Kupititsa patsogolo Zosowa Zogonana Mogwirizana ndi Anthu Omwe Ali ndi Ngongole Zopondereza (2014)

Ndemanga: Mechelmans DJ, Irvine M, Banca P, Porter L, Mitchell S, et al. (2014) Kupititsa patsogolo zofuna zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa anthu omwe ali ndi ziwalo zolimbana ndi kugonana. PLoS ONE 9 (8): e105476. yani: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0105476

Editor: Leonardo Chelazzi, University of Verona, Italy

Zilandiridwa: March 12, 2014; Zavomerezedwa: July 20, 2014; Lofalitsidwa: August 25, 2014

Copyright: © 2014 Mechelmans et al. Ichi ndi nkhani yotseguka yolumikizidwa pansi pa mawu a Chilolezo cha Creative Commons Licribution, zomwe zimaloleza ntchito, kugawidwa, ndi kubwezeretsa mwachinthu chilichonse, kupatsa wolemba woyambirira ndi chitsimikizo.

Kupezeka kwa Data: Olembawo amatsimikizira kuti deta yonse yomwe ikupezeka pazimenezi zikupezeka popanda chopanikizika. Deta zonse zoyenera zili mkati mwa pepala.

Ngongole: Phunziroli linkaperekedwa ndi ndalama kuchokera ku bungwe loyanjana labwino la Wellcome Trust (093705 / Z / 10 / Z). Dr. Potenza anathandizidwa mwa magawo a ndalama za P20 DA027844 ndi R01 DA018647 kuchokera ku National Institutes of Health; Dipatimenti ya State Connecticut ya Mental Health ndi Addiction Services; chipatala cha matenda a maganizo a Connecticut; ndi malo ofunika kwambiri pa kafukufuku wotchova njuga ku National Center of Gaming Responsible. Ogulitsawo analibe gawo pa kupanga maphunzilo, kusonkhanitsa deta ndi kusanthula, chisankho chofalitsa, kapena kukonzekera malembawo.

Zofuna zokakamiza: Olembawo adanena kuti palibe zotsutsana.

Introduction

Mchitidwe wogonana wokakamiza (CSB), womwe umatchedwanso kuti matenda opatsirana pogonana kapena kugonana, ndi wamba ndipo umakhala wovuta kwambiri [1]. Ziwerengero za CSB zakhala zikuchokera ku 2% mpaka 4% m'misinkhu ndi achinyamata omwe ali ndi koleji, omwe ali ndi chiwerengero chomwecho m'maganizo odwala matenda a maganizo [2]-[4]. CSB yakhala ikuyendetsedwa ngati matenda osokoneza maganizo kapena mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena "khalidwe" [5]. Malingana ndi deta yomwe ilipo, kutchova juga (kapena vuto la kutchova njuga) posachedwapa linalembedweratu ku DSM-5 monga chizolowezi chochita khalidweli [6]. Komabe, ngakhale zoyenera za matenda a hypersexual ndi zovuta zina zinaperekedwa kwa DSM-5 [7], zovuta zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsira ntchito kwambiri pa intaneti, masewero a kanema kapena kugonana sizinali mbali ya DSM-5, mbali imodzi chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa deta [8]. Choncho, kufufuza kwina pa CSB ndi momwe zingasonyezere zofananako ndi zosiyana ndi zovuta zogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala zingathandize pa ntchito zachitukuko ndi chitukuko cha kupewa ndi kuchiza. Pano tikuyang'ana zofuna zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi anthu omwe alibe ndi CSB, ndikuyika zotsatirazi pa phunziro lachidziwitso kwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala.

Kusokonezeka kwa chizoloŵezi choledzeretsa kumakhala kosavuta kumvetsera mosamala za mankhwala osokoneza bongo [9]-[15]. Anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala akuwonetsa kusokoneza chidziwitso cha chidziwitso pamaso pa zokhudzana ndi mankhwala [16]. Zolingalira zowonongeka zingatanthauzidwe ngati zizoloŵezi zoganiza kuti zimakhudzidwa ndi zochitika zomwe zili mkati kapena kunja. Njira imodzi yomwe ingathandize kuti anthu asamangoganizira za mankhwala osokoneza bongo akhala akukonzekera kuti awonetsere chiphunzitso cholimbikitsa. Kupyolera mu chikhalidwe chachikhalidwe, mobwerezabwereza kuwirirana ndi mankhwala, mankhwalawa amachititsa kuti azikhala ndi mphamvu komanso amathandizidwe. Kulimbikitsana kumatanthawuza kuti mankhwala osokoneza bongo amatha kukhala okongola kwambiri, motero kumvetsetsa, kumathandiza kuti anthu azikhala ndi makhalidwe abwino ndikukhala 'ofuna' [16]-[18]. Zomwe zimadetsa nkhawa zokhudzana ndi zinthu zokhudzana ndi zinthu zakuthupi zakhala zikuwonetsedwa muzovuta zogwiritsira ntchito mowa, nicotine, nkhono, opiates ndi cocaine (zowonongedwa mkati [19], [20]-[22]). Ma paradigms angapo apangidwira kuti azindikire zoperewera zamalonda kuphatikizapo ntchito zoyendetsa maso, Posner ntchito, zosiyana ndi mankhwala a Stroop ntchito ndi ntchito ya probe dot. Zosokonezeka m'maso poyang'ana zokhudzana ndi mankhwala zakhala zikuwonetsedwa mwa osuta fodya [23] komanso anthu omwe ali ndi zizolowezi za cocaine [24]. Kusinthidwa kwa Stroop Task, chidakwa Stroop [19], amaonetsetsa chidwi pazinthu zofunikira zokhudzana ndi matenda mwa kulowetsa mawu a mtundu wa mawu odzutsa mawu [25]. Komabe, zanenedwa kuti chizoloŵezi cha ntchito ya Stroop chikhoza kunyozedwa ndi kuyesa kuthetsa kukonda kapena kusinthasintha kayendedwe ka chidziwitso chifukwa cholakalaka m'malo mochita chidwi [26], [27]. Kuledzera Ntchito zowonongeka zimayesa kuyesa kapena kulepheretsa kukonda kapena kusokoneza maganizo omwe amachititsa kuti anthu asamangokhalira kusamala, ndipo samayang'anitsitsa zofunikira zomwe zimachititsa chidwi, monga kusamalidwa kapena kusokonezeka [28], [29]. Mosiyana, ntchito yofufuzira timapepala [30], [31] pamene malo a pulojekiti kapena ndondomeko ya dotolo imagwiritsidwa ntchito ponena za malo owonetsera mankhwala osagwirizana ndi mankhwala kapena ndale, amalola kuti pakhale kuwunika ndikuwongolera njira [29], [32]. Miyeso yowonongeka yowonetsedwa ndi Stroop ndi ntchito yofufuza kafukufuku siyeneranso kugwirizanitsa [28], [33] zotsatizana ndi zochitika zogwirizana ndi njira zosiyanasiyana monga kuyanjidwa ndi kugawidwa. Choncho, ngakhale ntchito zosiyana zimayang'ana pazovuta, njirazo zimasiyanasiyana.

Tinafanizira nkhani za CSB ndipo timagwirizana ndi odzipereka omwe ali ndi thanzi pogwiritsa ntchito pulojekiti ya pulojekiti kuti tipeze zowonongeka pazinthu zolimbana ndi zolaula komanso zosavomerezeka. Monga momwe chiwonetsero cha chiwonetsero chimasonyezedwa kuti chimakhala ndi mbali ngati zigawo zikuyankhidwa kumayambiriro koyendetsera kayendedwe kapenanso kapepala kake kachitetezo [34], [35], mayankhowo anagawidwa kukhala oyambirira komanso ochedwa latulus latencies. Tinayerekezera kuti zofanana ndi zovuta zogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo, omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV, poyerekeza ndi odzipereka omwe ali ndi thanzi labwino angapangitse nthawi yowonongeka kapena yofulumizitsa zochitika zokhudzana ndi kugonana poyerekeza ndi zosakhudzana ndi zochitika zapadera koma osati kumalo osalowerera ndale poyerekeza ndi chotsatira chosalowerera ndale choyambirira.

Njira

Kulemba ndi kufufuza

Nkhani za CSB zidatumizidwanso kudzera pa malonda ndi Intaneti. Odzipereka odzipereka adatengedwa kuchokera ku malonda ochokera ku East Anglia. Kuwunika kwa otsogolera a CSB kunkachitika pogwiritsa ntchito Internet Test Screening Test (ISST) [36] ndi kafukufuku wopangidwa ndi ofufuza. Masewera a CSB anafunsidwa ndi katswiri wa zamaganizo kuti atsimikizire kuti zida zogonana za CSB zakhala zikukwaniritsa (zofuna zowonongeka za matenda a hypersexual, zoyenera zokhudzana ndi chiwerewere [7], [37], [38]), poyang'ana kugwiritsira ntchito zovuta zogonana pa Intaneti.

Zophunzira zonse za CSB ndi odzipereka omwe ali ndi zaka zogwirizana ndi zaka zakubadwa zinali zamphongo komanso zogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha malinga ndi chikhalidwe cha cues. Odzipereka odzipereka anafanana mu 2: chiwerengero cha 1 ndi maphunziro a CSB. Njira zosakondera Kuphatikiza kukhala osakwana zaka 18, mbiri yazovuta zakugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, wogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo (kuphatikiza nthendayi), komanso kukhala ndi matenda amisala, kuphatikiza kukhumudwa kwakukulu kwaposachedwa (Beck Depression Inventory> 20) kapena kukakamira kwambiri chisokonezo, kapena mbiri yakale ya matenda ochititsa munthu kusinthasintha zochitika kapena schizophrenia (Mini International Neuropsychiatric Inventory) [39]. Matenda ena osokoneza bongo kapena ochita zinthu molakwika (kuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito masewera a pa Intaneti kapena masewera olimbitsa thupi, kutchova njuga kapena kugula zovuta, ubwana kapena akuluakulu odwala matenda osokoneza bongo, komanso matenda ozunguza bongo) monga momwe aphunzitsi amatsutsira.

Ophunzira anamaliza UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale [40], Beck Depression Inventory [41] ndi Mkhalidwe Wachikhalidwe Nkhaŵa Zofunikira [42] kuyesa kutengeka, kudandaula ndi nkhawa, motero. The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-R anawona zovuta zowonongeka ndi Kuyesedwa kwa Alcohol-Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) [43] amayesa mikhalidwe yoopsa yakumwa. Kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti pafupipafupi kunayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito Young's Internet Addiction Test (YIAT) [44] ndi Compulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS) [45]. Chiyeso cha Kuwerenga Pakati pa Akuluakulu [46] ankagwiritsidwa ntchito kupeza mndandanda wa IQ. Chiwerengero chovomerezedwa cholembedwa chinaperekedwa, ndipo phunzirolo linavomerezedwa ndi Komiti ya University of Cambridge Research Ethics. Ophunzira adalipidwa chifukwa chotenga mbali.

Dot ntchito yofufuza

Ophunzira amawonera makompyuta poika manja awo akumanzere ndi olondola a kalata 's' ndi 'l' ya makinawo. Ophunzira adauzidwa kuti adzawona zithunzi ziwiri (kuphatikizapo zithunzi zolaula) zotsatiridwa ndi dothi lobiriwira (Chithunzi 1). Cholinga cha ntchitoyo chinali kuwonetsa mwamsanga momwe mbali yomwe dothi lobiriwira linayambira. Zithunzi zinasonyezedwa mtanda wotsogolera (kutalika kwa 500-1000 msec), wotsatiridwa ndi zithunzi ziwiri zomwe zakhala zikuphatikizidwa kumanja ndi kumanzere kwa mtanda (nthawi 150 msec). Zithunzizo zinatheratu pambuyo pa mtanda wina (kutalika 100-300 msec), ndi chithunzi chobiriwira (150 msec). Chophimba chobiriwira chinawonekera kumanzere kapena kumanja kwa chinsalu mkatikati pomwe zithunzizo zinkawonetsedwa kale. Izi zinatsatiridwa ndi mtanda wina waukulu wa 1750 msec kuti alowetse yankho. Zithunzi ziwirizo zinali ndi chidziwitso komanso chithunzi choletsa kulowerera. Panali zochitika za 3: ndondomeko yofotokoza za kugonana pakati pa mwamuna ndi mkazi), chidziwitso chachisoni (mkazi wachikazi) ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu osalowererapo (mkazi wovala). Nthawi zonse izi zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi zithunzi zopanda ndale za mipando yomwe ili ndi zithunzi za mipando imodzi. Ntchitoyi inkayenda pang'onopang'ono kudzera muzochitika zitatu komanso kudzera mu zithunzi za 15 zosiyana kuchokera ku zikhalidwe zonsezi. Ntchitoyi inkayenda pang'onopang'ono kupyolera muzitsulo makumi atatu zosalowerera ndale. Chophimba chobiriwira chinapezeka mwachangu mbali iliyonse ya chinsalu. Ophunzira adayesedwa ndi mayesero a machitidwe a 5 akutsatiridwa ndi mayesero a 40 pachikhalidwe cha mayesero onse a 120. Ntchitoyi inalembedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu a Prime 2.0.

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Chithunzi 1. Dot ntchito yofufuza ndikusamala kwambiri.

Dot ntchito yofufuza. Cues (A, B) amaimira chiwonetsero chogonana, chokhudzidwa kapena chosaloŵerera pakati pa akazi chophatikizidwa ndi zandale zonyamula zandale zomwe zimapezeka pambali iliyonse. Zida zimayenera kufotokoza mbali yomwe masamba akuwonekera akugwiritsira ntchito imodzi mwa makina awiri ofunikira. Gululi likuyimira chidwi ((Nthawi yotsatila (RT) yothandizira - Kuyeza kwa RT) / (RT control + test test) Kuwunikira koyambirira poyerekeza pakati pa nkhani zokhudzana ndi kugonana (CSB) ndi odzipereka (HV) . Ziphuphu zolakwikazo zimayimira zolakwika zofanana za tanthauzo.

onetsani: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0105476.g001

Zotsatira zake zinali kusiyana pakati pa nthawi (RTdiff) pakati pa cues (osagwirizana, osadziwika, osalowerera ndale) komanso maulendo awiri omwe sagwirizana nawo (RTneutral - RTcue) / (RTneutral + RTcue).. Monga momwe chizoloŵezi cha mphukira chisanachitike (kuyambitsa kuyambitsa; SOA) chawonetsedwa kukhala ndi gawo ngati nkhani zikuyankhidwa mwapang'onopang'ono kapena yankho loletsa kulepheretsa [34], [35], mayankhowa adagawidwa m'magulu awiri osiyana siyana pogwiritsa ntchito stimulus latency (oyambirira SOA: 150 ms stimulus kuphatikizapo 100-200 ms kukhazikika = 250-350 ms; mochedwa SOA: 150 ms stimulus kuphatikiza 200-300 ms kukhazikika = 350-450 Ms).

Kusanthula kusanthula

Makhalidwe ndi mitu yamafunso amafananizidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mayeso odziyimira pawokha kapena mayeso a Chi-mraba. Zambiri za RTdiff zidawunikidwa kuti zithetsedwe (zambiri> 3 SD pamwambapa zikutanthauza gulu) ndipo mayeso oyeserera adachitidwa pogwiritsa ntchito Shapiro-Wilkes (P> 0.05 imawonedwa ngati yogawidwa). Popeza kuchuluka kwa RTdiff kwa Zinthu Zowonekera sikunagawidwe kawirikawiri (P = 0.007 ya 250-300 msec; P = 0.04 ya 350-450 msec), kusanthula kopanda parametric kunachitika. Tidafanizira RTdiff pakati pamagulu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mayeso a Kruskal-Wallis akuyang'ana ku SOA yoyambirira. Tinayang'ana pa a priori lingaliro loti kukondera koyambirira kwa SOA kukhoza kukhala kofotokozera momveka bwino motsutsana ndi ndale koma osati kwa munthu wosalowerera ndale motsutsana ndi ndale yopanda mbali mu maphunziro a CSB poyerekeza ndi odzipereka athanzi. P <0.05 imadziwika kuti ndi yofunika. Kusanthula kwina monga maulamuliro a Erotic motsutsana ndi ndale kwa ma SOA oyambilira ndikuwunika kwa SOA mochedwa kunachitika poyeserera. Kuti tiwone momwe SOA imakhudzira moyo wathu, tinayerekezeranso koyambirira motsutsana ndi SOA yam'mawu omasulira omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo za Kruskal-Wallis pagulu lirilonse pofufuza.

Results

Amuna makumi awiri ndi awiri ogonana amuna ndi akazi omwe ali ndi CSB (zaka zowonjezera zaka 25.14 (SD 4.68) ndi zaka 44 zofanana (zaka zowonjezereka zaka 24.16 (SD 5.14)) Amuna odzipereka omwe ali ndi moyo wathanzi popanda CSB anayesedwa. Mitu iwiri ya 22 CSB inali kudwala matenda ovutika maganizo kapena anali ndi vuto lodziwika bwino la nkhaŵa komanso nthendayi (N = 2) kapena chikhalidwe cha anthu (N = 1) kapena mbiri yaunyamata ya ADHD (N = 1). Makhalidwe a nkhani za CSB akufotokozedwa Gulu 1. M'mayesero odziimira Kruskal-Wallis omwe akuyang'ana pa a priori maganizo, masewera a CSB anali okhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zofuna zowonongeka (P = 0.022) koma osati kwa anthu osalowererapo (p = 0.495) oyambirira SOA (Chithunzi 1). Kufufuza kofufuzira, panalibe kusiyana pakati pa zosokoneza zachinyengo (p = 0.529) zoyambirira za SOA kapena kufotokoza, zowoneka kapena zosavomerezeka za munthu kumapeto kwa SOA (p = 0.529, p = 0.382, p = 0.649) (Chithunzi 2).

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Chithunzi 2. Stimulus latency ndi yaiwisi amayamba nthawi zambiri.

A. Stimulus latency. Maphunziro okhudzana ndi nkhanza akuwonetsedwa kwa anthu omwe ali ndi chilakolako chogonana (CSB) ndi odzipereka (HV) omwe amagwira ntchito molimbika (HT: 250-350 msec; Late 350-450 msec). B. Kusintha kwa nthawi yochitira zinthu komanso kuwonetsa zochitika za CSB ndi HV. Ziphuphu zolakwikazo zimayimira zolakwika zofanana za tanthauzo.

onetsani: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0105476.g002

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Gulu 1. Makhalidwe.

onetsani: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0105476.t001

Pofufuza, odzipereka athanzi anali ndi chidwi chochulukirapo pakufotokozera momveka bwino mochedwa poyerekeza ndi SOA yoyambirira (p = 0.013) koma panalibe kusiyana pakati pa ma latency m'maphunziro a CSB (p = 0.601). Mofananamo panalibe kusiyana pakati pa ma SOAs pa nkhani yosalowererapo poyerekeza kuyerekeza koyambirira motsutsana ndi ma SOA am'mbuyomu odzipereka (p = 0.404) kapena maphunziro a CSB (p = 0.550). Panalibenso kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pamagulu amtundu wonse wa RTs kuzinthu zosagwirizana kapena zoyeserera zandale pazinthu zonse ndi zoyambitsa ma SOAs (onse p> 0.05) (Chithunzi 2).

Masewera a CSB (chiwerengero chokongola: 8.16, SD 1.39) anali ndi chidwi chofanana cha anthu osalowerera nawo omwe amadzipereka odzipereka (7.97, SD 1.31; p = 0.63). Ophunzira onse adanena kuti sanayambe awonapo zofotokozera zomwe zimafotokozedwa.

Kukambirana

Pogwiritsira ntchito ntchito ya pulojekiti, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'ana zowonongeka, timasonyeza kuti nkhani za CSB zakhala zikukweza chidwi chokhudzana ndi kugonana koma osati ndale cues.in zoyambirira za SOAs. Zomwe zapezazi zikusonyeza kuti kuyankhidwa koyambirira kwapadera kumayenderana pakati pa CSB ndi mfundo zolaula.

Njira zowonongeka kuti zikhale zowonjezera komanso zowoneka bwino zikhoza kusonyeza chikhalidwe chokhazikika chomwe chimapangitsa kuti anthu asamalowerere (zolimbitsa thupi) zowonongeka (zosavomerezeka kapena zopatsa chiwerewere), kotero kuti chotsatiracho chimapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala ndi chidwi chokhazikika monga chikhalidwe chokhudzidwa kapena chokhumba. Potsatira chikhalidwe, izi zowonjezera kapena zoledzeretsa zimakhala ndi zolimbikitsa zokhazokha zomwe zimapangitsa kukhala osasamala, kukonda chidwi ndi kukhala 'wofuna' [16], [17]. Maphunziro ena okhudza udindo wa chikhalidwe cha CSB akuwonetsedwa.

Izi zowonjezera zimapangitsa kuti anthu ayambe kuchita chidwi. Ntchito yathu imayesetsanso kuthetsa vutoli. Zithunzi zowonetsedwa zochepa zoposa 200 msec zimakhala zovuta kusonyeza chidwi choyamba. Zolinga zimafuna osachepera 50 msec kuti asinthe chidwi chake [47] komanso osachepera 150 msec kuti asiye kuchoka kumalo osavuta kupita kumalo ena osiyana siyana [48]. Mosiyana, nthawi yayitali ya 500 kwa 1000 msec ingawonetse kusintha kwambiri [49], kusonyeza kusagwirizana ndi kusamalira chidwi, ngakhale kuti sikuti maphunziro onse asonyeza izi [50]. Mu phunziro lathu, chidziwitsochi chinaperekedwa kwa 150 msec pambuyo polemba mfundo kuti zikhale zovuta zowonjezera za 250 ku 350 msec kwa oyambirira SOA ndi 350 ku 450 msec kwa mochedwa SOA. Timasonyeza kuti nkhani za CSB zinali zogwirizana kwambiri ndi ndondomeko ya Explicit koma osati ndale poyerekeza ndi odzipereka odzipereka kwa oyambirira SOA koma palibe kusiyana pakati pa malemu SOA. Tikuwonetseranso pofufuza kuti anthu odzipereka omwe ali ndi thanzi labwino ali ndi chiwerengero chowonjezereka pofika kumapeto kwa SOA. Izi zikusonyeza kuti kusiyana pakati pa magulu kumayambiriro kwa SOA kungagwirizane ndi njira zowonongeka koyambirira mu gulu la CSB. Kusiyana kwa kusiyana pakati pa magulu pa nthawi yochedwa stimulus latency kumayenderana ndi kukonda kwambiri anthu odzipereka omwe angathenso kuchepetsa nthawi komanso osayankhidwa. Maphunziro ena okonzedweratu kuti athetse mavuto osachepera a 100 mpaka 200 msec akuwonetsedwa. Udindo wa kudziletsa ukhoza kukhala ndi zotsatirapo pa nthawi ya maonekedwe. Mwachitsanzo, anthu omwe amamwa mowa mwauchidakwa amasonyezedwa kuti ali ndi chidwi chenicheni pa nthawi yochepa ya mowa (100 msec) koma osasamala ndi kuyankha kwa nthawi yayitali (500 msec) [34], [35]. Kutanthauzira kwa zomwe zapezedwa ndi zovuta za Stroop zitha kukhala zovuta chifukwa cha kuyesayesa kwa anthu kupondereza kapena kuletsa kukondera kapena kuchepa kwa kuzindikira kwazotsatira zakulakalaka [26], [27]. Zowopsya izi zingakhale zovuta kwambiri ndi ntchito ya probe yapalasi, makamaka ndi ma SOAs aang'ono, ngakhale kuti pa ntchito iliyonse yomwe ikukhudzidwayo imayesedwa ndi zokopa zomwe zingachititse kukwatira kapena kukhumba. SOA imapereka ndondomeko ya zomwe zimachitika pakuwona zithunzi ndi kusamala. Phunziro lathu loyambirira likusonyeza kuti njira zoletsera zikhoza kukhala zosagwirizana ndi maphunziro a CSB mwina kwa latency mpaka 450 msec. Maphunziro amtsogolo kuphatikizapo nthawi yayitali ya 500 msec amasonyezedwa kuti awone ntchito zomwe angathe kuchita kuti asamangidwe ndi kusamalidwa..

Mwinanso, zotsatira zikhoza kuwonetsa zotsatira za kudziwidwa ndi gulu la stimuli zofotokoza muzochitika za CSB. Cholinga chothandizira kugwiritsira ntchito paokha -khazikika chifukwa cha kusowa kwa kusiyana pakati pa chidwi chogwiritsira ntchito ntchito ya Stroop kwa odwala ndi gulu la ogwira ntchito mu malo ogwiritsa ntchito [51]. Kafukufuku waposachedwapa wagwiritsanso kuti pali mgwirizano pakati pa chisankho choyang'ana pazowonongeka za paradigm zomwe zimagwirizana ndi kudziwonetsera kwaokha [52]. Komabe, kafukufuku pogwiritsa ntchito ntchito ya pulojekiti yomwe idayesa kusokoneza chizoloŵezi chodziwika ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza masewera okonda masewera otsutsana ndi anthu osakonda masewera samalephera kusonyeza kusiyana kulikonse kumayambiriro a SOA a masewera a masewera pamene chidwi chodziwika bwino chinasonyezedwa kwa osuta otentha Poyamba SOA ya kusuta fodya. Phunziroli lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pa kusokonezeka kwadzidzidzi limasonyeza kuti kuyambanso kukonda anthu omwe amasuta fodya kumayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito ntchito ya pulogalamu yamakono sikumayenderana ndi chidziwitso [53]. Choncho, ngakhale kudziwa ndi gulu lolimbikitsa kungakhale ndi gawo, sikungakhale kofunikira kwambiri poyambanso kukonzekera chidwi pa ntchito ya pulojekiti.

Kuti kuyang'ana koyambirira kwa zofuna zowonongeka kunali kofanana pakati pa maphunziro a CSB ndi odzipereka odzipereka anali osadalirika, akutsindika kuzindikira kwa chilakolako chogonana. Amuna odzipereka omwe adziwonetsa bwino adziwonetsa kuti ayambe kukonzekera ndi kuyang'anira monga momwe chiwerengero cha nthawi yoyamba ndi nthawi yokonzekera yowonongeka yowonongeka poyang'anitsitsa zokhudzana ndi kugonana poyerekeza ndi zovuta zomwe sizinasankhidwe [54]. Mofananamo, abambo ndi amai omwe ali ndi thanzi labwino amaganizira kwambiri matupi kusiyana ndi nkhope zowonongeka [55]. Amuna olemekezeka amasonyezanso kuti amaikira amai moyenera poyerekeza ndi amuna poona zovuta zowonongeka komanso zosayenera. [56]. Mofananamo, pogwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko ya kafukufuku wa dotolo ndi SOA ya 500 msec, kupititsa patsogolo chidwi chogonana kwa odzipereka odzipereka kwawonetsedwa kuti chikugwirizana ndi chikhumbo chokwanira chogonana [57]. Motero, zomwe tapeza zikusonyeza kuti zovuta zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyana ndizo zimasinthidwa mosiyana ndi zochitika zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha CSB ndi odzipereka odzipereka. Kufotokozera momveka bwino kungakhale kofanana ndi zomwe zimaphatikizapo maphunziro a mankhwala osokoneza bongo, motero kumapangitsa kuti anthu azitha kuonetsetsa kuti ali ndi chidwi chokhazikika komanso kuti athandize anthu omwe ali ndi CSB, koma mwa odzipereka omwe ali ndi thanzi labwino, zolimbikitsa zowonongeka sizingagwirizane ndi zochitika zokhudzana ndi kugonana, komabe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kukondweretsa. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, zovuta zokhudzana ndi zachiwerewere zingakhale zofanana zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magulu onsewa monga zokhudzana ndi kugonana.

Zomwe tikupeza panopa zimagwirizana ndi zomwe taona posachedwapa kuti nkhani za CSB zakhala zikukwaniritsa zochitika zokhudzana ndi kugonana mu ventral striatum, amygdala ndi dorsal anterior cingulate ntchito, womwewo umagwiriridwa ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo. [58]. Kuti mndandanda wa neuralwu umagwirizanirana ndi maphunziro a CSB ndi chikhumbo chowonjezeka kapena kufuna ndi kusakondweretsa amapereka chithandizo cha ziphunzitso zolimbikitsa zomwe zikugwira ntchito ku CSB. Kusanthula kozama zafukufuku wophatikizapo mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kuphatikizapo mowa, nicotine ndi cocaine, zikuwonetseratu ntchito yothandizira mankhwala osokoneza bongo mu ventral striatum, dorsal anterior cingulate (dACC) ndi amygdala. kukhumba mu dACC, pallidum ndi ventral striatum [59]. Pogwiritsa ntchito ntchito yolemba kafukufuku wa dotti kuti asamalire kwambiri, anthu omwe amamwa mowa mwauchidakwa amasonyezedwa kuti ali ndi chidwi chokhudzana ndi mankhwalawa ndi ntchito yowonjezera mu orbitofrontal cortex, ventral ndi dorsal striatum ndi amygdala [60]. Olembawo ankanena kuti kuchuluka kwa chidwi cha zinthu zokhudzana ndi zinthu zomwe zimakhudzana ndi zinthu zokhudzana ndi zinthu zomwe zimagwirizanitsa ndi zinthu zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi mphotho monga ACC ndi striatum, chifukwa cha kuchitidwa kwadzidzidzi m'madera amenewa. Zomwe tikupeza panopa zowonjezera chidwi ndi zochitika zokhudzana ndi kugonana mu maphunziro a CSB zimapereka chithandizo cholimbikitsira njira zolimbikitsira ntchito mu CSB.

Phunziroli liri ndi malire ambiri. Zophunzira za amuna okhaokha komanso akazi okhaokha zinaphunziridwa, ndipo maphunziro a m'tsogolo ayenera kuyang'ana anthu omwe ali ndi zosiyana zogonana ndi akazi [61]. Ngakhale kuti nkhanizi zinakwaniritsa zochitika zenizeni zowunikira komanso zowonongeka zokhudzana ndi kugonana pogwiritsa ntchito miyeso yambiri yotsimikiziridwa, pakalipano palibe njira yeniyeni yogwiritsira ntchito CSB, motero imalepheretsa kuti zotsatirazi zitheke. Kafukufuku wamtsogolo ayenera kufufuza ngati izi zingakhale zokhudzana ndi khalidwe kapena khalidwe. Mtengo wa zaka zolephereka ukhoza kuchepetsa mphamvu zowonjezera. Ngakhale zosiyana zosiyana zowonetsera zojambula zinkasonyezedwa mwachindunji zokhudzana ndi zojambula zosiyana siyana, chidziwitso chofunika cha zithunzi zoletsa kulowerera sizikhala zochepa kusiyana ndi zithunzi zomwe zimaperekedwa mobwerezabwereza. Zojambulazo zimagwirizananso ndi zojambulazo zomwe anthu amawayerekezera ndi zinthu. Zolinga zam'tsogolo ziyenera kufanana ndi maulendo owonetsera mafano omwe amachititsa kuti asamangidwe komanso azigwirizana ndi magulu a anthu m'malo mwa zinthu (mwachitsanzo, anthu awiri akukambirana ngati machesi a Chiwonetsero).

Kusamala kwamtunduwu ndi mbali yowonjezera madalitso ndi masoka achilengedwe amasonyeza zomwe zingathandize kuti anthu asamangokhalira kumangoganiza kuti ndizofunikira kwambiri pazomwe zimayambitsa matenda. [62]. Zomwe timapeza pazinthu zamakono za CSB zimasonyeza kuti n'zosatheka kuti munthu ayambe kuganizira za mankhwala osokoneza bongo omwe amachitika pofufuza za mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Zotsatirazi zikugwirizana ndi zomwe zapeza posachedwapa za maulendo a zithunzithunzi zokhudzana ndi kugonana mu CSB mu intaneti yomwe ikufanana ndi zomwe zimaphatikizapo maphunziro a mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso kupereka chithandizo cholimbikitsana malingaliro okhudzana ndi chizoloŵezi chogonjetsa kugonana kwa CSB.

Tikufuna kuthokoza onse omwe adagwira nawo phunziro ndi ogwira ntchito ku Wolfson Brain Imaging Center. Channel 4 inathandizidwa pakuthandizira ndi kuitanitsa poyika malonda okhudza intaneti pa phunzirolo.

Ndondomeko ya Zothandizira

Phunziroli linkaperekedwa ndi ndalama kuchokera ku bungwe loyanjana labwino la Wellcome Trust (093705 / Z / 10 / Z). Dr. Potenza anathandizidwa mwa magawo a ndalama za P20 DA027844 ndi R01 DA018647 kuchokera ku National Institutes of Health; Dipatimenti ya State Connecticut ya Mental Health ndi Addiction Services; chipatala cha matenda a maganizo a Connecticut; ndi malo ofunika kwambiri pa kafukufuku wotchova njuga ku National Center of Gaming Responsible. Ogulitsawo analibe gawo pa kupanga maphunzilo, kusonkhanitsa deta ndi kusanthula, chisankho chofalitsa, kapena kukonzekera malembawo.

Zothandizira