Masewera a masewera ovuta: chiwerengero cha masewero, kusewera, ndi kusewera kwa amuna (2015)

1. Introduction

Matenda a masewera a intaneti, omwe amadziwikanso ndi kusewera kwa masewera a maseŵera, afika pazokambirana zapagulu ndi kafukufuku wa sayansi. Chochitika ichi chikuwoneka kuti chikutchulidwa kuti ndi matenda atsopano omwe atuluka mu digiti yazaka mazana, makamaka ndi zochitika pamaseŵera a pa intaneti. Malo angapo odziwa zambiri ndi mwayi wothandizira wakhalapo kale kwa zaka zambiri. Malingana ndi magwero osiyana, 3%, 9% kapena 11% ya osewera akhoza kuonedwa ngati ovuta masewera [1,2,3]. Kusasangalatsa kachitidwe kawiri kaŵirikaŵiri kumatanthauzidwa kukhala ndi mavuto ndi moyo weniweni chifukwa chosewera kwambiri; Choncho, osewera ovuta nthawi zambiri amawoneka ngati oledzera / atha kukhala ndi vuto la kusewera pa intaneti.

Pochita zimenezi, APA (American Psychiatric Association) inaganiza zolemba mndandanda wa "Masewera a Masewera a pa intaneti" mu Gawo III la Kufufuza ndi Kusanthula Buku la Mental Disorders 5 (DSM 5) pofuna kulimbikitsa asayansi kupanga kufufuza zambiri kuti adziwe ngati Matendawa ayenera kukhala m'gulu la DSM yotsatira. Kafukufuku wochuluka womwe unayang'ana pa zida zothandizira [4] ndi zinthu zoopsa [5] sangazindikire kawirikawiri osokonezeka koma ochita masewera olimbana ndi vuto. Kafukufuku wambiri pa nkhaniyi makamaka anafufuza nkhani zomwe zili pakati pa "palibe vuto losewera" ndi "khalidwe", pomwe maphunziro owerengeka okha adatha kuzindikira othamanga. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti mosasamala kanthu za zovuta zokhudzana ndi zovuta zomwe zimachitika, vuto la kusewera ndi kusokoneza maganizo linapezeka kuti likupezekapo komanso kuti likhale ndi mavuto aakulu tsiku ndi tsiku. Zovuta za moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku chifukwa cha vuto la kusewera ndizofukwa zoyenera kufufuza zinthu zina zoopsa ndi kuphatikiza kwawo kuti azindikire zomwe zimayambitsa ndikuthandizira osewera kukhala wathanzi. Poyankha kufunikira kwake kuti afotokoze momwe zinthu zilili ndi vuto la kusewera pa intaneti, kuyesayesa posachedwapa kutsata ku DSM kwatsimikiza kuti pakhale mgwirizano pakati pa akatswiri pa chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe chokhudza kusanthula matenda a masewera a intaneti [6].

Ndiyetu funso lotseguka chifukwa ena osewera amatenga masewera ovuta kwambiri kuposa ena. Lingaliro limodzi ndiloti anthu amasiyana ndi cholinga chawo chomwe amachitiramo komanso kuti zifukwa zina zingakhudze kwambiri zizoloŵezi zovuta kuposa zina. Kuonjezerapo, chilakolako cha masewero a masewera chingakhale chokwanira, chomwe chingabweretse masewera ovuta. Popeza khalidwe losewera ndi khalidwe losavuta lasewera liri pamtunda [7], pangakhale zolinga ndi mtundu wina wa chilakolako, zomwe zimapangitsa zambiri kukhala masewera ovuta kuposa ena. Pofuna kuteteza chitukuko cha masewera ovuta, ndikofunika kufufuza kuti cholinga chotani chikhoza kukhala chowopsya komanso kufufuza ntchito ya chilakolako. Choncho phunziroli likufuna kuyesa ngati zolinga zodziwika pa masewero ndi masewero osewerera masewerawa zimapangitsa kuti masewero a masewera asokonezeke.

Pofuna kupanga zolemba zokhudzana ndi kusewera kwa maseŵero / masewera a masewera a intaneti, Kuss ndi Griffiths [7] anapereka ndondomeko yowonongeka, ndikupereka maziko omwe akugawa maphunziro omwe alipo. Malingana ndi zolembedwa zolembedwa, iwo ankanena kuti vuto la kusewera pa intaneti likutsatira kupitiliza, kuyambira pa zinyama zapamwamba ndi zoopsa (1) mpaka kukula kwa chizoloŵezi chokwanira; (2) kuti zikhale ndi zotsatira zovuta, komanso (3) zomwe zingachitike.

Ponena za gulu loyambalo, zifukwa zambiri zowopsa zadziwika. Makamaka, kusewera nthawi kumaganiziridwa kuti ndi njira yaikulu yopezera matenda, monga kuti inapezeka kuti ikugwirizana kwambiri ndi zotsatira zolakwika za masewera a digito [8]. Koma kusewera nthawi ngati chinthu chimodzi chowopsya sikokwanira kufotokoza khalidwe lovuta la kusewera [8].

Zinthu zowopsa zapezeka m'zikhalidwe za umunthu (mwachitsanzo, kudzidalira, [9,10]), zosungira zachikhalidwe ([11], mwachitsanzo, kusungulumwa, [12]), ndi posachedwa kusewera zolinga [8,13] monga chilakolako (mwachitsanzo, [14]). Makhalidwe a anthu omwe amachititsa kuti masewero a masewera ovuta awonongeke angapangidwe pansi pa makhalidwe atatu; kudziwongolera, kudziletsa, ndi kukhudzidwa [7]. Malingana ndi Kuss ndi Griffiths [7], makhalidwe a umunthu sizowonjezera mavuto owopsa a masewera a masewera, koma zimakhala zovuta kwambiri. Zomalizira zake n'zakuti sizingatheke kuti tipeze kufunikira kwake kwa zotsatirazi. Pankhani yosewera zolinga, Kuss ndi Griffiths [7] anapeza zofufuza za 13 zomwe zinkakhudza zolinga za kusewera ndi kusokoneza khalidwe losewera masewera. Poganizira kuti kusanayambe kusewera kumakhala kovuta, zimatha kuonedwa kuti ndizozoloŵera zachizoloŵezi za achinyamata [15], masewero owonetsera masewera angakhale nawo mbali yaikulu pakukula kwa masewera ovuta. Zonsezi, Kuss ndi Griffiths [7] anatsimikiza kuti ndizofunikira kwambiri zokhudzana ndi kuthana ndi mavuto, kusagwirizana, komanso kukhutira komwe kunakhala ngati zifukwa zowonetsera masewera ovuta. Mafunsowo omwe anachitidwa ndi aphungu omwe amagwira ntchito ndi osewera ovuta adatsimikizira izi kupeza [16].

Zoonadi, ndizovuta kwambiri chifukwa masewera a digito amaoneka kuti amapereka njira zothetsera mavuto onse a moyo weniweni omwe awonedwa kuti ndi omwe amachititsa kuti vutoli likhale lovuta. Makamaka maiko ambiri a Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games (MMORPGs) amapereka mwayi wochita moyo weniweni womwe umakhala wolamulidwa ndi wosewera. Osewera amatha kupanga awo omwe amatchedwa avatar (chikhalidwe chenicheni), chomwe chimagwirizana ndi momwe angadziwire. Mabanja atsopano akhoza kulumikizana ndipo mabwenzi atsopano angapezeke. Osewera ali ndi mwayi wopindula chinachake, ngakhale ntchito yeniyeni kapena moyo wa sukulu zikuwoneka kuti zikulephera. Kuphatikizanso, masewera a pa Intaneti angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuthana ndi zovuta zenizeni zokhudzana ndi dziko lonse mwa kupereka mwayi wopulumuka.

Yee anapanga maziko omwe amachititsa masewera a zigawo zikuluzikulu zitatu ndikufotokozera zolinga za kusewera makamaka MMORPGs: kupindula, kuyanjana ndi anthu, ndi kumiza [17]. Masewero atatuwa akuthandizani kudziwa chifukwa chake chinachake chimayamba kusewera ndikukhalabe ndi izi. Pakati pa zifukwa zosewerazi, kusiyana kwazimayi kunapezeka kuti: Ngakhale kuti amuna akulimbikitsidwa ndi zomwe akukwaniritsa, amayi amatha kusewera chifukwa chocheza nawo [18]. Kafukufuku wina wokhudzana ndi masewero a masewerawa adagwiritsidwa ntchito payekha ndipo adapindula kuti masewerawo azitha kukwaniritsa zosowa zitatu: kudzilamulira (kukhala wolamulira), kupindula (kumverera bwino), ndi kugwirizana [19]. Ngati zosowa izi zakhutira, chisangalalo chidzafikiridwa [20]. Komabe, masewero ovuta a masewera sangakhale okhudzana ndi chisangalalo chenicheni chochokera ku zosangalatsa zofalitsa mafilimu koma kuthana ndi mavuto enieni a moyo pakusewera masewera. Pachifukwa ichi, kufunika kokwanira kukhutira sikutanthauza mphamvu ndi zolimbikitsa masewera osewera chifukwa cha chisangalalo chatsintha. Mmalo mwa masewera a zosangalatsa tsopano amapereka njira yopulumukira kuchokera ku moyo weniweni amakumana ndi zovuta zokhudzana ndi kumizidwa zomwe zimapezeka ndi Yee [17]. Caplan, Williams ndi Yee [21] anayesera mwatsatanetsatane lingaliro ili ndipo anapeza kuti kumizidwa kumasewera ndi cholinga chokhacho chosewera chomwe chinali ndi malingaliro obwereza polimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito Intaneti movuta.

Inde, Hellström, Nilsson, Leppert, ndi Åslund [8] zinapereka umboni wokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso zotsatirapo kuti achepetse masewero a masewera ovuta pamene kumizidwa kunali ndi mgwirizano wabwino ndi zizolowezi zovuta [8]. Pamwamba pa kumizidwa komweko kunkaweruzidwa, vuto lalikulu linali khalidwe losewera. Zotsatira zomwezo zapezeka ndi Kneer ndi Glock [13]. Kubatizidwa kunapezanso kuti ndi chinthu choopsa kwambiri chosewera pakusewera khalidwe lovuta. Mu maphunziro awiriwa, kusewera zolinga kunalongosola khalidwe lovuta la kusewera bwino kusiyana ndi kusewera nthawi yokha. Umenewu ndi umboni woyamba wosonyeza kuti zolinga-makamaka kumizidwa-zingathandize kumvetsetsa masewera ovuta. Cholinga choyambirira cha phunziro lathu chinali kufotokoza zotsatirazi powonetsa kuti zokopa zomwe zimasewera zimakhala zofunikira kwambiri pa masewero owonetsa masewera ndi kuyesa ngati kumizidwa ndi cholinga choopsa kwambiri pa chitukuko cha masewero a masewera ovuta, pamene kugwirizana kwa anthu ndi zolinga sizowopsya .

Kuwonjezera pa zolinga, kusiyana pakati pa masewera olimbitsa thupi ndi ovuta kungathe kufotokozedwa ndi zina: chilakolako. Chitsanzo chachisomo chodzipereka chimasiyanitsa pakati pa chilakolako chokwanira komanso chokhumba kwambiri ndipo chimatanthauzidwa ndi kuthekera kuti muzitha kuchita zomwe mukuchita [22]. Chikondi chogwirizana chimatanthauza kuti anthu amavomereza ntchitoyi monga mbali yawo ndikudziona kuti ndi yofunikira koma ali omasuka kusankha ngati ndi momwe amachitira nawo. Chilakolako chodziwika chimaperekedwa pamene ntchitoyi ikulamulira mbali zofunika kwambiri monga kudzidalira nokha kapena kulandira chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso / kapena munthuyo malinga ndi chisangalalo chomwe chimachokera ku ntchitoyi. Mwa kuyankhula kwina: pansi pa chilakolako chogwirizana, munthuyo amalamulira ntchitoyi, pomwe ali ndi chilakolako chofunafuna, munthuyo amalamulidwa ndi ntchitoyi. Zonse ziwiri za chilakolako ndi kugwirizana kwawo ndi masewera osewera ovuta zinafufuzidwa [23]. Utz, Jonas, ndi Tonkens [14] anafotokozera lingaliro lachigwirizano ndi chokhumba chofuna kusiyanitsa pakati pa masewera a masewera, ndi chilakolako champhamvu chomwe chimachititsa kuti chizolowezi chosewera chikhale chovuta. Mogwirizana ndi izi, Lehenbauer-Baum ndi Fohringer amasiyanitsa pakati pa osewera kwambiri ndi osewera ndi ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi ndipo amatha kunena kuti kukhala ndi malingaliro, kulekerera, ndi chidziwitso, zomwe zingagwirizane ndi chilakolako chogwirizana cha ntchito, sizili zoyenera kudziŵa vuto la kusewera kwa intaneti [24]. Zina mwazinthu, monga kugwirizanitsa kusamvana, kudziletsa, kubwereranso ndi kubwezeretsanso, ndi khalidwe lachikhalidwe lomwe lingagwirizane ndi kusowa kwa mphamvu ndipo motero kukonda kwambiri, kunkagwirizana ndi makhalidwe oledzera.

Komabe, pakadali pano, sikudziwika ngati chilakolako chofuna kudziletsa chingathe kusiyanitsidwa ndi masewera ovuta. Pakalipano, palibe phunziro lomwe likusiyanitsa momveka bwino malingaliro onsewa kapena anali ndi zotsatirapo zodziwika bwino. Chofunika kwambiri chodziwikiratu chiyenera kuganiziridwa ngati chokonzekera chatsopano chikufotokozedwa [25]. Popanda kusanthula izi sizikudziwika bwino ngati chilakolako chofuna kudziletsa chimawoneka chimodzimodzi monga lingaliro lovuta. Motero, cholinga chathu chachiwiri cha phunziroli ndi cholinga choyesa chilakolako champhamvu chogonjetsa masewera osiyana siyana monga zosiyana.

Lemmens et al. [12] limafotokoza kumiza, kapena kuloŵerera, kukhala mbali imodzi ya masewera ovuta, komanso kukhumba kwambiri. Ngakhale kumizidwa ngati cholinga chosewera ndi chilakolako chokhudzidwa onse awiri anapezeka kuti akugwirizana ndi masewera ovuta kwambiri masewera a m'mbuyomu, sanafufuze pamodzi. Potero, cholinga chachitatu cha phunziro lathu chinali kuphatikiza zolinga zowonetsera, chilakolako, ndi kusewera ndi kufufuza ntchito yawo mu masewera ovuta.

Malingana ndi kafukufuku wakale, tikuyembekeza kuti: (H1) chilakolako chokhudzika chingathe kusiyanitsa ndi masewero owonetsa masewera okhudzana ndi chisankho chodziwika bwino; (H2) nthawi yokhala ndi nthawi yeniyeni yowonetsera masewera ovuta ngati palibe chitsimikizo choyambidwa; (H3) kumizidwa ngati cholinga chosewera ndikulingalira kwa masewera ovuta; (H4) chilakolako chokhumba kwambiri chiri ndi phindu lowonetsa masewero a masewera ovuta; (H5) chiyanjano komanso kugwirizanitsa monga zolinga silingathe kufotokozera masewero owonetsa; ndi (H6) chilakolako chogwirizana sichitha kuwonetsa masewera ovuta.

2. Njira

2.2. Ndondomeko

Tinagwiritsa ntchito mafunso asanu ndi limodzi kuti tipeze zolinga za masewera (kumiza, kupindula, kugwirizana kwa anthu), omwe anayesedwa mu phunziro lapitalo kwa osewera achijeremani [27]. Ophunzirawo anafunsidwa kuti aziweruziratu zomwe iwo akusewera pa 7-Point-Likert-Scale (1 = sizikugwirizana konse; 7 = ikugwirizana bwino) kuphatikizapo mafunso awiri pa mbali zitatu izi: "Ndikasewera masewera a digito cholimbikitsidwa ndi ... "Kuti muyanjane ndi anthu awa: (1) Ubwenzi ndi (2) Chimwemwe chifukwa chothandizira. Kuti apindule iwo anali: (3) Kupambana ndi (4) Mpikisano. Potsirizira pake, poyimiza iwo anali: (5) Kulimbikitsidwa; ndi (6) Escapism.

Ophunzirawo anafunsidwa kuti ayankhe mafunso asanu kuchokera ku mafunso a German a Grüsser ndi a Thalemann (2006) okhudza masewera a masewera ovuta pa 6-Point-Likert Scale (1 = sakugwirizana konse; 6 = ikugwirizana mwangwiro). Mafunsowa anagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino m'maphunziro atsopano ndi osewera achi German [12] ndipo ikukhudzana ndi zowonjezereka zowonjezera zomwe zikupangidwira kuti zogwiritsa ntchito matenda a intaneti ndi APA. (1) "Kodi munasowapo msonkhano ndi anzanu kapena banja lanu chifukwa mudasewera masewera a digito mmalo mwake?" (Zotsatira za 7: mavuto ndi abwenzi ndi abwenzi chifukwa chosewera masewera); (2) "Kodi mumanyalanyaza ntchito yanu chifukwa cha kusewera kwanu?" (Zotsatira za 9: mavuto a ntchito kapena sukulu chifukwa cha masewera; 4: kuthetsa mavuto); (3) "Kodi mukuganiza za kusewera masewera a digito pamene mukuchita chinthu china?" (Zotsatira za 1: kudera nkhawa m'maganizo, maganizo olakwika; 5: chiwongoladzanja pa zokopa zina); (4) "Kodi munayamba mwagona maola osachepera asanu ndi atatu chifukwa cha kusewera kwa masewera a digito?" (Zotsatira za 6: akupitiriza kusewera ngakhale akudziwa mavuto omwe amachitidwa ndi masewera; 3: kulekerera, nthawi yambiri ikuyenera kuwonetsedwa); ndi (5) "Kodi mumachita mantha ngati simungathe kusewera masewera aliwonse a digito?" (Zotsatira za 2: mavuto ochotsera).

Kuti tipeze kukhudzika kosagwirizana ndi masewero, timasulira mafunso kuchokera ku Vallerandt et al. [22] ku German. Pamapeto a ophunzira omwe akuyeserawo adayankha mayankho awo ku mafunso a anthu kuphatikizapo kusewera nthawi pa sabata ndi kusewera nthawi [28] mwa mtundu uliwonse (onani Gulu 1).

Gulu 1. Njira ndi SD pakusewera nthawi pa mtundu uliwonse maola pa sabata.  Dinani apa kuti muwonetse tebulo

3. Zotsatira

3.2. Kufufuza Kwambiri

3.2.1. Kusiyanitsa Zovuta Kusewera Mchitidwe wa Obsessive Passion

Pofuna kuyesa zoganizira zathu zoyambirira tinayesa kusamvetsetseka kwa khalidwe lovuta la kusewera ndi chilakolako chachikulu. Tinagwiritsa ntchito njirayi kuchokera ku Campell ndi Fiske (1959):

                 

(1)

Ndi:

• r_ij = mgwirizano pakati pa khalidwe lovuta la kusewera ndi chilakolako chachikulu (0.505),
• r_ii = kudalirika kwa machitidwe ovuta a kusewera (0.613), ndi
• r_jj = kudalirika kwa chilakolako chachikulu (0.753).

Kusankhidwa kwa 0.743 kuli kochepa kuposa 0.85 ndipo kotero, kumatsimikizira kuti zonsezi zikhoza kusiyanitsidwa [25], yomwe imathandizira maganizo athu (H1). Chilakolako chodziwikiratu tsopano chidzagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera masewera ovuta.

3.2.2. Kufunika Kwambiri kwa Zolinga, Chidwi, ndi Nthawi

Mgwirizano pakati pa olosera zamtsogolo anali onse r <0.80. Ma 1 / VIF onse anali pamwamba pa 0.20 ndipo Durbin-Watson anali 1.74. Palibe lingaliro loyeserera kusanthula komwe kunaphwanyidwa ndi chidziwitso chathu. Tidawunika momwe zinthu zidasinthidwira ndi zomwe zidasinthidwa. Zovuta zamasewera ndimasewera. Nthawi yosewera idalowetsedwa mu block yoyamba. M'bokosi lotsatira, chidwi chachikulu cha chidwi komanso kumiza kumalowetsedwa. Gawo lachitatu komanso lomaliza limaphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa mayanjano, kuchita bwino, komanso mgwirizano wogwirizana (onani Gulu 2) kwa zolemera za beta ndi zoyenera pofuna kufotokoza kusiyana).

Gulu 2. Miyezo yozungulira ya beta ndi R2 za machitidwe ozunguliridwa ndi akuluakulu akuyendera ndi mawerengedwe pa masewero a zisokonezo monga masewero.  Dinani apa kuti muwonetse tebulo

 

Pamene nthawi yosewera idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chongopeka, ndi 2.2% ya kusiyana kwake komwe kunafotokozedwa. Monga momwe anayembekezeredwa (H3 ndi H4), chigawo chachiwirichi chimasonyeza kuti kumiza limodzi ndi chilakolako chokhudzidwa kunamveketsa mbali yaikulu ya kusiyana kwa masewera ovuta pamene masewerawa sankatchulidwanso (H2). Zinthu ziwirizi zinafotokozera 29% za kusiyana pakati pa masewera ovuta, omwe ali pamwamba. Kusagwirizana pakati pa anthu, kupindula, ndi chilakolako chogwirizana chinalibe phindu lofunika kwambiri (H5 ndi H6).

3.2.3. Mgwirizano pakati pa Mitundu ya Masewera, Mavuto a Masewero a Masewero, Chikhumbo, ndi Zomwe Akuchita

Kuti tiwone ngati zoyambitsa masewera ndi zovuta pamasewera zimasiyana pakati pamitundu yosiyanasiyana yamasewera, tidawerengera kulumikizana pakati pamiyesoyo. Palibe kulumikizana kulikonse pakati pa maola omwe amathera sabata pamitundu yamasewera osiyanasiyana komanso masewera ovuta pamasewera omwe amafunikira. Pokonda kwambiri tinapeza kulumikizana kwakukulu kwa maola omwe takhala tikugwira sabata, r = 0.23, p <0.05, kumenya, r = 0.37, p <0.001, ndikusewera, r = 0.20, p <0.05. Chilakolako chogwirizana chogwirizana kwambiri ndi kumenyedwa, r = 0.31, p <0.005, ndi zina zambiri, r = 0.20, p <0.05. Kuyanjana pakati pa anthu monga kusewera zolinga sikunagwirizane kwambiri ndi nthawi yomwe amathera pamitundu yosiyanasiyana yamasewera pomwe kuchita bwino kumapezeka kuti kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi woponya munthu woyamba, r = 0.20, p <0.05, ndikumizidwa ndi kumenya, r = 0.26, p <0.05.

4. Kukambirana

Kuphunzira kwathu kunalongosola momwe masewera a digito amasewera masewero ndi chilakolako cha masewera a masewera amakhudzana ndi khalidwe lovuta la masewera a masewera ndi ngati iwo akuwongolera bwino zovuta kuposa nthawi yokha. Pokhala ndi zolinga, Hellström et al. [8], komanso Kneer ndi Glock [13] anabatizidwa kuti akhale chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pa chiopsezo cha masewera ovuta. Tikhozanso kufotokoza zotsatirazi ndikupeza kumizidwa monga cholinga chokha chokhalira ndi masewero ovuta (masewera 1). Kugwirizana pakati pa anthu ndi kupindula sikunapezedwe kukhala zodziŵika bwino. Choncho, timaganiza kuti kumizidwa monga kusewera ndi zosiyana ndi kuyanjana ndi chikhalidwe. Kubatizidwa kumawoneka kuti ndikulumikizana ndi njira zolakwika zothetsera mavuto pamene chiyanjano ndi chiyanjano chingathandize kuti munthu akhale ndi moyo wabwino m'malo moonjezera masewera ovuta.

Ena angatsutsane ndi zifukwa zomwe zimasewera masewerawa zimangokhala chifukwa cha mavuto a moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Kubatizidwa makamaka kungakhale zotsatira za mavuto aakulu chifukwa chofuna kuthawa mavuto onse posewera masewera. Zida zogwiritsira ntchito zimagwirizana ndi zovuta zokhudzana ndi chizoloŵezi choyankha machitidwe abwino ndi / kapena zosagwirizana ndi zovuta za moyo tsiku ndi tsiku. Pankhaniyi, mayankho osayeruzika amaperekedwa kuti athe kupewa kutsutsidwa ndi kumverera manyazi komanso kudzimva chisoni. Kuphatikizapo mafunso okhudzana ndi kusewera kungakhale njira yothetsera vutoli. Zotsatira zathu zimasonyeza kuti kumizidwa makamaka kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi masewero a masewera ovuta. Choncho, mafunso okhudzidwa angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati njira yothetsera masewera ovuta.

Ponena za chilakolako, timayambanso kuganizira ngati chilakolako chofuna kudziletsa chingakhale chosiyana ndi masewera ovuta. Chilakolako chakudetsa nkhaŵa chimatanthauzidwa kuti "kuyang'aniridwa ndi ntchito" zomwe zikuphatikizidwanso muzofotokozera zambiri za makhalidwe oledzera. Kotero, izo sizinamveke ngati chilakolako chopambanitsa chikuyesa chimodzimodzi ndi lingaliro kuposa vuto losewera masewera. Zotsatira zathu zimatsimikizira kuti chilakolako chokhumba ndi masewero owonetsa masewera angakhale osiyana ndi malingaliro okhudzidwa omwe ali okhudzana ndi chisankho chawo (cholinga 2). Choncho, chilakolako chofuna kukhala ndi mphamvu poyang'anira ntchitoyi sichikutanthauza mavuto enieni a moyo. Komabe, chilakolako chokhumba chikhoza kukhala chongoganizira mozama pakukula kwa masewera ovuta.

Wang et al. [23] anapeza kuti kukhumba kukhumba, mosiyana ndi chilakolako chogwirizana, chikugwirizana ndi masewero owonetsa masewera [23]. Zotsatira zathu zinali zogwirizana ndi zotsatirazi. Chilakolako chodziwika kwambiri chinapezeka kuti chinali ndi phindu la masewera ovuta, pomwe chilakolako chogwirizana chinali chosagwirizana. Kukhudzidwa ndi masewera kumabweretsa kutaya mphamvu, chomwe ndi chizindikiro cha khalidwe lovuta. Mosiyana, maseŵera osewera pamasewera si ovuta konse.

Mogwirizana ndi Kneer ndi Glock [13], tidapeza nthawi yeniyeni yosewera nthawi ngati kusewera nthawi kunkawerengedwa ngati wosakwatiwa. Kuonjezera apo, kufunika koyambirira kwa chitsanzo choyambitsana chinali chochepa. Poganizira kuti nthawi yosewera ikugwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse ngati chofunikira kwambiri pakupeza masewera ovuta, pamene zolakalaka ndi zokondweretsa nthawi zambiri sizinaphatikizidwe ndi zida zogwiritsira ntchito, zotsatira zathu zingakhale zopereka zotsatila zam'tsogolo komanso mapulogalamu olowera. Kufunika kwa kumizidwa monga kusewera ndi kutanthauzira ngati kusewera chilakolako ndikumveka kofunika kwambiri kusiyana ndi kusewera nthawi yokha (cholinga 3).

Kusanthula masewero ovuta komanso masewero a masewera osiyanasiyana a masewera timapeza kuti masewera ovutawo sanali okhudzana ndi mtundu wina wa masewera. Chotsatira ichi sichigwirizana ndi zofukufuku kuchokera ku maphunziro ena, zomwe zimapezeka makamaka maseŵera ochita masewera a pa Intaneti kuti azigwirizana ndi zizoloŵezi zosokoneza [21]. Izi zikhoza kukhala chifukwa cha zifukwa ziwiri. Choyamba, chitsanzo chathu chapadera chinakhala nthawi yochuluka ndi anthu ogwidwa ndi zibonga, osati ndi masewera ochita masewera a pa Intaneti. Motero, masewera owonetsera masewera a pa Intaneti sanali mtundu wa masewera omwe ankakonda kwambiri. Chachiwiri, chitsanzo chathu sichinaphatikizepo osewera. Ngati muli ndi vutoli, mgwirizano umenewu ukhoza kukhala wofunikira kachiwiri.

Kuphunzira kwathu kuli kochepa m'njira zingapo. Ife timangoyesera kupanga masewera, kukonda zovuta komanso zowonongeka, kusewera nthawi, ndi kudziwonetsa nokha zovuta masewera osewera kamodzi. Kafukufuku wamtsogolo ayenera kufufuza ngati kumizidwa ngati cholinga chachikulu chosewera pamodzi ndi kukhumba kwambiri masewera osewera kumabweretsa chitukuko chosewera masewera panthawi. Kuonjezera apo, monga maphunziro ena pa mutu umenewu sitinakhale nawo osewera muzitsanzo zathu. Kafukufuku wotsatira ayenera kuganizira ochita maseŵera kuti azisanthula zolinga zawo ndi masewera olimbitsa thupi poyerekeza ndi osewera.

Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa funso loti sewero la masewera ndi lovuta ndilo lovuta kwambiri. Chimodzi mwa mfundo zisanu ndi zinai zomwe APA sichidawunikidwenso ndi funso, zomwe zimayankhula zolakwika (mwachitsanzo, kudziimba mlandu, zopanda thandizo) chifukwa cha masewera. Tidasankha kugwiritsa ntchito muyeso uwu chifukwa cha ntchito yake yopambana mu phunziro lachi German lakale pa masewero ovuta a masewera [12]. Komabe, palinso miyeso yatsopano yopanga masewero owonetsa [6], zomwe ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'tsogolo [29]. Ndondomeko yathu yazinthu sizinali zophweka koma zosavuta. Tinasankha njira yothetsera vutoli kuti tipewe mayankho ofunika kwambiri pamtima poitana oyitanidwa ku laboratori yathu. Ndipotu, maphunziro omwe amakumana nawo masewero owonetsa masewerawa ndi mafunso omwe angachititse manyazi komanso kudzimvera chisoni pakati pa osewera, zomwe zingachititse anthu kuti anene za khalidwe lawo ngati atapemphedwa pa intaneti. Njira yathu yoitanira osewera anawapatsa mphamvu zowonjezera, zomwe zimachepetsa mayankho abwino a anthu komanso zomwe zimachitika. Poyerekeza ndi maphunziro a pa intaneti, tikhoza kuchepetsa mayankho ovuta koma tidakali ndi vuto la kusankha yekha. Izi ndithu zimakhudza pa generalizations ya zotsatira zathu monga kudzikonda-yekha kwa maphunziro a maganizo nthawi zonse sitingathe kuyesa sampling. Maphunziro ena ayenera kukhazikitsa ndondomeko yowonetsera zowonongeka kuti pakhale zotsatira zomwe zimawoneka bwino. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, chitsanzo chathu chinali chochepa ndipo phunziro lathu linaphatikizapo anthu omwe ali nawo. Chifukwa cha mtengo wapatali wochititsa phunziro mu labotore, ife tinkawerengera chiwerengero chochepa cha ophunzira omwe tinafunikira kuti tiwone bwino zomwe timaganiza zazikulu (onani gawo la Ophunzira ndi Ndondomeko). Chifukwa chokha chophatikizapo mamembala azimayi ndikuti amayi anayi okha omwe adagwirizana nawo adavomereza kutenga nawo gawo mu phunziro lathu. Chifukwa cha nambala yochepayi, tinasankha kuti tizingowonjezera anthu omwe ali nawo. Komabe, kafukufuku wamtsogolo ayenera kukhala ndi zitsanzo zazikulu komanso kuphatikizapo osewera akazi.

5. Zotsatira

Mu phunziro lino, masewero a masewera, masewero a masewera komanso nthawi yowonjezera anayesedwa ngati zowonetsera za masewera ovuta. Zotsatira zathu zasonyeza kuti kumizidwa ngati kusewera ndi cholinga chosewera masewero a masewero ali ndi phindu lofunika kwambiri la masewero a masewera ovuta pamene kusewera nthawi kunali ndi mphamvu yaikulu pa masewero a masewera ovuta ngati agwiritsidwa ntchito ngati osakonzekera. Ponena za chitukuko cha zida zamtsogolo zamatenda, masewero a masewera ndi chilakolako ayenera kuseweredwa monga njira.