Kusokoneza Magulu a Anthu pa Zamoyo Zaumoyo Ophunzira ku Oman (2015)

Kudalirika

Mwa anthu oposa 2.5 biliyoni ogwira ntchito pa intaneti padziko lapansi, ena a 1.8 mabiliyoni amayenera kugwiritsa ntchito malo ochezera a pa Intaneti (SNSs) ku 2014, omwe amaimira pafupifupi 25% ya anthu onse padziko lapansi.1,2 YouTube (YouTube, San Bruno, California, USA) ndi Twitter (Twitter, Inc., San Francisco, California, USA), ndi 1.3 biliyoni, 1 biliyoni ndi 645 miliyoni ogwiritsa ntchito mwakhama, ogwiritsa ntchito.3-5 Komanso, chiwerengero cha anthu owonjezera omwe akugwiritsa ntchito SNSs popanda kulembetsa ngati ogwiritsa ntchito sadziwika. M'zaka zingapo zapitazo, kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti ku Oman kwakula modabwitsa; mu 2014, panali oposa oposa 2 miliyoni, omwe anali atanenedwa kale mu kafukufuku wakale molingana ndi machitidwe apadziko lonse.6,7 Potsatira zochitika za SNS padziko lonse, Oman panopa ali ndi oposa 600,000 Facebook.6 Ngakhale kuti maiko ena a SNS sakhalapo, palibe chifukwa chokayikira kuti kugwiritsa ntchito malo enawa ku Oman sikugwirizana ndi maiko onse.

Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti ndi SNSs pa se sizowopsya-chodetsa nkhaŵa chachikulu chimakhala ndi chizoloŵezi cha mitundu iyi yamakono. Mu 1995, Ivan Goldberg, yemwe ndi katswiri wa zamaganizo, ananena kuti "Internet addiction disorder" (IAD).8 Pogwiritsa ntchito 1996, lingaliro la kuledzera kwa intaneti linali kutengedwa mozama kwambiri; Zinakonzedwa kuti ndikhale matenda a chipatala komanso funso lothandizira kufufuza (lotengera kafukufuku wa juga) linapangidwa.9 Ngakhale kuti IAD sichikudziwika ngati matenda a chipatala, mosiyana ndi matenda a masewera a pa Intaneti, pali chithandizo cholimba cha lingaliro. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti ambiri a 3-4% a achinyamata-nthawi zina, amasonyeza kwambiri zizindikiro za kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndi zina mwazochitika zaposachedwapa zokhudzana ndi wodwala wa 31 amene anadwala ndi IAD ya Google Glass^™ makina opangira zovala (Google, Googleplex, Mountain View, California, USA).10-13

Makhalidwe oipa a intaneti ndi ofanana ndi ena omwe amamwa mowa. Çam Et al. anafotokozera mwachidule vutoli monga kulowerera kwambiri maganizo pa intaneti, kuphatikizapo malingaliro obwerezabwereza oletsa kapena kugwiritsa ntchito ntchitoyi komanso kulepheretsa kupezetsa.14 Anthu omwe ali ndi vutoli akupitirizabe kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti ngakhale kuti amakhudzidwa kwambiri pa ntchito zawo tsiku ndi tsiku m'magulu osiyanasiyana, kuthera nthawi yowonjezera pa intaneti ndikulakalaka kupeza njira ngati palibe.14 Kuphatikiza pa chizoloŵezi cha mankhwala osokoneza bongo, zakhala zikuyang'anitsitsa mitundu yambiri yoledzeretsa (mwachitsanzo, kukonzekera ndi masewera a pa intaneti kapena mafoni a m'manja).8,15-17 Mofananamo, zakhala zikudetsa nkhaŵa za kuwonjezeka kwa ntchito za SNSs kuyambira kumapeto kwa 1990s, ndi chiwerengero chowonjezeka cha mauthenga a SNS.18 Popeza kuti intaneti ndi SNS njira zogwiritsa ntchito ku Oman zimagwirizana ndi zochitika zapadziko lonse,6 pali chifukwa chokayikira kuti SNS zowonongeka mu dziko lino zingakhale zofanana ndi zomwe zalembedwa padziko lonse lapansi.

Kuyeza zokhudzana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo SNS ndi malo amatsutso ena. Ochita kafukufuku ena amakhulupirira kuti ziwerengero zokhazokha zowononga SNS ziyenera kuyesedwa.19,20 Komabe, ena adatenga malingaliro ena; Çam Et al. anasankha kusintha ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo pa Intaneti omwe athandizidwa ndi Center for Internet Addiction kuti awonetse kuledzera kwa Facebook, pamene chiwerengero cha Facebook Chizindikiro cha Symptoms Scale chinayambitsidwanso ntchito pakati pa ophunzira ophunzirira zakale.14,21 Posachedwapa, Andreassen Et al. adalemba kabukuka kameneka kalikonse kameneka kalikonse kameneka kameneka kameneka kameneka kameneka kameneka kameneka kameneka kamadziwika ndi Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale (BFAS).22,23 BFAS yayigwiritsidwa bwino ntchito poyeza kuyeza kwa mankhwala a Facebook mu maphunziro ambiri ndipo yatsimikiziridwa ngati yogwira bwino ntchito.18,20,24-26 Ngakhale kuti poyamba adakonzedwa kuti awonetsetse kusokonezeka kwa SNS imodzi, Andreassen Et al. awonetsa kuti kusinthira chiwerengero kuti muyang'ane wina SNS ndi kotheka.23

Kuledzera kungakhale kosokoneza ku mbali zambiri za moyo; kwa ophunzira, zikhoza kulepheretsa maphunziro awo ndikukwaniritsa zolinga zawo za nthawi yaitali. Kugwiritsa ntchito mowa mwauchidakwa ndi zinthu zolimbitsa thupi pazinthu za intaneti-kuphatikizapo SNSs ndi masewera a pa Intaneti-zakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi chikumbumtima, kukhulupirika / kudzichepetsa ndi kuvomerezana bwino komanso kugwirizana kwambiri ndi zokhudzana ndi ubongo, kusudzulana ndi chiwawa.22,27-35 Kwa ophunzira azachipatala omwe akufuna kukhala odziwa zachipatala, zotsatira za vutoli zingakhale ndi zotsatira zowopsya kwa anthu onse. Ndikofunika kuti mudziwe kukula kwa vutoli kuti pakhale njira zoyenera kuthana nazo.

Chifukwa cha zovuta zomwe tazitchula pamwambapa, phunziroli lidafuna kuyeza mitengo ya SNS m'gulu la a sayansi ya zaumoyo ku Sultan Qaboos University (SQU) ku Muscat, Oman. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, phunziroli limaphatikizapo kusiyanitsa pakati pa SNSs (Facebook, YouTube ndi Twitter) m'malo moyeza zokhudzana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo okha, monga njira zothandizira kuthetsa mavuto okhudzana ndi kusuta zimasiyana malinga ndi SNS.

Njira

Kafukufukuyu anali ndi gulu losadukiza la ophunzira 141 a sayansi ya zamankhwala ndi labotale omwe adalembetsa ku College of Medicine & Health Science ku SQU mu Epulo 2014 ndikuchita nawo maphunziro a Medical Informatics II. Gulu la ophunzirawa lidasankhidwa chifukwa linali lisanaphunzire mwatsatanetsatane ma SNS komabe anali ndi chidziwitso choyambirira chifukwa chokwaniritsa maphunziro awo a Medical Informatics I.

Kafukufuku wosadziwika bwino wa chinenero cha Chingerezi omwe amadziwika ndi Chingerezi anapangidwa, malinga ndi BFAS ndipo anasinthidwa kwa SNS zina monga momwe Andreassen ananenera Et al.22,23 Ma SNS atatu omwe asankhidwa pafunsoli anali Facebook, Twitter ndi YouTube, chifukwa izi ndizo zogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri SNS padziko lonse lapansi.3-5 Ophunzira adafunsidwa kuti afotokoze deta yawo ya ntchito ya SNS chaka chatha. Ngakhale kuti tingatsutsane kuti SNSs imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pa ntchito zosagwira ntchito, kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti malo osungira mafilimu amagwiritsidwa ntchito pulogalamu zachipatala ndi zina.36,37 Chifukwa chake, kafukufukuyo anasinthidwa kuti adziwe kuti peresenti ya nthawi yomwe ophunzira akugwiritsa ntchito kuti azigwiritsa ntchito SNSs kuntchito.

Ngakhale kuti Chingerezi sichinali chilankhulo cha chiwerengero cha ophunzira onse m'gululi, chinenero cha maphunziro a maphunziro a Medical Informatics II chinali Chingerezi; Ophunzira omwe amaphunzira maphunzirowa amaonedwa kuti akudziwa bwino chilankhulochi kuti amvetsetse mafunsowa. Kuwonjezera apo, kufufuza kwa Flesch Kukhazikika ndi Kuwala kwa Mphuno-Kuphatikizidwa kwa Maphunziro a Gulu linasonyeza kuti kafukufukuyo amatha kumvetsetsa ndi ophunzira a sukulu.38 Ophunzira adziwa za kufufuza kwa intaneti mu April 2014 ali m'kalasi, ndi maumboni awiri ena a mauthenga omwe adatumizira kuti atenge mbali. Kafukufukuyu anakhalabe wotseguka kwa masabata anayi kuti apereke ophunzira okwanira nthawi kuti amalize.

Pambuyo poyesa deta yowonongeka, kuchuluka kwa chizolowezi choledzeretsa chinawerengedwa molingana ndi magawo awiri ofunikira. Yoyamba, yoperekedwa ndi Lemmens Et al., amawona ziwerengero za 3 pazinthu zina zafukufuku wa BFAS kuti akhale oledzera.16 Komabe, zofunikira zomwe Andreassen ananena Et al. kumafuna mapikisheni a 3 pa zonse zisanu ndi chimodzi za zinthu za BFAS munthu asanatengedwe kukhala woledzera.22 Pamene chiwerengerochi chinkawerengedwa, kuchuluka kwa zosuta kumayambanso kuwerengedwa pokhudzana ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka SNS. Ophunzira omwe adagwiritsa ntchito> 50% ya nthawi yawo yogwiritsira ntchito SNS pazinthu zokhudzana ndi ntchito sanatengeredwe pagulu lodana nawo.

Deta zinalowetsedwa ku Microsoft Excel spreadsheet (Version 2010, Microsoft Corp., Redmond, Washington, USA) ndi kufotokozera ziwerengero zomwe zimawerengedwa ndi chiwerengero cha Chi-square. Deta yolondola inali yotsatiridwa pogwiritsa ntchito NVivo, Version 7 (QSR International Ltd., Burlington, Massachusetts, USA).

Kuvomerezeka kwamaphunziro awa kunaperekedwa ndi Medical Research & Ethics Committee ku College of Medicine & Health Science ku SQU (MREC # 869). Onse omwe anafunsidwa adapereka chilolezo cholemba asanatenge nawo kafukufukuyu.

Results

Mwa ophunzira a 141 omwe anali nawo mu phunziroli, onse a 81 anamaliza kufufuza (mlingo woyankhidwa: 57.4%). Mwa awa, 51 anali akazi (63.0%); chiwerengero cha amuna ndi akazichi chinalibe chiwerengero chofunika kwa ena onse m'kalasi (P = 0.41). Kugwiritsira ntchito malo atatu a SNS ndi omwe adagwiritsa ntchito chaka chathachi mwachidule Gulu 1. YouTube idagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri (100%), yotsatira ndi Facebook (91.4%) ndi Twitter (70.4%). Panalibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa akazi ndi amuna SNS (P = 0.997).

 

Gulu 1:

Kugwiritsa ntchito malo ochezera ochezera a pa Intaneti m'zaka zapitazo pakati pa gulu la ophunzitsa zaumoyo ku Oman (N = 81)

Nthawi zambiri SNS yokhudzana ndi ntchito imagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachidule Gulu 2. Ngakhale kuti osachepera 15% ya ntchito ya Twitter inali yogwirizana ndi ntchito, izi sizinali choncho pa Facebook ndi YouTube (pansi pa 39.4% ndi 41.9%, motsatira). YouTube inkagwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza ndi ophunzira pazinthu za ntchito kusiyana ndi malo ena ochezera aubwenzi (kutanthauza: 41.9%). Njira zogwiritsira ntchito zikuwonetsedwa Gulu 3. Kudalira pa YouTube kunali kwakukulu kuposa malo ena awiri. Izi zikuwoneka kuchokera ku njira iliyonse ya magulu, omwe anali apamwamba kwa YouTube kusiyana ndi malo ena ochezera aubwenzi nthawi zonse. Panali zochepa zofotokozera za ophunzira zomwe zili ndi malemba abwino komanso machitidwe abwino.

 

Gulu 2:

Gwiritsani ntchito ntchito zokhudzana ndi ntchito za malo ochezera a pa Intaneti pa chaka chotsatira pakati pa gulu la akatswiri a zaumoyo ku Oman (N = 81)

 

Gulu 3:

Zomwe zimagwiritsiridwa ntchito^* za malo ochezera ochezera a pa Intaneti m'chaka chapitacho pakati pa gulu la akatswiri a zaumoyo ku Oman (N = 81)

Zizolowezi zoledzera zinawerengedwa molingana ndi zofunikira za Lemmens Et al. ndi Andreassen Et al. [Gulu 4].16,22 Ponena za Lemmens Et alZotsatira zake, zapezeka kuti 14.2%, 47.2% ndi 33.3% ya ophunzira adasokonezedwa ndi Facebook, YouTube ndi Twitter, motero.16 Poyerekezera, 6.3%, 13.8% ndi 12.8% a ophunzira, motero, adayanjanitsidwa ndi SNS zomwezo pamene Andreassen Et alZomwe anagwiritsa ntchito zimasonyeza kusokoneza.22 Mitengoyi inachepa pamene ophunzira omwe amawonetsa kuti akugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri kuposa 50% ya nthawi yawo pogwiritsa ntchito SNSs pazinthu zokhudzana ndi ntchito sanatuluke [Gulu 5]. Only 4.7%, 27.8% ndi 20.5% ya ophunzira anali akuonedwa ngati akuloledwa ku Facebook, YouTube ndi Twitter, motero, molingana ndi zomwe akufuna ndi Lemmens Et al.16 Ndi Andreassen Et alZotsatira zake, chizoloŵezi choledzera chagonjetsedwa ku 3.2%, 6.9% ndi 7.7% pa Facebook, YouTube ndi Twitter, mofanana.22 Izi zikuwonetsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo pamene ntchito za SNS zokhudzana ndi ntchito zinkasinthidwa, ndi 41.2% kuchepetsa (34 potsutsa 20) ophunzira omwe amadziwika ngati oledzera ku YouTube malinga ndi Lemmens Et alZotsatira za 80% (10 ndi ophunzira awiri) malinga ndi Andreassen Et alzofunikira.16,22

 

Gulu 4:

Kusokoneza bongo malinga ndi momwe anthu adasankhira malo ochezera a pa Intaneti pa chaka chotsatira pakati pa gulu la ophunzitsa zaumoyo ku Oman (N = 81)

 

Gulu 5:

Kuchulukitsa malinga ndi kudzidziwitsa kwanu kwa malo ochezera a pa Intaneti omwe adasankhidwa chaka chatha pakati pa ophunzira ophunzira asayansi azaumoyo ku Oman omwe adagwiritsa ntchito <50% yanthawi yogwiritsira ntchito pazokhudzana ndi ntchito

Kukambirana

Kafukufukuyu anayesera kuyeza miyeso itatu ku SNSs (Facebook, YouTube ndi Twitter) pakati pa ophunzira a sayansi ya zaumoyo ku Oman. Kuonjezerapo, phunzirolo linavomereza kuti ophunzira angagwiritse ntchito malowa pazinthu zokhudzana ndi ntchito ndipo amalingalira izi powerengera chiwerengero cha mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Magazini ina yomwe inalembedwa m'mabukuwa ndiyomwe ngati chiwerengero cha mankhwala osokoneza bongo chiyenera kuyesedwa kwa SNSs mwachindunji, kapena ngati kusokonekera kwambiri kwa chizoloŵezi cha SNSs kumakhala koyenera.19,22,23 Zotsatira za kafukufuku wamakono zikuwonetsera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kosiyanasiyana pa SNS zitatu zosankhidwa, ndi ophunzira onse pogwiritsa ntchito YouTube, koma osati Facebook kapena Twitter. Mwamsanga, zotsatirazi zimapereka machenjezo kuti asagwirizane ndi SNS onse pamodzi; ngati izi zinali choncho, zikuwoneka kuti gulu lonse likugwiritsa ntchito SNS, lomwe lingakhale losokonezeka chifukwa cha ntchito zosiyanasiyana komanso zolinga zomwe zatchulidwa ndi SNSs. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, ziwerengero zokhudzana ndi kusuta ndi ntchito zokhudzana ndi ntchito zikusiyana kudutsa SNSs, zothandizira kutsutsana kuti SNSs iyenera kufufuzidwa payekha. Monga momwe SNSs imasinthira mosavuta komanso kutchuka kwa malo ena enieni a pa Intaneti ndipo nthawi zambiri, kufufuza kwa SNSs kudzakhala kofunika kwambiri.

Kafukufuku wakale wasonyeza kufunika kwa intaneti pafupipafupi ku ntchito zokhudzana ndi ntchito zaumoyo.39,40 Mofananamo, ntchito zamagwiritsidwe ntchito zamakono ndi SNSs ndi ophunzira ndi akatswiri odziwa zaumoyo amakhazikitsidwa bwino.36,41-44 Ndi chifukwa chake kugwiritsa ntchito mitengoyi kuyenera kuwonedwa pokhapokha ophunzira akugwiritsa ntchito SNSs pa ntchito zokhudzana ndi ntchito. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wamakono, ma generalization of ntchito SNS ntchito ntchito zinali zovuta-osati Twitter okha ntchito osachepera awiri SNSs, zinagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri zochepa ntchito ntchito kuposa malo ena. Vuto lomweli likugwiritsidwa ntchito pakugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso osagwira ntchito. Ngakhale zili choncho, kuchuluka kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo omwe amapezeka mu phunziroli kunali ofanana ndi omwe adatsimikiziridwa mu maphunziro ena.17,24,25 Chofunika kwambiri, komabe, mankhwala osokoneza bongo anali otsika kwambiri pamene zotsatira zinasinthidwa kuti zisasokoneze ntchito zokhudzana ndi zochitika zogwirizana ndi ntchito. Mwamwayi, imodzi mwa maphunziro oyerekeza omwe atchulidwa pamwambapa akuwona ntchito zokhudzana ndi ntchito pamene akuwerengera kuchuluka kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kuyerekezera kwakukulu sikungatheke.25

Kutanthauzira kwa SNS kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kuledzera kungakhale chigamulo chotsimikizika cha momwe ophunzira amawonera ndi anthu ena onse. Kukhala osadalirika kudalira mafilimu pazinthu zaumwini kawirikawiri kumakhala kuledzera, komabe kudalira komweko pazinthu zokhudzana ndi ntchito zokhudzana ndi ntchito kungapangidwe kukhala kutanthauza ntchito yabwino kwambiri. Momwemo, maphunziro a mtsogolo pa mutu uwu angaganizire zovuta zomwe ophunzira anaziyika. Mavuto amenewa ndi ofunika kwambiri kotero kuti nthawi yawo ndi kudzipatulira kwawo pa ntchitozi zingawonedwe kuti ndizoledzeretsa, sichoncho chifukwa chakuti maphunziro awo amapindula kwambiri. Kuchokera ku zotsatira za kafukufuku wamakono, zikhoza kutsutsidwa kuti ophunzira ambiri anali oledzera, osati ku SNSs, koma ku maphunziro awo; SNSs inali imodzi mwa njira zowonjezeretsa chizolowezi chawo chochita maphunziro apamwamba.

Komabe, malinga ndi momwe SNS imagwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, deta yochokera ku phunziro lino ikuwonetsa kuti ophunzira a sayansi ya sayansi ku Oman anawoneka mosayenera akudalira SNSs. Izi zikudetsa nkhaŵa makamaka chifukwa chakuti ambiri mwa ophunzirawa adzamaliza maphunziro awo ndikukhala akatswiri azaumoyo posachedwapa. Chifukwa cha kusonkhana pakati pa intaneti ndi SNS ndi makhalidwe ena, ndizotheka kuti padzakhala zotsatira pa chisamaliro cha odwala.22,27-35 Inde, kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti makhalidwe omwewo amakhudza mwachindunji pa ntchito yogwira ntchito;45,46 m'madera okhudzana ndi thanzi, izi zidzakhudza ubwino wa chisamaliro cha odwala. Choncho, zingakhale zopindulitsa kafukufuku wamtsogolo kuti tiganizire zowonjezereka zokhudzana ndi zoledzeretsa ndi zotsatira zolakwika pa chisamaliro cha odwala. Kuonjezera apo, maphunzirowa ayeneranso kulingalira njira zothetsera zotsatira zomwe zingakhalepo pa kupereka ubwino waumoyo ku Oman.

Kupatula pa zochepa zomwe afukufuku omwe adanena, ndizofunikira kuzindikira kuti phunziroli linkachitidwa ndi gulu limodzi la ophunzira pa bungwe limodzi. Zotsatira zake, generalizations ndi zovuta, ngakhale kuti zofananitsa zopangidwa ndi maphunziro ena opangidwa mu zochitika zofanana zimakhala zomveka. Phunziroli linasankha kufufuza atatu mwa mazana ambiri a SNSs omwe alipo. Kuwonjezera apo, pakali pano pali mkangano wokhudzana ndi ngati YouTube iyenera kuonedwa ngati SNS, monga malo ena monga Reddit (Reddit Inc., San Francisco, California, USA), Snapchat (Snapchat, Venice, California, USA), Wikipedia (Wikipedia, San Francisco, California, USA) ndi WhatsApp (WhatsApp Inc., Mountain View, California, USA) -sangowonjezera kutanthauzira kochepa kwa SNS koma komabe nthawi zambiri amakhala m'gululi.47 Maphunziro amtsogolo ayenera kuganizira izi. Potsirizira pake, ngakhale kuti chiwerengero cha chiwonetsero chimawonetsa kuti anthu ambiri ali ndi mgwirizano wofanana pakati pa okalamba (ophunzira onse anali pakati pa zaka za 20-25), zikanakhala zothandiza kutsimikizira mfundoyi kuti awunike. Izi ziyenera kukonzedwa m'maphunziro amtsogolo.

Kutsiliza

Kukula kwachizoloŵezi kwa ophunzirira za sayansi yaumoyo ku Oman kunapezeka kuti ndi ofanana ndi mitengo yomwe imapezeka mu maphunziro ena. Zotsatira za kupeza izi ziyenera kuthandizidwa pazolinga zaumoyo wamtsogolo mu Oman. Mitundu yambiri yogwiritsira ntchito ikuwonetseratu kuti SNSs sayenera kuphatikizidwa kukhala gulu limodzi, koma m'malo mwake iyenera kufufuzidwa payekha. Kuwonjezera apo, chizoloŵezi cha mankhwala osokoneza bongo chinachepa makamaka pamene ntchito yokhudzana ndi ntchito inaganiziridwa zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti chiwerengero chiyenera kusintha malinga ndi cholinga. Mfundo zazikulu izi ziyenera kuganiziridwa pakuchita maphunziro omwewo.

Kuvomereza

Mawu a M'munsi

Zothandizira