewera (osagwirizana ndi) masewera adzikoli komanso momwe wosewera aliyense amasangalalira ndi osewera ena. Posachedwa, Sherry et al. (2006) adafunsana ndi ophunzira omaliza maphunziro aku America omwe ali m'magulu othandiza kudziwa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti masewera azoseweretsa pazoseweretsa. Adazindikira miyeso isanu ndi umodzi: Kugonana, Chovuta, Kupikisana, Kusintha, Kulingalira, ndi Kuyanjana Pamagulu. Izi zidapezeka kuti zinali zowonetseratu zamasewera amasewera pa kafukufuku wina waposachedwa, kotero kuti zigawo zapamwamba za Arousal, Diversion, ndi Social Interaction zidalumikizidwa ndi maola ochulukirapo ogwiritsa ntchito kanema sabata.

Mtundu wina umachokera kwa Yee et al. (2012; Eya, 2006a,b). Inde ndi anzawo adasanthula osewera a Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games (MMORPGs), ndikuzindikira zinthu zitatu zomwe zili ndi magawo khumi. Izi zidaphatikizapo: Kukwaniritsa, komwe kumapangidwa ndi ma Subcomponents Kupititsa patsogolo, Zimango, ndi Mpikisano; Zachikhalidwe, chophatikiza Kusangalala, maubale, ndi mgwirizano; ndi Kumiza, komwe kumaphatikizapo Kupeza, Kuchita Udindo, Kusintha, ndi Escapism. Izi zapezeka kuti zikugwirizana ndi madera omwe osewera akutukuka kwambiri World wa Warcraft. Mwachitsanzo, osewera okhazikika kwambiri omwe amakhala ndi mwayi wopanga masewerawa anali ndi gawo lalikulu la "osewera" pamasewera osewera pamasewera olimbana, pomwe osewera okhazikika a Emersion adakwanitsa zambiri zokhudzana ndi kufufuzidwa (Yee et al. , 2012).

Njira zitatuzi aliyense ayesa kuyeza ndikufotokozera zomwe amakonda pamasewera-njira yomwe ingafotokozere momwe masewera omwewo amakwaniritsira zosowa za SDT za wosewera kwinaku akukakamiza wina. Inde, a (2006a) zinthu zimawoneka ngati zikugwirizana ndi zolinga za SDT: osewera amasiyana pamomwe amagwiritsira ntchito masewera kuti akwaniritse malingaliro a Kuchita bwino (mwachitsanzo, Yee's Achievement factor) kapena Kuyanjana (ie, Yee's Social factor). Sherry et al. (2006) momwemonso anthu anazindikira za mpikisano ndi mayanjano. Kusintha mwanjira izi kumawoneka kuti kukuwonetsa kuti osewera amasiyanasiyana mu zomwe SDT ikufuna kukwaniritsa pogwiritsa ntchito masewera. Mwachitsanzo, wosewera mpira wina angagwiritse ntchito masewera kuti athe kulumikizana, pomwe wina amawagwiritsa ntchito kuti athe kuchita bwino.

Popeza makanema okhala ndi zolinga amatha kulosera za maola omwe amasewera masewera (mwachitsanzo, Sherry et al., 2006; Eya, 2006b), kuzindikira kusiyanasiyana kwa zolinga zamasewera kumatha kukhala kofunikira kuti timvetsetse zomwe zimayambitsa kugwiritsa ntchito mavidiyo ovuta, kapena zomwe ena amatcha "kugwiritsa ntchito makanema pamasewera" (Akunja, 2009) kapena "kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wamakono" (Wamitundu et al., 2013). Poyambirira adasinthidwa kuchokera ku Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, kope lachinayi (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 2000) njira zothetsera kutchova juga, njira zamagetsi zamagetsi zamagetsi zakhala zikuyenda bwino kwambiri pakudalirika komanso kuvomerezeka. Monga kutchova juga, kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri masewera a kanema kumatha kukhala ndi zotsatirapo zingapo zovuta kwa iye. Mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwamakanema pamasewera a video kumayenderana ndi kukhumudwa, kuda nkhawa, kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi, komanso kusokonekera kwa masukulu (Amitundu et al., 2011). Nthawi ina, mzimayi wina adatanganidwa ndimasewera World wa Warcraft kuti mwana wawo wamkazi wazaka 3 adamwalira mosasamala (Las Cruces Sun-News; Meeks, 2011).

Kusiyana kwamunthu pamalingaliro azosewerera ndi zomwe amakonda pamasewera a kanema kumatha kudziwa kuti ndiamasewera ati omwe amasangalala ndi masewera abwinobwino, komanso omwe ali pachiwopsezo chogwiritsa ntchito masewerawa. Mwachitsanzo, monga momwe kuthana ndi zovuta kumayenderana ndi kumwa mowa mopitirira muyeso (Cooper et al., 1988, 1992, 1995), umboni umanenanso kuti osewera omwe amagwiritsa ntchito masewera a vidiyo kuti athawe mavuto awo amakumana ndi mavuto akulu chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito masewera awo (Yee, 2006b; Kneer ndi Glock, 2013).

Zachidziwikire, pali chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti zomwe amakonda pamasewera ena akhoza kukhala zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa masewera. Ofufuzawo anena kuti zina zomwe zimapangitsa masewera ena kukhala osokoneza bongo kuposa ena (Wan ndi Chiou, 2007; King ndi Delfabro, 2009; King ndi al., 2011). Mwachitsanzo, masewera a intaneti omwe amakhala ndi zochitika pagululi nthawi zambiri amapezeka kuti ali osokoneza bongo kuposa masewera akusewera, a kanema osasewera (Thomas ndi Martin, 2010). Komanso, ogwiritsa ntchito bongo, poyerekeza ndi zowongolera, amafotokoza kusangalala kwakukulu pakupeza zinthu zosowa zamasewera zomwe zingathandize masewera awo kuti "akwaniritse" (King et al., 2010). Pazifukwa izi, ochita kafukufuku adaganizira kuti Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games (MMORPGs) kuti ndiwosuta kwambiri (Linderoth and Bennerstedt, 2007; Hellström et al., 2012; Kneer ndi Glock, 2013), nthawi zina kufikira osagwiritsa ntchito mitundu yonse yazosankha zamaphunziro a masewera (mwachitsanzo, Yee, 2006b; Hellström et al., 2012). Pozindikira kusiyana pakukonda kwamasewera, mwina ndizotheka kuzindikira osewera omwe amakonda masewera ena amtundu ndikuwona ngati ali ndi zidziwitso zambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito masewera a pathological kuposa osewera ena. Mwachitsanzo, osewera amatha kusiyanasiyana ndi momwe amakhudzidwira ndi zinthu zamasewera kapena kucheza nawo pa intaneti. Osewera omwe amasangalala kwambiri ndi mphotho zamasewera olimbitsa thupi, monga kuchititsa nthawi yambiri ndi zinthu zina zosowa, atha kudzipangitsa kuti azisewera nthawi yayitali. Momwemonso, osewera omwe amakonda masewera omwe ali ndi gawo lamasewera olimbitsa thupi amatha kupezeka kuti akukakamizidwa kusewera masewerawa, mwina zomwe zingayambitse mikangano pakati pa moyo wamasewera ndi moyo weniweni.

Kulimbitsa kwamasewera mumasewera kumatha kugwirizana ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa masewera. Kafukufuku angapo adalumikiza kusewera kwa makanema ndi kutsegula kwa maukonde a mphotho omwe amakhalanso ogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo (Koepp et al., 1998; Hoeft et al., 2008). Opanga masewera omwe akufuna kuti osewera azigwiritsa ntchito tsopano akugwiritsa ntchito mfundo zoyendetsera makina opanga masewera (Skinner et al., 1997; Hopson, 2001). Malipiro a mu masewera nthawi zambiri amagawidwa malinga ndi gawo la mphotho yosintha, momwe zimasinthira zinthu zingapo kuti mudzalandire mphotho. Mwachitsanzo, a Diablo wosewera atha kupeza chida champhamvu pachilombo chotsatira chomwe apita, kapena chida chimenecho sichingapezeke kufikira zitatha zikwizikwi. Ndondomeko ya mphotho iyi imalimbikitsa kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu, komanso pafupipafupi, ndipo chizolowezi chophunzirachi chimachedwa kuzimitsa posapatsidwa mphotho. Kapangidwe ndi kufunikira kwa magawo amalipidwewa kumasiyanasiyana pakati pa masewera, zomwe zingapangitse kuti mitundu yamasewera amakanema ikhale yogwirizana kwambiri ndi matenda. Kuchirikiza izi, Yee (2006b) adapeza kuti osewera omwe adalimbikitsidwa kwambiri ndikuyembekeza kumaliza zolinga ndi kudziunjikira zinthu zachilendo zomwe zikuwonetsa zambiri zowonetsa pakugwiritsa ntchito masewera. Ngakhale malingaliro a SDT ambiri adayang'ana zovuta zovuta zochokera ku maluso ngati gwero lokwaniritsa zosowa za luso (Przybylski et al., 2010), kudziunjikira kwa mphotho kungathenso kutsogolera ku avatar yamasewera amphamvu ndi malingaliro akumakwaniritsa ndi kupita patsogolo, zomwe zingakhale zokwaniritsa luso la SDT, ngakhale osakumana ndi zovuta.

Ufulu wapaubwenzi ukhoza kukhala chinthu chinanso chowopsa pamasewera. M'masewera ambiri apakompyuta, osewera ayenera kugwirira ntchito limodzi kuti akwaniritse zolinga zapamwamba. Kuti wosewera akhale wofunikira pagululi, wosewera ayenera kukakamizidwa kusewera nthawi yonse yomwe gululi likufuna kusewera (King ndi Delfabbro, 2009). "Masewera ochezera pano" monga Farmville amayesetsanso kupangitsa osewera omwe ali ndi mwayi kusewera pafupipafupi ndikupanga osewera kuti azidalirana wina ndi mnzake pakugawana zinthu zatsiku ndi tsiku. Ngakhale zili ndi zovuta zotenga nthawi pagulu, osewera ambiri amasangalala ndi masewera ambiri, mwina chifukwa zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi masewera ochezera zimapereka mwayi kwa osewera kukwaniritsa zosowa zawo zokhudzana ndi SDT.

Kuyeza kwa zolinga za wosewera kumayimira kuwonetsa kuti ndi osewera ndani omwe amalimbikitsidwa ndi zomwe zili pamwambapa, ndipo chifukwa chake mawonekedwe amasewera awa akuphatikizidwa ndi pathology yayikulu. Komabe, pali njira zingapo momwe miyezo ya zolinga za osewera imasinthidwa kuti amvetsetse zomwe amakonda ndi matenda. Choyamba, kuyambira pakukhazikitsa zolinga zina zamasewera ndi zokonda (Sherry et al., 2006; Eya, 2006a), nkhani zatulukira ngati zomwe zimalimbikitsa pakugwiritsa ntchito masewera a makanema, osewera ena akufanizira zomwe akumana nazo ndi mitundu ya media wamba monga makanema, mabuku, kapena zaluso. Chotsatira, zoyeserera zakale zimangolekeredwa pazing'onoting'ono za anthu amasewera. Mwachitsanzo, Yee (2006a,b, 2012) adangosewera osewera a MMORPGs, mtundu umodzi wamasewera a kanema, pomwe Sherry et al kafukufuku2006) yang'ana kwambiri pa osewera azaka 23 komanso achichepere.

Ndikofunikira, palibe muyeso mpaka pano womwe wawonetsa kuthekera kwasankho pakati pa osewera masewera osiyanasiyana. Kutha kusiyanitsa pakati pa nsanja zamasewera, mtundu, ndi maudindo ndizofanana kuti timvetsetse kusiyana pakati pa masewera amakanema osiyanasiyana ndi zomwe angakwanitse kuti alimbikitse kugwiritsa ntchito kwadongosolo. Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwathunthu komanso kosavuta kwakanthawi kofananira kuyenera kusankha pakati pa mafani amitundu yosiyanasiyana ngakhale nsanja zamasewera osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, anthu omwe amasewera masewera kudzera pamawonekedwe anthawi monga Facebook kapena iPhone (omwe nthawi zina amatchedwa "ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi") ayenera kukhala osiyana ndi anthu omwe amagula zotsitsika zamasewera makamaka kuti achite masewera a video. Momwemonso, mafani amasewera osiyanasiyana ayenera kukhala osiyanasiyana pakulimbikitsidwa kwawo pamasewera osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, masewera ena a kanema wayamikiridwa kwambiri chifukwa cha nkhani zawo (mwachitsanzo, Zotsatira Zambiri, Bioshock) (Dahlen, 2007; Villoria, 2010), pomwe m'masewera ena, nkhani ndimapangidwe ochitika mwangozi, nthawi zina amanyalanyazidwa zenizeni (mwachitsanzo, Super Mario Brothers, Team Fortress 2, DoOM). Momwemonso, masewera ena amakhala ndi magulu ambiri (mwachitsanzo, Minecraft, Dziko Lankhondo) pomwe ena ndi ochita masewera amodzi okha. Masewera ena amalola kuchulukana kosasunthika kwa zinthu ndi zinthu pakapita nthawi (mwachitsanzo, Skyrim, World of Warcraft, Kuyitana Kwa Ntchito), pomwe masewera ena amachitika pamasewera omwe siachilendo (mwachitsanzo, Nyenyezi, Chitukuko, Tetris). Tikuyembekeza kuti osewera atha kukhala ndi zokonda pamakonzedwe amaseweredwe pamtundu wina, kupanga njira zowoneka bwino zodziwikiratu pakati pamasewera omwe mumakonda ndi miyeso yazosangalatsa.

Cholinga cha phunziroli pakali pano chinali kufufuza zakanema zamasewera ndi zolinga pakati pa otenga nawo mbali, ndipo pochita izi, kupanga ndikupereka chidziwitso choyambirira cha mtundu watsopano wa izi. Kuchita izi kumawongolera ntchito yomwe idalipo poyesa kuyeza zolinga zosiyanasiyana zomwe zingatheke ndikuwerenga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya osewera, kuphatikiza osewera masewera amtundu uliwonse komanso osewera wamba. Mwa kutsimikizira izi poyerekeza masewera omwe amakonda makanema komanso nsanja zamasewera, kafukufukuyu amatha kufufuza ngati zolinga zina zamasewera, mitundu yamasewera, kapena nsanja zamasewera zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi zochitika zambiri zamagetsi.

Njira

Results

Factor kapangidwe

Zinthu zambiri zinali zotsekedwa kwambiri. Pofuna kusintha magwiridwe antchito, tinakonza mayankho osowa komanso owonjezera pazoyankha zotsatirazi (onani Wilcox, 1995). Mwachitsanzo, pa chinthu chomwe ophunzira atatu okha adayankha "5-Agree Strally," yankho lidasinthidwa ngati "4-Gwirizanani." Makani makumi anayi ndi asanu a 121 adasinthidwa motere¹.

Kuti tipeze ndikutsimikizira zomwe timafuna komanso zomwe timakonda, tinayesa magawanidwe osanthula (EFA) komanso njira yotsimikizira (CFA). Ophunzira adalandira mwachisawawa gulu la EFA kapena CFA. Mwa omwe atenga nawo gawo pa 332 omwe adatumizidwa ku gulu la EFA, 50 anali omaliza maphunziro a koleji.

EFA idachitidwa poyeserera pogwiritsa ntchito phukusi la "nFactors" la R (Raiche ndi Magis, 2010). Choyamba, dawunilodi idatumizidwa pakuwunika koyeneranso (onani Fabrigar et al., 1999). Kusanthula kofananira kumapangitsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa masanjidwe a data ndikuwayerekezera ndi kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa matrix a data osasintha. Kuwunikaku kumabweretsa zinthu zomwe ma eigenvalue (makulidwe) amakhala okulirapo pazomwe zimawonetsedwa zokhudzana ndi zomwe zachitika mwachisawawa. Chotsatira, zidziwitso zidatumizidwa ku EFA pogwiritsa ntchito kutembenuka kwa oblique promax ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zatulutsidwa pakuwunika komwe kumachokera pamatrix oyambilira. Tidayang'ana pazomwe zidakwezedwa ndikugwetsa zinthu ndizotsika pang'ono (osatsitsa> 0.30). Tidaponyanso zinthu zomwe zikuwonetsa zovuta zovuta (zinthu zomwe zidanyamula> 0.30 pazinthu zopitilira chimodzi) pazamaulendo awiri motsatizana. Tidabwereza njira yobwerezabwereza iyi (kusanthula komweko kenako ndikuponya zinthu zoyipa ndi zovuta) mpaka yankho lokhazikika litakwaniritsidwa (mwachitsanzo, palibe zinthu zomwe zidakwaniritsidwa kuti zisasankhidwe).

Yankho lomaliza linali ndi zinthu zisanu ndi zinayi. Chachikhumi, Procrastination, idavomerezedwa ndi kusanthula koyenerana, koma idapangidwa ndi zinthu ziwiri zokha zomwe zili ndi mawu ofanana ndipo zidatayika. Zinthu ziwiri kuchokera kwa Sherry et al. (2006) adalephera kuyika pazomwe zidatsimikizika kale: "Ndimapeza bwino kukhala wotsatira" ndipo "Ndimasewera mpaka nditapambana masewera kapena kumaliza gawo" lokhathamiritsa pazinthu zopera kuposa chilichonse chokhudzana ndi zovuta. Izi mwina zinali chifukwa cha kukula kwa liwu loti "mulingo," womwe ungagwire ntchito gawo kapena gawo la masewera (mwachitsanzo, pamasewera ochita masewera, kumenya gawo ndikusunthira kwina) kapena kudziunjikira kwa mphamvu ya avatar (mwachitsanzo, "kukwera" pamasewera osewerera, potero amakhala olimba). Chifukwa chake, ngakhale katundu pazinthu izi anali osavuta, zinthuzo zidatayidwa kuti zisaoneke.

Mndandanda wathunthu wa mayina ophatikizira oyerekeza utha kuwoneka m'Gome Table1.1. Zinthu zomwe zidatsalira utatha womaliza zalembedwa m'Gome Table2,2, yosungidwa ndi chinthu komanso kuisunganso. Factor katundu pazinthu izi akupezeka m'Gome Table3.3. Malumikizano apakati pazinthu ndi zilembo za Cronbach pachinthu chilichonse adafotokozedwa mwachidule mu Gome Table44.

 

Gulu 1

Zambiri za GAMES ndi matanthawuzo ake oyerekeza.

 

Gulu 2

Mndandanda wazinthu pamalingaliro amasewera, zolimbikitsa, ndi masikelo azomwe akumana nazo (GAMES).

 

Gulu 3

Zojambula zojambula.

 

Gulu 4

Malumikizidwe apakati pazinthu ndi ma alphas a Cronbach.

Maubwenzi apakati pazinthu zamakono ndi zokonda zamasewera

Zosangalatsa zamasewera

Ngati yankho la 9-factor likuyimira kusiyana kovomerezeka pakukonda kwamasewera, akuyenera kupangika ndi zigawo zina zamasewera. Mwachitsanzo, ochita masewera omwe amalemba mndandanda wachikhalidwe (mwachitsanzo, misa Zotsatira) mwa omwe amawakonda azikhala apamwamba kuposa a wamba pa Nkhani factor, pomwe osewera omwe amasangalala ndi masewera otseguka, mwachitsanzo, Skyrim) ayenera kukhala ndi zochulukirapo kuposa zapakati pazambiri za Autonomy. Chifukwa chake, kusanthula kotsatiraku kunawunika ngati zomwe ophunzira akutenga nawo mbali zitha kunenedweratu ngati ntchito yamasewera omwe adawalemba m'mitundu itatu yomwe amakonda.

Pa iliyonse yamasewera a 20 omwe amawonetsedwa kwambiri pamavidiyo omwe amakonda, dummy-coded (0 = no; 1 = inde) veter adapangidwa kuti awonetse ngati aliyense mwa omwe atenga nawo mbali adalemba nawo malondawo pakati pa masewera awo apamwamba a 3. Kusanthula kambiri kosiyanasiyana (MANOVA) kenako kunapangidwa kuti kuwonetsetse ngati zotsatira za GAMES factor zitha kunenedweratu ngati ntchito ya vekitala yamasewera omwe amakonda. Chifukwa chake, kusantaku kunafanizira ngati ochita masewera omwe amasangalala ndi masewera ena apamasewera nthawi zambiri amakhala otsika kapena apamwamba pazinthu zina kuchokera pa yankho la 9-factor. Zotsatira zonse zimaperekedwa ngati Mtundu Wachigawo Cha Gulu la Ma squares, potero kuyimira kusiyana kulikonse pazinthu zilizonse mutatha kusiyanitsa kusiyanasiyana chifukwa chamasewera ena. Kusanthula kunali kwa okhawo omwe adawonetsera chimodzi mwa izi 20 masewera olimbitsa thupi ngati amakonda (n = 531). Mphamvu ya gawo lililonse lamasewera omwe amakonda Table55.

 

Gulu 5

Ma coefficients amasewera omwe amakonda ndima GAMES factor scores.

Mitundu ya masewera

Momwemonso, ngati zinthu za GAMES ndizovomerezeka kunja, ziyenera kukhala zokhudzana ndi zomwe osewera amasankha pamapulatifomu amasewera. Mwachitsanzo, osewera kwambiri omwe amagula zida zamasewera makamaka kuti azisewera ayenera kukhala osiyana ndi osewera omwe amangosewera mwangozi (mwachitsanzo, pafoni kapena paakaunti ya Facebook yomwe ili ndizifukwa zina osati masewera). Chifukwa chake, osewera omwe akuwonetsa kuti amagwiritsa ntchito mapulatifomu ena amatha kukhala apamwamba kapena otsika pazinthu zina kuposa osewera ena. Monga kale, ma dummy-code adapangidwa pamutu uliwonse pamapulatifomu omwe akuti amagwiritsira ntchito masewera. Tidachitanso MANOVA ina kuti tiwone ngati kusankha papulatifomu kunaneneratu za 9 factor. Age adalowetsedwa ngati covariate. Zotsatira zidafotokozedwa mwachidule mu Gome Table6.6. Mwambiri, osewera omwe adadzipatsa nsanja odzipereka monga PC, PS3, ndi XBOX 360 ali apamwamba pa Nkhani, Chiwopsezo cha Mphotho, Escapism, ndi Social Interaction, pomwe osewera omwe amakhala pamasewera owoneka ngati mafoni ndi Facebook ali apamwamba pa Kutaya ndi Kupera.

 

Gulu 6

Coefficients pamasewera pazotsatira zamasewera pazinthu za GAMES.

Mitundu yogwiritsira ntchito

Kusintha kambiri kunachitika kuti muwone ngati kuchuluka kwa zinthu kunaneneratu kuchuluka kwa momwe ophunzira angagwiritsire ntchito, kuchuluka kwa nthawi yopumula yomwe amagwiritsa ntchito pamasewera, komanso momwe amadziwonetsera pamasewera (wamba kapena ovuta). Zotsatira zidafotokozedwa mwachidule mu Gome Table7.7. Mwambiri, nkhani zapamwamba, Nkhani Zapamwamba, Chiwopsezo Chachisoni, Chiwerewere, Kugonana, ndi Autonom zambiri zidalumikizidwa ndi kusewera pafupipafupi, kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yayikulu pamasewera apakanema, ndikudzifotokoza ngati wosewera "wowuma". Zambiri zapamwamba pa Kutayika ndikutsutsana ndi Kusintha kwanyimbo zimalumikizidwa ndi kusewera kochepera, gawo laling'ono lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito pamasewera, ndikudzilongosola ngati wosewera "wosasewera".

 

Gulu 7

Maubale pakati pa GAMES zinthu ndi njira zamagwiritsidwe azosewera.

Zogwirizana ndi zaka

Maubwenzi apakati pa zaka ndi GAMES adayesedwa kudzera pa kusintha kwa Fisher r-to-z. Ophunzira makumi anayi ndi asanu ndi awiri sanapereke zaka zawo ndipo sanaperekedwe pazosanthula izi, kusiya zitsanzo za n = 736; motero, onse ttikuyimira madigiri a 734 a ufulu. Age idalumikizana kwambiri ndi Catharsis (r = -0.08, p = 0.004), Kutayika Kwa (r = -0.10, p = 0.001), Kuyanjana Pagulu (r = -0.17, p <0.001), Makonda (r = -0.06, p = 0.02), Kukuya (r = -0.12, p <0.001), ndi Autonomy (r = 0.10, p = 0.002). Zaka sizinaphatikizidwe kwambiri ndi Nkhani (r = 0.02, p = 0.14), Mphotho Yachiwawa (r = 0.02, p = 0.15), kapena Escapism (r = 0.02, p = 0.17).

Kukambirana

Zolinga za lipoti lilipoli zinali kukhazikitsa ndi kutsimikizira momwe angayesere kusiyana kwa zolinga ndi zokonda zamasewera ndikuwunika momwe zinthuzi zikugwirizana ndi masewera amasewera. Kutengera EFA ndi CFA komanso kusanthula kuphatikiza masewera olimbitsa thupi, muyezo uwu ukuwoneka kudalirika kwambiri kwamkati, monga zikuwonetsedwa ndi mtundu wa mawonekedwe a CFA kuchokera pakuwunika pakati, komanso kuvomerezedwa, monga zikuwonekeranso ndi momwe zokonda zamasewera zokhudzana ndi masewera kapangidwe kazinthu. Komanso, pomwe njira zodzisankhira nokha zimapangitsa oyeserawo kukhala ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi “okhwima” (Amphongo oyera omwe amasewera tsiku ndi tsiku), kufunsira kopitilira maphunziro ku koleji ya 300 kumathandizira kusintha magawo a maphunziro kwa azimayi komanso osewera owopsa.

Kuyeza kumeneku kumayenda bwino pazida zam'mbuyomu m'njira zingapo. Choyamba, zimangokhala pamitundu yosinthika ya maphunziro apitawa powonjezera zinthu zatsopano, makamaka Nkhani, yomwe yakhala yofunika kwambiri kwa osewera mzaka khumi zapitazi. Tikukhulupiriranso kuti Chopukutira ndi chofunikira pakuganiza, ndipo (mophatikiza ndi Kutaya) titha kuneneratu momwe osewera osiyanasiyana angakwaniritse zosowa za SDT kuti achite bwino. Amanenedwa kuti pali "mitundu iwiri ya masewera: yomwe yapambanitsidwa chifukwa cha luso, ndi omwe amapambanitsidwa chifukwa cha nthawi" (Baron, 1999). Zinthu ziwirizi zitha kuneneratu ngati wosewera adzapeza mwayi wokhutira chifukwa chokhala ndi zovuta kapena kudzera mukulandira mphotho. Kuphatikiza apo, maphunziro am'mbuyomu adapeza zitsanzo zochepa: Yee (2006a,b); Inde et al. (2012) adasewera osewera a MMORPGS (wotchuka, ngakhale anali, mtundu wa masewera a makanema), ndi Sherry et al. (2006) amagwiritsa ntchito odzipereka okha 23 komanso achichepere. Zitsanzo zathu zimakhala ndi osewera azaka zambiri ndi zamtundu, zomwe zimaphatikizapo osewera a MMORPG ndi omaliza maphunziro, koma koposa zina zambiri.

Zinthu zathu zikuwonetsa kudalirika kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, zambiri zomwe zidapezeka kuti zimakhudzana ndi chilolezo cha omwe amatenga nawo mbali munjira zanzeru. Mwachitsanzo, mafani azisudzo komanso ma franchise ofotokoza ngati Malingaliro Amapeto, Kukhudzika Kwakukulu, Mapangidwe a pulaneti: Kuvutitsidwandipo Theka lamoyo anali ndi zambiri za Nkhani kuposa omwe ankakonda masewera ena. Momwemonso, osewera a RPG-free mawonekedwe ngati Skyrim or Dana anali ndi ma Autonomy ambiri, pomwe osewera omwe adalembedwa mosamala Mayitanidwe antchito chilolezo chinali ndi ma Scores otsika. Ma RPG a 60-kapena-kuposa-ma RPG Skyrim ndi Zongoganizira Final iliyonse idalumikizidwa ndi zambiri Zopukuta. Achiwawa Grand Kuba Auto idalumikizidwa ndi chiwopsezo cha Chiwawa Chapamwamba ndi Catharsis Wachiwawa.

Zinthu zathu zikuwonekeranso ngati zikuyimira kusiyana pakati pa osewera pamasewera osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, ogwiritsa ntchito nsanja zitatu zodziwika bwino zamasewera apakanema - Playstation 3, XBOX 360, ndi makompyuta awo - amaika patsogolo kwambiri nkhani zamasewera apakanema, zachiwawa, komanso kuthawa. Komabe, opanga masewera a PC nawonso anali okwera kwambiri mu Autonomy, mwina kuwonetsa chizolowezi chamapulatifomu pamasewera apakanema otseguka, osankha, komanso osintha. Amakhalanso okhoza kulekerera zotayika. Poyerekeza, osewera pamapulatifomu ena monga mafoni ndi ma Facebook adapeza kutayika kumakhala kokhumudwitsa kwambiri. Osewera ma foni nawonso adakwera kwambiri pa Kupera. Masewera ambiri amafoni amakhala ndimasewera osavuta, othamanga ndi ndalama zamasewera omwe amalandila pang'onopang'ono omwe atha kugulitsidwa pazosintha zingapo (mwachitsanzo, Jetpack Joyride, Tiny tower, Kutuluka kwa Leash, Chikhumbo cha Punch). Kuphatikiza apo, masewerawa nthawi zambiri amakhala "osachita masewera", samataya ndalama kuti akhazikitse ndipo m'malo mwake amalipiridwa ndi osewera omwe amasintha ndalama zenizeni kuti zichite ndalama zamasewera kuti agulitse izi. Popeza kakulidwe kathu kamakhudza mbali zonse pakulandila ndikulipirira mphotho zamasewera, timaganizira za umboni wina kuti mulingo wathu ukhale wolondola. Komabe, palibe mafoni kapena masewera a Facebook omwe adapanga izi kukhala maudindo omwe mumawakonda a 20, kotero sizikudziwika ngati mtundu uwu wa bizinesi ndiomwe umayambitsa ubale wapakati pa masewera a foni ndi Grinding.

Maubwenzi apakati pazinthu zina ndi zambiri pazakufunsidwa kwa matenda amafufuza zitha kukhala zofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito pozindikira omwe ali pachiwopsezo chogwiritsa ntchito masewerawa. Pomvetsetsa zolinga, zizolowezi, ndi mitundu yomwe timakonda ya omwe ali ndi vuto la masewera a kanema, titha kukhala okonzeka kuzindikira ndikuwathandiza kugwiritsa ntchito makanema ogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, osewera omwe akuyesera kuti adzipulumutse okha pakumiza kolimbitsa thupi kapena kuchita sewero amawoneka kuti ali pachiwopsezo chabwino. Zikuwoneka kuti kugwiritsa ntchito masewera a kanema kuthawa mavuto kumatha kubweretsa kuzungulira koyipa. Ikufotokozanso kuti kugwiritsa ntchito masewera amisamba kumatha kukhala chizindikiro cha zovuta zina (mwachitsanzo, kuvutika maganizo, kusokonekera kwachikhalidwe) komwe kumakhala kovuta kwambiri kuthana - ngati wina akugwiritsa ntchito masewera apakanema kuthawa mavuto awa, ndiye kuti kupewa masewera a kanema angangochiza Zizindikiro za kagwiritsidwe kosewerera kanema ndikusiya vuto lalikulu. Izi zikufanizira malipoti am'mbuyomu a mgwirizano pakati pa kuthawa ndi matenda ochokera kwa Yee (2006b). Ubale uwu ndiwosangalatsa kuzindikira chifukwa cha malingaliro kuti asatchulenso mndandanda "kusewera kuti tichotse malingaliro" ngati chizindikiro cha masewera am'masewera, chifukwa chikuwoneka ngati "chikhalidwe chogwirizana" chogwiritsa ntchito masewera (Akunja et al., Ikawunikiridwa) ). Ngakhale kuthawa mwina sikungakhale chizindikiro cha kugwiritsa ntchito masewera a kanema wa ziwonetsero, zikuwoneka kuti zimagwirizana nthawi zonse ndi masewera a masewera (Yee et al., 2012; Kneer ndi Glock, 2013). Tikukulimbikitsani kuti kafukufuku wamtsogolo asanyalanyaze kulumikizana komwe kungachitike pakati pa kusokonekera kwa maganizo, kuthana, kudzipulumuka, ndi matenda amakanema amakanema.

Tinapezanso umboni wina wolumikizana ndi wosewera mpira wazachipatala. Osewera omwe ali ndi zolinga zapamwamba pazokonda masewera amathanso kukhala ndi matenda a masewera a kanema. Monga tafotokozera kumayambiriro kuja, masewera omwe ali ndi makina ambiri ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi ndi osewera mpaka osewera akhoza kukhala kovuta kusiya, chifukwa kukakamizidwa ndi anzawo komanso kukakamizidwa pagulu kumathandizira kuti masewera apitirire. Ubwenzi unadziwikanso pakati paKukutira ndi matenda, ndikuthandizira malingaliro athu kuti osewera omwe amakakamizidwa kupera kwa maola ambiri ndikumaliza 100% pazomwe zili m'masewera awo akanawonera zovuta zambiri. Pa kafukufuku wakale, Yee (2006b) adalangiza ubale pakati pa Zolinga Zamtsogolo ndi mafunso a Young okhudzana ndi matenda. Kafukufuku wapano akuwunikiranso ubalewu mumitundu ina (mwachitsanzo, osewera pamasewera onse, osati ma MMORPG okha) ndi muyeso watsopano.

Umboni wosonyeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mavidiyo pamavuto ndiokhudzana ndi kusintha kwa malingaliro kapena kuthawa kwawoko kumawonetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito masewera amtunduwu kumatha kulimbikitsidwa ndi njira zamaganizidwe ofanana ndi omwe amakakamiza kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo (Cooper et al. 1988, 1992, 1995). Kuyembekeza kuti masewerawa azamavidiyo agwiritsidwe ntchito amagawana zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azigwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso kutchova juga ndizosangalatsa komanso amapereka malingaliro odalirika komanso osagwirizana ndi zomwe ambiri ali nazo (Shaffer et al., 2004). Komabe, kafukufuku wambiri akufunika kutsimikizira izi.

Pomwe ma MMORPG monga World wa Warcraft adakhala akukayikiridwa kuti ndi owopsa, kafukufuku wapano amapereka malingaliro pazomwe masewera awa angapangire makamaka kuti athandize kugwiritsa ntchito zovuta. Masewera awa amapereka zonse zitatu zomwe zikupezeka pachiwopsezo: Escapism kudzera kumiza kopeka; Kukukuta ndi kulandira mphotho kudzera pakusewera pafupipafupi kapena kugula ndalama zamasewera ndi ndalama zenizeni zapadziko lonse lapansi; ndi Kulumikizana Pagulu kudzera pakukonzedwa kwa osewera, mpikisano, komanso chitukuko. Komabe, tikulimbikitsa ofufuza zamatsenga a masewera kuti aganizire zamitundu yonse pakufufuza kwawo. Kupatula apo, zinali zaka za 30 zapitazo kuti "masewera osokoneza bongo" amafanana ndi masewera amodzi osewera omwe alibe masewera olimbikira omwe angalandire (mwachitsanzo, Lamulo la Missile, Asteroids, Galaga). Masewera amtunduwu ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi ma MMORPG amakono. Phunziroli limapereka zida zoyambirira kuti mumvetsetse momwe masewera amagwiritsidwira ntchito pamitundu ndi mitundu yambiri-ngakhale masewera ndi masewera ena omwe siamavidiyo.

Kafukufuku wapanoyu amathandizanso kupanga chida chomvetsetsa kusiyana pakati pa osewera ndi magwero okhutira. Zawonetsedwa kuti masewera osavomerezeka (zowunikira zoyipa) ndizowopsa pakukwaniritsa zosowa za SDT kuposa masewera apamwamba (kuwunika koyenera) (Ryan et al., 2006). Komabe, ngakhale pakati pamasewera awiri ovomerezeka, osewera osiyanasiyana amapeza kukwaniritsidwa kosiyanasiyana kwa SDT, ndipo amasangalala ndimasewerawa mosiyanasiyana. Zolingazi zitha kulumikizana ndi zida zamasewera omwe apatsidwa kuti adziwe momwe zimakwaniritsira zosiyanasiyana zamaganizidwe mwa osewera osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, osewera mu Loss Aversion atha kupeza masewera ovuta "okhumudwitsa" kapena "opanda chilungamo," pomwe wosewera ndi Loss Aversion angakondwere nawo. Kumvetsetsa kwakusiyana uku kumatha kupangitsa kuti opanga masewera, otsutsa, ndi ogula amvetsetse ngati masewera ena angagwirizane ndi zomwe amakonda. Kafukufuku wamtsogolo ndikofunikira kuwonetsa ngati zolinga ndi zomwe amakonda zingathe kuneneratu kukhutira ndi osewera.

Tikufunanso kupitiliza kupanga zinthu zatsopano pamlingo uwu. Makamaka, sitikudziwa kuti Loss Aversion, Autonomy, ndi Customization zimakwaniritsa zonse zomwe akufuna kupanga. Tidali ndi chiyembekezo kuti Loss Aversion itha kuphatikizira mpikisano wonse komanso zovuta, m'malo molimbana ndi kutayika. Ndizotheka kuti osewera onse amasangalala ndi zovuta, momwe zingathere ndi luso lawo. Zinthu monga "Ndimawona masewera osavuta kukhala otopetsa" komanso "Ndimanyadira ndikazindikira gawo lina lamasewera" adalephera kutsegula. Momwemonso, chinthu cha Autonomy chikuwoneka kuti chikuyimira kufunikira kwakusaka padziko lonse lapansi komanso kusiyanasiyana kwa zisankho zomwe zilipo. Tidali ndi chiyembekezo kuti izi zithandizanso kuthekera kopanga zisankho, kuwunika mayankho, ndikuyesa njira popanda mauthenga ophunzitsira olakwika kapena malingaliro opeputsa. Komabe, zinthu monga "Ndimakonda masewera omwe amakuwuzani choti muchite ndi nthawi yoti muchite" komanso "Ndimakonda kudziwa masewera ndekha" anali atawonetsa zotsatira zakumtunda / pansi ndipo sizinasinthe kwenikweni, potero sizimatha kunyamula chilichonse chinthu. Pomaliza, Makonda Anu sanali apamwamba kwambiri kwa mafani a Minecraft, mwina chifukwa zitatu mwazinthu zinayi zomwe zimakhudzana ndi kutengera kwa avatar ndi chinthu chimodzi chokha chokhudzana ndi zomanga. Kuyesetsa kwamtsogolo kungathe kukulitsa kukula kwa chinthuchi.

Kuphatikiza apo, pomwe tidapeza zotsatira zovomerezeka pofufuza maubwenzi apakati pazambiri zomwe amakonda komanso omwe akutenga nawo mbali, maphunziro amtsogolo atha kusintha njira imeneyi. Choyamba, kulangiza ophunzira kuti anene atatu mwa "masewera omwe amawakonda" adayambitsa kuipitsidwa. Ochita nawo mbali ambiri adayankha ndi masewera amakanema omwe amasewera zaka 10 zapitazo, osati masewera omwe angakondweretse kwambiri panthawiyo. Kuphatikiza apo, mawonekedwe oyankha mosabisa a chinthuchi sanapereke mphamvu zowerengera, popeza omwe anafunsidwa adatchulapo masewera angapo apakanema, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti mayankho ambiri atayidwe ndipo ena aphatikizidwe momwe angathere malinga ndi lingaliro labwino la wofufuzayo. Mtsogolomu, tikukonzekera kukakamiza zisankho zamasewera omwe timakonda pazosankha zamphamvu, zosiyanasiyana, koma zochepa.

Kafukufuku wapano akucheperachepera pamapangidwe ake, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kudziwa komwe zikuyambira, ngati zilipo, mu maubale omwe ali pakati pa zolinga ndi matenda. Kafukufuku wamtsogolo wamtsogolo ndikofunikira kuti athe kudziwa momwe chitukuko chikuyambira komanso njira zake pakapita nthawi. Kusanthula kwamtundu wautali kumatha kuyesa kuwunika kwa Granger causality (Granger, 1969) pakati pa zolinga ndi kudwala kwam'magazi, kudziwa ngati zolinga zimayambitsa matenda kapena matenda am'magazi zimabweretsa zolinga. Kuphatikiza apo, zitilola kuti tidziwe mtundu wa kusintha kosinthika kwakanthawi. Kafukufuku wapano sangathe kusiyanitsa kusintha kwamalingaliro chifukwa cha zaka kuchokera pazolinga zogwirizana ndi zaka.

Kafukufukuyu adachita chidwi ndi mitu yayikulu, popeza ambiri omwe adayamba kafukufukuyi adasiya kumaliza maphunziro awo kapena kuyankha kuti "Zingachitike." Kafukufukuyu anali wolemetsa, kutenga ambiri mwa omwe anali nawo 20 mphindi kapena kupitilira kuti amalize. Kafukufuku wamtsogolo ayesa kugwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku wocheperako, wocheperako. Izi zithandizidwa ndi kafukufuku waposachedwa, yemwe adachepetsa GAMES muyeso kuchokera pazinthu za 121 kupita pazinthu za 60 (kuphatikiza wogwiritsa ntchito). Dziwe laling'onoli lichepetsa nthawi yofunikira kumaliza kafukufukuyu ndikuti mwina funso limodzi likhala kuti "Olephera," potero lidzachepetsa kukopa.

Tinamaliza polimbikitsa ofufuza kuti azilingalira za osewera, umunthu wawo, ndi masewera omwe amasewera. Chochitika chodziwika mu kafukufuku wamasewera a vidiyo ndikuwonetsa masewera ngati makina opanga mano omwe amasintha nthawi kukhala golide weniweni ndi ma puloti ophedwa, kapena choyipitsitsa, galimoto yoperekera zachiwonetsero kwa owonerera. Osewera amatenga mbali pamasewera awo ndikuwonetsa zokonda m'masewera omwe amakonda. Osewera amalimbikitsidwa kusewera masewera mpaka pomwe masewerawa angapereke kukwaniritsidwa kwa zosowa zamaganizidwe (Przybylski et al., 2010), koma osewera osiyanasiyana adzayesetsa kukwaniritsa zosowa izi kudzera munjira zosiyanasiyana. Kuti timvetsetse bwino osewera, zomwe amakonda, ndi matenda, tiyenera kufufuza momwe makina osiyanasiyana amasewera osiyanasiyana amagwirira ntchito.

Zolembalemba

Kafukufukuyu adathandizidwa ndi Bond Life Sciences Fsoci yoperekedwa kwa a Joseph Hilgard.

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Mawu a M'munsi

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