Kupitirizabe kuonera zolaula? Kugwiritsira ntchito mosamala kapena kusasamala za kugonana kwa pa Intaneti pazinthu zambirimbiri zikugwirizana ndi zizindikiro za kugonana kwa pa Intaneti (2015)

J Behav Addict. 2015 Mar 1;4(1):14-21. doi: 10.1556/JBA.4.2015.1.5.

Schiebener J1, Laier C1, Chizindikiro M2.

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Kudalirika

Mbiri ndi zolinga

Anthu ena amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa Intaneti, monga zolaula, mwauchidakwa, zomwe zimawopsa kwambiri pamoyo wawo kapena ntchito. Njira imodzi yomwe imatsogolera ku zotsatira zovulaza ingachepetse mphamvu zoyendetsera kuzindikila ndi khalidwe limene lingakhale lofunikira kuti lizindikire kusintha pakati pa kugonana ndi ntchito zina ndi maudindo a moyo.

Njira

Pofuna kuthetsa vutoli, tafufuza otsogolera amuna omwe ali ndi 104 ndi maulamuliro akuluakulu omwe ali ndi maofesi awiri: Mmodzi mwa iwo anali ndi zithunzi za anthu, ndipo ena anali ndi zithunzi zolaula. Zonsezi ziyika zithunzizo kuti zikhale zosiyana malinga ndi zifukwa zina. Cholinga chodziwikiratu chinali kugwira ntchito pazogawa zonse kuti zikhale zofanana, posintha pakati pa ntchitoyi ndi ntchito yoyenera.

Results

Tinawona kuti ntchito yochepetsetsa yambiri m'maganizo amenewa akugwirizanitsidwa ndi chizoloŵezi chapamwamba cha kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ozunguza bongo. Anthu omwe ali ndi chizoloŵezi chimenechi nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito mopitirira muyeso kapena kunyalanyaza kugwira ntchito pa zithunzi zolaula.

Kukambirana

Zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa kuti kuchepa kwa akuluakulu pazowonjezereka kuchitapo kanthu, pamene akukumana ndi zolaula, kungapangitse makhalidwe osayenerera ndi zotsatira zoipa zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kugonana kwa pa Intaneti. Komabe, anthu omwe ali ndi zizoloŵezi zogonana ndi ogonana akuoneka kuti ali ndi chizoloŵezi chopewa kapena kufotokozera zolaula, monga momwe zanenedwa mu zokopa zolimbitsa thupi.

Keywords: Kugwiritsa ntchito Intaneti, mafilimu a pa Intaneti, zithunzi zolaula pa Intaneti, zowonjezereka, zowonongeka, zizindikiro za psychopathological

MAU OYAMBA

Anthu ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti m'njira yogwira ntchito. Chikhalidwe chimodzi cha ntchito yogwiritsa ntchito intaneti, yosakhala ndi vuto ndikuti intaneti ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pokwaniritsa ndi kukwaniritsa zosowa ndi zolinga (Mtundu, Achinyamata & Laier, 2014). Zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti ogwiritsira ntchito pa intaneti akhoza kusokoneza maulendo a intaneti pamene zofuna zina zikulimbikitsani kapena kuti angathe kuthetsa mosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito Intaneti pamene zolingazo zifika. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, ogwiritsa ntchito pa intaneti angathe kusintha pakati pa intaneti ndi zinthu zina mu cholinga-njira yokwanira. Komabe, m'zaka zapitazo chinachitika chodabwitsa chomwe chimatchedwa kuti "Internet". Chodabwitsachi sichinasinthidwe ku machitidwe apadziko lonse (ICD-10; DSM-IV-TR; DSM-V; Dilling, Mombour & Schmidt, 1999; Saß, Wittchen & Zaudig, 1996), koma Chisokonezo cha Masewera a pa Intaneti chaphatikizidwa kumapeto kwa DSM-V. Ngakhale kuti chikhalidwe monga chizoloŵezi chokhala ndi khalidwe labwino chimafotokozedwanso (cf., Brand et al., 2014; Charlton & Danforth, 2007; Davis, 2001; Kuss & Griffiths, 2012b; Kuss, Griffiths, Karila & Billieux, 2013; LaRose, Lin & Eastin, 2003; Meerkerk, van den Eijnden, Vermulst & Garretsen, 2009; O'Brian, 2010; Petry & O'Brien, 2013; Starcevic, 2013; Achichepere, 2004), olemba ambiri amati zizindikirazo zikufanana ndi zizolowezi: Anthu omwe akhudzidwa amakhala ndi chidwi chogwiritsa ntchito intaneti, achepetsa kuwongolera momwe amagwiritsira ntchito intaneti, osayesetsa kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti, akuwonetsa zisonyezo zakusiya kusakhala pa intaneti, kunyalanyaza zochitika zachitukuko komanso zantchito, ndikupitiliza kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti ngakhale mutakumana ndi zovuta zobwereza (mwachitsanzo, Griffiths, 2000; Morahan-Martin, 2008; Weinstein & Lejoyeux, 2010; Achinyamata, 1998).

Chinthu chofunika kwambiri cha kuledzeretsa kwa intaneti chikuwoneka mwa kutaya mphamvu pazogwiritsa ntchito (Brand et al., 2014). Kafukufuku wamakono akuwongolera kumvetsetsa njira zomwe zimachokera ku kusowa kwa mphamvu. Timati njira imodzi mwa njirazi ndi kulephera kuyendetsa chidziwitso pa kuzindikira ndi khalidwe lomwe ndilofunikira kusintha pakati pa intaneti ndi ntchito zina za moyo pa cholinga-chokwanira. Pano, timaganizira kwambiri za chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito Intaneti pa Intaneti. (Onani mwachitsanzo, Davis, 2001; Kuss & Griffiths, 2012a; Meerkerk, van den Eijnden & Garretsen, 2006). Njira yatsopano yopita kukafotokozera za chizoloŵezi cha intaneti idaperekedwa Brand et al. (2014). Kuchokera pazidziwitso-khalidwe lachizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito Intaneti Davis (2001), Brand et al. (2014) Anapereka mafanizo atatu omwe akufotokoza zowonongeka ndi njira zogwiritsira ntchito ntchito pa intaneti, kugwiritsa ntchito Intaneti moyenera, ndi kuwonetsa kwa intaneti, mwachindunji. Kugonana kwa pa Intaneti ndi njira imodzi yodalirika ya intaneti (Meerkerk et al., 2006; Achinyamata, 2008), kupatula pa masewera a pa intaneti. Brand et al. (2014) Onetsani kuti zikhalidwe ziwiri za umunthu zimapangitsa munthu kukhala pachiopsezo cha chitukuko ndi kukonza zovuta zowonjezera pa intaneti, monga chizoloŵezi chogonana pa Intaneti. Chikhalidwe choyamba cha umunthu ndikulingalira kosadziwika bwino ndi zizindikiro za maganizo. Maphunziro angapo amasonyezadi kuti zizoloŵezi zowononga kugonana ndi kugonana zimagwirizana ndi zizindikiro zowonongeka, kukhumudwa, maganizo, nkhawa, kusungulumwa, kapena kukhala ndi moyo wabwino (mwachitsanzo, Brand et al., 2011; Kuss & Griffiths, 2012a; Pawlikowski & Brand, 2011; Pawlikowski, Nader, et al., 2013; Philaretou, Mahfouz & Allen, 2005; Putnam, 2000; Schwartz & Kumwera, 2000). Chikhalidwe cha munthu wachiwiri ndikulingalira koyenera kulandira kukondwa kwakukulu kuchokera kuzinthu zina. Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku anapeza kuti munthu angayambe kukhala ndi chizolowezi chogonana ndi kugonana ndi azimayi pogonana kwambiri.Bancroft & Vukadinovic, 2004; Cooper, Delmonico & Burg, 2000; Cooper, McLoughlin & Campell, 2000; Kafka, 2010; Salisbury, 2008). Kupititsa patsogolo kugwirizanitsa ntchito (mwachitsanzo, chifukwa chokakamiza kugonana) ndi kulimbikitsa zoipa (mwachitsanzo, chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa malingaliro olakwika) amauzidwa kuti athandizidwe ku chikhalidwe komanso chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito intaneti mobwerezabwereza, ngakhale zotsatira zoipa (Brand et al., 2014). Kuwonjezera apo, anthu amatha kukhala ndi vutoli kuti ayambe kuchitapo kanthu chifukwa cha zizoloŵezi zokhudzana ndi chizoloŵezi choyambitsa matendawa (reactivity); Lingaliro limeneli lathandizidwa pokhudzana ndi kugonana pa Intaneti mu maphunziro apitalo (Brand et al., 2011; Laier, Pawlikowski, Pekal, Schulte & Brand, 2013).

Brand et al. (2014) ananenanso kuti kuwonongeka kwa kugwiritsira ntchito mowa ndi njira yaikulu pa intaneti. Kukhala ovomerezeka ku ntchito ya intaneti "kumapangitsa kuti kukhale kovuta kwambiri kuti munthu azidziwa bwino kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti, ngakhale kuti zotsatira zovuta zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti zimakhalapo panthawi yake" (p. 3; Brand et al., 2014). Brand et al. (2014) adanena kuti kuyendetsa chidziwitso kumachepa makamaka pamene anthu akukumana ndi zovuta zawo (mwachitsanzo, zolaula).

Kawirikawiri, kukhazikitsidwa kwa kayendetsedwe ka khalidwe ndi kulingalira ndizozindikira zamaganizo zomwe zimagwiridwa ndi ntchito yotsogolera (Anderson, Anderson & Jacobs, 2008; Kuzizira & D'Esposito, 2011) Amatsogoleredwa makamaka ndi chigoba chapamtunda (mwachitsanzo, mbali ya dorsolateral) ndi zina zazing'ono zamadera (mwachitsanzo, zigawo za basal ganglia) (onani mwachitsanzo, Alvarez & Emory, 2006; Jurado & Rosselli, 2007; Stuss & Knight, 2013). Malamulo oyang'anira ntchito ndi chitsanzo, kusokoneza, kusinthika, kukonzekera, kuyang'anira, kuyang'anira njira, komanso kugwiritsira ntchito kukumbukira ndi kupanga chisankho (Baddeley, 2003; Borkowsky & Burke, 1996; Jurado & Rosselli, 2007; Miyake et al., 2000; Shallice & Burgess, 1996; Smith & Jonides, 1999).

Zithunzi zolaula zimachepetsa ntchito zogwira ntchito zoyang'anira machitidwe omwe amafunika kuwonetsa machitidwe kapena zochitika mwamsanga (ie kutcheru / kulepheretsa) (Macapagal, Janssen, Fridberg, Finn & Heiman, 2011; Ambiri, Smith, Cooter, Levy & Zald, 2007; Pembedzero, Janssen & Hetrick, 2008; Wright & Adams, 1999), kugwira ntchito kukumbukira (Laier, Schulte & Brand, 2013), kapena kupanga chisankho (Laier, Pawlikowski & Brand, 2014). Ntchito yochepetsetsa / kuchepetsa ntchito ndi ntchito za kukumbukira ntchito zapezeka kuti zikugwirizana ndi kukwera kwamtundu wa kugonana (Macapagal et al., 2011) kapena munthuyo ayenera kuwona maliseche (Laier, Schulte ndi al., 2013). Zotsatirazi zimagwirizana ndi chidziwitso kuti kuyang'anira ndi kulingalira kwa chidziwitso kungathe kusokonezedwa ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zokhudzana ndi kugonana.

Malo amodzi omwe amafuna kuti akuluakulu azilamulira ndi cholinga chokhala ndi zolinga zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, munthu wogwiritsa ntchito Intaneti pa Intaneti akhoza kukhala ndi malo ojambula zithunzi zolaula panthaŵi imodzimodziyo ntchito zina za moyo zikuganizira zomwe sizingagwirizane mofanana, koma atangomaliza kugwiritsa ntchito Intaneti. Kukhoza kugwira ntchito pazokambirana, komanso njira zogwirira ntchito zingaphatikizepo mbali zingapo za ulamuliro wotsogolera, monga kuyang'anira ndondomeko yomaliza ya ntchito zosiyanasiyana, kuchotsa zolaula, ndikusunthira kuntchito zina (onani mwachitsanzo, Burgess, 2000; Burgess, Veitch, de Lacy Costello & Shallice, 2000; Mwamuna, Hawkins, Evans, Woldt & Robertson, 2002; Shallice & Burgess, 1996).

Popeza kuti kuchuluka kwa ntchito kumafuna njira zoyendetsera maulamuliro ndikupatsidwa kuti zolaula zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi zowonongeka zimatha kusokoneza ulamuliro wotsogolera, tinaganiza kuti kuchepetsa kuthekera kokwanitsa kuchita zinthu zambiri zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi mgwirizano wa chiwerewere. Tinkayembekezera kuti ogwiritsa ntchito chizoloŵezi cha kugonana ndi "kugonana" ndi "kugwiritsidwa" ndi zofuna zogonana ngakhale kuti cholinga chofuna kusamalira ntchito zina ndi zofanana.

Kuwonjezera apo, potipatsa mbali yofunikira ya maganizo a psychopathological kwa kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ozunguza bongo, tinaganiza kuti anthu omwe ali ndi mavuto aakulu a maganizo aumphawi komanso ofooka omwe angathe kuthana ndi zochitika zolaula ayenera kukhala ndi zizindikiro zambiri zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa pa Intaneti.

NJIRA

ophunzira

Tinafufuza 104 amuna osagonana amuna okhaokha - omwe adatumiziridwa ndi maofesiwa - ku Dipatimenti ya General Psychology: Cognition ku yunivesite ya Duisburg-Essen. Kutsatsa kufotokozedwa kuti phunziroli likukhudza zolaula za pa intaneti zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso kuti zolaula zowonongeka zidzafotokozedwa. Ophunzira adalandira € 10 / ora kapena ngongole za maphunziro. Gulu 1 imasonyeza zochitika zokhudzana ndi zitsanzo za chitsanzo.

Gulu 1. 

Khalidwe lachikhalidwe cha zitsanzo (zonse: amuna osagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha)

Njira

Multitasking - Kusinthanitsa Kusakaniza zolaula (BSTporn)

Pa kafukufuku wamakono, BST - paradigm yamakina ochuluka ndi makompyuta omwe ali ndi manambala ndi mawonekedwe, adayambitsidwa poyambirira tokha ngati njira yowunika (Schiebener et al., 2014; Gathmann, Schiebener, Wolf & Brand, 2015) - adali ndi zithunzi.

Mu BSTporn, ophunzira ali ndi cholinga chokwaniritsa ndalama zofanana pa ntchito iliyonseyi mwa kusintha pakati pawo. Pali zigawo ziwiri zolimbikitsa:

"Munthu zithunzi": Zithunzi za mwamuna ndi mkazi akuyendayenda kapena kuthamanga kuphatikizapo kumanja komwe kumanja kapena kumanzere komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Zithunzi zolaula ": Zimakhala ndi zithunzi zolaula zomwe zimaonetsa kugonana kapena kugonana pakati pa mwamuna ndi mkazi, kuchitika mu chipinda kapena kunja.

Ntchito zinayi ndi izi:

Ntchito 1 (munthu zithunzi): Sonyezani ngati kuthamanga kumapita kumtunda kumanzere (dinani "d") kapena kumanja ("f").

Ntchito 2 (munthu zithunzi): Sonyezani ngati awiriwa akuyenda ("j") kapena kuthamanga ("k").

Ntchito 3 (zithunzi zolaula): Sonyezani ngati zochitikazo zikuchitika mkati ("d") kapena kunja ("f").

Ntchito 4 (zithunzi zolaula): Onetsetsani ngati chithunzichi chikuwonetsa mawere ("j") kapena kugonana ("k").

Ndi malo osungirako mpata omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito akhoza kusinthana pakati pa maselo awiri. Muyikidwa, ophunzira akhoza kusinthana pakati pa ntchito, posinthasintha pakati pa makiyi omvera ("d", "f" / "j", "k"). Chikoka chimodzi chokha chimaperekedwa pa nthawi. Ntchito imodzi yokhayo iyenera kuchitidwa ndi mphamvu iliyonse.

Ophunzirawo apatsidwa zolinga zitatu: Gwiritsani ntchito ntchito zonse mofanana momwe mungathere, konzekerani zokambiranazo moyenera, ndipo yesetsani kuchita zovuta zambiri (poyankha mofulumira). Amadziwitsidwa kuti kusinthasintha pakati pa seti ndi bhala lapakati kumatenga nthawi. Lamuloli linagwiritsidwa ntchito kuonjezera nthawi yomwe ophunzirawo amakhala pansi pa chigawo chimodzi chomwe chiyenera kuwonjezera katundu pa kufufuza.

Magulu onse ogwira ntchito ndi ntchito yonse akuchitidwa. Oyesera anaonetsetsa kuti ntchitoyo imamveka. Ntchitoyi imaperekedwa kwa mphindi zinayi, kawiri. Pambuyo pa nthawi iliyonse ndemanga zokhudzana ndi zolinga zitatuzi zimaperekedwa. Pambuyo pa nthawi yoyamba ophunzira akukumbutsidwa za ntchito zinayi ndi ntchito ya makiyi. Zotsatira zake ndi izi:

1:% setPersonPictures (= [chiwerengero cha zithunzi zomwe zafotokozedwa pazomwe zili ndi anthu / nambala ya zithunzi zomwe zaperekedwa pa ntchito yonse] * 100).

2:% setPornographicPictures (= [chiwerengero cha zithunzi zomwe zili pazithunzi ndi zithunzi zolaula / zithunzi zomwe zaperekedwa pa ntchito yonse] * 100).

3: Kusiyanitsa kuchoka muyeso. Kupatuka pa kulingalira kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati kusinthika kwakukulu kwa kuyesa ntchito ya BSTporn. Kusinthasintha kotereku kumasonyeza momwe munthu wapatutsira kuchoka pa ntchito ziwirizi kuti zikhale zofanana. Makhalidwe apamwamba amasonyeza kupotoka kwakukulu kuchokera ku cholinga ichi. Mchitidwewu umachokera ku fomu yopangira chiwerengero cha kusokonekera kwa chitsanzo. Choyamba, chiwerengero cha chiwerengero cha chiwonetserochi chinaperekedwa mkati mwa magawo onse awiri (otchulidwa pansipa ndi% setPersonPictures ndi% setPornographicPictures). Kuchokera pamtengo umenewu mtengo wofanana wa ntchito (50% muyikidwa) unachotsedwa. Zotsatirazo zinali zayilo. Zotsatira zinasindikizidwa ndikuphatikizidwa ndi ziwiri. Ndiye muzu unatengedwa. Zotsatira zotheka zimachokera ku 0% mpaka 50%.

kupatuka pa kulingalira = √ [((% setPersonPictures - 50) 2 + (% setPornographicPictures - 50) 2) / 2]

4: Njira yopotoka: Njira yopotoka ikufotokozera kuti ndi chithunzi chiti chomwe wophunzira adayesera kusiya. Zosintha zosiyanasiyana kuyambira -100 mpaka 100. Phindu la 0 limatanthawuza kuti zonsezi zimagwiritsa ntchito nambala yofanana ya zithunzi. Phindu la -100 limatanthauza kuti zithunzi zokha za anthu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, + 100 imasonyeza kuti zithunzi zolaula zokha zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zosintha:

Kusokonekera =% setPornographicPictures -% setPersonPictures.

Kusintha kwa maganizo pafupipafupi - Mwachidule Symptom Inventory (BSI)

Mu BSI (Boulet & Bwana, 1991) anthu akuwonetsa momwe iwo anavutikira kwambiri ndi matenda a 53 kapena matenda m'masiku asanu ndi awiri apitawo ("0 = palibe" mpaka "4 = kwambiri"). Pali zizindikiro za 9 zizindikiro: Zizindikiro zowonjezereka, kupsinjika maganizo, nkhawa, kukhumudwa kwa phobic, kuganiza zamaganizo, kusokoneza mtendere, kudana, zokhudzana ndi maganizo, kudzikweza. Kuyeza: Monga muyeso waukulu tinagwiritsira ntchito Global Severity Index (BSI-GSI), kuwonetsera kuopsa kwa zizindikiro za psychopathological.

Zizindikiro za kugwiritsira ntchito pa Intaneti pa-sex-s-IATsex

S-IATsex ndi yochepa kwambiri ya Internet Addiction Test (Pawlikowski, Altstötter-Gleich & Brand, 2013) asinthidwa pa malo opatsirana pogonana pa intaneti. Malingaliro monga "pa intaneti" ndi "Internet" adasinthidwa ndi "kugonana pa Intaneti" komanso "malo opatsirana pogonana pa Intaneti" (mwachitsanzo, "Ndi kangati mumapeza kuti mumakhala pa Intaneti pafupipafupi kuposa momwe mumafunira?"). S-IATsex ili ndi zinthu khumi ndi ziwiri ndi msinkhu wa zisanu kuchokera ku 1 (= konse) mpaka 5 (= kawirikawiri). Mayesowa ali ndi zigawo ziwiri: "Kutaya nthawi / kasamalidwe ka nthawi" ndi "kukhumba / mavuto a anthu". Zitsanzo: Tinali ndi chidwi ndi kuvutika kwakukulu kwa zotsatira zoipa zomwe zimabwera chifukwa cha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa Intaneti. Choncho, tinagwiritsa ntchito mapepala a s-IATsex, omwe angachoke ku 12 kufika ku 60, monga chiyeso chachikulu (Cronbach's alpha = .84). S-IATsex yagwiritsidwa ntchito mmaphunziro angapo apitalo ndipo ikufotokozedwa mmenemo mwatsatanetsatane, mwachitsanzo Laier, Pawlikowski, Pekal et al. (2013).

Kusanthula kusanthula

Detayi inafufuzidwa ndi IBM, SPSS Statistics Version 21.0. Zolumikizana ndizogwirizana za Pearson, kuyanjana pakati pa mitundu iŵiri monga kutsogolo kwa kusintha kofanana kunayesedwa ndi kusanthula koyendetsera kayendedwe kameneka (kuyesedwa koyambirira pambali Cohen, Cohen, West & Aiken, 2003).

Ethics

Ophunzira onse adapereka chidziwitso chodziwitsidwa pamasom'pamaso musanayambe kufufuzidwa ndipo phunzirolo linavomerezedwa ndi komiti yamakhalidwe apanyumba.

ZINTHU

Nthawi zambiri, zitsanzo za s-IATsex ndi BSI-GSI zinali zosiyana, monga zodziwika kuchokera kumayambiriro akale oyambirira (Brand et al., 2011; Laier, Pawlikowski, Pekal et al., 2013). S-IATsex ndi BSI-GSI ndizolemekezeka kwambiri kuphatikizapo nkhani zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa kugonana ndi matenda a psychopathological. Mu BSTporn, machitidwe ambiri anali pafupi kwambiri koma palinso kusiyana kwakukulu (onani Gulu 2).

Gulu 2. 

Mafotokozedwe ofotokoza BST, BSI-GSI, ndi s-IATsex

 

S-IATsex inali yolumikizidwa bwino ndi kupatuka kukhazikitsidwa mu BSTporn komanso ndi BSI-GSI. Komabe, zolemba za BSTporn zomwe zikuyimira kutsogolera kwa kusokonekera sizinagwirizane ndi s-IATsex. Zolumikizana zonse zitha kupezeka Gulu 3.

Gulu 3. 

Kugwirizana pakati pa zikhalidwe za BST, BSI-GSI ndi s-IATsex

 

Poyesa kuganiza kuti makamaka anthu omwe ali ndi kugwirizanitsa maganizo ndi kugwirizanitsa ntchito zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa anthu ambiri amakhala ndi chizoloŵezi chokwanira kugwiritsira ntchito chiwerewere,Cohen et al., 2003). Muyeso yoyamba ya chitsanzo choyambitsanso, ndi ma s-IATsex mpikisano wosiyana, monga BSI-GSI (psychopathological predisposition) inafotokozera kwambiri 11% ya kusiyana kwa s-IATsex, R2 = .11, F(1, 102) = 12.35, p <.001. Mu gawo lachiwiri, kupatuka kosiyanasiyana kuchokera pamiyeso (magwiridwe antchito ochulukirapo) kudafotokozera momveka bwino zina za 6% zakusiyana kwa s-IATsex, ∆R2 = .06, ΔF(1, 101) = 7.76, p = .006. Muyeso lachitatu, mgwirizano pakati pa zowonongeka ziwiri (BSI-GSI inachulukana ndi kupotoka kwa kusungidwa) kunafotokozera kwambiri 4% yambiri ya S-IATsex, ΔR2 = .04, ΔF(1, 100) = 4.88, p = .030. Zina zowonongeka zimatha kupezeka Gulu 4. Kuyanjana kwachitsulo kukuwonetsedwa ndi zosavuta zofufuza, mkati Chithunzi 1.

Gulu 4. 

Makhalidwe a chiwerengero cha kusintha kwa s-IATsex monga kusintha kwadalira
Fanizo la 1. 

Zotsatira za njira yosavuta yowonongeka ya kugonjetsedwa koyendetsedwa ndi s-IATsex monga kusintha kwadalira ndi BSI-GSI ndi BST kusiyanitsa kuchoka muyeso monga zowonetsera

 

Mzere wofiira pa chiwonetsero ukuwonetsa kuti anthu omwe ali otsika pang'ono kuchoka pamsinkhu wawo anali otsika s-IATsex maphunziro osadziwika ngati anali ndi apamwamba kapena otsika BSI-GSI maphunziro. Choncho, malo otsetsereka sanali ofunika, t = 0.75, p = .457. Mosiyana, mzere wakuda ukuwonetsa kuti makamaka anthu okhala ndi kutaya kwakukulu kuchokera kuyeso, pamodzi ndi ma BSI-GSI ambiri, ali ndi apamwamba kwambiri a-IATsex scores, t = 4.03, p <.001. (Chonde dziwani kuti: "Mapamwamba" ndi "otsika" akuyimira kuyerekezera kwa omwe akutenga nawo gawo limodzi pamwambapa kapena pansi pa tanthauzo la chitsanzocho. Pakuwunikaku sikofunikira kugawa chitsanzocho (Cohen et al., 2003).)

Ngakhale kuti chiwerengero chonse chopotoza chinagwirizanitsidwa ndi s-IATsex, zizindikiro zosonyeza ntchito yochuluka ndi imodzi mwa maselo awiri sizinali. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, mavuto omwe ogwiritsa ntchito apamwamba a S-IATsex amapanga anali ndi ntchito zambirimbiri sizinali chifukwa chogwira ntchito kwambiri ndi zithunzi zolaula komanso osati kugwira ntchito ndi anthu. Tsono, funsoli linatsalira, momwe njira zomwe ogwiritsira ntchito apamwamba a S-IATsex amasiyanitsira kuchoka payeso.

Mu kufufuza kwina koonjezera, tinayesedwa ngati ubale pakati pa njira yopotoka ndi s-IATsex sizinali zofanana koma zofanana. Poyesa izi, timayesa kusanthula kafukufuku wamakono ndi s-IATsex monga kusintha kwadalira. Pachiyambi choyamba, kutsata njira yopotoka kunalowetsedweratu monga zosiyana, koma sizinatanthauzire mozama kusiyana kwa s-IATsex, R2 <.01, F(1, 102) <0.01, p = .930. Mu sitepe yachiwiri, njira yolekanitsa yowonongeka inalowetsedwa yomwe inafotokozera kwambiri 11% ya kusiyana kwa s-IATsex, ΔR2 = .11, ΔF(2, 101) = 12.41, p <.001. Ubale wopangidwa ndi u uku ukuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 2, zowonjezereka zakubwezeretsanso zitha kupezeka Gulu 4. Chiwerengerochi chimawonetsa kuti anthu omwe ali ndi masewera a high-IATsex ankafuna kugwira ntchito mochuluka ngakhale pazithunzi za munthu kapena zithunzi zolaula.

Fanizo la 2. 

Chiyanjano pakati pa S-IATsex ndi chitsogozo cholekanitsa kuchoka pa ntchito zolimbana ndi ntchito ziwiri

KUKANGANANI

Tinafufuza ngati chizoloŵezi chogonana ndi kugonana chimakhudzana ndi mavuto omwe amachititsa kuthetsa chidziwitso pazochitika zambiri zomwe zimakhudza zithunzi zolaula. Tinagwiritsira ntchito paradigm yambirimbiri yomwe ophunzirawo anali ndi cholinga chodziwikiratu kuti agwiritse ntchito ndalama zofanana pazandale komanso zolaula. Tapeza kuti ophunzira omwe adafotokoza zizoloŵezi zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa machitidwe ogonana ndi anthu ogonana ndi azimayi omwe adasokoneza chiwerewere, amalephera kwambiri.

Komanso, monga momwe anadziwira kuchokera m'maphunziro apitalo, chizoloŵezi cha kugonana ndi kugonana kwachisawawa chinanenedwa ndi zizindikiro za maganizo (onani mwachitsanzo, Brand et al., 2011; Brand et al., 2014; Kuss & Griffiths, 2012a; Putnam, 2000; Achinyamata, Cooper, Griffiths-Shelley, O'Mara & Buchanan, 2000). Makamaka anthu amene ali ndi maganizo opatsirana kwambiri a maganizo ndi kusokonekera kwakukulu kuchokera ku cholinga chogwira ntchito zambirimbiri zikuwonetsa zizindikiro zazikulu za kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Zotsatira zikugwirizana ndi malingaliro Brand et al. (2014) amene adanena kuti njira zothandizira kuganizira, makamaka ntchito zoyendetsera ntchito, monga momwe zimakhudzira nthawi zambiri, ndizofunikira kwambiri pa kugwiritsira ntchito pa Intaneti. Pa mbali yogwira ntchito yogwiritsa ntchito Intaneti, olamulira angakhale ndi udindo wozindikira khalidwe lokhazikitsa zolinga komanso kupewa kulephera kulamulira pa nthawi yogwiritsa ntchito Intaneti. Pazigawo zosagwira ntchito, mavuto omwe ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu, monga omwe angayambe kulephera kugwira bwino ntchito zambiri, angapangitse zizindikiro za kuledzera kwa intaneti. Makamaka, ogwiritsa ntchito pa Intaneti akudandaula kuti ali ndi mavuto pochotsa zofuna zawo, ngakhale kuti maudindo ena akuyembekezeredwa (mwachitsanzo, Kuss & Griffiths, 2012a; Morahan-Martin & Schumacher, 2000; Widyanto & McMurran, 2004; Achinyamata, 1998). Komabe, kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu adawonetsa kuti anthu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti samakhala ndi mavuto akuluakulu (Dong, Lin, Zhou & Lu, 2013; Dong, Lu, Zhou & Zhao, 2010; Sun et al., 2009) koma akakumana ndi zinthu zokhudzana ndi zizoloŵezi zawo zowononga (Brand et al., 2014; Zhou, Yuan & Yao, 2012). Zotsatira za zotsatirazi zingatengeke ndi kutenga lingaliro la-reactivity (onani Carter & Tiffany, 1999) Kuganizira: Ogwiritsa ntchito Intaneti pogwiritsa ntchito mauthenga a pa Intaneti amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti athe kupeza kapena kuyembekezera mphoto poona kuti nkhaniyo ndi yankho lokhazikika likulepheretsani kayendedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka zidziwitso. Zotsatira zake, zingakhale zovuta kuyendetsa khalidwe ndi kuvomereza molingana ndi cholinga choyambirira.

Koma ndi ulamuliro uti wotsogolera wogwira ntchito umene BSTporn umafuna makamaka? Potsatira ntchito yathu yapitayi (Schiebener et al., 2014), tikutsutsa kuti ntchitoyi iyenera kuyang'aniridwa pazowunikira, chifukwa imafuna kuti ophunzira athe kuyang'anitsitsa cholinga cha ntchito (kupanga ndalama zofanana pa ntchito zonse) pokhudzana ndi khalidwe lawo (kodi ndi nthawi zingati komanso ntchito yayitali yochuluka bwanji yomwe yapangidwa pakadali pano). Popeza kuti kufunika kolemba izi kumasinthidwa ndi kusinthidwa mosalekeza BSTporn ntchito ingaphatikizepo ntchito yaikulu-memementi chigawo. Kukumbukira ntchito kukupezeka kuti kusokonezedwa ndi kuwonetsa zokhuza kugonana (Laier, Schulte ndi al., 2013). Mwachidule, kuthekera kwa kusonkhanitsa zithunzi za kugonana kuti kusokoneze kukumbukira kugwira ntchito ndi ulamuliro woyang'anira muzochitika zambiri zingathe kuwonedwa ngati chinthu chofunika kwambiri pa kutaya mphamvu monga momwe zimafotokozedwera ndi ovuta kugwiritsa ntchito pa Intaneti.

Njira yotsekemera yotereyi ingathe kufotokozedwa ndi zomwe zikuchitika pa ubongo. Zigawo za prefrontal cortex, monga dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, zimakhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu pa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka zidziwitso, kuphatikizapo kugwira ntchito, kukumbukira, komanso kugwira ntchito zambiri (mwachitsanzo, Alvarez & Emory, 2006; Burgess, 2000; Burgess et al., 2000; Clapp, Rubens, Sabharwal & Gazzaley, 2011; Phiri, Bohil, Lewis & Neider, 2013; Shallice & Burgess, 1991; Smith & Jonides, 1999; Stuss & Knight, 2013). Mitsempha yotchedwa fronto-striatal yothandizira kulumikizana ndi makondomu a prefrontal ndi malo osokoneza bongo omwe amachititsa chidwi, zolimbikitsa, ndi mphotho, makamaka amygdala ndi nucleus accumbens (Alexander & Crutcher, 1990; Chudasama & Robbins, 2006; Heyder, Suchan & Daum, 2004; Hoshi, 2013). Kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo omwe wasonyeza kuti kupereka mankhwala osokoneza bongo (mwachitsanzo, chithunzi cha chakumwa choledzeretsa) kumapangitsa kuti machitidwe a mphoto akwaniritsidwe koma amachepetsa kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo (Bechara, 2005; Goldstein et al., 2009; onaninso Brand et al., 2014). Mogwirizana ndi lingaliro limeneli, maphunziro opanga ubongo pa intaneti akupezekanso ntchito zowonetsera mphoto (mwachitsanzo, nucleus accumbens; Ko et al., 2009) ndi kusintha kusintha kwa prefrontal panthawi yopereka mankhwala othandizira kuledzera (onani mwachitsanzo, Han et al., 2011; Han, Kim, Lee, Min & Renshaw, 2010; Lorenz et al., 2013). Njira yotereyi ikhoza kufotokoza zotsatira za kafukufuku wamakono: Kwa anthu omwe ali ndi masitima apamwamba pa s-IATsex, zithunzi zolaula zingachititse kuti pulogalamuyi iperekedwe koma kuchepetsa kuyang'anira malo omwe angakhale ofunikira cholinga-chokwanira ntchito.

Ngakhale kuti ogwiritsa ntchito chizoloŵezi choyendetsa kugonana ndi azimayi akuchotseratu kwambiri ndi cholinga chachikulu cha ntchito yambirimbiri, ngati kuti iwo sanaganizire, iwo "sanamangire" ndi zithunzi zolaula. M'malo mwake, panali ubale wofanana pakati pa magulu awiriwa ndi chizoloŵezi chogonana ndi kugonana. Panali zochepa zomwe zimasonyeza kuti ogwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro zambiri za kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ozunguza bongo amayamba kugwiritsa ntchito mopitirira muyeso kapena kunyalanyaza zithunzi zolaula.

Chotsatira ichi chikhoza kukambidwa ponena za chiphunzitso cha njira ndi njira zoletsera (Elliot, 1999, 2006). Cholinga choyandikira chochitika chimagwiridwa ndi kuyembekezera zotsatira zabwino (mwachitsanzo, mphotho yomweyo), pamene cholinga chopeŵa chochitika chimayendetsedwa ndi kuyembekezera zotsatira zoipa (mwachitsanzo, kuwonongeka kwa nthawi yaitali). Choncho, m'mabuku oledzeretsa mankhwala (mwachitsanzo, kumwa mowa) tawonetseratu kuti chizoloŵezi choledzeretsa chikhoza kupangitsa onse kukhala ndi chizoloŵezi choyandikira mankhwala komanso chizoloŵezi chopewa kumwa (Wotsatsa, Stritzke & Lang, 1999). Chisankho chomaliza choyandikira kapena kupeŵa kumwa chimadalira kulemera kwa munthu yemwe ali ndi vutoli pakali pano akupereka zotsatira zabwino ndi zoipa za kumwa. Choncho, wina angaganize kuti ena ogwiritsira ntchito chizoloŵezi chogonana ndi kugonana akugonjetsa zithunzi zolaula chifukwa amaika kulemera kwa zomwe zakhala zikuchitika posachedwa. Mosiyana ndi ena, ena adapewa zithunzi zolaula chifukwa amaika kulemera kwa zotsatira zovuta. Pambali ya zotsatira zabwino, kugonana kwachiwerewere kumawoneka ngati wotchuka kwambiri. Zotsatira za zolakwika zimatha kuganiza zotsatila zotsatirazi: Kuyembekeza kutaya mphamvu, kuyembekezera kusakhudzidwa ndi zolakalaka zomwe zimachitikira, ndikuopa kuti woyesedwa kapena woweruza akuyesedwa molakwika chifukwa cha kugwiritsira ntchito kwambiri zolaula.

Zoperewera zina za phunziro lino zikuyenera kutchulidwa. Choyamba, popeza kuti maphunziro omwe alipo komanso ma paradigm ambirimbiri sanapangidwe kuti afufuze zizoloŵezi zoyenera komanso zopewera, maphunziro a m'tsogolomu adzafunika kuti ayambe kufotokozera ndikudziwitsanso bwino njira yomwe akuyang'anirana ndi zovuta zowonongeka. Chachiwiri, BST ndi ntchito yatsopano. Ngakhale kuti zikuwoneka kuti sizikugwirizana ndi kuunika, deta yofunikira idzatithandizira kutsimikizira izi. Chachitatu, kuyesedwa kwa phunziroli pakalipano kungakhale kosavomerezeka chifukwa kunanenedwa momveka bwino kuti phunzirolo liri pafupi ndipo likuphatikizapo zolaula.

POMALIZA

Zotsatira za kafukufuku wamakono zimalongosola mbali ya ntchito zothandizira akuluakulu, mwachitsanzo, kugwira ntchito yovomerezeka ndi kortex yoyendetsera dziko, pofuna kukonzekera ndi kukonza zovuta zogwiritsa ntchito pa Intaneti (monga momwe Brand et al., 2014). Makamaka kuchepa kwa kuyang'anitsitsa kugwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi kusinthasintha pakati pa zolaula ndi zina zomwe ziri mu cholinga chokwanira kungakhale njira imodzi pa chitukuko ndi kusungirako machitidwe ozunguza bongo. Izi zimawoneka makamaka makamaka kwa anthu omwe ali ndi matenda akuluakulu a maganizo omwe amachititsa kuti ayambe kugwiritsira ntchito chiwerewere.

Ndondomeko ya Zothandizira

Zopezera ndalama: Palibe chomwe chinalengezedwa.

Mawu a M'munsi

Mphatso za olemba: JS, CL, ndi MB amapanga phunzirolo ndikukonzekera kusanthula deta. CL oyang'anira kusonkhanitsa deta. JS anachita zowerengerazo, CL ndi MB anathandiza kutanthauzira zotsatira. JS analemba zolembedwa pamanja, CL ndi MB anafufuza ndondomekoyi ndikupereka ndemanga.

 

Kusamvana kwa chidwi: Olembawo amanena kuti palibe kutsutsana kwa chidwi.

Zowonjezera Zowonjezera

JOHANNES SCHIEBENER, 1Dipatimenti ya Psychology General: Cognition, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany.

MUTU WACHIKRISTU, 1Dipatimenti ya Psychology General: Cognition, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany.

MATTHIAS BRAND, 1Dipatimenti ya Psychology General: Cognition, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany. 2Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Essen, Germany.

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