Kudalirika
Social Networking Sites (SNS) monga Facebook ndi Instagram zasunthira anthu ambiri pa intaneti, koma zimakhala zosokoneza komanso zimayambitsa chisokonezo. Anthu ambiri amalingalira kutenga "SNS tchuthi." Ife tafufuza zotsatira za tchuthi la sabata limodzi kuchokera pa Facebook ndi Instagram pa moyo wabwino, ndipo ngati izi zingasinthe chifukwa cha osagwira ntchito kapena ogwira ntchito SNS. Ndalama yogwiritsira ntchito inayesedwa molondola, pogwiritsira ntchito mapulogalamu a RescueTime, kuti asokoneze nkhani zodziimira. Chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito chinadziwika pa chisanayambe kuyesedwa, ndipo SNS ogwiritsira ntchito kalembedwe kowonjezera kapena yogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri anapatsidwa nambala zofanana ndi zochitika za sabata imodzi SNS tchuthi (n = 40) kapena palibe SNS tchuthi (n = 38). Kukhala ndi moyo wogwirizana (kukhutitsidwa ndi moyo, zabwino, komanso zovuta) zidayezedwa kale komanso nthawi yatchuthi. Pakuyesa koyambirira, kugwiritsa ntchito SNS yogwira ntchito kwambiri kunapezeka kuti kumakhudzana ndi kukhutira kwa moyo komanso kukhudzika, pomwe SNS yomwe imangogwiritsa ntchito imangogwirizana ndi kukhutira kwa moyo, koma osakhudza. Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, atayesedwa patapita nthawi tchuthi cha SNS zidadzetsa zotsatirapo zabwino kwa ogwiritsa ntchito ndipo sizidawakhudze. Zotsatira izi ndizosemphana ndi chiyembekezo chodziwika bwino, ndipo zikuwonetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito SNS kumatha kukhala kopindulitsa kwa ogwiritsa ntchito. Tikukulimbikitsani kuti ogwiritsa ntchito a SNS ayenera kuphunzitsidwa zaubwino wogwiritsa ntchito kale komanso kuti kafukufuku wamtsogolo aganizire za kuthekera kwa chizolowezi cha SNS pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri.
Ndemanga: Hanley SM, Watt SE, Coventry W (2019) Kutenga nthawi yopuma: Zotsatira za kutenga tchuthi ku Facebook ndi Instagram pa kukhala ndi moyo wogwirizana. PloS ONE 14 (6): e0217743. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217743
Editor: Jarosław Jankowski, West Pomeranian University of Technology, POLAND
Zilandiridwa: October 7, 2018; Zavomerezedwa: May 18, 2019; Lofalitsidwa: June 6, 2019
Copyright: © 2019 Hanley et al. Ichi ndi nkhani yopata yotseguka yomwe idagawidwa pansi pa Chilolezo cha Creative Commons Licribution, zomwe zimaloleza ntchito, kugawidwa, ndi kubwezeretsa mwachinthu chilichonse, kupatsa wolemba woyambirira ndi chitsimikizo.
Kupezeka kwa Data: Zina mwatsatanetsatane wa Rescu Nthawi (omwe adatsata masamba ndipo sanatsatire kuphunzira) sizingagawidwe popeza zinali ndi maimelo omwe amapezeka ndi maimelo ndi ma adilesi ochezera pa intaneti. Komiti ya University of New England Human Research Ethics Committee inatipatsa chilolezo kutipereka zidziwitso kwa owunika koma osagawana izi poyera, chifukwa sizinali pafomu yathu yofunsira zoyeserera. Zambiri zimapezeka ku UNE Human Research Ethics Committee ku [imelo ndiotetezedwa] kapena polumikizana ndi wolemba. Munthu wolumikizidwayo ali pansipa: Mayi Jo-Ann Sozou Research Officer University of New England Armidale, NSW 2351 Tel: (+ 612) 6773 3449
Ngongole: Olembawo sanalandire ndalama zachindunji pantchito imeneyi.
Zofuna zokakamiza: Olembawo adanena kuti palibe zotsutsana.
Introduction
Kutenga tchuthi kuchokera ku malo ochezera a pa Intaneti (SNS) monga Facebook ndi Instagram ndichinthu chatsopano kwambiri, chomwe anthu amachotsa pakati pa SNS yawo kwakanthawi. Kafukufuku wapeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito SNS kumakhala ndi maubwino ambiri, makamaka kudzera kukulitsa ndalama zomwe munthu amakhala nazo zomwe zimakhudza kudzidalira komanso kukhala ndi moyo wabwino (SWB) [1, 2], komanso zingakhale zovulaza ku SWB [3-5]. Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu adawonetsa kuti kusiya tchuthi ku SNS nthawi zambiri kumachitika chifukwa chododometsa chifukwa chokhala ngati anzanu, kukhudzana ndi zokambirana zoperewera, kumva mopanda tanthauzo kapena kutopa, komanso mikangano pakati pa anthu [6-11]. Komabe, anthu akatenga tchuthi cha SNS, amadzilekanitsa okha osati zovuta zoyipa zogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi SNS komanso phindu lake. Izi zimabweretsa funso loti ngati kupumula kwa SNS kuli ndi zotsatirapo zabwino kapena zoipa paumoyo wabwinobwino.
Kukhala ndi moyo wogwirizana kumakhala mwa zomwe munthu akukumana nazo ndipo ali ndi magawo awiri: moyo wathanzi (zabwino komanso zoyipa) ndi kukhutitsidwa ndi moyo [12-13]. Kafukufuku wapeza kuti momwe anthu amathandizira ndi SNS, ngakhale ikukhudzidwa kapena kungokhala, ndiwothandiza kwambiri momwe kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa SNS kumakhudzira SWB [14]. 'Kugwiritsa ntchito moyenera' kumaphatikiza kupanga zinthu ndi kulumikizana mwachindunji ndi ena; Mwachitsanzo, kutumiza zosintha, kupereka ndemanga, kukambirana ndi kugawana zinthu [3]. Komanso, 'kungogwiritsa ntchito' kumaphatikizapo kudya zambiri za anthu ena osalankhulana ndi ena [5]. Zochita zongophatikizira zimaphatikizapo kusakatula nkhani, kutsata mauthenga ena, kuyang'ana mbiri ya abwenzi, ndikuyang'ana zithunzi zawo osayankha [5]. Kugwiritsa ntchito mosadukiza sikungosiyana kwenikweni, ndipo kafukufuku wapeza kuti amasintha mwanzeru chifukwa ogwiritsa ntchito amayeneranso kudya zambiri za anthu ena pamene akuchita SNS [15]. Timalankhula za 'ogwiritsa ntchito' komanso 'ogwiritsa ntchito' chabe kuwonetsera anthu omwe amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri kapena kugwiritsa ntchito njira yongogwiritsa ntchito mosadukiza kuyambira pakuyamba kugwiritsa ntchito basi.
Kafukufuku pa SNS ndi moyo wathanzi ndi Burke et al. [16] ndi Ellison et al. [1] adatsimikiza kuti kugwiritsidwa ntchito kogwirizana kumapangidwa ndikupanga ndikusamalira ndalama zachitukuko, zomwe zikugwirizana ndi zotsatira zabwino za kudzidalira komanso kudzisamalira. Mosiyana ndi izi, kugwiritsa ntchito kungokhala ndi ntchito kumachepa ndi SWB [3-5]. Anthu ambiri amangotumiza zinthu zabwino zokhazo zomwe zikuchitika pa SNS [5], ndikupanga mawonekedwe owonetsera osatheka. Ogwiritsa ntchito akangochita izi, amatenga nawo mbali pazomwe zimadziwika kuti 'kufananizira anthu ambiri,' ndikuti ena amakhala osangalala kuposa iwowo [17-18]. Izi zimatha kudzetsa nsanje, kukhumudwa komanso kuchepetsa SWB [3, 5, 19-20], zotsatira zomwe zimakhala zolimba pakati pa anthu omwe amakonda kutengera chikhalidwe [21-23].
Ngati kugwiritsa ntchito kungokhala ndi chidwi chakuchepa kwa thanzi, ndiye kuti kusiya izi pamachitidwe a pa intaneti atha kusintha magwiridwe antchito. Komabe, kafukufuku ochepa adawunika ngati tchuthi cha SNS chimachepetsa zotsatira zoyipa izi, ndikupanga zotsatira zosakanikirana. Hinsch ndi Sheldon [24] adachita maphunziro awiri omwe adayang'ana zotsatira zakuchepetsa (Study 1) kapena kusiya (Study 2) Facebook kapena masewera pa intaneti kwa maola a 48. Kafukufuku onsewa adawona kuti kuchepetsa kapena kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito Facebook / masewera a pa intaneti kumawonjezera moyo wokhutira nawo, koma kunachepetsa zotsatira zabwino. Tromholt [25] adagwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo chachikulu komanso nthawi yopumira ya Facebook sabata imodzi. Kafukufukuyu adapeza kuwonjezeka kwa chisangalalo cha moyo komanso zotsatira zabwino pagulu la chithandizo (kupuma kwa Facebook) mukayerekezera ndi gulu lolamulira (palibe Facebook break). Zotsatira zake zinali zolimba pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito Facebook, ogwiritsa ntchito anzawo, komanso omwe amasilira ena. Mosiyana, Vanman, Baker, ndi Tobin [26] adapeza kuchuluka kwa cortisol m'magulu oyesera omwe adatsitsidwa pambuyo pa kupuma kwa Facebook, ndikuwonetsa kuti Facebook ndi yovuta. Izi zinali choncho makamaka pomwe kugwiritsa ntchito kungokhala kochepa; panalibe zotsatira zoyeserera zogwira ntchito. Omwe anali nawo pagulu loyeserera adakumana ndi kuchepetsedwa ndi moyo, poyerekeza ndi gulu lolamulira (lomwe moyo wawo amakhutira nthawi imeneyo).
Maphunzirowa adagawana malire omwewo: Kugwiritsa ntchito SNS ndi kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito kunayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito lipoti lomwe lingakhale lolondola kapena lokonda chifukwa chazofunikira [27]. Anthu nthawi zambiri samadziwa kuti amawunika kangati kapena amakhala ndi nthawi yayitali bwanji pa SNS ndipo amavutika kuti anene zogwiritsidwa ntchito molondola. Panalibe njira yowunikira yogwiritsa ntchito Facebook inali yachepetsedwa kapena kutha panthawi yoyeserera kupatula kudzidziwitsa nokha.
Kafukufuku wapano anali ndi cholinga chothana ndi malire a kafukufuku omwe adalipo ndikupereka yankho lomveka bwino kufunso wa zotsatira za tchuthi cha SNS pakuchita bwino. Pogwiritsa ntchito njira yoyesera, tinayesa zotsatira zakupuma kwathunthu kuchokera ku SNS (Facebook ndi Instagram palimodzi) pazinthu zokhazikika, poganizira masitayelo ogwiritsa ntchito kapena ongogwiritsa ntchito. Makamaka, tidagwiritsa ntchito njira ya SNS pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu yotchedwa 'RescueTime' yomwe idayikidwa pazida zawo zam'manja ndi laputopu. Kutengera zoyeserera pamayeso, ophunzira adagawika m'magulu ogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri kapena ogwiritsa ntchito basi kenako amapatsidwa tchuthi cha SNS kapena malo oyembekezera. M'malo a tchuthi cha SNS, mwayi wopita ku Facebook ndi Instagram udatsekedwa pazomwe zidalembetsedwa sabata imodzi, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito kwina kuchokera kuzida zina kumatha kuzindikirika.
Chifukwa kugwiritsa ntchito chabe kumalumikizidwa ndi chifaniziro chokwezeka chapamwamba [22] ndi kutsika kwa SWB [4-5, 15], tidayembekeza kuti tchuthi cha SNS chitha kupindulitsa ogwiritsa ntchito, zomwe zimapangitsa kuwonjezeka kwa moyo wathunthu komanso kukhala ndi moyo wabwino. Komanso, chifukwa ogwiritsa ntchito amapeza mapindu pogwiritsa ntchito SNS, monga ndalama zachitukuko komanso kudzinyadira, timayembekezera kuti kulumikizana kwa sabata kungakhale kopanda phindu. Pogwirizana ndi kafukufuku wakale, tidayesa magawo awiri osiyanasiyana a moyo wabwino: kukhutira kwa moyo, komanso kukhala ndi thanzi labwino (zolimbikitsa ndi zotsutsana). Tidawerengera kuti pakhoza kukhala kusintha kosintha kagwiritsidwe ntchito koti, patapita tchuthi cha SNS, kukhutira kwa moyo ndi kukhala ndi moyo wabwino zikonzedwa bwino pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito chabe, ndikuchepetsedwa pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri.
Phunziro lathu lidaphatikizanso chinthu cholumikizira, chomwe chimayesa ngati, pakuyesa mayeso, pafupipafupi kugwiritsa ntchito kwa SNS (mphindi) ndi kugwiritsitsa ntchito kokha komanso kogwira ntchito komwe kumayenderana ndi moyo wabwino komanso moyo wabwino. Zinali zoyerekeza (1) kuti kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri SNS (mphindi) zikukhudzana ndi kusakhutira kwa moyo komanso kukhala ndi moyo wabwino; (2) kuti kungogwiritsa ntchito kungakhudzane ndi kusakhutira kwa moyo ndi zotsatira zabwino; ndi (3) kuti kugwiritsidwa ntchito kogwirizana kungakhudzane ndi kukwanitsidwa kwa moyo ndi zotsatira zabwino.
Zida ndi njira
ophunzira
Ophunzira makumi asanu ndi awiri mphambu asanu ndi atatu anamaliza kafukufukuyu; wophatikiza amuna a 35 (M = 29.49, SD = 5.61) ndi akazi a 43 (M = 31.95, SD = 8.05) kuyambira 18 mpaka 48 wazaka (M = 30.85, SD = 7.12). Kulemba anthu ntchito kunali kokhwimitsidwa pamibadwo ino popeza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa SNS (makamaka Instagram) kumakhala kotsika kwambiri mwa okalamba [28-31]. Ophunzirawo adalembedwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito Prolific Academic (dziwe lochita nawo kafukufuku wa pa intaneti; ochita nawo 66), ndi masamba a Facebook omwe adalumikizidwa ndi University of New England, Australia (omwe ali ndi 12). Kuti akhazikitse zitsanzo zambiri kafukufukuyu adatsegulidwa kumayiko omwe amalankhula Chingerezi omwe anali ndi kuchuluka kwa ogwiritsa ntchito a SNS, kutengera kuyerekezera kwamayiko [32-33], ndiwo Australia, United Kingdom ndi United States of America, kulembanso n = 24, 33 ndi 21 kuchokera kudziko lililonse ili. Palibe kusiyana komwe kunawonedwa ndi dziko, zaka kapena jenda pa kukhutira kwa moyo, zotsatira zabwino, zovuta zoyipa kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa magwiritsidwe ntchito onse (onse p > .05). Ophunzira adalipira $ 3 pomaliza kuphunzira kwamasabata awiri. Pafupifupi theka la omwe sanatenge nawo gawo sanagwiritse ntchito akaunti yawo ya Instagram pafupipafupi (n = 40); Facebook inali SNS yotchuka kwambiri. Zomwe adasonkhanitsa zidapezedwa kumapeto kwa 2016.
Panali zokopa pakati pa magawo. Ophunzira zana limodzi ndi asanu ndi anayi adamaliza Phase 1 ndikuyika RescueTime pafoni yawo. Mwa awa, makumi asanu ndi anayi mphambu asanu ndi awiri adatsiriza magawo otsalira. Komabe, RescueTime idazindikira 19 yomwe sinatsatire tchuthi cha SNS ndipo idayenera kuphatikizidwa kuchokera ku dawunilodi ikusiyira komaliza yomaliza ya 78 (kuyesera kwa 40, 38) yomwe idamaliza kafukufukuyu. Panali azimayi a 19 ndi akazi a 19 omwe akuwongolera, ndipo amuna a 16 ndi akazi a 24 ali mumayesero.
zipangizo
YambitsanTo.
Pomwe maphunziro am'mbuyomu adadalira momwe angadzigwiritsire ntchito Facebook, kafukufukuyu adagwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu yotchedwa RescueTime (kupezeka kuchokera https://www.rescuetime.com/), pulogalamu yomwe imayang'anira ma log-ins, nthawi yogwiritsidwa ntchito pa SNS (mphindi), ndikuletsa SNS pazida. Izi zidatithandizira kugwiritsira ntchito njira zolondola, zosasamala kuposa zomwe tidaphunzira m'mbuyomu, komanso kutipatsa mwayi kuti azitsatira pa tchuthi. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwa Instagram ndi Facebook kudaphatikizidwa kuti apange mawonekedwe otchedwa frequency of SNS use (mphindi). RescueTime idatsitsidwa pazida zonse (kuphatikizapo mafoni a m'manja, ma laputopu ndi mapiritsi) momwe ochita nawo gululo amagwiritsa ntchito SNS. Kugwiritsa ntchito sikunapezeke pa iPhone, chifukwa chake ophatikizidwa amafunika kukhala ndi foni ya Android.
Kukhutitsidwa ndi moyo.
Kukhutira kwa moyo kunayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mafunso a Quality of Life Life and Satisfaction Questionnaire-18 (Q-LES-Q-18) [34]. Kuti athane ndi zovuta za mawonekedwe ofunikira, theka la zinthuli lidagwiritsidwa ntchito mayeso a pre-test ndi theka linalo atayesedwa pambuyo pa mayeso [27]. Pafunso lidagawika pakati ndikufanizira zomwe zakhala zikutidwa mafunso pafupifupi ofanana kudera lililonse. Mlingo uwu umawunikira magawo anayi a chisangalalo cha moyo sabata yathayi - thanzi lathupi, zomverera zogwirizana, zosangalatsa komanso nthawi yayitali, komanso maubale. Funso lomaliza "Kodi mwakwanitsidwa bwanji ndimankhwala?" Silinaperekedwe chifukwa silinkagwiritsidwa ntchito pakafukufukuyu. Mayankho adawonetsedwa pamlingo kuchokera ku 1 = "Ayi kapena ayi" kupita ku 5 = "pafupipafupi kapena nthawi yonseyi" Magawidwe opatsirana pakati anali α = .93 ndi α = .85.
Zabwino komanso zoyipa.
Zowoneka bwino (PA) komanso zoyipa (NA) zimayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito Positive and Negative Afitive schedule (PANAS; Watson et al. [35]). Popeza kuti muyesowo unapangidwa ndi masapositi, theka linagawidwa silinachitike; m'malo mwake, zinthu zidafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane kuti athane ndi zophunzira. Makala a PA ndi NA ali ndi mndandanda uliwonse wopanga zinthu khumi, monga "wokondwa" (PA) ndi "mantha" (NA). Omwe adawonetsedwa pamlingo kuchokera pa 1 = "Pang'ono / ayi" mpaka 5 = "Kwambiri" momwe adakwanira ndi izi m'masabata apitawa. Zambiri za PA ndi NA zitha kuchokera ku 10-50, pomwe pamakhala masitepe apamwamba omwe akuwonetsa PA kapena NA. Ma Alphas a Cronbach a PA ndi NA anali .93 ndi .87 phunziroli, kuwonetsa kusasinthasintha kwapakati.
Mulingo Wogwiritsa Ntchito Wokha.
Kafukufuku wapano akufunika kuyeza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kokhazikika mu Facebook ndi Instagram palimodzi. Palibe kuchuluka kotero komwe kunalipo, kotero kunali kofunikira kuti pakhale mtundu wina mwaphunziroli. Zinthu khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu, zidavoteredwa kuchokera ku 1 = "Sizinachitike" mpaka 5 = "pafupipafupi," zidapangidwa. Izi zidakhazikitsidwa pamlingo wa Pagani et al. [36] pazogwiritsa ntchito zogwiritsidwa ntchito (mwachitsanzo, "Sonkhanani ndi anthu atsopano / pezani anzanu atsopano"), ndi Verduyn et al. [3] pazinthu zongokhala (mwachitsanzo, "Pitani pofalitsa nkhani yanga"), ndikuwonetsa zinthu zomwe olemba Facebook ndi Instagram angachite.
Kafukufuku wotsogolera adachitika kuti adziwe zomwe zimapangidwira asanagwiritse ntchito. Tikuyembekeza kuti tipeze zinthu ziwiri zomwe zikuwonetsa masikelo omwe ali achangu. Mu kafukufuku woyendetsa, 230 nzika zaku Australia kuyambira 18-48 wazaka (M = 29.63, SD = 7.28) idavotera choyambirira cha zinthu za 18 (Gulu 1) monga kafukufuku wapaintaneti. Kusanthula kwakukulu kwa gawo limodzi ndi kuwongolera mwachindunji kumayesa maziko a kapangidwe kazinthu. Zinthu ziwiri zinali ndi eigenvalues zazikulu kuposa chimodzi (Gulu 1). Tinalemba kuti "Zogwira" "ndi" Passive "kuti tiwonetse mtundu wa wogwiritsa ntchito. Zinthu zisanu zidachotsedwa: mukamagwiritsa ntchito cutoff ya .45 iwo adayika pazinthu zonse ziwiri kapena zina. Izi zasiya zinthu za 13, zisanu ndi chimodzi mu Passive sub-wadogo ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri ku Active. Kusasinthasintha kwamkati kwamabukuwa kudali kodalirika, α = .82 (Yogwira) ndi α = .80 (Passive). Kafukufuku wapano adapeza kudalirika kofanana pamasikelo awiriwo, α = .82 (Active) ndi α = .87 (Passive).
Zinthu zodziwika bwino zidaphatikizidwa pamlingo womaliza.
Kuyankha komwe aliyense atenga nawo gawo pazoyeserera komanso zochepa zomwe zidapangidwa zidawonjezeredwa, ndikupanga mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito komanso mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito kuchokera ku 1-5. Kuti muwonetse kupitiliza kuchokera pakugwiritsa ntchito kufikira pakugwiritsika ntchito, muyeso umodzi wopitilira umapangidwa ndikuchotsa zolemba pamlingo wa Passive kuchokera kwa omwe ali pamlingo Wogwira. Izi zidapatsa aliyense 'aliyense wogwiritsa ntchito' (AUS) kuchokera ku -4 kupita ku 4, ndipo zotsatira zake zikuwonetsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri poyerekeza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chabe. Njira iyi yagwiritsidwa ntchito kwina: mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi kukhala ndi moyo wogwirizana, pomwe zotsatira zambiri pazoyipa zimachotsedwa kuchokera kuzinthu zabwino mpaka kusiyanitsa maphunziro pamlingo umodzi wabwino ndi wosavomerezeka [21, 36]. Tidaitcha kuti Passive and Active Usage Scale (PAUS). Chifukwa chake, kuchokera pa sikelo ya PAUS tinali ndi gawo logwirira ntchito, mphotho yogwiritsira ntchito, komanso gawo laogwiritsa ntchito (AUS).
Ndondomeko.
Kafukufukuyu adachitidwa ndikuvomerezedwa ndi University of New England's Human Research Ethics Committee-Approval No HE16-086, Ovomerezeka ku 05 / 05 / 2017. Phunziroli linalengezedwa kuti lithandizire kwa omwe akufuna kutenga tchutchu kuchokera pa Facebook ndi Instagram. Chilolezo chidapezeka kudzera pa kafukufuku wosadziwika pa intaneti yemwe adapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya Qualtrics. Atapereka chilolezo, ophunzira adauza zaka zawo, jenda, dziko lomwe akukhala komanso ngati ali ndi Smartphone ya Android. Anafunsidwanso kuti awonetse zida zonse zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito pano kuti apeze SNS. Kenako adapita ku PAUS, potsatira malangizo a kukhazikitsa pulogalamu ya RescueTime pafoni yawo ya Android ndi zida zina. Ofufuzawo adayang'ana kuti awone kuti RescueTime idayikidwa pazida zonse zomwe omwe adawonetsa pa kafukufuku woyamba. Ophunzira adalangizidwa kuti azigwiritsa ntchito SNS nthawi zambiri kwa sabata limodzi (kugwiritsa ntchito SNS yoyambira). Sabata yowunikira itatha, ophunzira adalandira ulalo wothandizira pa intaneti.
Ophatikizidwa adayikidwa pamadongosolo a AUS ndipo, kuyambira pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri ndikugwira ntchito pansi, 2 iliyonsend aliyense adapatsidwa gawo loyesera komanso ena onse kuti athe kuwongolera, motero kuwonetsetsa kuti magulu awa anali ofanana pa AUS. Gulu loyesera lidatsekedwa ku SNS kwa sabata imodzi ndikupempha kuti achotse kanthawi kochepa ntchito za Facebook ndi Instagram pama foni awo, pomwe omwe akuwongolera adauzidwa kuti apitilizabe kugwiritsa ntchito SNS mwachizolowezi ndipo adzakhala ndi mwayi watchuthi yawo ya SNS patchuthi tsiku lotsatira. Ntchito zilizonse za SNS pazida zomwe zidalembetsedwa panthawiyi zidapezeka ndi pulogalamu ya RescueTime. Ophunzira adamaliza kuyesa kumapeto kwa mayeso kumapeto kwa nthawi yopuma.
Amasanthula.
Correlations adayesedwa kuyesa maubwenzi apakati pa kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa SNS, mawonekedwe ogwiritsira ntchito, kukhutira kwa moyo ndi thanzi labwino. Kenako, kusinthidwa kunachitika kuti ayese zotsatira za tchuthi cha SNS, IV, pokhutira ndi moyo wabwino, ma DV, omwe timayembekezera kuti atukuka pakati pa anthu omwe ali ndi AUS yotsika (ogwiritsa ntchito chabe) ndikuchepetsedwa pakati pa omwe ndi AUS yapamwamba (ogwiritsa ntchito ochulukirapo). Mwatsatanetsatane, ma DV anali zisinthidwe kuchokera pa mayeso a pre-test (T1) to-post-test (T2), ophatikizidwa pochotsa chithunzi ku T1 kuchokera pamenepo ku T2, chomwe chidachitika kwa ma DV atatu, kukhutira kwa moyo, kukhudza kwabwino, ndipo zoyipa zoyipa, ndi kusintha kosiyanako kumayendetsa aliyense. Kukula kwa zitsanzo zochepa sikungakhale okhathamiritsa awiri, chifukwa chake tidagwiritsa ntchito AUS monga oyang'anira, mmalo mophatikiza ogwiritsa ntchito mongokhala ngati oyang'anira osiyana. Chifukwa chake ma IV a mayendedwe onse anali (a) omwe anali pakuyesa kapena kuwongolera tchuthi cha SNS (mkhalidwe), (b) AUS, ndi (c) AUS × mkhalidwe. Kuphatikiza apo, kugwiritsa ntchito pakati pa amuna ndi akazi ndi SNS poyambira kumaphatikizidwa ngati kusintha kosiyanasiyana.
Results
RescueTime chojambulidwa, pafupifupi, mphindi za 449 (SD = 43.6) yakugwiritsira ntchito kwa SNS mkati mwa sabata loyang'anira momwe ziriri pano, kuchokera pa 3 mpaka 1664 mphindi. Kugawitsako kunakhudzidwa; Kugwiritsa ntchito kwapakatikati kunali mphindi za 192 (mode = 5.6). Kugwiritsa ntchito kwa SNS koyambira sikunasiyane kwambiri pakati pa Gulu la Ophunzira ndi Openda (tkuchuluka kogwiritsa ntchito kwa SNS = -.41, p = .69).
Zotsatira za malumikizidwe, zoperekedwa Gulu 2, iwonetsani kuti kuchuluka kwa nthawi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa SNS sikunakwane kwambiri ndikukhala ndi moyo kapena moyo wabwino (PA ndi NA). Kugwiritsa ntchito komwe kumakhudzana ndi zotsatirapo zabwino komanso kukhutira kwa moyo. Kugwiritsa ntchito kungokhala kolondola (koma mofooka) ndikukhutira ndi moyo, koma osati ndi PA kapena NA. Chitsanzo chophatikizika t- Adawulula kuti, ambiri atenga nawo gawo pazolowera (M = 3.05, SD = .98) kuposa kugwiritsa ntchito (M = 2.25, SD = .87), t(77) = -8.45, p <.001.
Zotsatira (Gulu 3) yawonetsa kulumikizana kwakukulu kwa mawonekedwe oyesera ndi kalembedwe kogwiritsira ntchito pa PA ndi njira yayikulu yolumikizirana yamikhalidwe yoyesera ndi kalembedwe kogwiritsira ntchito pa NA (p = .07). Panalibe zofunika zazikulu zakukhutira kwa moyo. Kuwononga chiyanjano cha PA, kusintha kwakukulu kunawonedwa poyeserera, kotero kuti PA idatsika kuchokera ku T1 mpaka T2 yaogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri, moyang'anizana ndi hypothesised, ndikuwonetsa kusintha pang'ono kwa ogwiritsa ntchito ongokhala (Chithunzi cha 1), pomwe tidafotokozera kuchepa. Panalibe kusintha pang'ono ku PA kwa oyendetsa gulu. Kusanthula kosavuta kwa malo otsetsereka (Nkhumba 1 ndi 2) yawulula ubale wosagwirizana pakati pa zikhalidwe (control vs experiment) ndi kusintha kwa PA kwa ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri. Kwa ogwiritsa ntchito ongokhala, palibe zotsatira zazikulu tchuthi cha SNS pakusintha kwakukongola.
Zambiri zowoneka bwino zikuwonetsa kuwonjezeka kwa T2, zolakwika zowonetsa zikuwonetsa kuchepa. Ma beta osamvetseka (bi) ndi kufunikira (p) kumanenedwa, moyandikana ndi mzere uliwonse, pakuwunika kosavuta kwa chithunzicho.
Zambiri zowoneka bwino zikuwonetsa kuwonjezeka kwa T2, zolakwika zowonetsa zikuwonetsa kuchepa. Ma beta osamvetseka (bi) ndi kufunikira (p) kumanenedwa, moyandikana ndi mzere uliwonse, pakuwunika kosavuta kwa chithunzicho.
Ma coefficients ofananitsidwa amaperekedwa (N = 78).
Panali zofananira zofananira pa NA. Kwa ogwiritsira ntchito ochulukirapo, NA idachepa pagulu lolamulira ndikuwonjezeka pagulu loyesera (Chithunzi cha 2). Komabe, malo osavuta anali ochepa mphamvu (p = .06). Kwa ogwiritsa ntchito, NA yawonetsa kusintha pang'ono pamikhalidwe iliyonse.
Kukambirana
Kafukufuku wam'mbuyo adapeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito kwa SNS kokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa PA komanso kukhutira kwa moyo (kukhala ndi moyo wabwino) pomwe kugwiritsa ntchito mosagwiritsa ntchito komanso kugwiritsa ntchito pafupipafupi zokhudzana ndi kuchepa kwa PA ndi kukhutitsidwa kwa moyo (onani Verduyn [14] kuti muwunikenso). Kutengera izi, anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri SNS angayembekezeredwe kupindula patchuthi cha SNS, koma anthu omwe ali ndi chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri sakanatero. Tinayesa zotsatira za tchuthi cha sabata imodzi kuchokera ku Facebook ndi Instagram palimodzi, kuti tipeze tchuthi chokwanira cha SNS kuposa kupumula kuchokera pa SNS imodzi yokha. Tidasinthanso nkhani za kudzitsutsa tokha pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu yowunikira ndikuletsa ntchito kwa Facebook ndi Instagram, ndikuwongolera zotsatira zakukhudzika pofotokoza kukhutira kwa moyo pogwiritsa ntchito mafunso osiyanasiyana panthawi yoyamba komanso yotsatira. Ophunzirawo adasankhidwa kuchokera kumayiko atatu osiyanasiyana, ndipo zomwe zapezazo sizongokhudza dziko limodzi lokha.
Zotsatirazi zidawonetsa kusintha kogwiritsa ntchito, kotero kuti kutenga tchuthi ku Facebook ndi Instagram kunachepetsa PA kwa ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri, osati kwa owerenga ambiri. Panalinso zovuta zazing'ono ku NA, kotero kuti NA idayamba bwino kwa ogwiritsa ntchito gulu loyang'anira, osati gulu loyesera. Panalibe zofunika zazikulu zakukhutira kwa moyo.
Monga kafukufuku waposachedwa, Hinsch ndi Sheldon [24] adapeza kuti kupuma kwa SNS (masewera a Facebook ndi online) kudapangitsa kuti PA ayambe kuchepa. Izi sizinapezeke ndi Vanman et al. [26], kapena ndi Tromholt [25]. Zotsatira zaposachedwa, PA yatsika chifukwa cha kupuma kwa SNS idangolekeredwa kwa ogwiritsa ntchito a SNS okha. Ogwiritsa ntchito amalimbitsa ndikusunga ndalama zachitukuko motero amalimbikitsa kudzidalira kwawo ndi SWB pogwiritsa ntchito SNS [1, 16], chifukwa chake ndi gawo lofunikira m'miyoyo yawo. Chifukwa chake, amadalira kwambiri SNS kuti asunge komanso kukulitsa ubale wawo, zomwe zingafotokoze kuchepa kwa PA mu phunziroli. Mwakutero, ogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri atha kukhala ndi mwayi wodalira SNS. Zimphona, Keyps, ndi Timko [37] adapeza umboni wogwiritsa ntchito SNS pakati pa 9.7% ya ophunzira ku yunivesite yaku America. Ngati izi zikwezedwa pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito a SNS, kuchuluka kwa ogwiritsa ntchito omwe ali ndi vuto akhoza kukhala okwera kwambiri. Tikhulupirira kuti uwu ndiowongolera pakufunikira mtsogolo. Izi zikuwonekeranso pazowunikira pakati pa yogwira ntchito ndi kukhutira kwa moyo ndi PA.
Ogwiritsa ntchito Passive pagulu lolamulira adakumana ndi kuchepa kwa NA ku T2 poyerekeza ndi omwe ali mgulu loyesera. Komabe, izi zinali zofunikira kwambiri. Vanman et al. [26] adasanthula malingaliro a omwe atenga nawo mbali atapatsidwa tchuthi cha SNS, ndipo ambiri anachita mantha ndi chiyembekezochi. Ndizotheka kuti omwe anali mgululi adathandizidwanso pochita izi, ndipo adamva kuti alibe ntchito pakulankhula kwawo kwa SNS sabata yotsatira. Titha kunena kuti, m'mene adayikidwa pamndandanda wodikirira kuti athe kuona tchuthi cha SNS, izi zitha kukhala ndi zotsatira zopangitsa SNS kukhala yamtengo wapatali panthawi imeneyi, ikuchepetsa NA.
Nthawi yogwiritsidwa ntchito pa SNS sinagwirizane ndi miyeso ya T1 ya SWB (PA, NA, kapena kukhutitsidwa kwa moyo). Izi ndi zotsatira zosangalatsa, chifukwa chathu chinali chowerengera choyamba kuyeza nthawi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa SNS moyenera ndikugwirizanitsa ndi moyo wotsutsana. Kugwiritsira ntchito kwa Passive kumawonetseranso ubale wocheperako ndi moyo wa T1 wokhala ndi moyo wabwino, wopanda ubale ndi PA kapena NA, komanso mgwirizano wocheperako wokhutira ndi moyo wokhutira. Wang et al. [22] adapeza zomwezi pakafukufuku wina waku China wakugwiritsa ntchito SNS. Pakufufuza kwawo, kugwiritsa ntchito kungokhala ndi chidwi sikunakhudze tsogolo labwino, lomwe limaphatikizidwa poyerekeza anthu ena komanso kudzidalira, komanso kuyendetsedwa ndi zomwe ophunzira amachita. Ding et al. [20] adanenanso zotsatira zofananira, pomwe kaduka (chinthu chofanizira kwambiri) chidayimira mgwirizano pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito kwa SNS ndikukhala ndi moyo wotsika, ndipo izi zinali zolimba pakati pa akazi kuposa amuna. Tromholt [25] adapeza kuti panali phindu lochulukirapo kutchuthi cha Facebook pomwe kaduka ka Facebook kadali kwakukulu. Kafukufuku wapano adaphatikizira Facebook Envy Scale [38], kotero monga kusanthula kwa posthoc tawunika kuthekera kwakuti kusilira kuyanjana pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito kungokhala ndi moyo wabwino. Pomwe nsanje idakhudzana ndi zinthu zabwino (r = -.42) ndi kukhutitsidwa ndi moyo (r = -.48), sizinagwirizane ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kungokhala. Chifukwa chake, palibe njira yosadziwika. Wang et al.'s [22] Zotsatira zimakweza mwayi wosangalatsa pakufufuza kwaposachedwa ndipo zikuwonetsa kuti chithunzi chokhazikika bwino chitha kupezeka ndikuphatikiza miyeso yoyerekeza zapamwamba, kukonda kwambiri anzawo, komanso kudzidalira.
Popeza kutchuka kwa SNS padziko lonse lapansi, kafukufuku wokhudza ubale wawo ndi SWB ali ndi tanthauzo lofunikira kwa onse. Zotsatira zokhudzana ndi kafukufukuyu ndikuti ogwiritsa ntchito omwe adachita zomwe adalemba, adalemba zomwe ali nawo, ndikukhala ochezeka pa SNS anali abwino kuposa ogwiritsa ntchito chabe. Kuphatikiza apo, kugwiritsa ntchito mwachangu kunaphatikizidwa ndi kukhutira kwa moyo komanso zotsatira zabwino. Iwo omwe adakwaniritsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera adakumana ndi kuchepa kwa zotsatira zabwino atatenga tchuthi ku SNS, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuwonetsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa SNS pazabwino. Chifukwa chake, kugwiritsa ntchito moyenera kumawoneka kuti ndi njira yopindulitsa kwambiri kuchita ndi SNS pankhani yokhudza zabwino. Kulowera komwe kungakhalepo kungaphunzitse ogwiritsa ntchito phindu pazogwiritsa ntchito, zotsatirapo zoyipa zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito komanso njira zopititsira patsogolo luso lawo pa SNS. Ngakhale mtundu wogwiritsa ntchito ungadalire zosinthika zina (mwachitsanzo, umunthu), ogwiritsa ntchito amangokhala pomwepo atha kupeza chidziwitso chokwanira kuchokera kuyankhapo pazotumiza za abwenzi komanso kucheza ndi anzanga kudzera pa mauthenga.
sitingathe
Panali malire angapo pa kafukufukuyu. Ophunzira adadzipereka chifukwa chofuna kupuma pa SNS. Izi zidasintha kutsimikizika kwachilengedwe pochita kafukufukuyu, chifukwa anthu nthawi zambiri amatha kupuma pa SNS mwakufuna kwawo. Komabe, adapanganso mwayi wazodzisankhira. Mwachitsanzo, otenga nawo mbali atha kukhala odziyang'anira pawokha, kutanthauza kuti atha kukhala ndi machitidwe omwe ali osiyana ndi anthu onse. Zotsatira zomwe zilipo pano ndizodziwikiratu pamikhalidwe yofananira, pomwe anthu amasankha kupuma ku SNS. Atanena izi, Hinsch ndi Sheldon [24] adakumana ndi zotsatila m'maphunziro awo awiri, pomwe wina adagwiritsa ntchito odzipereka, pomwe ena adagawana nawo gawo ngati zomwe akufuna achite. Chifukwa chake, kudzisankhira (kapena ayi) sikuwoneka ngati kofunikira kwambiri pakupanga kafukufuku.
Kafukufuku waposachedwa sanasinthe pakusintha kwamoyo kuchokera ku T1 kupita ku T2. Ofufuza m'mbuyomu adagwiritsa ntchito Kukhutira Kwazinthu zisanu ndi Life Scale [12] ndikuziwonetsa pagawo lililonse la kafukufuku. Pofuna kupewa zovuta kuti tipeze zinthu zomwezo mobwerezabwereza, tinayeza kukhutira kwa moyo ndi Q-LES-Q-18, pogwiritsa ntchito theka la zinthu ku T1 ndi theka linalo ku T2. Ndizotheka kuti zotsatira zosiyana zakukhutira kwamoyo pazophunzirazi zaposachedwa zidasankhidwa posankha mtundu wina, kapena mwina pogwiritsa ntchito theka la zinthuzo nthawi. Mwinanso zovuta zomwe zimachitika m'maphunziro am'mbuyomu zinali zowonekeratu kuposa zomwe zidawerengedwa, zomwe zidatsogolera ku zotsatira zomwe zinali zogwirizana kwambiri ndikuyembekeza koyesa.
Gawo lomaliza linali laling'ono, ndipo zikuwoneka kuti zotsatila zambiri zimapezeka ndi zitsanzo zokulirapo. Zowonjezera zomwe ophunzira anachita kuyika RescueTime pazida zawo zikuwoneka kuti zinali zolepheretsa kutenga nawo mbali, ndipo ndizotheka kuti ophunzira omwe adamaliza kafukufukuyu ayenera kuti anali otsimikiza mtima kapena otsimikiza mtima.
Ngakhale zili ndi izi, kafukufuku waposachedwa wawonetsa kuti, mwa anthu omwe akufuna kutenga tchuthi cha SNS, ogwiritsa ntchito a SNS ambiri atha kupeza zotsatira zabwino akakhala kutchuthi cha SNS, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuyanjana pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito kwa SNS ndi zabwino kukhudza, pomwe ogwiritsa ntchito a SNS ambiri sangakhale ndi mwayi wolandila phindu. Izi zili ndi tanthauzo losangalatsa, kuphatikiza momwe ogwiritsira ntchito amatha kukhala osakonda kugwiritsa ntchito SNS. Kwa ogwiritsa ntchito chabe, tchuthi cha SNS sichingakhale njira yabwino yopitira patsogolo. Kafukufuku wamtsogolo atha kufufuza zotsatira za kuyang'ana ogwiritsa ntchito omwe amangokhala ndi momwe angagwiritsire ntchito SNS mwachangu. Mwinanso, zitha kuphatikiza miyambo poyerekeza momwe izi zikugwirizanira ndi moyo wabwino, komanso ngati iwo omwe akuchita zofanizira anzawo akuchulukira ku SWB pambuyo pa tchuthi cha SNS.
Otsatira khumi ndi anayi sanatsatire kwathunthu tchuthi cha SNS, ngakhale kuti anathandizidwa ndi RescueTime; mwamwayi RescueTime idatha kuzindikira izi. Ili ndi gulu lokondweretsa, chifukwa angakhale atakumana ndi mayankho olakwika kwambiri olekanitsidwa ndi SNS. Kafukufuku wamtsogolo akhoza kuwunika mbiri (yogwira kapena yongokhala) ya ogwiritsa ntchito omwe alephera kutsatira tchuthiyo komanso ngati izi zikugwirizana ndi vuto la SNS kapena kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri. Zingakhale zofunikira kufufuza kuti kupeza kuti ogwiritsa ntchito sanakhale otsika kungakhale chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwambiri kwa kuzolowera kwa SNS pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri.
Mawuwo
Pomaliza, kafukufuku wapano adatsimikizira kuti kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa SNS kuli kogwirizana ndi SWB. Kuphatikiza apo, maubwenzi olakwika omwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito pongogwiritsa ntchito ndi SWB sanapezeke. M'malo mwake, kutenga tchuthi ku SNS kwa sabata inali yovulaza kwa ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri zomwe zimawakhudza, ndipo sizinachepetse zosakhudza kapena kusintha kukhutira kwa moyo. Zotsatira izi ndizosemphana ndi chiyembekezo chodziwika bwino, ndipo zikuwonetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito SNS kumatha kukhala kopindulitsa kwa ogwiritsa ntchito. Tikukulimbikitsani kuti ogwiritsa ntchito aphunzitsidwe zaubwino wogwiritsa ntchito, komanso njira zopititsira patsogolo luso lawo pa SNS. Tikuwuzanso kuti izi zikufufuzidwanso kuti muwone ngati ogwiritsa ntchito a SNS atha kuona kuchepa kwa phindu chifukwa chakukonda kwa SNS.
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