Anagwiritsira ntchito zojambulazo: mawonekedwe a makompyuta ndi masewera osewera omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa unyamata owoneka mu chipatala cha maganizo (2011)

J Amatha Acad Ana Achinyamata Kuchita Zambiri. 2011 May;20(2):86-94.

Baer S1, Bogusz E, DA Wobiriwira.

Kudalirika

KUCHITA:

Kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta ndi sewero la masewera zakhazikika mu chikhalidwe chaunyamata wathu. Makolo a ana omwe ali ndi vuto la matenda amisala amafotokoza nkhawa za kugwiritsidwa ntchito mopitirira muyeso, koma kufufuza m'derali ndizochepa. Cholinga cha phunziroli ndikuwunika kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta / masewera pakati pa achinyamata omwe ali m'chipatala cha amisala ndikuwunika ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kuwonongeka kwa magwiridwe antchito.

NJIRA:

Achinyamata a 102, azaka 11-17, ochokera kuzipatala zamagulu amisala omwe adakhalapo nawo adatenga nawo mbali. Kuchuluka kwa makina ogwiritsira ntchito pakompyuta / masewera a masewera, mtundu wamagwiritsidwe (masewera kapena osasewera), ndi kupezeka kwa zinthu zomwe zimawonetsedwa zimatsimikiziridwa pamodzi ndi kuwonongeka kwamalingaliro / magwiridwe antchito. Kukhathamiritsa kwa mzere wamagalimoto kunagwiritsidwa ntchito kupenda kuyanjana pakati pa magwiritsidwe ntchito ndi kuwonongeka.

ZOKHUDZA:

Kutanthauza nthawi yotchinga inali 6.7 ± 4.2 hrs / tsiku. Kukhalapo kwa zinthu zomwe zidawonetsa kukhudzana kunali kophatikizana ndi kukhumudwa kwamalingaliro / magwiridwe antchito. Nthawi yomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pakompyuta / masewera ogwiritsira ntchito kasitomala siinaphatikizidwe kwathunthu ndi kuwonongeka pambuyo poyendetsa zinthu zowonjezera, koma nthawi yosasewera inali yogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe chowopsa mwa anyamata.

MAFUNSO:

Achinyamata omwe ali ndi vuto la matenda amisala akuwononga nthawi yawo yambiri pa kompyuta / pa masewera olimbitsa thupi ndikuwonetsa machitidwe ogwiritsira ntchito omwe amaphatikizidwa ndi kuwonongeka. Kafukufuku wowonjezera kuti apange njira ndikuwunikira zoopsa ndizofunikira kuti muzindikire zovuta zavutoli.

MAFUNSO:

unyamata; kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta; intaneti; masewera akanema

Introduction

Kwa zaka zapitazi za 20, kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta ndi makina ochita masewera pa moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa ana ndi achinyamata zakula kwambiri (Network Awareness Network, 2005; Smith, et al., 2009). Mitundu yatsopano yolumikizirana ndi anzanu kuphatikiza mauthenga pompopompo komanso kucheza pa intaneti tsopano ndizinthu zofunikira masiku onse m'moyo wa achinyamata. Masewera a pakompyuta aphulika potchuka ndipo kwa ana ena chakhala ntchito yawo yoyamba (Olson, et al., 2007). Monga kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa makompyuta / masewera ndi chinthu chatsopano, kamvedwe kathu ka zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakukula kwa ana komanso machitidwe a akatswiri ndi maphunziro amakhala ochepa. Phunziroli ndi gawo loyamba loyesa kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta ndi makina ogwiritsira ntchito masewera mu ana omwe ali ndi vuto la matenda amisala, omwe ali pachiwopsezo cha anthu omwe sakudziwika kwenikweni.

Ana ndi achinyamata nthawi zambiri amawona zinthu zabwino zomwe angagwiritse ntchito kuphatikiza chikhalidwe ndi luntha (Campbell, et al., 2006) ndipo pali kafukufuku wosonyeza kuti kusewera makanema kungalimbitse maluso owonera ndi owonera (Green & Bavelier, 2003). Komabe, zakhala ndi nkhawa zokhudzana ndi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pantchito yakusukulu komanso chitukuko cha anthu, makamaka komwe magwiritsidwe ntchito amakhala ndi zochitika zambiri pamasewera, masewera, masewera oyerekeza, nyimbo, ndi mitundu ina ya zomangamanga zolimbitsa thupi (Allison, et al., 2006; Yordani, 2006).

Kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri makina apakompyuta / masewera a masewera kwadzetsa malingaliro kuti izi zikhozedwe ngati mtundu wamakhalidwe osokoneza bongo (Wamng'ono, 1998b). Mitundu yosiyanasiyana yaukadaulo waphatikizidwa kuphatikiza omwe amachokera ku zovuta zowongolera, kutchova njuga kwa m'matumbo ndi kudalira kwa zinthu (Beard, 2005; Byun, et al., 2009; Shapira, et al., 2003; Wamng'ono, 1998b). Zokonda pa intaneti siziphatikizidwa mu DSM-IV-TR, (APA, 2000) koma ena ati akufuna kuphatikizidwa ngati gawo la DSM-V (Dulani, 2008). Kafukufuku wa ophunzira aku sekondale ndi aku yunivesite adazindikira kuchuluka kwa zovuta kapena "zosokoneza" kuyambira 2.4% -20% (Cao & Su, 2006; Grusser, et al., 2005; Ha, et al., 2006; Nthano, et al., 2008; Niemz, et al., 2005,, ngakhale kuwerengera kwapakati pamaulendo kumakhala kovuta chifukwa kulibe kutanthauzira kokhazikika kwakanenera pa intanetiByun, et al., 2009; Weinstein & Lejoyeux, 2010).

Matanthauzidwe opezeka m'derali akupita patsogolo. Mawu osiyanasiyana amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphatikiza "kusuta kwa intaneti" (Byun, et al., 2009), "Kugwiritsa ntchito zovuta pa intaneti" (Ceyhan, 2008), "Kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti mokakamiza" (van Rooij, et al., 2010) ndi "cyberaddiction" (Vaugeois, 2006). Maphunziro ambiri amayang'ana pa kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kokha (Byun, et al., 2009), pomwe ena amayang'ana kusewera makanema (kaya pa- kapena pa intaneti) (Wamitundu, 2009; Rehbein, et al., 2010; Tejeiro Salguero & Bersabe Moran, 2002). Kuyang'ana kwambiri pakompyuta imodzi kapena ina sikugwirizana ndi zochita za achinyamata ambiri omwe, mwa zomwe takumana nazo, amachita zinthu zosiyanasiyana pa intaneti komanso zosagwirizana, nthawi zina nthawi imodzi. Phunziroli, timagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "kompyuta / masewera-ochitira masewera" kuphatikiza zochitika zonse (monga zosakhala sukulu kapena zokhudzana ndi ntchito) pamakompyuta ndi m'malo ochitira masewera (kuphatikiza zida zamasewera). Timalongosola "nthawi ya chophimba" kuphatikiza nthawi yomwe timagwiritsa ntchito kompyuta / masewera osungira nthawi yophatikiza nthawi yowonera TV. Mawu oti "kugwiritsidwa ntchito mopitilira muyeso" adzagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ntchitoyo yatanthauza nthawi yambiri, koma osati zowonjezera. Timagwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "kusuta" kutanthauza maphunziro pomwe pali njira yothetsera ziyeneretso monga momwe tafotokozera pamwambapa.

Maubwenzi apakati pa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi kukhalapo kwa matenda amisala monga kukhumudwa, ADHD, komanso nkhawa pamagulu ambiri pazomwe zadziwika (Cao & Su, 2006; Chan & Rabinowitz, 2006; Jang, et al., 2008; Kim, et al., 2006; Ko, et al., 2008; Niemz, et al., 2005; Rehbein, et al., 2010; Weinstein & Lejoyeux, 2010; Weinstein, 2010; Yang, et al., 2005; Yoo, et al., 2004). Kafukufuku wina adayang'ana zamaganizidwe amisala omwe amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti yolemera ndipo adapeza zotsatira zosiyanasiyana zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti ogwiritsa ntchito olemerawa ali ndi ziwonetsero zambiri za matenda amisala kuphatikizapo nkhawa zamagulu ndi malingaliro ammagulu (Cao, et al., 2007; Chak & Leung, 2004; Onani, et al., 2005; Shapira, et al., 2000; Yen, et al., 2008), komanso zoperewera mozama (Dzuwa, et al., 2009; Dzuwa, et al., 2008).

Izi zolumikizana pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri komanso malingaliro amisala ndizogwirizana ndi malipoti anecdotal ochokera kwa asing'anga ndi makolo omwe akukhudzidwa ndi ana ndi achinyamata omwe ali ndi nkhawa zamaumoyo. Ngakhale kulemba kwa makompyuta / malo ogwiritsira ntchito masewera ngati "osokoneza bongo" kumakhalabe kutsutsana pazofufuza (Shaffer, et al., 2000), muzochitika zachipatala makolo ambiri amafotokoza nkhawa za ana omwe amagwiritsa ntchito “mankhwala osokoneza bongo” mwa ana awo, ndipo malo othandizira omwe ali ndi "intaneti" akuwonjezereka (Ahn, 2007; Khaleej Times Online, 2009). Sizikudziwika ngati kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta / makina ogwiritsira ntchito masewera ambiri kumathandizira kuti asamavutike ndimalingaliro, kaya kugwiritsidwa ntchito kumachitika chifukwa cha zovuta (mwachitsanzo, kudzipatula), kapena kuphatikiza zinthu zonsezi. Pakadali pano, zambiri zazokhudza makompyuta / masewera ogwiritsira ntchito makompyuta mu achinyamata omwe ali ndi vuto la misala ilipo.

Kafukufukuyu ndi woyamba kudziwa makamaka kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta / masewera a masewerawa mu achinyamata omwe ali m'chipatala cha amisala. Zolinga zinali kudziwa nthawi yochuluka yomwe achinyamata omwe ali ndi vuto la matenda amisala akuwononga pamaso pa "zowonera" (kanema wawayilesi, makompyuta, ndi malo ochitira masewera) komanso momwe akugawa nthawi yawo pakati pa masewera akusewerera makompyuta ndi osasewera (mwachitsanzo, Facebook) . Zolinga zina zinali kudziwa ngati pali ubale pakati pa kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa makompyuta / masewera, komanso kuchuluka kwa kutengeka mtima komanso kuwonongeka kwa magwiridwe antchito. Pomaliza, ngakhale "chizolowezi cha intaneti" ngati vuto chimakhalabe chotsutsana, tikufuna kudziwa ngati kupezeka kwa zinthu zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pazokonda pa intaneti zitha kuzindikirika m'chipatala chathu komanso ngati zili ndi mwayi wolosera momwe achinyamata zikugwira ntchito.

njira

ophunzira

Ana ndi mabanja awo omwe akuwonekedwa kuchipatala cha odwala omwe ali kunja kwa chipatala cha ana ku Canada komanso malo a 2 ammudzi kwa 4 mwezi wa 2008 adafikiridwa ndikufunsidwa kuti achite nawo kafukufukuyu. Adali gulu lovuta kuphatikiza odwala omwe amapezeka kuzipatala zamisala yambiri komanso m'zipatala zapadera ndipo anali osakaniza milandu yachiwiri ndi yapamwamba. Tidalibe chidziwitso chokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Njira zophatikizira zinali zaka pakati pa 11-17, chingerezi bwino m'Chingerezi, komanso kutha kuwerenga Chingerezi. Tidagawa kafukufuku wa ∼160 pomwe 112 idamalizidwa ndi mwana ndi kholo lawo. Sitinataye nawo gawo la 8 chifukwa chovomerezeka chosakwanira komanso / kapena mafomu olembetsa, m'modzi nawo monga anali wazaka zakubadwa, ndi mmodzi m'modzi chifukwa chotanthauzira molakwika pamafunso. Zitsanzo zomaliza motero zinali ndi maphunziro a 102. Kafukufukuyu adavomerezedwa ndi University of British Columbia Research Ethics Board ndi maphunziro onse omwe adasainidwa kapena mafomu ovomerezeka.

Chiwerengero cha anthu

Zambiri zokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu, zaka, jenda, makompyuta, ndi intaneti zidafotokozedwa kudzera pamafunso a makolo ndi ana. Zowerengera za mwana ndi kholo za nthawi yomwe amathera pamasewera, zosachita masewera olimbitsa thupi, ndi masewera pa TV masabata (masiku a sukulu) ndi kumapeto kwa sabata (masiku osakhala pasukulu) amapezeka, kulola kuti avale tsiku lililonse moyenera. Wofunsa mafunso sanawerenge mameseji, ndipo sanasiyanitse pakati pa masewera a pa intaneti kapena pa intaneti. Kupezeka kwa malamulo, malire a nthawi ndi makina a makompyuta / masewerawa adatsimikizidwa.

Njira

Palibe njira zomwe zilipo pakuyang'ana zochitika zowonjezera pamakompyuta ndi masewera opanga masewera oyenera achinyamata. Njira zingapo zakonzedwa kuti ziyang'ane makamaka pazomwe zimachitika pa intaneti (Beard, 2005; Beranuy Fargues, et al., 2009; Ko, et al., 2005a; Nichols & Nicki, 2004; Paki, 2005; Wamng'ono, 1998a, 1998b) ndipo angapo adapangidwa kuti azoyang'ana makanema pawokha (Wamitundu, 2009; Tejeiro Salguero & Bersabe Moran, 2002). Kafukufuku wambiri pa vuto lokonda kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti adachitika ku Asia ndi njira imodzi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kukhala Chen Internet Addiction Scale (Ko, et al., 2005a), yomwe sichipezeka mchingerezi. Chimodzi mwazomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pachilankhulo cha Chichewa kuyang'ana pa intaneti, Internet Addiction Test (IAT) (Wamng'ono, 1998a, 1998b) yakhala yovomerezeka mwa akulu okha (Chang & Law, 2008; Widyanto & McMurran, 2004) ndipo imaphatikizanso mafunso ena omwe sioyenera ana, (mwachitsanzo, "Ndi kangati komwe mumakonda intaneti kuti muzigwirizana ndi mnzanu?"). Kafukufuku m'modzi wotsimikizika adaphatikizapo unyamata wina koma zaka za mtunduwo zidatha 25 (Widyanto & McMurran, 2004). Palibe miyeso yolankhula mu Chingerezi yomwe imayesa kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kwa ana yomwe idavomerezeka. Kuphatikiza apo, njira zonse zomwe zilipo zimangodalira kudzidziwitsa zokha ndipo sizikuphatikiza zina ndi zina kuchokera kwa kholo, mwakutero nkukhala pangozi yodziwitsa mavuto.

Makompyuta / Masewera opangira masewera a Makompyuta (CGAS)

Pakakhala palibe zoyenera komanso zovomerezeka za ana ndi achinyamata, monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, tidapanga chidziwitso chomwe chingapangire lipoti la mwana ndi kholo, njira zingapo zamasewera apakompyuta ndi malo ochitira masewera, ndikuzindikira ana omwe ali oyenera kuchita zomwe akufuna Zokonda pa intaneti za Achinyamata (Ko, et al., 2005b). Makhalidwe oyipa a pepala la Ko amachokera ku njira yodziwira anthu omwe ali ndi vuto lofuna kuthana ndi vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala mu DSM-IV TR komanso njira zodziwira zotsatira za kafukufuku wina ndipo zidavomerezedwa mozama pagulu la achinyamata. Ripoti loti CGAS ndi gawo la 8-chinthu Likert pamlingo wa 1-5 wowunika 1) kuchititsa chidwi ndi zochitika zamakompyuta / masewera; 2) kulephera kukana kunyengerera kuti mugwiritse ntchito; Kulekerera kwa 3) (kugwiritsidwa ntchito kokwanira kofunikira kuti mumve wokhutira); Kuchotsera kwa 4 (kuvutika maganizo osagwiritsa ntchito, kuthetsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito); 5) yayitali kuposa momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito; 6) zoyeserera zopanda phindu; 7) zoyeserera kwambiri zomwe zimayesedwa poyesa kugwiritsa ntchito; ndi 8) adapitiliza kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngakhale akudziwa kuti zimabweretsa mavuto. Mayankho pa mafunso a 8 adafupikitsidwa kuti apange chiwonetsero cha Addiction chomwe chimakhala pakati pa 8 (palibe zowonjezera) ku 40 (zowonjezera pazowonjezera). Kuti muchepetse zotsatira zoyipa zamagetsi, mafunso okhudzana ndi zomwe zidawunikidwa adayikidwa mkati mwa 16 mafunso ena okhudzana ndi malingaliro a achinyamata pazinthu zabwino ndi zoyipa zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito pakompyuta / pamasewera.

Popeza zambiri mwazomwe zidawunikira zimachokera pazomwe mwana amagwiritsa ntchito, sanafunsidwe kwa makolo. M'malo mwake, makolo adayankha mafunso a 4 a zizindikiro za kuchenjeza kopitilira, kuphatikizapo: 1) mwana sananyalanyaze zokonda zina kuyambira pakugwiritsa ntchito kompyuta / station-station; Mwana wa 2) amawoneka wopsinjika pomwe saloledwa kugwiritsa ntchito; 3) mwana amangowoneka wokondwa akamagwiritsa ntchito; ndi 4) mwana amayesetsa kuyesetsa kuti agwiritse ntchito. Chizindikiro cha makolo cha zochenjeza zakusokonekera zidawerengedwa kuchokera pamafunso anayi chifukwa chake masanjidwewo anali ochokera ku 4 - 20.

Kusanthula kwa CGAS kunaphatikizapo kuwunika kwa kusanthula kwa zinthu ndi kusasintha kwamkati. Kupanga kutsimikizika kunayesedwa kudzera ngati kulumikizana ndi nthawi yogwiritsidwa ntchito pakompyuta / masewera-komanso chidziwitso cha psychopathology pogwiritsa ntchito Mafunso ndi Mphamvu Zovuta, komanso kudzera pakukhudzana ndi zizindikiro zakuchenjezedwa ndi kholo.

Mafunso ndi Mphamvu Zovuta (SDQ)

SDQ ndi chinthu cha 25, chogwiritsidwa ntchito mozama chazaka za mwana ndi psychopathology ya ana, www.sdqinfo.org. Adajambulidwa kuposa ana a 10,000 ndipo adamasuliridwa m'zilankhulo zoposa 50 ndi ma psychometric abwino (Goodman, 1997, 2001; Goodman, et al., 2000). Tidayesa mbiri ya SDQ (ya SDQ ya ana) ndi kholo la mibadwo ya 11-17, poyang'ana kuchuluka kwathunthu, ndi ma subscales asanu (zovuta zamalingaliro, zovuta zamachitidwe, hyperactivity, zovuta za anzawo, ndi machitidwe a prosocial).

Ntchito Yogwira Ntchito Yovuta Kwambiri ya Weiss.

WFIRS-P ndi tsamba lovomerezeka la kholo lomwe limayang'ana kuwonongeka kwa ana mwa mavuto ammaganizo, omwe amapezeka ku www.cddra.ca. Ili ndi mafunso a sikelo ya 50 Likert yowunika kuwonongeka kwa magwiridwe a ana m'magawo a 6: banja, kuphunzira ndi sukulu, maluso a moyo, malingaliro amwana, zochitika pagulu, komanso zochitika zowopsa, zokhala ndi ziwonetsero zambiri zowonetsa kusokonekera kwa magwiridwe antchito (Weiss, 2008). WFIRS ili ndi ma psychometric abwino kwambiri okhala ndi alpha ya Cronbach> 0.9 yonse, ndi magawo ochepera a alphas a Cronbach kuyambira 0.75-0.93, ndikuvomerezeka pamankhwala a ana, amisala, komanso magawo am'magulu (Weiss, 2008). Gawo la maluso amoyo limaphatikizapo funso pakompyuta yakugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri makompyuta ndi ma TV omwe sanatengeredwe pazowerengera.

Chiwerengero cha Kusanthula

Ziwerengero zofotokozera zidachitika pazinthu zonse. Makina ophatikizira amitundu angapo adachitidwa ndi kuchuluka konse komanso zotsatsira za WFIRS-P, SDQ ya mwana, ndi kholo la SDQ, monga zosinthira zotsalira. Kusintha kodziyimira pawokha kunaphatikizapo jenda, nthawi yamasewera, nthawi yosachita masewera komanso gawo la masewera. Zosowa pa SDQ zidasamalidwa malinga ndi momwe chiphunzitso cha SDQ chikuyendera (www.sdqinfo.com). Ma WFIRS omwe sanasangalale ndi kuchuluka kwa zizolowezi zinagwiritsidwanso chimodzimodzi. Mitu idatayidwa pakapangidwe kakang'ono ngati ikasowa> zinthu zochepa za 2, kupatula gawo la WFIRS "self" lomwe limangokhala ndi zinthu za 3 motero mayankho onse amafunikira. Ndondomekoyi idapangitsa kuti mutu umodzi uwonongeke pamayendedwe amwana ndi kholo la SDQ, ndi maphunziro a 1 a WFIRS. Kufunika kwa ziwerengero kumatanthauzidwa p <2. Kusanthula kwa Statistical kunkawerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya STATA (mtundu 0.05, Statacorp, 9.1).

Results

Mafotokozedwe

Kukula konse kwa zitsanzo kunali 102, kuphatikiza akazi a 41 (40.2%) ndi amuna a 61 (59.8%). Zaka zikutanthauza kuti 13.7 ± 1.9. Pafupifupi mabanja onse (99.0%) anali ndi kompyuta mnyumba ndipo ambiri anali ndi intaneti (94.1%). Chiwerengero cha makompyuta mnyumba chinali 2.3 ± 1.3. Kota imodzi (24.5%) ya ana inali ndi kompyuta kuchipinda kwawo. Hafu ya mabanja (50.0%) inali ndi malamulo oletsa kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta / masewera. Makolo adanenanso kuti ana awo amvera malamulo 67 (± 31)% ya nthawi.

Ana adanena kuti atenga nthawi ya 2.3 (± 2.2) hrs / tsiku pa masewera, 2.0 (± 2.1) hrs / tsiku pazinthu zopanda masewera a pakompyuta, komanso 2.4 (± 2.0) hrs / tsiku akuwonera TV. Nthawi yomwe mwana adanenedwa inali 6.7 ± 4.2 hrs / tsiku. Anyamata anali pachiwonetsero chambiri kuchita masewera kuposa atsikana: 2.8 vs.1.4 hrs / day (p = 0.002). Mosiyana ndi malingaliro athu oti ana angawononge nthawi, makolo adalengeza kuti kugwiritsidwa ntchito kochuluka kwa makanema onse poyerekeza ndi ana awo. Kusiyana kumeneku kunali kofunikira kwambiri kwa nthawi yosasewera komanso nthawi ya TV yogwiritsa ntchito kuyesa kwa t-test (kutanthauza kusiyana = 0.35 ± 0.14 hrs ndi 0.33 ± 0.15 hrs, t = 2.5 ndi 2.2, p = 0.02 ndi 0.03, motsatana), ngakhale palibe kusiyana kwake kunali kwakukulu kwakukulu kutanthauza kuti kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Pa kusanthula kwawongolera, kuyerekezera kwa ana nthawi zinagwiritsidwa ntchito, chifukwa ana amamva kuti amakhala olondola pofotokoza momwe amagawanira nthawi yawo pakati pa masewera ndi masewera omwe sachita masewera.

Kugawidwa pakati pa zochitika zosiyanasiyana zofalitsira kukuwonetsedwa mu Gulu 1. Ngakhale kuchuluka kwa nthawi yomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zilizonse zosewerera anali ofanana, masewera anali otenga nthawi yayitali, kuwirikiza kawiri ana akuwonetsa kuwononga nthawi ya 6 hr / tsiku pamasewera poyerekeza ndi omwe sachita masewera kapena TV.

Gulu 1. 

Kugawidwa kwa nthawi yayitali tsiku lililonse yogwiritsidwa ntchito pazofalitsa (nkhani ya ana). N = 102

Mtengo wa Mtundu Wowonjezera unali 17.2 ± 7.7. Manambala osokoneza bongo sanasiyane kwambiri ndi jenda, ndipo sizidalira kuti nthawi idagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri pamasewera kapena pazosewerera masewera, mwachitsanzo, ana omwe anali ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi nthawi zambiri analiwonetsanso mawonekedwe owonjezera omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zochitika zina, monga malo ochezera.

Psychometric katundu wa CGAS

Kusasinthika kwamkati kunali kwabwino kwambiri ndi Cronbach α = 0.89. Zigawo zazikulu zowunikira za CGAS zinali zogwirizana ndi yankho losavomerezeka malinga ndi mayeso onse a Scree (Cattell, 1978) ndi muyezo wa Kaiser. Chimodzi mwazinthu zinafotokozera 56% ya kusiyanasiyana ndi mafunso onse a 8 odzaza ndi zolemera zofanana (0.66-0.80). Kuphatikiza pakati pamankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi nthawi yatsiku ndi tsiku yogwiritsidwa ntchito pakompyuta inali yocheperako (r = 0.42, p <0.001) yogwirizana ndi lingaliro loti nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito ndi chizolowezi ikuchulukira, koma zinthu zosiyana. Malumikizidwe apakati pamankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi kuchuluka kwa SDQ analinso munthawi yochepa (r = 0.55, p <0.001 ndi 0.41, p <0.001 ya Child and Parent SDQ's, motsatana) motsatizananso ndi chizolowezi chodzaza ndi zizindikiritso za psychopathology. Kuledzera kumalumikizidwa pang'ono ndi zizindikilo za makolo za chizolowezi (r = 0.47, p <0.001).

Ngakhale maphunziro ambiri omwe anali ndi vuto lalikulu lamakompyuta anali ogwiritsa ntchito makompyuta / ochita masewera-olimbitsa thupi, gawo lawo silinali. Chithunzi 1 ikuwonetsa mgwirizano pakati pa magawo osokoneza bongo ndi nthawi, komwe magawo atatu, apakati komanso otsika kwambiri pazokonda kusakanikirana amafananizidwa ndi ogwiritsa ntchito apamwamba, apakati, komanso otsika. Maphunziro ambiri amakhala m'magawo omwe amayembekezeredwa (mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo / kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri), komabe maphunziro ambiri sakhala mumagulu awa. Pafupifupi 30% yamaphunziro omwe ali ndi zowerengeka zotsika kwambiri amagwiritsa ntchito nthawi yayitali kwambiri ndipo 10% yamaphunziro omwe ali ndi kuchuluka kwambiri kwa manambala akugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yayitali. Chifukwa chake ngakhale kuti mulingowo umakhala wofanana mkati, umatha kusiyanitsa nthawi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndikuwonjezera zinthu.

Chithunzi 1. 

Nthawi yogwiritsa ntchito makompyuta / masewera-otsika (otsika, apakati, kapena okwera) poyerekeza magawo osiyanasiyana amakalasi osokoneza bongo

Zotsatira Zosintha

Kutanthauza kuti Mwana wa SDQ pa mtunduwu anali 14.6 ± 6.4, yomwe ili pa 82nd percentile poyerekeza ndi data yodziwika bwino (Meltzer, et al., 2000). Ma percaleles pa SDQ yaumwana adakwezedwa chimodzimodzi ndikuwoneka kuchokera ku 77th mpaka 85th percentiles. Kutanthauza kwa Pare Pare SDQ kunali 15.4 ± 6.5, yomwe ili pa 89th percentile poyerekeza ndi kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu. Ma percaleles pa SDQ ya kholo nawonso adakwezedwa ndipo adachokera ku 83rd mpaka 92nd percentiles. Izi ndizabwino mkati mwachipatala momwe mungayembekezere kupatsidwa mwayi kuchokera kuchipatala. Kutanthauza kuti WFIRS inali 40.3 ± 24.2, yomwe ili pa 27th percentile poyerekeza ndi kuchuluka kwa ana a 200 omwe ali ndi ADHD yophunzitsidwa, azaka 6-11 (Weiss, 2008). Ma percalesles aang'ono kuchokera ku 20th mpaka 60th percentile poyerekeza ndi mtundu womwewo wa ADHD.

Maubwenzi apakati pa nthawi yomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pakompyuta / malo osungirako masewera, kupezeka kwa zinthu zowonjezera komanso momwe amagwirira ntchito komanso momwe amagwirira ntchito mogwirizana ndi kholo la SDQ, mwana wa SDQ, ndi WFIRS adawunikira pogwiritsa ntchito njira zopangira ma line angapo. Nthawi yapa TV idayang'aniridwa kuti muwone ngati zingakhale ndi vuto lililonse pazotsatira, koma idatsitsidwa chifukwa sizinathandize pakuwunikanso kwamitundu itatu iliyonse. Zotsatira za jenda paubwenzi wapakati, zowonjezera, komanso magwiridwe antchito zidayesedwa.

Gulu 2 ikuwonetsa zotsatira za kulumikizana kwa mzere wa makulidwe angapo poyang'ana momwe ana a SDQ amasinthira ndi jenda, nthawi yamasewera, nthawi yosachita masewera, komanso kuchuluka kwa chizolowezi. Zachidziwikire, kuchuluka kwa chizolowezi kumakhudzana kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa mayeso a SDQ komanso masamba onse amilandu yaying'ono, mwachitsanzo, maphunziro omwe ali ndi chizolowezi chambiri amalemba zovuta komanso kusachita bwino. Mosiyana ndi izi, nthawi yamasewera sichimalumikizana ndi subscale ya SDQ iliyonse ndipo, kuwongolera komwe kumakwaniritsa mwana wa SDQ kuli pafupi ndi zero (0.04) yosonyeza kuti palibe ubale pakati pa awiriwo. Momwemonso, nthawi yosakhala ya masewera sikhala yolumikizana ndi kuchuluka kwa masikero a SDQ kapena masapota a subscale, kupatulapo kulumikizana kwabwino ndi zovuta zamakhalidwe ndi kuphatikiza koyipa ndi zovuta za anzanu. Palibe kusiyana kwakukulu komwe kunapezeka pakati pa anyamata ndi atsikana pazovuta za nthawi yamasewera, nthawi yosachita masewera komanso gawo la zowonjezera pazaka za SDQ za ana.

Gulu 2. 

Ma coefficients amaimilira angapo (ma sc sc) a masapota a SDQ a Ana ndi masapota onse.

Gulu 3 ikuwonetsa zotsatira za kulumikizana kwa mzere wa makulidwe angapo poyang'ana momwe makolo a SDQ amasinthira ndi jenda, nthawi yamasewera, nthawi yosachita masewera, komanso kuchuluka kwa chizolowezi. Apanso, kusuta kwamakalata kumalumikizana kwambiri ndi masukulu a SDQ. Monga ndi SDQ ya mwana, nthawi yamasewera sichimalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi subscale ya kholo lililonse la SDQ kapena masapota onse. Mofananamo, nthawi yosachita masewera simalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi kholo la SDQ kupatula kuphatikiza koyipa ndi mavuto omwe makolo amauza anzawo. Palibe kusiyana kwakukulu komwe kunapezeka pakati pa anyamata ndi atsikana pazovuta za nthawi yamasewera, nthawi yosachita masewera komanso gawo lowonjezera pamasamba a makolo a SDQ.

Gulu 3. 

Ma coefficients amaimilira angapo (ma t-scores) a SubQ Parent ya SDQ ndi gawo lonse.

Gulu 4 ikuwonetsa zotsatira za kulumikizana kwa mzere wa maulgetari kuyang'ana momwe maumboni a WFIRS amasiyanirana ndi jenda, nthawi yamasewera, nthawi yosachita masewera, komanso kuchuluka kwa chizolowezi. Zofanana ndi zotsatira za onse a SDQ, kusanja kwamikulidwe kumalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi masanjidwe onse a WFIRS ndi masukulu a subscale (kupatula mkhalidwe wowopsa); mwachitsanzo, maphunziro omwe ali ndi chizolowezi chochuluka chakweza chiwopsezo chogwira ntchito kudera lonse. Nthawi yamasewera, monga momwe onse SDQ amayendera, siyikukhudzana kwambiri ndi subscale iliyonse ya WFIRS kapena mphotho yonse. Momwemonso, nthawi yopanda masewera, siyophatikizidwa kwambiri ndi masanjidwe okwana WFIRS kapena masukulu a subscale (kupatula mkhalidwe wowopsa). Palibe kusiyana kwakukulu komwe kunapezeka pakati pa anyamata ndi atsikana pazomwe zimachitika nthawi yamasewera, nthawi yopanda masewera komanso chiwonetsero cha masewera pa WFIRS, kupatula chikhalidwe chowopsa, komwe kusanthula kwa amuna ndi akazi kunawonetsa kuti nthawi yosasewera imakhudzana kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe chowopsa cha anyamata koma osati atsikana (regressionffe = 0.46, p = 0.001 ndi regrefficient = 0.02, p = 0.93, motsatana). Chifukwa chake kulumikizana kwakukulu pakati pamakhalidwe oopsa ndi nthawi yosasewera yomwe yawonetsedwa mu Gulu 4 imawerengeredwa ndi anyamata.

Gulu 4. 

Ma coefficients ofanana ambiri (ma sc t) pazinthu zothandizidwa ndi WFIRS ndi masitepe onse.

Kukambirana

Achinyamata patsamba lathu lazachipatala amathera maola ambiri patsiku pamaso pa zowonetsera ndi kugwiritsa ntchito 94% nthawi yayitali ya 2 nthawi yolimbikitsidwa ndi American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP, 2001). Nthawi yawo yophimba (amatanthauza = 6.7 hrs / tsiku) yoposa kawiri yomwe inanenedwa pakuwunika kwakukulu kwa achinyamata ku Canada nthawi yomweyo (Mark & ​​Janssen, 2008; Smith, et al., 2009,, ndikuwonetsa kuti achinyamata omwe ali ndi vuto la matenda amisala akuwononga nthawi yambiri pakompyuta / pamasewera olipirapo kuposa anthu wamba.

Kafukufukuyu adapanga ndikuwonetsa lipoti la mwana ndi kholo kuti azitha kugwiritsa ntchito zapakompyuta ndi pamasewera ogwiritsira ntchito masewera potengera mtundu wa Ko wokonda kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti (Ko, et al., 2005b). CGAS idakhala yodalirika pakuwunika zomwe zapezeka pakompyuta / makina ochitira masewera ali ndi kusasintha kwamkati. Njira zamtundu wanthawi yolumikizirana ndi nthawi pa kompyuta, kuchuluka kwa ma SDQ, ndi zizindikiro zochenjeza za makolo kuti azisiyira bongo zimathandizira kuti ntchitoyo ikhale yovomerezeka. Ngakhale lingaliro la kusuta kwa makompyuta likupitilizabe kutsutsana, pogwiritsa ntchito njirayi, tatha kuzindikira achinyamata omwe ali ndi vuto la matenda amisala omwe amawonetsa mawonekedwe ogwiritsa ntchito.

Zotsatira zochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndizolumikizana kwamphamvu pakati pa kukhalapo kwa zinthu zomwe zimawonetsa kukhudzika ndi zovuta zomwe zikunenedwa m'malo onse a moyo wamwana. Zotsatira zake ndizofunikira mwamaganizidwe ndi mawerengero ndipo zimakwanira kuti zizikhala zokhazikika kwa ophunzitsa a kholo ndi ana komanso miyeso ya psychopathology ndi kuwonongeka kwa magwiridwe antchito.

Ngakhale wina anganene kuti nthawi yowonjezereka yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pakompyuta / masewera olimbitsa thupi ingaphatikizidwenso ndi mavuto omwe akuwonjezeka, sizili choncho mu data lathu kamodzi komwe amalamulira pazinthu zosokoneza. Pazotsatira zonse zitatu zotsatira, nthawi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pakompyuta / masewera olimbitsa thupi sikuti imakhala yolumikizana ndi mavuto (kupatula chikhalidwe chowopsa chomwe chatchulidwa pansipa) ndipo makamaka pa nthawi yamasewera, ma regefficients omwe ali pafupi ndi zero (mwachitsanzo, kusintha kwa masewera nthawi imatsogolera ku zosintha zina zovuta).

Izi zikutanthauza kuti pali kusiyana pakati pa achinyamata omwe "amadzaza" nthawi yayikulu kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta / sewero la masewera ndi achinyamata omwe kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwawo kumayendetsedwa komanso ndizovuta. Izi zodziwikiratu kuti zawoneka bwino Chithunzi 1 pomwe "nthawi yotsatsira" akuwonetsedwa ndi gulu lowonetsa kwambiri. Wina anganene kuti gulu logwiritsa ntchito kwambiri / kuchuluka kwambiri lingakhale achinyamata omwe makolo awo amawayika zakunja, mwachitsanzo, bambo wina yemwe tidakumana naye yemwe adagwiritsa ntchito kompyuta tsiku ndi tsiku kuti asachotse mwana wake. Ngakhale, kukhalapo kwa "kusuta kwa makompyuta" kumakhalabe kutsutsana, kusiyanasiyana komvekera bwino pakati pa nthawi ndi zochitika zowonjezera kukuwonetsa kuti njira zowgwiritsira ntchito ndizosiyana komanso zoyenera mosiyana ndi zomwe sizowonetsa.

Ngakhale nthawi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pakompyuta / masewera-olimbitsa thupi sikuti inali yokhudzana ndi mavuto, kusiyanasiyana kunali mgwirizano pakati pa nthawi yomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosangalatsa ndi masewera osokoneza bongo (pa WFIRS) ndikuchita mavuto (pa SDQ). Kuwunikira kwa amuna ndi akazi kunawonetsa kuti izi ndizofunika kwambiri kwa anyamata, koma osati atsikana pa WFIRS, komanso gulu lonse (anyamata ndi atsikana) pa SDQ. Ma SDQ onse amathandizira subscale komanso WFIRS imakhala yoopsa pamavuto omwewa (mwachitsanzo kunama, kuba ndi nkhanza pa SDQ; zovuta pamilandu, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, komanso kuchita chiwerewere pachiwopsezo pa WFIRS). Kugwiritsa ntchito masewera osangalatsa a pakompyuta mopanda masewera kumakhala ndi zochitika zosiyanasiyana kuphatikiza magulu ochezera a pa intaneti, komanso zochitika zina monga juga kapena zolaula. Kuchulukitsidwa kwa nthawi yogwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu izi zapamwamba kumabweretsa chifukwa chamgwirizano uno. Ndikofunika kukumbukira kuti deta yathu ndi yolumikizana yokha, ndipo singathe kusiyanitsa pakati pa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa makompyuta komwe kumayambitsa ngozi, kapena achinyamata omwe ali ndi mavuto omwe amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi izi.

Phunziroli lili ndi zovuta zingapo zazamankhwala. Choyamba, achinyamata omwe ali ndi vuto la matenda amisala amatha maola ambiri tsiku lililonse pogwiritsa ntchito makompyuta / masewera a masewera ndikufunsira kuchuluka kwa mankhwalawo monga mtundu wa zoyeserera zamiseche ndikulimbikitsidwa. Pakakhala nkhawa zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri, makolo ndi azachipatala ayenera kusiyanitsa pakati pa ana omwe akungodzaza nthawi yawo yaulere kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta ndi ana omwe kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo kumayendetsedwa bwino komanso zovuta. Zizindikiro zokuchenjezani kwa makolo pazinthu zomwe zimawonjezera ntchito (zomwe zafotokozedwa pamwambapa) zidaphatikizidwa ndi malipoti aunyamata pazinthu zomwe zimawonjezera ndipo ziyenera kuyambitsa kufufuza kwina. Tikutanthauzanso kuti makolo ayenera kuwunika zomwe mwana wawo akuchita pakompyuta, chifukwa zinthu zina zimatha kukhala zovuta. Izi ndizofunikira makamaka poyerekeza ndi achinyamata ambiri omwe amakhala ndi makompyuta awo mchipinda chawo chogona, momwe ambiri amawagwirira ntchito sawayang'anira.

Kafukufukuyu ali ndi malire, komabe akuyamba kuyendetsa dera lomwe likuyenera kufufuza mozama momwe limakhudzira unyamata wathu. Izi zimapangitsa ana omwe ali ndi psychopathology omwe alipo kuti awonjezere kuchuluka kwa anthu ambiri. Palibe chidziwitso chazopezeka mu kafukufukuyu chifukwa chake palibe kuyanjana pakati pa kugwiritsidwa ntchito pakompyuta / masewera olimbitsa thupi ndi zovuta zina zamagetsi zomwe zitha kupangidwa. Palibe zambiri zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso zachuma zomwe zimapezeka chifukwa chake palibe maboma omwe angapangidwe. Kafukufukuyu ndiwachigawo chachilengedwe ndipo amangowona kuyanjana pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito kompyuta ndikugwiritsa ntchito chifukwa chake sangayankhe mafunso owonetsa.

Ngakhale lingaliro la momwe zingathekere "kukhala osokoneza bongo" pakompyutayo lipitilizabe kukangana, zomwe tikupeza zikuwonetsa gulu lalikulu la ana omwe kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta / sewero la masewerawa amayendetsedwa kwambiri komanso ovuta kuwongolera omwe akuwoneka kuti akuphatikizidwa. ndi onse omwe amawonjezeranso psychopathology komanso kuwonongeka kwa magwiridwe antchito. Maphunziro owonjezerawa kuti apange njira yowunikira momwe magwiritsidwe ntchito apakompyuta ndi ogwiritsira ntchito masewera paasewera athu ndizofunikira.

Kuyamika / mikangano Yokhala ndi Chidwi

Tithokoze Dr. MD Weiss, ndi Dr. EJ Garland chifukwa cha ndemanga zothandiza. Tithokoze Adrian Lee Chuy chifukwa chothandizira. Kafukufukuyu adalipiridwa ndi Psychiatry Research Fund of the Divice la Ana ndi Achinyamata a Mental Health ku Briteni watoto Hospital, komanso Summer Student Research Programme ku University of Britain. Olembawo alibe ubale wazachuma woti angaulule.

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