Kuyesera Kutsimikiziridwa Kuneneratu ndi Kumanga Masewero a Pakompyuta Ogwiritsa Ntchito (2015)

Behav Sci (Basel). 2015 Dec 15;5(4):602-25. doi: 10.3390/bs5040602.

Amayendetsa CL1, Amitundu D2, Tapscott RL3, Lynch PJ4.

LINKANI Phunziro LOPHUNZITSIRA

Kudalirika

Kafukufuku atatu adawunikira momwe amagwirira ntchito zamakanema pamasewera ndikuyesa kutsimikizira kwake. Kubwereza kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu, Study 1 idatulutsa umboni wotsimikizika wotsimikizika mu 8th ndi 9th graders (N = 607) yotchulidwa ngati opanga masewera. Phunzirani 2 idayesezanso ndikuwonjezera zomwe zapezeka pa Study 1 ndi undergraduates (N = 504). Kutsimikizika kwokhazikitsidwa kunakhazikitsidwa mu Study 3 mwa kuyeza kubwereranso pamasewera a kanema ku undergraduates (N = 254), kotero kuti ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi anali otakataka kwambiri ndipo adapereka zoyeserera zapamwamba zamasewera apakanema kuposa opanga masewera osasewera komanso osachita masewera. Kafukufuku atatu omwe adasinthidwa kuti awonetse kuti kugwiritsa ntchito masewera a kanema wachidziwitso kumawoneka ofanana ndi zokonda zina pamapangidwe ake ophatikizana ndi ena. Zowonera komanso zotsimikiza za Kusokoneza Masewera pa intaneti zimakambirana.

Kukambirana Kwambiri

Mu Maphunziro 1 ndi 2, tidayesa-kanema wa masewera am'magawo osiyanasiyana ndi njira zosiyanasiyana. Pomwe pali dongosolo la comorbidity la zinthu zina ndi zizolowezi zina, monga vuto losagwirizana ndi anthu, tidaneneratu kuti masewerawa akuwonetseratu zomwe akuwonetsa akuyenera kuwonetsa kufanana ndi mdaniyo [46], mikhalidwe yankhanza [47] Khalidwe losakondera, komanso kukonda zachiwawa m'masewera. Chilichonse mwazinthu izi zidawonetsedwa. Poyerekeza ndi ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi omwe sanatsatire, ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi adakwera kwambiri pamiyeso yamtundu wamtundu, ochita zikhalidwe zapamwamba komanso zankhanza, komanso amakonda kwambiri zachiwawa pamasewera a kanema. Kukula mwamphamvu kwa ziwawa m'masewera a kanema pakati pa masewera olimbitsa thupi a pathological kungatsutsidwe kuti ndi umboni wa kulolerana [48,49]. Kuphatikiza apo, maubwenzi ofunika pakati pa masewera olimbitsa thupi a kanema waukatswiri komanso zankhanza komanso zankhanza zimatanthawuza kuthekera kwakuthekera kwa kusokonekera kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu okhudzana ndi masewera olimbitsa thupi a video, ngakhale kuti palibe kafukufuku wazachipatala yemwe adawonetsedwa kafukufukuyu.

Pa zitsanzo zaku koleji, zotsatira zake zinali zofanana kwambiri ndi za achinyamata achinyamata ngakhale anali atayezedwa mosiyana ndi Study 1. Komabe, ena mwa maubwenzi awa sanakwaniritse cholowa cha kuchuluka kwa ziwonetsero patsamba lakale lino. Osewera zamatsenga adakwera kwambiri pamakhalidwe osiyanasiyananso, ndipo adanenanso zikhalidwe zapamwamba komanso zankhanza. Ochita masewera achiwonetsero adalinso othekera kuposa ochita masewera osavomerezeka kuti afotokoze kukonda zachiwawa zambiri m'masewera akanema. Kubwereza kwa malingaliro kumeneku kukuwonetsa umboni wabwino wa zomangamanga, koma zikuwonetsa kuti zotsatira zake zingakhale zochepa pakati pa ophunzira aku koleji. Ngakhale kupangidwa kwa masewera olimbitsa thupi kwayesedwa m'magulu azaka zingapo (mwachitsanzo, [50,51]), zofalitsa zochepa ndizomwe zidapereka mayeso a magulu azaka ziwiri zosiyana mu lipoti lomweli (mwachitsanzo, [46]). Chifukwa chake, ntchito yaposachedwa imawonjezera mayesowa am'mbuyomu pothandizira kulumikizana kwa zomangamanga m'magulu azaka zambiri.

Kukula kwa masewera olimbitsa thupi a pathological anali otsika mu Study 2 kuposa mu Study 1 (6% ndi 12% ya osewera, motsatana). Pali zifukwa zingapo zocheperako kufala pakati pa achinyamata kuposa achinyamata. Choyamba, tidasintha zinthu zathu kuti zikhale zolimba pamitundu inayi. Zinthuzi zinalembedwera kuti zikuwonetsetse njuga ya DSM-IV ya njirayi mwachangu (chifukwa izi zidatengedwa DSM-5 isanachitike), pomwe achinyamatawo zinthu zomwe zidatengera zomwezi, koma zidanenedwa kuti ndizomveka kwa 8th graders. Mofananamo, zinthu ziwiri zowonjezera zidalembedwa kuti zigwirizane ndi DSM mosamalitsa, chinthu chimodzi chidaponyedwa ndikuchotseredwa komwe adakweza ophunzira a koleji. Chachiwiri, zosankha zomwe zimaperekedwa kwa omwe amafunsidwa zidakhala zovuta kwa ophunzira aku koleji ku Study 2, pomwe zinthu zambiri zimakhala ndi inde / ayi, pomwe zinthu zambiri zinali ndi inde / ayi / nthawi zina zosankha achinyamata achinyamata ndipo nthawi zina zimayikidwa m'gulu la "inde" kwa ambiri zinthu. Zogwirizana ndi mfundoyi, tawona za ophunzira ena omwe amapanga ma digiri yoyamba kulemba "osadziwa" pazinthu zingapo m'malo molemba "inde". Ambiri mwa milanduyi amawoneka ngati anali am'maganizo poganizira momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito makanema ogwiritsa ntchito, koma adawonetsedwa osagwirizana ndi zathu chifukwa cha njira zathu zovomerezeka. Chomwe chingadabwe chinali chakuti ochita zamatsenga sanasiyane pamalingaliro awo momwe masewerowa anali osokoneza. Itha kutsutsidwa kuchokera mu njira ya kubwerezabwereza kwa cue yomwe opanga masewera am'mimba ayenera kupeza masewerawa okhumudwitsa, koma zitha kukhala choncho kuti ochita masewera achiwonetsero amayenera kukhala ochita bwino kwambiri chifukwa chake masewerawa angawakhumudwitse. Kusowa kwa tanthauzo lililonse lalikulu sikuwunikira chilichonse pamalingaliro awiri opikisana awa.

Chachitatu, zitha kukhala kuti ophunzira aku koleji sakhala pachiwopsezo chosewerera makanema chifukwa chokhala gulu lotchuka kwambiri. Pomaliza, zitha kukhala kuti kusiyanasiyana kopitilira muyeso kumachitika, mwakuti achinyamata achichepere amakhala pachiwopsezo cha masewera olimbitsa thupi a video, mwina chifukwa ali ndi zofunika zochepa zopikisana nazo nthawi yawo kuposa ophunzira aku koleji. Phunziroli silitilola kudziwa kuti ndi ziti, ngati zilipo, za akauntizi zomwe zimasiyanitsa kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka. Ngati pali cholakwika china chake ndi achinyamata okalamba, ndizotheka kuti kuchuluka kwathu kumachepetsa kufalikira mu m'badwo uno. Kafukufuku wadziko lonse wachinyamata waku America wazaka 8 mpaka 18 adayika kuchuluka kwa 8.5% ya opanga masewera [6]. Komabe, maubwenzi apakati pa masewera olimbitsa thupi a kanema waukatswiri ndi udani, kupsa mtima, ndi kukonda zachiwawa m'maphunziro awiriwa amatembenuka kuti akuwonetsa kuti masewera amakanema omwe amatsata poyerekeza ndi mndandanda wama DSM amawonetsa machitidwe ofanana ndi zomwe ena amakonda.

Mu Study 3, aliyense yemwe adasewera adasewera masewera atatu ndikupereka chidziwitso pamalingaliro awo okhudzidwa ndikuweruza magawo angapo a masewerawo. Mwachidziwitso, ochita masewera achiwonetsero amayenera kuwonetsa umboni wa kutalika kwakukulu. Monga hypothesised, opanga masewera am'mbuyomu adawonetsa kusintha kwakukulu pamadongosolo azokonda ndipo adavotera zochitika zawo pamasewerawa ngati abwino kuposa opanga masewera osasewera komanso osasewera.

Njira zamasewera osinthika mwatsatanetsatane pakusewera pamasewera zinali zovuta, komabe kutanthauzira kwathu kuyenera kuwonedwa mosamala mpaka kafukufuku wina atha kuchita chimodzimodzi. Kutanthauzira kwina ndikuti ochita masewera achiwerewere adalengeza kuti sakusewera komanso kukhumudwa pambuyo kusewera mwina chifukwa adapereka "kukonza". Osewera zamatsenga adanena kuti amakhala osungulumwa, achisoni, komanso osasangalala komanso otopa mtima atasewera. Popeza kuti chimodzi mwatsatanetsatane wa kusuta ndikuti wosewera amalimbikitsidwa kuthawa kuchoka pamalingaliro osavomerezeka, izi zimathandizira lingaliro loti opanga masewera omwe amagwirizana nawo amachepetsa nkhawa. Komabe, adanenanso kuti samakhala odekha, amtendere komanso osangalatsa. Izi zikuwoneka zofanana kwambiri ndi miyambo yachikhalidwe, komwe kuwonetseredwa ndi kukhudzana komwe kumakhudzana ndi chizolowezi kumawonjezera zizindikiritso zodzipatula (mwachitsanzo, [52,53]). Kuphatikiza apo, chithunzicho sichikudziwika bwino poganizira chisangalalo ndi mkwiyo. Osewera ena azatsamba anali oti amatha kukhala osangalala komanso osachedwa kusewera, koma ena adawonetsa njira inayo. Ndizotheka kuti zotsatirazi zidachokera mu njira yakuwunika momwe mungawerengere, m'malo mwakufunsa momwe ophunzirawo amvera. Titha kupangira zofufuza zamtsogolo kuti zilingalire momwe akumvera pamasewera omwe ali ndi vuto lililonse, m'malo mndandanda wazomwe anthu akuwona ngati a MAACL. Ngati palibenso china, izi zitha kukhala zosavuta kusintha. Dziwani kuti izi sizofanana ndi kukonzanso kwachikhalidwe, popeza kusewera masewera akanema kwa 20 mphindi sikungokhala "cue". Komabe, tsambalo linathandizira lingaliro loyambirira lomwe opanga masewera amtundu wa masewera amatha kukhala osangalatsa pamasewera a kanema.

Poyerekeza zochitika zamasewera pamasewera aliwonse, ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi adavota masewerawa moyenera kwambiri kuposa onse ochita masewera osasewera komanso osatsata. Adawona kuti masewerawa ndi osangalatsa, osangalatsa, osangalatsa, okopa, okondweretsa, ophatikizira, osangalatsa, komanso okopa kuposa osasewera komanso osasewera. Adawonjezeranso masewera monga otopetsa kuposa ena onse. Monga kunanenedweratu, iwo sanasiyane pamalingaliro azinthu zowoneka bwino pamasewerawo, monga momwe masewera anali achiwawa, olembetsera, kapena ovuta. Ndiye chifukwa chake akatswiri ena ofufuza aphatikizanso gulu la "nthawi zina" ndipo amalemba kuti "inde" ndi "ayi" [6,46].

Nkhani zingapo zatsimikiziridwabe kuti ziphunzire. Mwachitsanzo, tidakhazikitsa gulu lathu pamachitidwe a DSM, pomwe omwe adayankha kuti inde kwa zisanu kapena kuposerapo mwa njira zodziwikirazo adawonetsedwa ngati ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi ndipo ena onse adawonetsedwa ngati osagwiritsa ntchito matenda. Maphunziro omwe atchulidwa pano amapereka umboni wotsimikizira kuti njira iyi yopanda chinyengo imagwiritsa ntchito malo odulira. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa njira zodziwonera zomwe katswiri wa masewera amawonetsa kuti akuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa vuto kungakhale kothandizanso chimodzimodzi. Zowona kuti tidapeza kudalirika kwakukulu kosayesa kuchuluka kwa zomwe zidalipo kuposa ngati omwe adagwera pamwambapa kapena pansipa, zikuwonetsa kuti maphunziro owonjezera amayenera kuwunikira nkhaniyi, ngakhale tikuzindikira kufunikira kwachipatala chobweretsa mfundo zotsalira za zolinga zakuzindikira. Mwinanso pali magwiritsidwe ntchito a pathological omwe angayimire zovuta zosiyanasiyana ndipo angafunike kuchitiridwa mosiyanasiyana. Nkhani yokhudzana ndi izi imakhudza momwe zida zowunikira bwino zingasiyanitsire ochita masewera othana ndi opanga masewera (mwachitsanzo, [51,54]). Kusindikiza kwaposachedwa kwa maupangiri a DSM-5 kwadzetsa mpikisano womwe ukubala zipatso kwambiri womwe ungakhale wazizindikiro zomwe zingachitike posankha mitundu (monga, [31,55,56,57,58,59]). Zowonadi, izi zitha kukhala zovuta kwambiri m'munda. Maphunzirowa omwe aperekedwa pano sanapangidwe kuti ayese kuyesa kwamafunso awa, mwatsoka, ngakhale tikuyembekeza kuti dongosololi lingakhale lothandiza pokambirana. Mwachitsanzo, ngati kuyezetsa kopitilira muyeso kumagwiritsidwa ntchito (monga kufuna zinthu zovuta kwambiri, mwina kuwonongeka m'makalasi ndi kunama, kuvomerezedwa kuti imodzi ichitidwe kuti ndi ya m'magazi), mitengo ya kuchuluka imatsika, koma njira yonse yolumikizana ndi zina Khalidwe lavuto limapitilira.

Zongoganizira zathu zidakhazikika pamalingaliro a malingaliro akuti mitundu yambiri yazokondweretsa iyenera kuwonetsa masanjidwe ofanana, monga otsutsana kwambiri komanso amakhalidwe oyipa. Ngakhale izi zidatsimikiziridwa kwakukulu, ndikofunikira kulingalira chifukwa chake zingakhale choncho. Palibe chifukwa chokwanira choti masewera olimbitsa thupi angalosere zamakhalidwe oyipa. Chomwe tikuganiza ndikuti njira iyi ikhoza kuwonetsa vuto lomwe limayambitsa mavuto, momwe timaganizira pakalipano paintaneti. Maphunziro amtsogolo akuyenera kuyesa izi.

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