Kukonzekera Mosazindikira Kwa Anthu Omwe Ali Ndi Mavuto Osewera pa intaneti (2017)

Front Psychol. 2017; 8: 1059.

Idasindikizidwa pa intaneti 2017 Jun 23. do: 10.3389 / fpsyg.2017.01059

PMCID: PMC5481372

Xiaozhe Peng,^1,² Fang Cui,^1,² Ting Wang,¹ ndi Atha Jiao^1,^2,^3,^*

Kudalirika

Kusokoneza Masewera pa intaneti (IGD) kumadziwika ndi zovuta pamachitidwe ochezera komanso kupewa kupewa kucheza. Kukonzekeretsa nkhope ndi maziko a kulumikizana. Komabe, kafukufuku wochepa adafufuza momwe anthu omwe ali ndi IGD amathandizira mawonekedwe a nkhope, komanso ngati ali ndi zofooka pakukhudza nkhope kumakhalabe kosadziwika. Cholinga cha phunziroli lidali kuwunika zinthu ziwiri izi pofufuza nthawi yomwe magwiridwe antchito amthupi mwa anthu omwe ali ndi IGD. Ntchito yophimba zakumbuyo idagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza zakusiyana pakati pa anthu omwe ali ndi IGD ndikuwongolera koyenera (NC) pokonza mawonekedwe apadera omwe anali ndi nkhope (zachisoni, zachimwemwe, komanso zosalowerera ndale) zokhala ndi zochitika zokhudzana ndi zochitika (ERPs). Zotsatira zamachitidwe zidawonetsa kuti anthu omwe ali ndi IGD ndiwosachedwa kuposa NC poyankha mawu omvetsa chisoni komanso osalowerera ndale. Zotsatira za ERP zidawonetsa kuti anthu omwe ali ndi chiwonetsero cha IGD adachepa pakukula kwa gawo la ERP N170 (mndandanda wazowongolera kumaso) poyankha mawu osaloledwa poyerekeza ndi mawu osangalatsa mumalingaliro osangalala, omwe mwina atero chifukwa chakuyembekeza kwawo kosangalatsa zili. NC, Komano, idawonetsera ma N170 omwe amawonetsedwa poyankha mawu osangalatsa ndi osalowererapo pamalingaliro osangalatsa-osalowerera, komanso mawu achisoni komanso osalowerera pamalingaliro achisoni. Onse omwe ali ndi IGD ndi NC adawonetsa kuchuluka kwa ERP panthawi yopanga mawu omvetsa chisoni komanso osalowerera ndale. Kafukufuku wapano adawonetsa kuti anthu omwe ali ndi IGD ali ndi mawonekedwe osiyana siyana osayimira mbali iliyonse poyerekeza ndi anthu wamba ndipo adati anthu omwe ali ndi IGD angayembekezere kuthekera kosangalatsa pamalingaliro osangalala.

Mfundo:

yosavuta
• Kafukufuku wapano adafufuza ngati kusasinthika kwa mawonekedwe a nkhope kumayendetsedwa ndi masewera a pa intaneti. Paradigm yotsimikizika yakumbuyo idagwiritsidwa ntchito kufufuza ngati anthu omwe ali ndi intaneti ya Masewera Olimbitsa Thupi (IGD) ndi zowongolera zabwinobwino (NC) amawonetsa masitayilo osiyanasiyana pokonza nkhope.
yosavuta
• Zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa kuti anthu omwe ali ndi IGD amayankha mosiyanasiyana pamaonekedwe amtundu poyerekeza ndi NC pamlingo wowonongera. Pazabwino, anthu omwe ali ndi IGD ndiosakwiya kuposa NC poyankha mawu omvetsa chisoni komanso osalowerera ndale. Zotsatira za ERP zowonjezeranso (1) zatsika kukuwonjezereka kwa gawo la N170 (mndandanda wamakonzedwe oyambira) mwa anthu omwe ali ndi IGD pomwe amatsata mawu osaloledwa poyerekeza ndi mawu osangalatsa mumalingaliro osangalala, pomwe NC idawonetsa kufananizidwa kwa N170 poyankha mawu awiriwa; (2) onse a IGD ndi NC gulu lawonetsa matalikidwe amodzimodzi a N170 poyankha nkhope zachisoni komanso zosalowerera pamalingaliro achisoni-osalozera.
yosavuta
• Kuchulukitsa kwa N170 kwa nkhope zosalowerera ndale kuposa nkhope za anthu omwe ali ndi IGD atha chifukwa chosayembekezera zambiri zakunja kosaloledwa munthawi yachimwemwe, pomwe anthu omwe ali ndi IGD sangakhale ndi chiyembekezo chosiyana ndi nkhope zosalowerera komanso zachisoni - mawu oyankhulira.

Keywords: Kusokonezeka kwa Masewera pa intaneti, maski obwerera kumbuyo, kukonza mawonekedwe osadziwa, ERPs, N170

Pitani ku:

Introduction

Masewera apakompyuta owonjezera akhoza kukhala osokoneza bongo komanso ozunza (D'Hondt et al., 2015; Lemmens et al., 2015). Monga chizolowezi chamakhalidwe, Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) imadziwika ndi machitidwe okakamiza ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi omwe amakhala ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa m'mavuto ake kapena kuchitira anzawo zinthu, monga kusokonezeka m'maphunziro a anthu, pantchito, kapena pochita nawo ntchito (Brady, 1996; Achinyamata, 1998; DSM-V, Association of Psychiatric Association, 2013; Tam ndi Walter, 2013; Spada, 2014; Van Rooij ndi Prause, 2014; D'Hondt et al., 2015; Kuss ndi Lopez-Fernandez, 2016). Kafukufuku wapeza kuti kusuta kwa intaneti (kuphatikiza zochitika zamasewera pa intaneti komanso njira zina zogwiritsidwira ntchito pa intaneti) kumagawana zinthu zofunika ndi zosokoneza zina, kuphatikiza mphamvu zochepetsetsa zamagetsi komanso kuchititsa chidwi kwakukulu pazomwe zimapangitsa munthu kukhala ndi vuto losokoneza bongo (Ng ndi Wiemer-Hastings, 2005; Iye et al., 2011; D'Hondt et al., 2015). Chifukwa chake, maphunziro am'mbuyomu a IGD amayang'ana kwambiri kuwonongeka pakuwongolera kapena kuwongolera kwa anthu omwe ali ndi IGD (Dong et al., 2010, 2011; Wang et al., 2013; D'Hondt et al., 2015; Zhang et al., 2016). Zolakwika za anthu omwe ali ndi IGD pakuyanjana ndi anzawo komanso kulumikizana nawo pamalingaliro monga kulumikizana m'maganizo ndi anthu ena alandiranso chidwi chachikulu (Achinyamata, 1998; Engelberg ndi Sjöberg, 2004; D'Hondt et al., 2015), koma pakadali pano, pakhala maphunziro ochepa oyesera pakukonza zenizeni zapadziko lonse lapansi pakati pa anthu omwe ali ndi IGD. Chifukwa chake, zomwe zimayambitsa kusowa uku sizikudziwika bwinobwino.

Kulumikizana kwachikhalidwe kwatsimikiziridwa kuti kudalira kwakukulu pamlingo wovomerezedwa ndi mawu (Blair, 2005; Iye et al., 2011). Maonekedwe a nkhope ndi ofunikira mu chikhalidwe cha anthu, chifukwa amatha kufotokozera za zomwe zimadziwika, momwe akumvera, ndi zolinga za anthu ena, motero akuyimira gawo loyambirira losalankhulirana m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku (Batty ndi Taylor, 2003; Itier ndi Taylor, 2004). Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu wokhudzana ndi mawonekedwe a nkhope ku IGD adapeza kuti ochita masewera a makanema ogwiritsa ntchito kapena ogwiritsira ntchito zachiwawa anali ndi chidwi chochepetsera nkhope zachimwemwe pantchito zokuzindikira machitidweKirsh et al., 2006; Kirsh ndi Mounts, 2007; Bailey ndi West, 2013). Mwachitsanzo, Kirsh et al. (2006) adapeza kuti poyerekeza ndi omwe akuchita nawo zachiwawa pazosewerera, ochita masewera ogwiritsira ntchito zachiwawa sanachedwe kuzindikira mawu osangalatsa komanso kufulumira kuzindikira mawu okwiya. Komabe, kusokonekera kwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la IGD kulibe mawonekedwe. Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku pa omwe atenga nawo mbali apeza kuti zitha kutengeka ndi mawonekedwe a nkhope mu nthawi yopweteka kapena yosazindikira pokonza nkhope (Öhman, 1999; Dimberg et al., 2000; Vuilleumier ndi Schwartz, 2001; Vuilleumier, 2002). Komabe, ngakhale zolakwika pakuchita mosavomerezeka kwa nkhope zimapezeka ndi ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti kwambiri (Iye et al., 2011), ngati anthu omwe ali ndi IGD anali ndi mawonekedwe osadziwika amisala samadziwika bwino. Chifukwa chake tinalingalira kuti tipeze nkhaniyi mu phunziroli.

Kuti mufufuze mopanda tanthauzo m'maso mwa anthu omwe ali ndi IGD, kafukufuku wapano adagwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe oyang'anira kumbuyo. Kuguguda chakumaso "ndichinthu chopatsa mphamvu komanso chosangalatsa" chomwe chimawonetsera kuwonekera kwa kutsimikizika kwa chandamale cholumikizidwa ndi chigoba chakumaso choperekedwa pambuyo pa chandamale (Breitmeyer, 1984; Breitmeyer ndi Ogmen, 2000, p. 1572). Mu paradigm iyi, cholimbikitsira chandamale chimaperekedwa mwachidule (kawirikawiri kwa 1-100 ms) ndikutsatiridwa ndi chotsegulira chigoba, chomwe ndi chopanda tanthauzo kapena chithunzi chong'ambika chomwe chimadzaza ndi cholimbikitsira chozungulira kapena mwanjira (Esteves ndi Öhman, 1993). Kusunthika kwa chigoba kumapangitsa kuti chidwi chizindikire kapena kuzindikira kwa zomwe zimakusangalatsani (Morris et al., 1999; Breitmeyer ndi Ogmen, 2000). Paradigmyi yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kufufuza njira zowazindikira komanso kuyang'ana momwe malingaliro akukhudzira komanso kuwonera, omwe sangadziwenso pang'ono, munthawi zosiyanasiyana, monga anthu omwe ali ndi vuto lothandizira (Esteves ndi Öhman, 1993; Breitmeyer ndi Ogmen, 2000; Axelrod et al., 2015; Zhang et al., 2016). Mwachitsanzo, Zhang et al. (2016) adapeza zolakwika zosakonzekera nkhope yodwala odwala omwe ali ndi nkhawa yayikulu pogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe obwerera kumbuyo osunthika omwe ali ndi mwayi wokhudzana ndi zochitika (ERPs).

Kuti mumvetsetse bwino momwe mawonekedwe a nkhope osakhudzira, tidagwiritsa ntchito ma ERPs, omwe ali ndi malingaliro owonekera kwakanthawi, phunziroli. Pazidziwitso zathu, panali kafukufuku m'modzi yekha yemwe adasankhidwa wa ERP yemwe amayang'ana kwambiri mawonekedwe a owgwiritsa ntchito kwambiri intaneti (Iye et al., 2011). Iye et al. (2011) adapeza zolakwika pakuyamba kukonza nkhope pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri intaneti pofunsa ophunzira kuti azitha kuwona nkhope zowongoka komanso zopanda nkhope komanso zoyipa zomwe siziperekedwa pamwambowo. Makamaka, ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti ochulukirapo adapezeka kuti ali ndi vuto lochita kusuntha koma olimba pakuwunikira nkhope, omwe akuwonetsedwa ngati nkhope yaying'ono ya N170 (mwachitsanzo, kusiyana kwa matalikidwe a N170 a non-nkhope vs. nkhope stimuli) ndi zomwe N170 inversion effect (mwachitsanzo, kusiyana kwa ma ampplopenti a N170 kapangidwe ka ERP poyankha mawonekedwe owongoka a nkhope.tverver andale) ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti ochulukirapo poyerekeza ndi zowongolera zofananira (NC; Iye et al., 2011). N170 amavomerezedwa kuti ndi gawo la khungu la ERP, ndipo limakonda kuchitika ngati 140 mpaka 200 ms pambuyo kotsitsimutsa komanso kuyankha mokulira kuyang'ana nkhope, kuwonetsera kukonzekera koyambirira kwa gawo loyang'ana nkhope (Rossion et al., 2000; Itier ndi Taylor, 2004). Gawo la N170 lapezeka kuti silikungogwirizana ndi kapangidwe kake ka nkhope (mwachitsanzo, Dimberg et al., 2000; Sato et al., 2001; Eimer et al., 2003; Holmes et al., 2003; Schupp et al., 2004), komanso yosinthidwa ndi mawonekedwe a nkhope (mwachitsanzo, Blau et al., 2007; Pegna et al., 2008; kuti muwunikenso, onani Rellecke et al., 2013). Chachitatu, N170 idapezeka kuti idalumikizidwa ndi kusazindikira kwa nkhope kumakonzanso bwino (mwachitsanzo, Pegna et al., 2008; Carlson ndi Reinke, 2010). Mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito paradigm yobwerera kumbuyo, Carlson ndi Reinke (2010) adapeza kuti nkhope yolimba yosasangalatsa idakulitsa mgwirizano wa N170. Chifukwa chake, mu phunziroli laposachedwa, matalikidwe a N170 adatengedwa ngati mndandanda womwe umawonetsa kuzindikira kwamunthu wamalingaliro koyambirira kwa kukonzekera nkhope. Kuphatikiza apo, ziyembekezo zoyembekezera kukhudzidwa mtima zimakhudzidwa kuti zithandizire kuzindikira kwa nkhope (Leppänen et al., 2003; Hugenberg, 2005). Mwachitsanzo, kuwongolera kukonzekereraku kunawonedwa pomwe zoyeserera zinali zogwirizana ndi zoyembekezerera ophunzira, ndipo zotsutsana nazo zimawonedwa pomwe zoyesererazo sizinali zolondola ndi zoyembekezera za ophunzira (Leppänen et al., 2003; Hugenberg, 2005). Kupatula apo, malingana ndi mtundu wazikhalidwe zamavuto ogwiritsa ntchito ovuta pa intaneti, kutengapo gawo pazinthu zamasewera kumachitika chifukwa chazovuta zovuta zomwe zimaphatikizidwa ndi machitidwe omwe amakhalanso ndi mayankho oyipa (Davis, 2001). Mwachitsanzo, anthu omwe ali ndi malingaliro olakwika pa iwo akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito masewera olimbitsa thupi kukwaniritsa zochitika zabwino pagulu, kuvomerezedwa pagulu, kapena kuyankha bwino (King ndi Delfabbro, 2014). Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku wapitawo adapeza kuti anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la intaneti ali ndi zofunikira zambiri pa Behavior Inhibition System and Behavior Approach System Scale (BIS / BAS wadogo) zokonda zosangalatsa, kutanthauza kuti anthu awa anali ndi chidwi chachikulu ndi zomwe zidawakopa ndi mphotho, ndipo anali ochulukirapo atha kuchita nawo njira yolimbikitsira (Yen et al., 2009). Kutengera zomwe zapezedwa kale zomwe zikuwonetsa chidwi chakuyembekezeredwa pamawonekedwe a nkhope (Leppänen et al., 2003; Hugenberg, 2005), limodzi ndi mgwirizano pakati pamasewera azovuta amtundu wa masewera ndi anthu omwe ali ndi IGD ndi zomwe atchulidwazi?King ndi Delfabbro, 2014), ndi chidwi chachikulu cha IGD kupita ku zokopa zabwino (Yen et al., 2009), timangoganiza kuti kwa anthu omwe ali ndi IGD, nkhope zosalowerera ndale sizilandilidwa kwenikweni kuposa nkhope zachimwemwe; Chifukwa chake, anthu omwe ali ndi IGD atha kukhala ndi chiyembekezo chochepa chokana kulowerera m'malo olimbikitsidwa, ndipo izi zitha kuchititsa kuti anthu asamachite nawo ndale m'malo mokhala osangalala. Chifukwa chake, timayembekezera kuti chiwonetsero cha IGD chachepetsa ma N170 matalikidwe poyankha mawu osalowerera osasangalala, pomwe gulu la NC limawonetsera N170 yofananira ndi mawu osangalala komanso osalowerera ndekha m'malo osangalala kukonza pakati pa anthu omwe ali ndi IGD ndi NC. Zomwe izi sizingachitike mwachisawawa chifukwa anthu m'magulu onse awiriwa sakuyembekezera mawu achisoni kapena osalowerera nawo.

Pitani ku:

Zida ndi njira

ophunzira

Ochita nawo 16 omwe anali ndi IGD ndi 16 NC adalembedwa mayunivesite am'dziko la Shenzhen, China. Mafotokozedwe a kuchuluka kwa ophunzira nawo awonetsedwa Table Table11. Panalibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa magulu awiriwa potengera zaka, kudzipereka, kapena maphunziro. Dongosolo lodziwika bwino la DSM-5 adanenedwa kuti azisamala (mwachitsanzo, Lemmens et al., 2015); chifukwa chake, Young's Internet Addiction Test (IAT) idagwiritsidwa ntchito kupangira anthu a IGD paphunziroli. IAT ndi chida chodalirika komanso chogwiritsidwa ntchito mozama pofufuza zovuta zamagulu osokoneza bongo, kuphatikizapo IGD (mwachitsanzo, Khazaal et al., 2008). Achinyamata (1998) adanenanso kuti kuchuluka pakati pa 40 ndi 69 kumatanthawuza mavuto chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Komabe, IAT imadalira masanjidwe othandizira ndipo chifukwa chake imakhala yotenga nawo gawo pobisalira kapena kusasangalatsidwa. Kuphatikiza apo, maphunziro apitawa adagwiritsa ntchito "luso pakusewera mavidiyo a 10 kapena maola ambiri pamlungu" (Weinreich et al., 2015, p. 61) kapena "osachepera zaka 4 komanso osachepera 2 h tsiku lililonse" (Szycik et al., 2017, p. 2) monga momwe mungaphatikizire katswiri / ogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri masewera asewu achiwawa. Chifukwa chake, kafukufuku wapano adaphatikizanso kutalika kwa nthawi yomwe omwe atenga nawo gawo pa intaneti akuchita monga zotsimikizira. Anthu payekhapayekha adapemphedwa kuti apereke kuchuluka kwa maola patsiku ndipo sabata iliyonse amacheza pa intaneti. Anthu omwe ali ndi alama ≥40 pa IAT komanso omwe adagwiritsa ntchito ≥4 h patsiku ndi ≥30 h pa sabata pamasewera a pa intaneti amaphatikizidwa ndi gulu lathu la IGD. Komanso, kuwongolera ma comorbidities monga kukhumudwa ndi nkhawa (Sanders et al., 2000; Yen et al., 2007; Wei et al., 2012; Lai et al., 2015), sitinapatula anthu omwe ali ndi IGD omwe adapanga ma point oposa 40 pa Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) (Zung, 1965) kapena Zung Self-Rating Anxcare Scale (SAS) (Zung, 1971). Palibe aliyense mwa omwe anali ndi mbiri yovulala mutu, mavuto am'mitsempha, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena kudalira m'miyezi yapitayi ya 6. Njira zonse zofufuzira zinavomerezedwa ndi Medical Ethical Committee ya Shenzhen University Medical School malinga ndi Chiyembekezo cha Helsinki. Ophunzira onse adapereka chidziwitso cholembedwa chowonetsa kuti amvetsetsa phunzirolo.

Gulu 1

Chiwerengero cha ophatikizidwa pamawu oyenera komanso anthu omwe ali ndi IGD.

Chizindikiro

Tidagwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu yakumasulira yakumbuyo (onani Procedure) ndi zokopa zomwe zalembedwa Zhang et al.'s (2016) kuphunzira. Zoyembekeza zomwe zimayang'aniridwa, kuphatikiza mawu osangalatsa a 20, mawu omvetsa chisoni a 20, komanso mawu osafunikira a 40, adasankhidwa kuchokera ku China Facial Affective Picture System (CFAPS), yomwe imaphatikizapo zithunzi zomwe zimayesedwa ndi omwe achita nawo kafukufuku wa ChinaGong et al., 2011). Kafukufuku yemwe watchulidwa pamwambapa adapeza kusiyana kwakukulu pamalingaliro azinthu zisanu ndi zinayi pamalingaliro am'maganizo komanso omasuka pakati pamagulu atatu amawu. Kafukufukuyu adanena zotsatirazi pazoyimira valence: "(2,77) = 143, p <0.001, = 0.787, okondwa = 5.92 ± 0.13; zachisoni = 2.78 ± 0.13; ndale = 4.22 ± 0.09; kuyerekezera kwapawiri: ps <0.001; pakuwerengera, (2,77) = 30.2, p <0.001, = 0.439, okondwa = 5.13 ± 0.22; zachisoni = 5.83 ± 0.22; ndale = 3.82 ± 0.16; poyerekeza kufananiza, kusakhazikika pamalingaliro: p <0.001, wokondwa vs. wachisoni: p <0.087 "(Zhang et al., 2016, p. 15). Mawonetsero olimbikitsira komanso kupeza kwa zidziwitso zamakhalidwe adachitika pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya E-Prime (mtundu wa 2.0, Psychology Software Tools, Inc., Boston, MA, United States).

Kayendesedwe

Njirayi inali ndi chipika chosangalatsa komanso chipika chachisoni. Kumayambiriro kwa mayesero aliwonse, mtanda wamtundu wapakati unkaperekedwa kwa 500 ms, ndikutsatiridwa ndi 400-600 ms blank screen. Kenako, chandamale (chosangalala / chosasangalatsa kapena chosalowerera) chinaperekedwa kwa 17 ms, ndikutsatiridwa nthawi yomweyo ndi nkhope yosemedwa ngati chigoba, chomwe chidakhala kwa 150 ms (Zhang et al., 2016). Kafukufuku wam'mbuyo adakhazikitsa nthawi yotsatsira chigoba ku 100 mpaka 300 ms kapena nthawi zina pamwambapa wa kuzindikira (mwachitsanzo, Roll ndi Tovee, 1994; Whalen et al., 1998; Fisch et al., 2009; kuti muwunikenso, onani Pessoa, 2005). Apa, tidagwiritsa ntchito 150 ms kutengera ndi mu Zhang et al.'s (2016) kuphunzira. Ophunzirawo adasankha nkhope za anthu osakanikirana ndi kukanikiza mabatani awiri pa kiyibodi ya pakompyuta ndi zala zawo zakumanzere kapena kumanja posachedwa (Zhang et al., 2016). Malo aliwonse anali ndi mayeso a 160 omwe anali ndi malingaliro a 80 komanso mawu osaganizira a 80 omwe adasinthidwa mwachindunji ndikuwonetsedwa ngati zolimbikitsa-zomwe zikutanthauza kuti, 20 yachimwemwe komanso nkhope za ndewu za 20 zidawonetsedwa kanayi kanthawi kosangalatsa; Nkhope zachisoni za 20 komanso 20 zosaloledwa zinaperekedwa nthawi zinayi m'bwaloli lachisoni. Kugawana kwama kiyi kwamavomerezo amtundu uliwonse, komanso mndandanda wa magawo omwe analumikizanawo anali olingana ndi ophunzira onse (Zhang et al., 2016).

Kujambula kwa ERP

Ntchito zamagetsi zamagetsi zinajambulidwa kudzera pa 64-electrode scalp cap pogwiritsa ntchito 10-20 system (Brain Products, Munich, Germany). Njira ya TP10 idagwiritsidwa ntchito monga zonulirapo panthawi yojambulira (Kaufmann et al., 2009; Ferrante et al., 2015; Cui et al., 2017). Ma elekitiramu awiri adagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeza electrooculogram (EOG). Ntchito za EEG ndi EOG zidakulitsidwa pa 0.01-100 Hz passband ndikuwonetsedwa ku 500 Hz. Zambiri za EEG zinajambulidwa ndi zovuta zonse zamagetsi zosungidwa pansipa 5 kΩ. Zambiri za EEG kuchokera pamagetsi amtundu uliwonse zinangolembedwanso pamalingo apakati kumanzere ndi kumanja asanapange kusanthula kwina.

Zambiri za EEG zidakonzedwa ndi kusanthula pogwiritsa ntchito BrainVision Analyzer 2.1 (Brain Products, Munich, Germany). Kukonzekera kusanachitike kunaphatikizapo kudziwika koyipa ndikuchotsa, kupukusa, ndikuchotsa. Kenako, chizindikirocho chinadutsidwa kudzera mu fayilo ya 0.01-30 Hz band-pass. Masanjidwewo anali a 200 ms isanachitike ndi 1000 ms pambuyo poyambitsidwa kwa chandamale. Zojambula za EOG zidakonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito kusanthula kwapadera kwa magawo (ICA) (Jung et al., 2001). Ma Epoch omwe ali ndi matalikidwe opitilira ± 80 μV pamagetsi amtundu uliwonse sanatchulidwe musanagwiritse ntchito njira yolumikizira EEG. Ma ERPs adadziyimira pawokha kwa aliyense mwa ophunzira aliyense payekhapayekha.

ERP inali yotsekeredwa nthawi kuti iwonetse nkhope yanu yomwe mukufuna. Kutengera kafukufuku wakale pamakonzedwe amaso (Luo et al., 2010; Frühholz et al., 2011; Zhang et al., 2016) ndikugawa kwaposachedwa kwa zochitika zapamwamba za ERP mu phunziroli laposachedwa, ma spoll omwe amapezeka pamasamba pamagetsi a P8 ndi PO8 amasankhidwa kuti awerengere za gawo la N170 (zenera la nthawi: 150-230 ms). Pazigawo zilizonse, zikutanthauza kuti matalikidwe amapezeka mkati mwa zenera lolingana ndipo amawongoletsa kuchokera pa ma elekitirodi.

Kusanthula Deta

Zowunikira zowerengera zidachitidwa pogwiritsa ntchito IBM SPSS Statistics 22 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, United States). Chifukwa malo osangalatsa komanso achisoni anali osiyana mmalingaliro amtundu, kupenda kosiyana kwa ma kusiyanasiyana (ANOVA) kwa kuyanjana kwa kutengeka kwamalingaliro (kosangalala motsutsana ndi mbali, zachisoni vsandale, kapena kosangalatsa vs chisoni) × gulu (IGD vs. control) anali imayendetsedwa pazotsatira zamakhalidwe ndi gawo lililonse la ERP. Zotsatira zamachitidwe ndi mawonekedwe a ERP zidasinthidwa ndikuwunika mobwerezabwereza ANOVA ogwiritsa ntchito Greenhouse-Geisser magawo osintha ufulu. Zomwe zili pakati pa phunziroli zinali gulu lofufuzira (IGD vs. control), ndipo chomwe chinali mkati mwa mfundoyi chinali chokomera mawu (osangalala osatenga nawo mbali, achisoni komanso osakondera, kapena achimwemwe). The posachedwa kuwunika kunagwiritsa ntchito Bonferroni kuwongolera kofananizira kambiri.

Pitani ku:

Results

Ziwerengero zoyesedwa zomwe zaphatikizidwa pazoyeserera zalembedwa Table Table22. Pazotsatira zotsatirazi, zomwe zikufotokozedwazi zimawonetsedwa ngati zolakwika error zolakwika pokhapokha zitadziwika.

Gulu 2

Chiwerengero cha mayesero omwe akuphatikizidwa mu chilichonse.

Dongosolo la Chikhalidwe

Pazokhudzana ndi nthawi yomwe anachita, m'malo osautsa, zotsatira zoyipa zinali zazikulu, F(1,30) = 4.86, p <0.05, = 0.14; Nthawi yoyankhira idafupika pamawu achisoni (618.87 ± 31.48 ms) kuposa mawu osalowerera ndale (663.39 ± 34.77 ms); zotsatira zazikulu za gululi zinali zofunikira, F(1,30) = 5.09, p <0.05, = 0.15; ndipo nthawi yoyankhira idafupikira gulu la NC (569.84 ± 44.68 ms) kuposa gulu la IGD (712.42 ± 44.68 ms). Kuyanjana sikunali kofunikira, p > 0.5. M'bokosi losangalala, zomwe valence adachita zinali zazikulu, F(1,30) = 6.63, p <0.05, = 0.18; nthawi yoyankhira idafupikira mawu achimwemwe (583.97 ± 39.33 ms) kuposa mawu osalowerera ndale (648.08 ± 36.6 ms); palibe zina zazikuluzikulu ndi zolumikizana zomwe zakwaniritsidwa, zonse ps> 0.1; Nthawi yoyankhira gulu la NC (577.25 ± 50.76 ms) inali yofanananso ndi ya gulu la IGD (654.81 ± 50.76 ms). Pamene mayesero achimwemwe komanso achisoni amafanizidwa mwachindunji, zomwe zimachitika komanso kulumikizana sizinali zofunikira, zonse ps> 0.05.

Ponena za kulondola, mu malo osadukiza, osadalirana, osangalala - osalowerera ndale, ndipo pamene ziyeso zachimwemwe ndi zachisoni zinafanizidwa mwachindunji, palibe zotsatira zazikulu ndi kuyanjana kwakukwanira.

Data ya ERP

N170

A 2 (gulu) × 2 (yosangalala ndikutsutsana) ANOVA idawonetsa kuti zotsatira zazikulu za valence sizinali zazikulu, (1,30) = 3.47, p = 0.07, = 0.10, ndipo zotsatira zazikulu pagulu sizinali zazikulu, (1,30) = 0.01, p = 0.92, <0.001. Komabe, kulumikizana kwa valence ndi gulu kunali kofunika, (1,30) = 4.25, p = 0.048, = 0.124 (chithunzi Chithunzi11). The posachedwa kusanthula kunavumbulutsa kuti kwa gulu la IGD, mawu osangalatsa adalimbikitsa gawo loyipa kwambiri la N170 (3.02 ± 1.12 μV) kuposa nkhope zosagwirizana nawo (4.18 ± 1.09 μV), (1,30) = 7.70, p = 0.009, = 0.20, Bonferroni adakonza. Komabe, kwa gulu lolamulira, mawu osangalala komanso osalowerera ndale omwe adapanga zigawo zofanana za N170 (wachimwemwe: 3.79 ± 1.12 μV, osalowerera: 3.73 ± 1.09 μV), (1,30) = 0.02, p = 0.89, = 0.001, Bonferroni adakonza.

CHITSANZO CHA 1

(A) Grand ERP waveforms ya gawo la N170 yowonetsedwa pakati pa 150 ndi 230 ms pazinthu zinayi zomwe zikuyimiriridwa ndi P8 site. (B) Kugawidwa kwa malekano osiyanasiyana pakati pa mawu osalolera komanso osangalala (osangalala opanda mbali ...

Komabe, matalikidwe munthawi yachisoni - yandale sizinawonetse vuto lalikulu kapena kulumikizana mu mkhalidwe womvetsa chisoni -chithunzi Chithunzi22). ANNGX ya 2 (gulu) × 2 (yachisoni ndikutsutsana) idawonetsa kuti zotsatira zazikulu za valence [F(1,30] = 0.39, p = 0.54, = 0.01], gulu [F(1,30) = 0.02, p = 0.88, = 0.001], ndi mayanjano [F(1,30) = 0.02, p = 0.88, = 0.001] sizinali zazikulu komanso kuti zida za N170 zomwe zidapangidwira chifukwa chosangalala komanso kusalowerera m'gulu la IGD (zachisoni: 3.79 ± 1.21 μV, osalowerera: 3.65 ± 1.15 μV) zinali zofanana ndi omwe amapezeka mgulu lolamulira (zachisoni : 3.57 ± 1.21 μV, yandale: 3.35 ± 1.15 μV).

CHITSANZO CHA 2

(A) Grand ERP waveforms ya gawo la N170 yowonetsedwa pakati pa 150 ndi 230 ms pazinthu zinayi zomwe zikuyimiriridwa ndi P8 site. (B) Kugawidwa kwa ma kusiyana kwa kusiyana pakati pa mawu osalankhulidwa ndi osangalatsa (mkhalidwe womvetsa chisoni wopanda mbali ...

Poyerekeza mwachindunji matalikidwe a N170 poyankha mawu achisoni ndi achimwemwe, gulu la 2 (IGD vs. NC) × 2 (zachisoni vs. wokondwa) ANOVA idawonetsa kuti zovuta zazikulu za valence, gulu, ndi kuyanjana sizinali zazikulu, zonse ps> 0.05.

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Kukambirana

Monga maziko owonera kulumikizana, kutulutsa mawu ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakulankhulana pakati pa anthu. Ngakhale maphunziro ochulukirapo adafufuza ntchito zamagulu mwa anthu omwe ali ndi IGD, maphunziro pazokhudza momwe anthu omwe ali ndi IGD alili ndi ochepa; makamaka, kuzidziwitso zathu, sipanapezeke maphunziro omwe amafufuza za kusazindikira kwamaganizidwe mu IGD. Zotsatira zamachitidwe omwe adachitika phunziroli zidawonetsa kuti magulu onse a IGD ndi NC adayankha mwachangu ku malingaliro osazindikira (mawu osangalatsa komanso achisoni) kusiyana ndi mawu osalowerera, ndikuwonetsa kuti anthu omwe ali ndi IGD ali ndi kuthekera kwachidziwikire kuti azitha kuzindikira momwe akumvera pankhope siteji. Zotsatira izi zinali zogwirizana ndi zomwe zidapeza m'mbuyomu zomwe zidawonetsa nthawi yofupikira kumalingaliro am'malo mokhala osagwirizana nawo m'gulu lililonse (Calder et al., 1997; Eimer et al., 2003) ndikuwonjezera kupezeka kwa anthu omwe ali ndi IGD. Kupatula apo, poyerekeza ndi IGD, gulu la NC lidawonetsa kufupikitsika nthawi yazomva zomvetsa chisoni komanso zosalowerera ndale. Komabe, sizinakhale zofananazo pakusangalala komanso kusalowerera ndale m'malo osangalatsa. Nkhope zachisangalalo za prototypical zimayesedwa kuti zizindikilidwe mosavuta komanso kusiyanitsidwa kwambiri ndi ndale kuposa nkhope zachisoni (Calder et al., 1997; Surguladze et al., 2003). Kutengera lingaliro ili, mu malo osangalatsa, mawu osangalatsa atha kukhala osiyanitsidwa kusiyana ndi mawu osalolera a onse a NC ndi IGD gulu, potero kuyendetsa ntchito yovomerezeka pamawu awiriwa onse m'gulu la NC ndi IGD. Pomwe sipamakhala chiwonetsero chazindikiritso mu malo achisoni popeza mawu omvetsa chisoni samasiyana ndi mawu osalankhulidwa ngati mawu osangalatsa. Zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa kuti pokhudzana ndi nthawi yomwe anthu angadzachite, mawonekedwe achisoni / omvetsa chisoni-osakhudzidwa angakhale omvekera kwambiri pakulekanitsa IGD ndi NC pakuwoneka kaso.

Chofunika kwambiri, kafukufuku wophunzirayo adafufuza nthawi yamakomedwe osakhudzidwa ndimunthu mwa IGD. Zotsatira za ERP zinawonetsa kuchepa kwa matalikidwe a N170 mwa anthu omwe ali ndi IGD pomwe adatsata nkhope zopanda tanthauzo poyerekeza ndi nkhope zachimwemwe, pomwe NC idawonetsa ma NPNUMX ofanana pomwe adasuntha nkhope zosasangalatsa komanso zachimwemwe mosangalatsa. Onse omwe ali ndi IGD ndi NC adawonetsa okwanira a N170 ofanana ndi nkhope zachisoni ndi nkhope zosalowerera mbali yachisoni. Kutalikitsidwa kwa N170 yakuchepa kwa mawu osalowererapo poyerekeza ndi mawu osangalatsa omwe ali mgululi la IGD amathandizira malingaliro athu, omwe adalimbikitsa kuti chiyembekezo cha omwe akutenga nawo mbali pokonza zabwino ndi zoyipa zomwe zimapangitsa chidwi chawo, ndikuwatsogolera pakukonzekera kosiyanasiyana kwa IGD ndi NC. Zoyembekeza za ophunzira kale zidanenedwa kuti zitha kuyambitsa kuyika mtima patsogolo pokomera chidwi cha zoyambilira zoyambira kuchitaLeppänen et al., 2003; Hugenberg, 2005). Phunziroli lomwe lilipo, mawu osalowerera ndale sanadalitsidwe kwambiri kuposa mawu osangalatsa omwe ali ndi IGD, ndipo IGD ikhoza kukhala ndi chiyembekezo chochepa kwambiri cha mawu osalowerera ndale kuposa mawu osangalatsa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchepa kwa N170 kuchuluka kwa mawu osalankhulidwa kuposa mawu osangalatsa. Komabe, m'malo achisoni - osalowerera ndale, anthu sangakhale ndi chiyembekezo chokwanira cha nkhope zachisoni kapena chiyembekezo chochepa cha nkhope zosalowerera ndale, zomwe zimayambitsa kuyankha kofananako kwa nkhope zachisoni komanso zosalowerera ndale. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti sitinganene kuti anthu omwe ali ndi IGD ali ndi zofooka pamalingaliro amunthu, popeza adawonetsa kuchuluka kwa N170 kwa a NC poyankha mawu osangalatsa komanso achisoni. Kumbali inayi, izi zikutanthauza kuti anthu omwe ali ndi IGD atha kukhala ndi kuthekera kwachidziwikire chomvekera. Kuphatikiza apo, deta ya ERP yomwe ilipo idawonetsa kusiyana pakati pa IGD ndi gulu la NC mu malo osangalala, pomwe chidziwitsocho chikuwonetsa kusiyana kwamagulu awiri mumkhalidwe wachisoni. Tikuwonetsa kuti N170 ikuyimira mawonekedwe osadziwika a IGD koyambirira, pomwe nthawi yanthawi yomwe akuwonetsa akhoza kuwonetsa mawonekedwe apomalo mochedwa. Komabe, poganizira kuti zambiri zamakhalidwe sizigwirizana ndi deta ya ERP kuti mufotokozere zosavuta, maphunziro enanso amafunika pankhaniyi.

Mwachidule, zotsatira zomwe zidakhalapo zidakulitsa zomwe zapezedwa pakapangidwe ka nkhope ya ogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri intaneti ndikuwonetsa njira zopangira mawonekedwe amkati pazinthu zosiyanasiyana pamaso pa anthu omwe ali ndi IGD. Makamaka, poyerekeza ndi NC, anthu omwe ali ndi IGD amakhala ndi ma N170 otsika pang'onopang'ono poyankha nkhope zosalowerera m'malo moyankha nkhope zachimwemwe pamalingaliro osangalala, omwe angatulukire chifukwa cha chiyembekezo chawo chocheperako. Zotsatira izi sizinawonekere m'malo omvetseka omvetseka a IGD kapena a NC.

Zolepheretsa ndi Maphunziro Akutsogolo

Pali zopereka ziwiri mu phunziroli. Choyamba, amuna ambiri kuposa achikazi adasankhidwa chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa akazi komwe kumagwiritsa ntchito masewera amasewera pa intaneti. Chachiwiri, ngakhale kafukufuku wapitawu adawona kuti kuchuluka kwa nthawi mu dziko lenileni (mwachitsanzo, kusewera masewera apakanema) zimalumikizana ndi kuchepa kwa ubale pakati pa anthu enieni mdziko lenileni ndikuti kuwonetsa kuchepa kwa kulumikizana kumatha kusintha momwe anthu IGD imasinthasintha nkhope kumayiko enieni (Lo et al., 2005; Weinreich et al., 2015), sitingathe kudziwa chilichonse chokhudza kupendekeka kwapadera kwa mitu ya IGD kapena zowonongeka pa kulumikizana kwa anthu. Maphunziro ochulukirapo amafunikira kuti afufuze momwe nkhope za anthu omwe ali ndi IGD zimagwirira ntchito.

Pitani ku:

Zopereka za Wolemba

XP, FC, ndi CJ adapanga malingaliro a phunziroli. TW yatola data. XP ndi TW adasanthula tsatanetsatane. XP, CJ, ndi FC adalemba. Olembawo adathandizira zolembedwa pamanja ndikuvomerezanso mtundu womaliza wolemba pamanja.

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Kutsutsana kwa Chidwi

Olembawo akunena kuti kufufuza kunkachitika popanda mgwirizano uliwonse wa zamalonda kapena zachuma zomwe zingatengedwe kuti zingatheke kukangana.

Pitani ku:

Kuvomereza

Tikuthokoza Dr. Dandan Zhang potipatsa mowolowa manja pulogalamu yake yamakompyuta kuti tidziyese. Tikuthokoza Mr. Junfeng Li potithandiza kupeza anthu omwe atenga nawo mbali pa IGD. Tili othokoza kwa owunikirawo chifukwa cha malingaliro awo ndi ndemanga.

Pitani ku:

zolemba

Pepala ili linalimbikitsidwa ndi zifukwa zotsatirazi:

National Natural Science Foundation ya China10.13039/501100001809.

Natural Science Foundation ya Guangdong Province10.13039/501100003453.

Pitani ku:

Mawu a M'munsi

Ngongole. Ntchitoyi idathandizidwa ndi The Ministry of Education of Humanities and Social Science Project (16YJCZH074), National Natural Science Foundation of China (31500877, 31600889), Guangdong Natural Science Foundation (2016A030310039), Project of Philosophy and Social Science for the 12th Kupanga Kwa Zaka XXUMX kwa Chigawo cha Guangdong (GD5XXL15), ndi Mphotho Yopambana Yapamwamba Yapadera Chigawo cha Guangdong (YQ06).

Pitani ku:

Zothandizira

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Kusintha kwa Mawu a nkhope Osadziwika mwa Anthu omwe ali ndi masewera a masewera a intaneti (2017)

Kudalirika

Mfundo:

Introduction

Zida ndi njira

ophunzira

Chizindikiro

Kayendesedwe

Kujambula kwa ERP

Kusanthula Deta

Results

Dongosolo la Chikhalidwe

Data ya ERP

N170

Kukambirana

Zolepheretsa ndi Maphunziro Akutsogolo

Zopereka za Wolemba

Kutsutsana kwa Chidwi

Kuvomereza

zolemba

Mawu a M'munsi

Zothandizira

Links Quick