Zotsatira za Zithunzi Zowonongeka Zowonongeka pa Zolingaliro Zosayera: Kuyerekezera Chikhalidwe Chachikhalidwe (2016)

Andreas B Eder, Mkonzi

Kudalirika

Introduction

Chiweruzo cha chikhalidwe chakhala chidziwikiritso chachikulu cha chidziwitso cha chikhalidwe cha anthu. Sayansi yodziwika bwino ya makhalidwe abwino yasonyeza kuti chiweruzo chachikulu cha makhalidwe ndi zotsatira za njira zodzichepetsera [1- 3]. Mwachitsanzo, anthu akhala akunena kuti chiweruzo cha makhalidwe abwino chimayendetsedwa ndi chidziwitso chokhudzidwa: pamaso pa chikhalidwe, timakhala ndi chidziwitso mwamsanga kapena chosakondwera [1]. M'zaka khumi ndi zisanu zapitazi, maphunziro angapo adayang'ana pa chidziwitso cha chikhalidwe cha munthu payekha ndi mkhalidwe wake, monga chiwerewere [4,5], sociocultural context [6, 7], mtundu wa vuto [8] ndi mayankho ogwira mtima [9, 10].

Choyamba, kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi chidziwitso cha anthu adapeza njira zatsopano kudzera pakuphunzira momwe zochitika zina zimakhudzira chiweruzo cha makhalidwe. Komanso, malinga ndi Landy and Goodwin [11], kukopa kwa zifukwa zokhudzana ndi khalidwe labwino kumayesedwa bwino pamene kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwachindunji sikukugwirizana ndi chiweruzo cha chikhalidwe. Ndipotu, kumakhumudwitsa, kupyolera mwa kugwiritsira ntchito hypnosis [10], fungo losasangalatsa [3] kapena kulawa kowawa [9], kumawonjezera kuonongeka kwa makhalidwe ophwanya malamulo popanda kudziwitsanso anthu za kuyesayesa. Posachedwapa, kufufuza kosasindikizidwa kwa laboratori yathu kunasonyeza kuti kuponderezedwa ndi kuwonetsa zithunzi zosautsa (kufotokoza ziwalo za anthu) kunachepetsa kuopsa kwa chiweruzo cha makhalidwe abwino muzitsanzo za anthu a ku Spain, koma sizinakhudze chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha ku Colombia, chomwe chikuimira anthu ali ndi chizolowezi chochita zachiwawa. Kusiyana kosiyana pakati pa zotsatira zenizeni za kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwachangu zomwe zapezeka mu kafukufukuyu ndi maphunziro apitalo zikuwoneka kuti ndizosiyana kusiyana pakati pa mapulojekiti oyesera (onaninso [12]).

Chachiwiri, ponena za kusiyana kwa kusiyana pakati pa chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, maphunziro angapo ochokera ku chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha anthu awonetsa kuti chikhalidwe sichikhoza kumvetsetsedwa popanda kulingalira za chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha anthu. M'nkhaniyi, kufufuza kwa chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha anthu onse akuwonetsa kuti ngakhale kuti nkhani zina zokhudzana ndi makhalidwe ndizomwe zilizonse (mwachitsanzo; "nkolakwika kuvulaza popanda kulungamitsidwa kulikonse"), makhalidwe amasiyana pakati pa zikhalidwe m'njira zambiri, monga makhalidwe nkhawa, zikhalidwe, zikhalidwe kapena zikhalidwe [13]. Mwachitsanzo, zikhalidwe zingapo zimati malamulo okhudzana ndi kugonana ndi mbali yofunika kwambiri yotetezera chiyero cha makhalidwe abwino [14]. Ngakhalenso chikhalidwe chamakono chakumadzulo, zochitika zogonana koma zopanda chilungamo zinaweruzidwa mosiyana malinga ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu kapena za ndale [7, 15]. Komanso, tawonetsedwa kuti ziweruzo za makhalidwe abwino zimakhudzidwa ndi gulu la anthu, ndipo ophunzira omwe ali pamwambamwamba ali ndi mwayi wosankha chisankho chochita zokhudzana ndi makhalidwe [6], chitsanzo choyankhira chimene chikukhudzidwa ndi kumvetsetsa kochepa kwa zowawa za ena [16].

Chachitatu, maphunziro ochulukirapo ochokera m'magulu a ubongo amasonyeza kuti zopereka zosiyana ndi zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndikupanga chidziwitso cha makhalidwe abwino. Malingana ndi chitsanzo cha mitundu iwiri ya ziweruzo za makhalidwe [2], kutengeka ndi kudziwitsidwa pa chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe kumasiyanasiyana malinga ndi zifukwa zina pavutoli. Ponena za nkhaniyi, zovuta zomwe wothandizirayo amachita pokhapokha zimayesedwa kuti ndi "umunthu" wamakhalidwe abwino. Kuphatikizanso apo, zovuta za makhalidwe zomwe zoipazi sizikuchitika mwachindunji ndi wothandizira, zimatchulidwa kuti "zopanda pake" [2, 8]. Kuwonjezera apo, zimatanthauzidwa kuti zovuta zaumwini zimakhala zokondweretsa udindo waumulungu (zomwe zikutanthawuza kuti kulakwitsa kwachitapo chiri chodziimira okha) komanso kusokonezeka kwazomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito (zolakwika zachitidwechi zimaweruzidwa chifukwa cha zotsatira zake zonse). Ngakhale kuti kufotokozera kweniyeni kwa kusiyanitsa kwa munthu payekha kwafunsidwa [17], kafukufuku wambiri adapeza chithandizo cha izi [18-20].

Chachinai, udindo wa kusiyana pakati pa kugonana ndi chiweruzo cha makhalidwe ndi nkhani yaikulu pa kafukufuku wamaganizo. Kwa zaka zambiri, kufotokoza kwakukulu kwa mutuwu kunalongosola amuna omwe ali ndi lingaliro labwino la chikhalidwe ndi amayi omwe ali ndi maganizo amodzi [21]. Komanso, zanenedwa kuti chiweruzo cha amayi chimasamala kwambiri za chisamaliro ndi chisamaliro cha makhalidwe, pamene amuna amakhala okhudzidwa kwambiri ndi nkhani za chilungamo [5]. Ngakhale kuti mkhalidwe wamakono wamakono uli wosakanikirana [22], kafukufuku waposachedwapa apeza kuti amayi amasonyeza kuti ali ndi mphamvu yeniyeni ya makhalidwe abwino komanso amalingaliro amphamvu kwambiri kuposa amuna, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti kusagwirizana pakati pa kugonana ndi ziweruzo za makhalidwe ndizopakatipakati ndi zosiyana zokhudzana ndi zoyipa zomwe zimayambitsa mavuto [4, 23].

Malingana ndi zomwe tafufuzazi, kafukufukuyu akuyesera kupitiliza kuyesa zotsatira za kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosagwirizana ndi zochitika zotsutsana ndi ziweruzo za makhalidwe. Zosangalatsa zokhazokha ndizozikhala zokoma pakati pa zolimbikitsa, motero kuti zimayesedwa ngati zogwirizana ndi zokondweretsa ndi amuna ndi akazi [24], ndipo ndatsimikizira kuti ndi imodzi mwa maphunziro ochititsa chidwi kwambiri okhudzidwa [25], komanso kuganizira zinthu monga nkhani ndi chikhalidwe [26; 27]. Zanenedwa kuti, pamene chiwonetsero chokhudzana ndi chilakolako chokhudzana ndi chilakolako chokhudzana ndi chilakolako chokhudzana ndi chilakolako chokhudzana ndi chilakolako chokhudzana ndi chilakolako chokhudzana ndi chilakolako chokhudzana ndi chilakolako chokhudzana ndi kugonana,28, 29]. Kupeza kwina, zakafukufuku zapitazo zimasonyeza kuti chiwonetsero chofuna kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula chimaphatikizapo kugwiritsanso ntchito zokhudzana ndi zosokoneza (mwachitsanzo, ndondomeko yowonongeka) yomwe imatsogolera ku mayankho osamveka kapena otsutsana [29]. Zoonadi, pali umboni wotsimikizira kuti zofuna zowonongeka zimachepetsera zizoloŵezi za otsogolera kuti ziwongolera njira zowonongeka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zowonjezereka kuzindikiridwa kusiyana ndi pamene chiwonetsero chiri pamwamba pa chidziwitso cha kuzindikira [30].

Chochititsa chidwi, kusokoneza maganizo kungachititse kuti pulogalamuyi ikhale yovuta, zomwe zimapangitsa ophunzira kuti azindikire ufulu ndi udindo ngati zogwirizana [31]. Kuwoneka uku kumawoneka, komabe, kukhala ochepa kwa amuna [32]. Komanso, pali umboni wotsimikizira kuti kugonana kungapangitse kuti zolinga zikhale zochepa, kupanga "njira zomveka zogwiritsira ntchito"33].

Choncho, ndizosangalatsa kufotokoza zotsatira za kukakamiza anthu kugonana. Ndi cholinga ichi, phunziroli likufotokozera mgwirizano pakati pa mitundu iwiri ya zinthu zomwe ziri zofunika kwambiri pakupanga chiweruzo cha makhalidwe: kugonana, chikhalidwe cha anthu, chikhalidwe cha mavuto ndi zochitika zina. Mwachindunji, popeza kuti zinthu zinayi izi zimadziwika kuti zimayambitsa chikhalidwe, timayesetsa kupeza zotsatira zazikulu za wina aliyense pa kuvomereza zochita zovulaza. Komanso, popereka chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha kafukufuku wamakono, nkhani yovuta yokhudza kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe kudzakhala ndi mwayi woweruza zoyipa ngati zovomerezeka. Kufufuza kafukufuku wakale pa chikhalidwe ndi makhalidwe [34, 14] tikuyembekeza kupeza kusiyana pakati pa chiweruzo cha makhalidwe pakati pa mayiko awiri osiyana. Kuonjezera apo, molingana ndi kafukufuku wosasindikizidwa wapitawo omwe akuwonetsa kuti zotsatira za kuganizira za makhalidwe abwino zimayendetsedwa ndi zikhalidwe, timaganiza kuti zotsatira zapadera zomwe zimayambitsa zokhudzana ndi zochitika zokhudzana ndi zochitika zokhudzana ndi zochitika zokhudzana ndi zochitika zokhudzana ndi zochitika zokhudzana ndi zochitika zokhudzana ndi zochitika zowonongeka (mwachitsanzo, ) zidzasinthidwa ndi makhalidwe a zitsanzo (kugonana, chikhalidwe) ndi cholinga (mtundu wa vuto). Choyamba, kufufuza kafukufuku wokhudza kugonana pokonzekera zochitika zokhudzana ndi kugonana [26, 28], tinkayembekezera kuti amuna azikhala okhudzidwa kwambiri ndi masewera olimbitsa thupi kuposa akazi. Chachiwiri, molingana ndi kafukufuku wosindikizidwa wapitalo kuchokera ku laboratori yathu, tinkayembekezera kuti anthu a ku Colombia sadzakhala ochepetsedwa kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe cha mabungwe akuluakulu kuposa a ku Spain. Chachitatu, tinkayembekezera kuti zovuta zathu (zomwe zimadziwika kuti tipeze maulendo angapo mu ubongo) zingakhale zovuta kwambiri kuzipikisano zoyipa kusiyana ndi zovuta.

Njira

Results

Tinaganizira deta pogwiritsira ntchito chiwerengero cha ziwerengero [42] ndi SPSS 20.0.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Timayika chiwerengero cha alpha ku .05, kupatula poyerekezera ndizomwe, zomwe kusintha kwa Bonferroni kunagwiritsidwa ntchito. Eta-squared ankagwiritsidwa ntchito poyerekeza kusiyana kwa kukula kwake.

Popeza kuti zonsezi ndizochepa kwambiri komanso nthawi yayitali yowonjezera yankho zingakhudze kwambiri chiwerengero cha kufotokozera ndi kufotokozera deta, tidayambanso kufufuza mayankho pa mayesero, poyang'ana pa nthawi zomwe zimayankhidwa. Zowonjezereka, chifukwa mayankho amayenera kukhazikitsidwa ndi momwe ophunzirawo amawonera, mawonedwe onse ndi nthawi zowonjezera zazikulu kusiyana ndi zomwe zikutanthawuza kuphatikizapo awiri a SD sanachotsedwe ku zongomaliza zomaliza (4.32% ya mayankho onse). Komanso, kuti tipewe mayankho omwe tinkayembekezera, tinanyalanyaza mayeserowa ndi nthawi yocheperapo kusiyana ndi 300ms (2.12% ya mayankho onse). Pomalizira, tinasintha zotsalira (93.55% za mayankho) mu mawonekedwe akuluakulu, kutanthauza tanthauzo la Zizindikiro za Likondwerero za mgulu uliwonses Zinthu (Mtundu wa Prime ndi Mtundu wa Dilemma) monga kusintha kwadalira. Kuchokera pano mpaka pano, ife timapanga zofufuza pa deta yosokonezedwa.

Tidasanthula malingaliro azikhalidwe komanso kusinthasintha kwa kufanana pakati pa mayeso a Shapiro-Wilks ndi Levene, motsatana. Mayeso a Mauchly ozungulira adachitidwanso. Lingaliro lililonse lidakwaniritsidwa moyenera. Chifukwa chake tidapanga ANOVA wosakanikirana pakati-ndi-mkati-wa 2x2x3 kuti tiwone zovuta pazomwe zili pakati pa mitu (Dziko: Colombia vs. Spain; Kugonana: amuna vs. akazi) pa ophunzira 'amatanthawuza zinthu zambiri mkati mwazifukwazi (Mutu wa Prime: ndale vs. zosangalatsa vs. kukonda; Mtundu Wotsutsana: Osadziwika vs. zaumwini).

Tapeza njira yaikulu ya kugonana, F(1,220) = 11.163, p = .001, η² = 0.051, 95% CI [0.008, 0.113]. Kufanizitsa pakati pa abambo ndi amai kunasonyeza kusiyana kwakukulu kwa tanthauzo (MD) ya 0.518 (95% CI [0.212, 0.824]), ndi amuna (M = 4.42, SD = 1.18) kusonyeza zizindikiro zapamwamba zowonjezera (mwachitsanzo, kuvomereza kuvomereza / kuweruzidwa kwa makhalidwe abwino) kuposa akazi (M = 3.902, SD = 1.116).

Panalinso dziko lalikulu, F(1, 220) = 5.909, p = .016, η² = 0.027, 95% CI [0.001, 0.080], kusonyeza kuti anthu ambiri a ku Colombi amalephera (M = 4.35, SD = 1.184) anali apamwamba (mwachitsanzo, kuvomereza koopsa / chiweruzo cha makhalidwe abwino) kuposa anthu a ku Spain (M = 3.97, SD = 1.188), ndi ofunika kwambiri MD ya 0.377, 95% CI [0.071, 0.683].

Mofananamo, Mtundu wa Dilemma unasonyeza zotsatira zofunikira kwambiri, F(1,220) = 68.764, p <.001, η² = 0.238 95% CI [0.147, 0.327], kutanthauza kuti ophunzira sangavomereze choipa (chiweruzo chowathandiza) pakuweruza zovuta zaumwini (M = 4.04, SD = 1.244) kuposa kusokonezeka kosadziwika (M = 4.281, SD = 1.194). Makamaka, chiwerengero chofunikira MD anali 0.241, 95% CI [0.183, 0.3]

Tinapezanso zotsatira zazikulu za mtundu wa Prime pa ziweruzo za makhalidwe, F(2,440) = 3.627, p <.027, η² = 0.027, 95% CI [0.000, 0.063]. Makamaka, tawona kuti ophunzira amakhala ovomerezeka kwambiri (chiweruziro) pamene chikhalidwe choyambitsa chikhalidwe chinayambitsidwa ndi kuponderezedwa (M = 4.205, SD = 1.24) kusiyana ndi ndale yosavomerezeka (M = 4.095, SD = 1.21). Chiwerengero chowerengera MD anali 0.11, 95% CI [0.004, 0.217]. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, zotsatira zimasonyeza kuti panalibe statistically kusiyana pakati pa zosangalatsa priming chikhalidwe (M = 4.182, SD = 1.27) ndi osalowerera ndale (M = 4,095, SD = 1.23) (MD = 0.087, 95% CI [0, 0.187]), kapena pakati pa zowonongeka kwambiri ndi zomwe zimakhala zosangalatsa (MD = 0.023, 95% CI [0, 0.128]).

Komanso, tapeza mgwirizano wofunika pakati pa Dziko ndi Mtundu wa Dilemma F(1, 220) = 8.669, p = .004, η² = .038, 95% CI [0.004, 0.098]. Kuyerekeza kwapaulendo kunawulula kuti, pofufuza momwe anthu amaweruziramo makhalidwe, anthu a ku Colombia (M = 4.271, SD = 1.218) anali ovomerezeka kwambiri kulandira kuvulaza kuposa maphunziro a Spanish (M = 3.809, SD = 1.232), F(1,220) = 8.309, p = .004, η² = .038, 95% CI [0.004, 0.096], ndi statistically significant MD = 0.463, 95% CI [0.146, 0.779]. Panalibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pazinthu zosaoneka. Koma ku Colombia, onse awiri, F(1,111) = 12.815, p = .001, η² = .004, 95% CI [0.000, 0.015], ndi anthu a ku Spain, F(1,111) = 69.024 p .001, η² = .018, 95% CI [0.000, 0.047] sanali ovomerezeka kuvomereza kuvulaza poweruza munthu payekha m'malo mopweteka. Izi ziyenera kuzindikiridwa, komabe, kuti kugwirizanitsa njira ziwirizi kunayesedwa ndi njira zitatu zomwe zanenedwa pansipa.

Zoonadi, kugonana pakati pa dziko limodzi ndi katatu kunali kofunika kwambiri, F(1,220) = 4.397, p = .037, η² = 0.02, 95% CI [0.000, 0.069]. Kuyerekeza kwapaulendo pogwiritsa ntchito magulu a alpha opangidwa ndi Bonferroni kunasonyeza kuti anthu a ku Colombiya (M = 4.651, SD = 1.217) amakhala ovomerezeka kwambiri kuposa amayi a ku Colombia (M = 4.205, SD = 1.139) poweruza zowonongeka, ndi MD ya 0.447, [0.015, 0.879], F(1,220) = 4.163, p = .043, η² = 0.090, 95% CI [0, 0.067]. Komabe, izi sizinali choncho pa zovuta zaumwini, F(1,220) = 1.384, p = .241, η² = 0.006, 90% CI [0, 0.042]. Komanso, amayi a ku Colombia ndiwo okhawo dziko la dziko la x x Kugonana kosagwirizana ndi chiwerengero cha chiwerengero chosiyana kwambiri poyerekezera chiweruzo cha makhalidwe abwino pa zovuta za umunthu komanso zaumunthu, F(1,55) = 0.882, p = .352. Mosiyana, amuna a ku Colombia (F(1,55) = 4.460, p <.02, η² = .001, 95% CI [0.000, 0.021]), akazi a ku Spain (F(1,55) = 49.746, p <.001 η² = .02, 95% CI [0.000, 0.041]), ndi amuna a ku Spain (F(1,55) = 24.013, p <.001, η² = .016, 95% CI [0.007, 0.053]), adasungirana kuwirizana komwe kunanenedwa pamwambapa (onani Chithunzi cha 1).

 

Chithunzi cha 1

Kutanthauza mayankho a makhalidwe abwino pogonana ndi dziko.

Monga momwe zinalili ndi a Colombiya, amuna a Chisipanishi ankasonyeza kuvomereza koipa kwambiri (ziweruzo zosagwira ntchito) kuposa akazi, onse osadziimira, F (1,220) = 8.714, p = .004, η² = 0.040, 95% CI [0.004, 0.099], ndi zovuta zaumwini, F (1,220) = 9.811, p = .002, η² = 0.045, 95% CI [0.006, 0.105]. Poyamba, poyerekeza amuna a Chisipanishi (M = 4.459, SD = 1.12) ndi akazi a ku Spain (M = 3.8121, SD = 1.16) MD inali 0.647 (95% CI [0.215, 1.079]). Poweruza zovuta zaumwini, kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa amuna a Chisipanishi ndi akazi a Chisipanishi kunali kwakukulu (MD = 0.771, 95% CI [0.264, 1.158]). Tawonani kuti pa mitundu yonse ya zovuta zomwe zotsatirazi zinali zazikulu kuposa zomwe zinapezeka ku Colombia.

Potsiriza, poyerekeza amuna ndi akazi pakati pa mayiko a mtundu uliwonse wa vuto, ife tazipeza izo, pamene akuweruza zovuta zaumwini, akazi a ku Colombia (M = 4.1378, SD = 1.199) anali ovomerezeka kwambiri kulandira kuvulaza kuposa akazi a ku Spain (M = 3.4532, SD = 1.15), F(1,220) = 9.097, p = .003, η² = 0.04, 95% CI [0.002, 0.131], kusonyeza MD ya 0.685 (95% CI [0.237, 1.132]). Panalibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa akazi pakati pa mayiko awiri pamene akuweruza zovuta, F(1,220) = 3.184, p = .076, ngakhalenso pakati pa anthu kuti ayesedwe, F(1,220) = 0.762, p = .384, kapena zovuta zaumwini, F(1,220) = 1.124, p = .29. Palibe zochitika zina zomwe zinagwirizanitsa chiwerengero cha chiwerengero cha alfine (onani Gulu 1).

 

Gulu 1

Likert Zikutanthawuza, Zomwe Zimayendera ndi 95 Zomwe Zimakhala Zokhudzana ndi Chikhulupiliro pazophatikizapo zigawo zina.

Kukambirana

Cholinga chachikulu cha kafukufuku wamakono chinali kufufuza zotsatira za zochitika zochitika, chikhalidwe cha anthu, chikhalidwe cha zovuta ndi kugonana kwa okhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe. Pogwiritsa ntchito mabuku omwe adafotokozedwa, zomwe zinatsindika kufunika kwa zifukwa zomwe tazitchula pamwambapa, tidaneneratu kuti ziweruzo za makhalidwe zidzasunthidwa pazifukwa zina. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, zinanenedweratu kuti zotsatira za chikhalidwe chokhazikika pamaganizo a makhalidwe abwino zidzakhala zosiyana malinga ndi kuyanjana ndi machitidwe a anthu omwe ali nawo payekha (pankhani ya kugonana ndi chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe) ndi zikhalidwe zachinsinsi (mtundu wa vuto).

Zotsatira zathu zinkatengera lingaliro lathu lalikulu. Tapeza kuti: a) zokhudzana ndi ndale zopanda malire, ziphuphu zolimbana ndi zolaula zimapangitsa kuti kuvomerezedwa kwabwino kukhale kovomerezeka (mwachitsanzo, ziweruzo zowonjezereka); b) okhudzana ndi anthu a ku Colombi, anthu a ku Spain adavomera kuvulaza zosayenera; c) zokhudzana ndi zovuta zowonongeka, zovuta zaumwini zimachepetsa kuvomereza kwa zovulaza; ndipo d) okhudzana ndi abambo, amai sankakhoza kuganizira zolakwika.

Choyamba, ngakhale kuti zotsatira za chiwonongeko cha chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe sichimaganizira zina, tinapeza zotsatira zazikulu zowonongetsa makhalidwe abwino. Mwachindunji, ife tinapeza kuti zopanda pake (koma osati zosangalatsa kapena zopanda ndale) zinawonjezera kuvomereza kovulazidwa. Poyamba, tikhoza kutanthauzira zotsatira zathu powatsimikizira kafukufuku wosonyeza kuti zomwe zimakhudza zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri (monga kusangalala) zimachepetsa zokonda za chikhalidwe [20], zomwe zimatanthawuza kuti kuchuluka kwa zokondweretsa kumachepetsa kukhumudwitsa kosayenera kuwonongeko. Kumbali ina, kutsata maphunziro apitalo sichigwirizana ndi chikhalidwe [43, 44], zikhoza kufotokozedwa kuti zosangalatsa zokhudzana ndi masewera olimbitsa thupi zimasamutsidwa (mosavuta misattributed) ku ziweruzo za makhalidwe.

Komabe, zotsatira zathu sizingathe kufotokozedwa kokha ponena za zotsatira za valence. Mwachitsanzo, maphunziro oyambirira [45] kuwonetsa kuti kupangitsa munthu kukhala ndi makhalidwe abwino (kuchitapo kanthu molimbikitsa) kunachulukitsa chiweruzo cha deontological chokayikira kutsimikizika kwa chigwirizano chokhazikika pamakhalidwe abwino. Chofunika kwambiri ndi chakuti, kupweteka kwapadera kunali kokha ku chikhalidwe chachisokonezo (koma osati chikhalidwe chokondweretsa) chikhoza kukhala chifukwa cha kukonda kwachisokonezo chokhala ndi chikhalidwe chokwanira muzitsulo. Zingathe kufotokozedwanso mothandizidwa ndi kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi kugonana kwachisokonezo, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti zotsatira za chiwonetsero chokhudzana ndi chilakolako chokhudzana ndi kugonana ndizodziwika bwino kwambiri [29, 30, 41].

Ponena za chidziwitso chotsitsimutsa, deta yamaganizo imasonyeza kuti kugonjetsedwa kwachidziwitso kwa chilakolako chokhudzana ndi chiwerewere kumapangitsa kuti ntchito zisawonongeke m'madera a ubongo okhudzana ndi chiwerewere [30]. Chochititsa chidwi, pali umboni wakuti kukonda kugonana kumasokoneza njira zopangira zisankho pamtundu [46] ndipo ankakonda njira yowathandiza [33]. Chifukwa chake, mwina tinganene kuti kukonda zolaula kumathandiza kuti munthu avomereze chifukwa cha zochitika zowononga chifukwa cha zochitika zokhudzana ndi kugonana pakati pa ophunzira, zomwe zikugwirizana ndi zotsatira zapitazo [33] zikhoza kutsogolera chizoloŵezi chowunikira cha chiweruzo cha makhalidwe. Popeza kuti sitinaphatikizepo chiyeso chilichonse chokhudzana ndi kugonana, mfundo imeneyi iyenera kuyankhidwa ndi kufufuza kwina.

Inde, n'kofunika kuzindikira kuti, pofotokoza zochitika zowonongeka, zowonetsera zachikhalidwe zonse za valence ndi kukweza zithunzi za IAPS n'zosiyana kwambiri pakati pa abambo ndi amai. Makamaka, zithunzi zolaula zimawerengedwa ngati zokondweretsa komanso zolimbikitsa kwambiri kuposa amuna (S1 Text, wonaninso [31-34]). Komabe, popeza sitinapeze kuti kugonana kwa anthu omwe adagonana nawo kumapangitsa kuti ziwonongeko zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu zisinthe, zotsatira zathu zimasonyeza kuti zotsatira za masewera olimbitsa thupi sizinali zogwirizana ndi kusiyana pakati pa kugonana muzithunzi komanso zowonongeka za zithunzi zolaula. Kupeza izi kungatanthauzidwe pogwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku wakale wokhudzana ndi zosokoneza, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti chiyanjano pakati pa mtundu umenewu ndi zithunzi zolaula komanso zovomerezekazo zinali zosagwirizana [28, 30]. Kuwonjezera apo, kuti palibe kusiyana pakati pa ndalama zogonana ndi zosangalatsa (zomwe ziri ndi zofanana zofanana ndi zomwe sizikhala zandale), zikuwonetsa kuti palibe valence kapena kudzutsa mwa iwo eni akhoza kufotokozera momveka bwino zotsatira zake

Chotheka china chiri chakuti mapulaneti okhudzana ndi zolaula amachititsa chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe chogwirizana ndi malingaliro a malingaliro. Pali umboni wotsimikizira kuti kukakamiza anthu kugonana kumalepheretsa kulingalira kwa bungwe (ndi chifukwa chake, udindo wa wothandizira) komanso kuwonjezera malingaliro awo (zomwe zimapangitsa kuwonedwa kovulazidwa kwa wozunzidwa) [47]. Malingana ndi zofukufukuzi, zotsatira zathu zikanasonyeza kuti zotsatira za masewera olimbitsa thupi m'malingaliro amalingaliro akugwiritsidwa ntchito pambali ya bungwe. Makamaka, zotsatira zathu zikutanthauza kuti kuchepetsedwa kwa udindo wovomerezeka wa wothandizirayo kudzakulitsa chivomerezo cha chikhalidwe cha zochitika zoyipa.

Kufotokozera kwina kumachokera ku njira yolekanitsa, yomwe imati mphamvu za malingaliro ndi zofuna za anthu mkati mwa anthu angathe kudziimira mosiyana [48]. Chifukwa chake, kuti ndalama zowonongeka zowonjezera zimapangitsa kuti chivomerezo chikhale chokwanira chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kapena kuchepa kwa zizoloŵezi zopindulitsa kapena zamaganizo, motero. Monga tanena kale, zotsatira za Ariely ndi Loewenstein [33] amasonyeza kuti kukakamiza kugonana kumachepetsetsa zofuna za dziko, zomwe zingapangitse zilakolako zogonana. Mwinanso, tiyenera kulingalira kuti zowonongeka zowonongeka zimachepetsera zizoloŵezi zowonongeka ndi zamaganizo; kuonjezera kuvomereza kwa zovulaza mu zovuta zamakhalidwe abwino (zomwe dzenje la deontological vs. zofuna zamaganizo) monga zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito mu phunziro lino [48].

Chachiwiri, kufufuza uku kunapangidwa kuti athetsere kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha chiweruzo. Zotsatira zathu zatsimikiziranso kuti mayankho ku zothetsa chikhalidwe amakhala okhudzidwa ndi "Dziko", kutanthawuza kukhalapo kwa kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe potsata zovuta za makhalidwe. Makamaka, tawona kuti ngakhale kuti panalibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa mayiko omwe sankachita chikhalidwe chabwino, akazi a ku Colombia anali ovomerezeka kwambiri kuposa amayi a ku Spain chifukwa cha khalidwe labwino. Zoonadi, chiweruzo cha amayi a ku Colombia chinali chimodzimodzi pa zochitika zaumwini komanso zosagwirizana ndi anthu, zomwe zimayesetsanso zoyenera kusiyana ndi chitsanzo cha ku Spain, chomwe chinapangitsa kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa mitundu yonse ya makhalidwe abwino.

Chachitatu, ife tinapeza kuti mtundu wa chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe (deontological vs. zogwiritsa ntchito) zinkakhudzidwa ndi mtundu wa vuto, pomwe ophunzira sakhala ovomerezeka kulandira zovulaza pakakhala zovuta zaumwini kusiyana ndi zovuta zapadera. Izi zikugwirizana ndi kafukufuku wammbuyo pa kusiyana kwaumwini / kosadziwika. Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, zikuganiziridwa kuti potsutsana ndi zovuta zowonongeka, chiweruzo cha makhalidwe cha zovuta zaumwini chimakhala ndi mbali yaikulu ya maulendo a maganizo, omwe amachititsa ziweruzo zambiri za makhalidwe abwino [2, 49].

Chotsatira, cholinga chachikulu cha kafukufuku wamakono chinali kuyesa ngati kusiyana kwa kugonana kumagwirizana ndi zina zowonjezera monga kugonjetsa kugonana ndi chikhalidwe (dziko) pakupanga chiweruzo cha makhalidwe. Tinawona kuti kugonana kumakhudza kuweruza kwa makhalidwe, mpaka panthawi zonse, akazi sankalola kulandira choipa kuposa amuna. Zotsatira zathu zimapereka lingaliro lopambana pa kafukufuku wokhudza kusiyana kwa kugonana pa ziweruzo za makhalidwe, zomwe zimanena kuti, poyerekezera ndi amuna, akazi ali ndi nkhaŵa zowonjezereka za chikhalidwe ndi zovulaza ndi umboni chikhalidwe chodziwika kwambiri cha chiweruzo cha makhalidwe [4, 23]. Ponena za chidziwitso ichi, nkofunika kuvomereza kuti, ngakhale kusiyana kwa kugonana mwachisomo kumawoneka kuti akuwongolera kulingalira kwa njira [50], kafukufuku wambiri wapeza kuti amai nthawi zambiri amayesa bwino poyesedwa, kumvetsetsa, ndi kuzindikira zozizwitsa kusiyana ndi amuna [51-53]. Kuwonjezera apo, kafukufuku wamaganizo amasonyeza kuti akazi amapanga malo okhala ndi mirror neurons pamlingo wapamwamba kusiyana ndi amuna, kuwonetsa kuti maulendo a neural omwe amachitira chifundo amasiyana mosiyana ndi kugonana [54].

Phunziroli liri ndi zochepa, ndipo kulingalira kwa izi kuyenera kuthandizira kukonza kafukufuku wamtsogolo. Mwachitsanzo, sitinaphatikizepo chikhalidwe chilichonse cha chikhalidwe cha anthu, chomwe chimadziwika kuti chimachita chiweruzo [6]. Kuwonjezera apo, ndiyenera kutchula kuti, ngakhale kuti IAPS zoyendera zachikhalidwe nthawi zonse zimagwirizanitsa pakati pa Colombia ndi Spain, kusiyana kunadziŵika mu chikhalidwe cha kudzutsa [39]. Komabe, nkofunika kukhala osamala za kusiyana kwa mtundu umenewu, chifukwa chakuti zithunzi zolaula zomwe zatsimikiziridwa ku Spain ndi Colombia ndizochepa chabe komanso zimasiyanasiyana.

Pomalizira, zotsatira zathu zimatsimikizira kuti kugonana, chikhalidwe ndi zochitika zina ndizofunika kwambiri pakuzindikiritsa makhalidwe, komanso kuti njirazi zimagwirizanirana ndi makhalidwe abwino. Chifukwa cha zotsatirazi, kufufuza kwina kuyenera kufufuza zotsatira za zinthu zotere m'madera osakhalidwe abwino, monga ziweruzo za chikhalidwe cha anthu kapena chiweruzo chokongoletsa. Timaganiziranso kuti maphunziro a mtsogolo kuphatikizapo chipatala angathandize kumvetsetsa kwathu mbali ya kusiyana kwake komanso momwe amachitira zinthu ndi zifukwa zomwe zikuchitika pakupanga chiweruzo cha makhalidwe abwino.

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Ndondomeko ya Zothandizira

Phunziroli linalimbikitsidwa ndi kafukufuku FFI2013-44007-P (Government Spanish: Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness). Ogulitsawo analibe gawo pa kupanga maphunzilo, kusonkhanitsa deta ndi kusanthula, chisankho chofalitsa, kapena kukonzekera malembawo.

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Deta zonse zoyenera zili mkati mwa pepala ndi ma fayilo Opatsirana Othandizira.

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