J Behav Addict. 2019 May 23: 1-10. pitani: 10.1556 / 2006.8.2019.16.
Engel J1, Kessler A1, Vuto M1, Sinke C1, Heitland I1, Kneer J1, Hartmann U1, Kruger THC1.
Kudalirika
ZOKHUDZA NDI ZOTHANDIZA:
Ngakhale kufalikira kwambiri kwa zovuta zomwe zimadziwika zokhudzana ndi zizindikiro za matenda oopsa (HD), zinthu zofunika zimafufuzidwabe. Kafukufukuyu akuwunika za kuzunzika, zizindikiro za vuto la cybersex, komanso chikhalidwe chogonana mozama pamitundu yayikulu pa intaneti kuchokera kwa anthu olankhula ku Germany.
ZITSANZO:
Pa kafukufuku wa pa intaneti, N = 1,194 (n = Azimayi a 564) adatenga nawo gawo phunziroli ndipo adakwaniritsa njira kuphatikiza mafunso omwe adziwonetsa okha kuti awone zipsinjo (PHQ-9), HD (HBI-19), zizindikilo zamavuto azama cybersex (s-IATsex), komanso mafunso omwe amawonetsa omwe akutenga nawo mbali pazogonana , kuphatikiza malingaliro ndi zizolowezi zakukakamiza kugonana.
ZOKHUDZA:
Amuna adanenanso kuchuluka kwakuya kwa zizindikiro za HD, kumwa zolaula, kuseweretsa maliseche, ndikugonana. Komanso, akazi a 59% azimayi ndi 18% azimayi adanenanso zakukakamiza kugonana, pomwe 21% ya amuna ndi 4% azimayi adanena zonyengerera. Kafukufuku wocheperako adawonetsa kuti zizindikiro za kupsinjika komanso malingaliro olakwika azakugonana ndi chikhalidwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuwopsa kwa chizindikiro cha HD. Zovuta za cybersex, kugonana kwathunthu, TSO, kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, komanso chiwerengero cha zibwenzi zimaphatikizidwanso ndi kuopsa kwa chizindikiro cha HD. Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti, mwa akazi, kulumikizana kwa TSO komanso zolaula kumalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi kuwonongedwa kwa zizindikiro za HD kuposa amuna.
MAFUNSO:
Kafukufukuyu adawonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa zizindikiro za HD nthawi zambiri kumalumikizidwa ndi zovuta zamkati ndi pakati pa anthu. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchuluka kwa zochitika zogonana kumawoneka kuti kulumikizidwa mwamphamvu kwambiri pazowopsa za chizindikiro cha HD mwa akazi kuposa amuna.
MALANGIZO: Kugonana kwamphamvu; Zizindikiro zosokoneza; Hypersexourse; zovuta za cybersex; kukakamizidwa
PMID: 31120318
Kafka (2010) yalimbikitsa kuti "kukayikira Mulungu" kukhala gawo loti likhale nawo m'gawo lachisanu Kusanthula ndi Buku Lophatikiza la Mavuto a Mitsempha (DSM-5; Association Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013). Kuphatikiza apo, machitidwe a hypersexual afunsidwa kuti aphatikizidwe ngati vuto lokakamiza pamagonana mu ICD-11 (Grant et al., 2014). Gawo lomwe mwaperekedwalo limadziwika ndi njira yomwe imalephereratu kuwongolera zolakalaka zambiri, kapena zobwereza zomwe zimayambitsa kubwerezabwereza komwe kumayambitsa kusokonezeka kwakukulu kapena kusokonezeka pamagawo ofunikira, mwachitsanzo, kusokonezeka kwaubwenzi (Kraus et al., 2018). Kuphatikiza apo, kudziwikako kumaphatikizapo kupitilizabe kuchita zakubwerezabwereza ngakhale kuti panali zotsatirapo zoipa kapena kusakhutira pang'ono kapena ayi. Chomwe sichikuphatikizidwa pamndandandawu ndi kuvutika kwamaganizidwe komwe kumakhudzana ndi malingaliro kapena kutsutsana pazakukakamizidwa, zogonana, kapena machitidwe (Kraus et al., 2018). Makamaka, njira za HD (Kafka, 2010) ali ofanana ndi njira zoyeserera zogonana. Komabe, njira zomwe zimafunsidwa ndi HD sizinachotsepo matendawa chifukwa cha mavuto omwe amabwera chifukwa chakugonana. Kuphatikiza apo, sizinaphatikizepo kupitilizabe kwa kugonana ngakhale kuti sanakhutire pang'ono kapena kunyozedwa monga chofunikira. Kafukufukuyu amafufuza zomwe zingachitike pakuchita zinthu mosaganizira, monga zizindikiro za kukhumudwa, zizindikiro za zovuta za cybersex, komanso machitidwe ogonana ovuta. Kuti muwone za machitidwe awa, kafukufuku wapaintaneti adachitika pagulu lalikulu la anthu olankhula Chijeremani, kuphatikiza azimayi ndi abambo.
Zambiri pazakufala kwa chikhalidwe chokhazikitsidwa zimangokhala kwa amuna, pomwe zomwe zimapezeka pa akazi ndi amuna omwe si amuna kapena akazi okhaokha zimangokhala zochepa (zowunikira, onani. Montgomery-Graham, 2017). Zikuwoneka kuti chikhalidwe chamtunduwu ndizofala kwambiri mwa abambo kuposa akazi (Skegg, Nada-Raja, Dickson, & Paul, 2010; Walton, Cantor, Bhullar, & Lykins, 2017). Zambiri zaposachedwa zowonetsedwa ndi kafukufuku woyimira azimayi (n = 1,174) ndi amuna (n = 1,151) adapeza kuti azimayi 7% ndi amuna 10.3% ku United States adawonetsa mavuto azachipatala komanso / kapena kufooka chifukwa cha zovuta pakulamulira zilakolako zakugonana, malingaliro, ndi machitidwe (Dickenson, Gleason, Coleman, & Miner, 2018).
Cybersex ndi nthawi yoyimira zochitika zosiyanasiyana zogonana pa intaneti, mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti (Wéry & Billieux, 2017). "Injiniyo-patatu" ikufotokoza kuwonjezeka kwa cybersex - yopangidwa ndi "Access-Affordability-Anonymity," yomwe ndi zinthu zonse za pa intaneti zomwe zimatchulidwa kwambiri pakapita nthawi (Cooper, 1998). M'malo mwake, kafukufuku woyimira akuwonetsa kuti amuna ambiri (64% -70%) ndi kotala mmodzi mwa akazi (23% -33%) adaonera zolaula chaka chatha (Grubbs, Kraus, & Perry, 2018; Rissel et al., 2016). Ziwonetsero zolaula zimasiyana ndi jenda komanso zaka, ndipo amuna omwe amadya kuposa akazi (Janghorbani & Lam, 2003; Træen, Nilsen, & Stigum, 2006).
Khalidwe la Hypersexual ndi zizindikiritso zamavuto othandizira amatha kulumikizidwa nthawi zambiri. Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu (Weiss, 2004) akuyerekezera kuchuluka kwa kukhumudwa pazitsanzo za anthu omwe ali ndi vuto logonana ndi amuna (N = 220) kukhala 28%, poyerekeza ndi pafupifupi 12% mwa amuna onse. Kuphatikiza, zotsatira zake zikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa 28% -69% yamavuto okhumudwitsa okhudzana ndi chiwerewere (Kafka & Hennen, 2002; Raymond, Coleman, & Miner, 2003; Weiss, 2004).
Khalidwe la Hypersexual nthawi zambiri limachitika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula mophatikizana ndi maliseche, ndipo zimatha kukhala njira yolimbana ndi vuto, mwachitsanzo, kupewa zovuta kapena kusokonezeka (Reid, Mmisiri wamatabwa, Spackman, & Willes, 2008). Mpaka pano, zikuwoneka kuti palibe mgwirizano uliwonse pakati pa chikhalidwe cha hypersexual ndi kukakamizidwa kugonana. Komabe, zidawonetsedwa kuti kuchuluka kwa zolaula kumabwera ndi mgwirizano wamphamvu pakati pa malingaliro olimbikitsa kugonana ndi zolaula zenizeni, makamaka akamaonera zolaula zolaula (Ochepa, Malamuth, & Yuen, 2010). Pa intaneti, koma makamaka pamayanjano enieni, kulumikizidwa mwakugonana kumakhalabe nkhawa yayikulu m'magulu athu: 9.4% ya amayi ku United States agwiridwapo pachibwenzi, pomwe 16.9% ya azimayi ndi 8.0% ya amuna adakumana ndi kukakamizidwa kugonana kupatula kugwiriridwa (Black et al., 2011).
Kafukufukuyu adawunika zovuta zamkati ndi pakati pa anthu zokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa chizindikiro cha HD kwa akazi ndi abambo ambiri olankhula Chijeremani. Zovuta zofufuzira zomwe zaphatikizidwa zidaphatikizapo zizindikiro za kukhumudwa; Anafufuza zovuta pakati pa anthu awiriwa zinali zolimbikitsa kukakamizidwa pakugonana. Kutengera maphunziro apakale (Kafka & Hennen, 2002; Raymond et al., 2003; Weiss, 2004) yomwe idawonetsa kukomoka kwakukulu mu malingaliro a hypersexual, zidawonetsedwa kuti kuchuluka kwazizindikiro za HD kumalumikizidwa ndi mitundu yayikulu yazizindikiro zowonjezera. Kutengera zomwe zapezeka kuti zikhalidwe zosagwirizana ndi zogonana zitha kulumikizidwa (Hald et al., 2010), tikufuna kudziwa ngati zikhulupiriro ndi zochitika zenizeni zakukakamizidwa zimagwirizana ndi machitidwe okhudzana ndi kugonana. Kuphatikiza apo, kugonana kwakuchuluka kumayesedwa kuti kuneneratu kukula kwa chizindikiro cha HD. Chifukwa cha kutuluka kwa intaneti (Cooper, 1998), tidaganiziranso kuti kuwopsa kwa chizindikiro cha HD kulumikizidwa ndi zizindikiro za vuto la cybersex ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula.
Zoyambira zoyambirira zinali N = 2,069 anthu (n = Akazi 896, n = 28 palibe chidziwitso; onani Chithunzi 1).
Chithunzi 1. Kulembedwa kwa omwe akutenga nawo mbali
Zitsanzo zomaliza zinali N = Anthu 1,194 [n = Akazi 564, zaka: M = Zaka 33.83, kupatuka kokhazikika (SD) = = 15.25; n = Amuna 630, zaka: M = Zaka 50.52, SD = 19.34] yemwe adamaliza kufunsa mafunso. Zambiri kuchokera kwa omwe atenga nawo mbali angapo amayenera kuchotsedwa pakuwunikanso: n = 687 sanamalize kufunsa ndipo n = 188 anali ochepera zaka 18 kapena sanatchule zaka zawo. Avereji ya zaka za omwe anali nawo anali 32.99 (SD = 10.78) zaka. Makumi atatu ndi mphambu ziwili adanena kuti afika pasukulu yolowera kuyunivesite. Ambiri adadzizindikiritsa okha kuti ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (83%), ocheperako akuti ali ndi vuto lofuna kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (13%), ndipo 4% okha ndi omwe amadziwika kuti ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Ambiri mwa omwe anali nawo sanakwatirane (75%); komabe, pafupifupi 70% anali pachibwenzi. Pomaliza, 60% ya omwe adatenga nawo gawo analibe ana (Gulu 1).
|
Gulu 1. Ziwerengero zofotokozera
| Zosiyanasiyana za Sociodemographic | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Maphunziro (palibe maphunziro omaliza kusukulu / sekondale / sekondale yamakono / mayeso oyenerera kulowa mayunivesite) | 15/107/385/383/304 | 1/9/32/32/26 |
| Zogonana (amuna kapena akazi okhaokha / amuna kapena akazi okhaokha) | 987/162/45 | 83/13/4 |
| Banja (banja / wokwatiwa / wosudzulidwa / wosudzulidwa / wamasiye) | 756 / 300 / 128 / 10 | 63 / 25 / 11 / 1 |
| Mgwirizano (wopanda mnzako / wokhala ndi mnzake wosakwana chaka / ndi mnzake woposa chaka chimodzi) | 364/115/715 | 30/10/60 |
| Chiwerengero cha ana (0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / ≥4) | 719/185/198/66/26 | 60/15/17/6/2 |
Tinkachita kafukufuku pa intaneti pakati pa anthu olankhula Chijeremani. Zambiri zinasonkhanitsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito SoSci-Survey, njira yopezera zaulere, nsanja ya kafukufuku pa intaneti. Kulumikizana ndi malowa kunalembedwa pamasamba othandiza anthu kuchita zachiwerewere komanso malo ochezera a pa TV ndipo amatumizidwa kwa anzawo ndi mndandanda wamakalata ku University of Hildesheim, Germany. Kuphatikiza apo, manyuzipepala apaintaneti adafalitsa nkhani zokhudzana ndi phunziroli ndikuphatikizanso ulalo pazomwe awalemba. Ma webusayiti ena omwe amaphatikiza ulalo adanenanso mosabisa kuti "okonda kugonana" amafunidwa. Ophunzira adapereka chidziwitso chawo ndikusiya zidziwitso zawo pamaphunziro.
Phunziroli, mtundu waku Germany wa HBI-19 (Reid, Garos, Mmisiri wamatabwa, & Coleman, 2011) idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyesa kuchuluka kwa chizindikiro cha HD. Zinthu zake za 19 zachokera pazomwe zidatsimikizidwa kuti zigawidwe za HD mu DSM-5 (Kafka, 2010). Mayankho pazinthuzi amalembedwa pamawonekedwe a Likert ya 5 kuyambira 1 (konse) kwa 5 (nthawi zambiri). Malo oyambira odulidwa a ≥53 adatsimikizidwa pamaziko a zitsanzo ziwiri zamankhwala ndi maulamuliro awiri (Reid et al., 2011), koma pambuyo pake adakanidwa pamaziko a chitsanzo chokulirapo (Bőthe et al., 2018).
Kuti tiwone zofooka, tinagwiritsa ntchito mtundu wa Chijeremani wa PHQ-9 (Kroenke & Spitzer, 2002; Löwe, Kroenke, Herzog, & Gräfe, 2004). Zinthu zake zisanu ndi zinayi zimatengera njira ya DSM-5 (APA, 2013) pamatenda okhumudwa. Odwala amafunsidwa ngati adakumana ndi zomwe zalembedwera masabata a 2 apitawa. Mu phunziroli, tinasanthula za PHQ-9 pang'ono. Mayankho amachokera pa sikelo ya 4-point Likert komanso kuchokera ku 0 (ayi konse) kwa 3 (pafupifupi tsiku lililonse), kupereka mtundu wamitundu ya 0-27. Chizindikiro cha chinthucho chikhoza kutanthauziridwa ngati kuopsa kwake (Kroenke & Spitzer, 2002).
Zizindikiro za zovuta pa cybersex zimayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mtundu wa s-IATsex (Brand et al., 2011). Mayankho amalembedwa pamawonekedwe a Likert ya 5 kuyambira konse ku nthawi zambiri.
Mafunso omwe adadzipangira okha aja adayang'ana machitidwe a anthu omwe akuchita nawo zokhudzana ndi zaka, malingaliro azakugonana, zosankha zachiwerewere (TSO) zomwe zimasiyanitsidwa ndi maliseche komanso kudziwa zomwe zimachitika ndi wokondedwa, kumwa zolaula, ubale, ndi kuchuluka kwagonana m'mbuyomu chaka. Mafunso enanso adafunsa ngati omwe ali nawo mbali "adaganizirapo zokakamiza wina kuti achite zachiwerewere?"
Kusanthula konse kwa deta kunachitidwa pa SPSS mtundu 24 (IBM® Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA) ya Windows. Kusanthula kwa Statistics kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito kudziyimira pawokha t-test kapena mayeso enieni a Fisher a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya dichotomous ndi matebulo akuluakulu kuposa 2 × 2.
Ma Hierarchical angapo opotera pamizere pakuwunikira anagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyesa kuyanjana pakati pa zizindikiro za kukhumudwa (monga momwe anayeza ndi PHQ-9) ndi hypersexuality (HBI-19) ndi jenda ngati kusinthasintha kwa oyang'anira. PHQ-9, monga masinthidwe achitsulo, inali yokhazikika. Nthawi yolumikizirana idapangidwa ndikupanga zochulukirapo zosiyanitsa za zododometsa zamunthu komanso jenda. Zosintha pamagawo odzipereka ((R2) adagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti awone kufunika kwa mgwirizano pakati pa kukhumudwa ndi kuchepa kwa chidwi. Zotsatira zamtunduwu zimawonetsedwa ndi malo osavuta. Mitengo yotsika ya zosinthika imayesedwa pamitu yokhala ndi 1 SD pansi pazomwe gulu likuti, mitengo yapamwamba imafikiridwa pamitu yomwe ili ndi 1 SD Pamwamba pa zomwe gululi likutanthauza.
Njira zophunziridwazo zidachitika mothandizidwa ndi Declaration of Helsinki. Gulu lowunikiranso a Hannover Medical School lavomereza phunziroli. Ophunzira onse adauzidwa za phunziroli ndipo onse adapatsidwa chidziwitso chololezedwa.
Kuyerekeza kwa kuchuluka kwa HBI-19 pakati pa amuna (M = 50.52, SD = 19.34) ndi akazi (M = 33.82, SD = 15.25) idawulula zochuluka kwambiri mwa amuna, t(1,174) = 16.65, p <.001, d = 0.95. Malipiro odulidwa a 53 aperekedwa kwa HBI-19 (Reid et al., 2011) koma adafunsidwa (Bőthe et al., 2018). Zikadakhala kuti zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kale, pakadakhala azimayi ndi abambo ambiri omwe akuwonetsa kuwopsa kwa zizindikiro za HD. Zokwanira N = Anthu 360 (n = 74 kapena 13.1% ya akazi; n = 286 kapena 45.4% ya amuna) anali ndi ziwerengero za HBI-19 pafupifupi 53; otsalira n = Anthu 834 (n = Akazi 490; n = Amuna 344) anali ndi mphambu ya HBI-19 Σ <53 (Table 2).
|
Gulu 2. Kuyerekeza pakati pa amuna ndi akazi
| variable | Women | Men | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | M (SD) | N | M (SD) | Chiwerengero cha mayeso | p mtengo | Kukula kwake (d) | |
| HBI-19 | 564 | 33.82 (15.25) | 630 | 50.52 (19.34) | t(1,174) = 16.65 | <.001 | 0.950 |
| PHQ | 564 | 16.76 (5.19) | 630 | 15.42 (5.13) | t(1,192) = −4.491 | <.001 | 0.270 |
| s-IATsex | 564 | 15.44 (6.73) | 629 | 26.91 (11.78) | t(1,018) = 20.9 | <.001 | 1.121 |
| Gwiritsani ntchito zolaula | 549 | 1.05 (3.06) | 617 | 6.64 (11.98) | t(705) = 11.194 | <.001 | 0.657 |
| TSO-wokhala ndi mnzake | 558 | 1.55 (2.85) | 622 | 2.64 (5.51) | t(953) = 4.322 | <.001 | 0.252 |
| Maliseche | 555 | 3.01 (5.69) | 626 | 7.87 (9.63) | t(1,034) = 10.688 | <.001 | 0.623 |
| Chiwerengero cha omwe adagonana naye chaka chatha | 562 | 2.77 (10.42) | 626 | 6.01 (19.09) | t(987) = 3.683 | <.001 | 0.208 |
| inde | inde | ||||||
| Khalidwe lokakamiza kugonana | 564 | 24 | 630 | 117 | χ2(1) = 58.563 | <.001 | |
| Zolimbikitsa kugonana | 564 | 119 | 630 | 373 | χ2(1) = 178.374 | <.001 | |
Zindikirani. SD: kupatuka wamba; HBI-19: Hypersexual Behavior Inventory kupima hypersexual; PHQ-9: kuchuluka kwa Pulogalamu Yopatsa Thanzi Labwino-9 yoyezera zowonetsa; s-IATsex: kuchuluka kwakanthawi kochepa kwa chizolowezi cha Internet Kuyesa Kugonana poyesa zovuta pa cybersex; TSO-coitus: kuchuluka kwa malo ogonana ndi wokondedwa; Kudziseweretsa maliseche: kuchuluka kwa malo ogonana omwe amadza chifukwa chodziseweretsa maliseche.
Phunziroli, magulu onse awiriwa adawonetsa kuchuluka kwa zisonyezo zachisoni mwa abambo, kuchuluka kwa PHQ-9 (azimayi, M = 15.41, SD = 5.12; amuna, M = 16.76, SD = 5.19) adawonetsa kuti amuna ndi akazi onse adawonetsa kuziziritsa pang'ono, t(1,192) = -4.491, p <.001, d = 0.27. Makumi asanu ndi limodzi mphambu chimodzi mwa azimayi ndi amuna 49% adanenapo zosachepera pang'ono mpaka kuzizindikiro zakukhumudwa.
Pafupifupi, amuna adanena kuti amawononga 6.64 hr (SD = 11.98) wogwiritsa ntchito zolaula sabata yatha poyerekeza ndi 1.05 hr (SD = 3.06) mwa akazi, t(705) = 11.194, p <.001, d = 0.657. Kuphatikiza apo, amuna akuti ali ndi chidziwitso chapamwamba cha TSO ndi mnzake (M = 2.64, SD = 5.51) poyerekeza ndi akazi (M = 1.55, SD = 2.85), t(953) = 4.322, p <.001, d = 0.252, komanso TSO yayikulu kudzera maliseche mwa amuna (M = 7.87, SD = 9.63) poyerekeza ndi akazi (M = 3.01, SD = 5.69), t(1,033) = 10.688, p <.001, d = 0.623. Kuphatikiza apo, amuna adanenanso zogonana nawo chaka chatha (M = 2.77, SD = 10.42), poyerekeza ndi akazi (M = 2.77, SD = 10.42), t(978) = 3.683, p <.001, d = 0.208. Zomwezi zidapezekanso pamavuto azakugonana, pomwe amuna amafikiranso kwambiri kuposa akazi, t(1,018) = 20.9, p <.001, d = 1.121.
M'magawo onse awiriwa, panali anthu ambiri omwe adanena za zoyipa zogonana. About 30% azimayi (n = 119) ndipo amuna 60% adanena kuti ali ndi malingaliro okakamiza wina kuti achite zogonana, χ2(1) = 178.374, p <.001. Kuphatikiza apo, amuna nthawi zambiri amakhala akuchita zachiwerewere, χ2(1) = 58.563, p <.001. Pafupifupi, 20% ya amuna (n = 117) ndi akazi 4% (n = 24) akuti amakakamiza wina kuchita zachiwerewere.
Maubwenzi apakati pa zosinthika akuwonetsedwa mu Gome 3. Kusanthula koyeserera kwa akatswiri okhudzidwa ndi matenda a kukhumudwa (PHQ-9 ngati wolosera), jenda (oyang'anira), komanso kuchuluka kwa HD chizindikiro kuvuta (HBI-19) kudawerengeredwa. Mu gawo loyamba, gawo la PHQ-9 jumla lifotokoza 8.4% ya kusiyana kwa HBI-19 jumla, F(1, 1192) = 110.2, p <.001. Mu gawo lachiwiri, jenda lidadzetsa kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa kufotokozera kwamitundu, ΔR2 = .222, ΔF(1, 1191) = 381.52, p <.001. Kuyanjana kwa kuchuluka kwa ndalama za PHQ-9 ndikuwonjezera kusiyana kwa jenda, ΔR2 = .009, ΔF(1, 1190) = 15.11, p <.001. Ponseponse, mtundu wa regression udali wofunikira ndikufotokozera 31.5% kusiyanasiyana kwa kuchuluka kwa HBI-19, R2 = .315, F(3, 1190) = 182.751, p <.001.
|
Gulu 3. Zowongolera ndi Cramer's V
| PHQ-9 | s-IATsex | Malingaliro okonda kugonana | Kugonana kotheka | Maliseche | TSO-ndi mnzake | Zithunzi zolaula | Chiwerengero cha abwenzi (chaka chatha) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PHQ-9 | - | |||||||
| s-IATsex | .171 ** | - | ||||||
| Malingaliro okonda kugonana | .123 | .451 ** | - | |||||
| Kugonana kotheka | .116 | .377 ** | .326 ** | - | ||||
| Maliseche | .064 | .429 ** | .368 ** | .328 ** | - | |||
| TSO-ndi mnzake | -XXUMUM | .180 ** | .183 | .226 * | .356 ** | - | ||
| Zithunzi zolaula | .030 | .454 ** | .452 ** | .336 ** | .330 ** | .158 ** | - | |
| Chiwerengero cha abwenzi (chaka chatha) | .004 | .174 ** | .245 * | .244 ** | .208 ** | .481 ** | .254 ** | - |
Zindikirani. Kuphatikiza kwa Bivariate Pearson kwa mitundu yama metric. Cramer's V idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mitundu yodziwika ikuphatikizidwa. PHQ-9: kuchuluka kwa Pulogalamu Yopatsa Thanzi Labwino-9 yoyezera zowonetsa; s-IATsex: kuchuluka kwakanthawi kochepa kwa chizolowezi cha Internet Kuyesa Kugonana poyesa zovuta pa cybersex; Kudziseweretsa maliseche: kuchuluka kwa malo ogonana omwe amadza chifukwa chodziseweretsa maliseche.
*p <.05 (tanthauzo la asymptotic; ziwiri-tailed). **p <.01 (tanthauzo la asymptotic; ziwiri-tailed).
Kuwunikiranso kotsatila kwachiwiri kwa malingaliro olimbikitsa kukakamizidwa pakugonana (monga woneneratu), jenda (oyang'anira), ndi kuchuluka kwa HD chizindikiro kuzunza (HBI-19) kuwerengedwa. Mu gawo loyamba, malingaliro okakamizidwa pakugonana adafotokoza 11.3% ya kusiyana kwa HBI-19 sum score, F(1, 1192) = 151.96, p <.001. Mu gawo lachiwiri, jenda lidadzetsa kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa kufotokozera kwamitundu, ΔR2 = .111, ΔF(1, 1191) = 161.1, p <.001. Kuyanjana kwa ziwerengero za PHQ-9 pamodzi ndi jenda sizinapangitse kuti pakhale kusiyana kwakukulu, ΔR2 <.001, ΔF(1, 1190) = 0.04, p = .834. Ponseponse, mtundu wa regression unali wofunikira ndikufotokozera 21.9% kusiyanasiyana kwa kuchuluka kwa HBI-19, R2 = .219, F(3, 1190) = 111.09, p <.001.
Kusanthula kachitatu komwe kumawunikira zochitika za kukakamizidwa pakugonana (monga woneneratu), jenda (oyang'anira), ndi kuchuluka kwa zovuta za HD chizindikiro (HBI-19). Mu gawo loyamba, zochitika za kukakamiza kugonana zimafotokoza 6.8% ya kusintha kwa HBI-19 sum score, F(1, 1192) = 87.2, p <.001. Mu gawo lachiwiri, jenda lidadzetsa kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa kufotokozera kwamitundu, ΔR2 = .146, ΔF(1, 1191) = 220.38, p <.001. Kuyanjana kwa ziwerengero za PHQ-9 ndi jenda sizinapangitse kuti pakhale kusiyana kwakukulu ΔR2 = .003, ΔF(1, 1190) = 4.69, p = 0.031. Ponseponse, mtundu wa regression udali wofunikira ndikufotokozera kusiyana kwa 21.7% pamalingaliro onse a HBI-19 R2 = .217, F(3, 1190) = 109.78, p <.001.
Zowonjezera zomwe zimasinthidwa zimawunika kugwiritsa ntchito ngati olosera za vuto la cybersex, TSO yomwe idakumana ndi kuseweretsa maliseche kapena ndi mnzanu, nthawi yolaula, komanso kuchuluka kwa anthu ogonana nawo chaka chatha, jenda (oyang'anira), komanso kuchuluka kwa zovuta za HD (HBI-19) anawerengedwa. Gawo loyamba la mitundu ina yonse lidatsogolera ku kufunika kwa mtundu wa HBI-19 score. Kuphatikiza apo, mu gawo lachiwiri, jenda ya omwe akutenga nawo gawo adatsogolera kukuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwamalingaliro amitundu yonse. Ponseponse, mitundu yosiyanasiyana yosiyanitsa inali yonse yofunika. Gawo lachitatu, kuyanjana kunali kwakukulu mu cybersex yovuta, TSO idakumana ndi wokondedwa kapena kuseweretsa maliseche, nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito zolaula, koma osagwirizana ndi omwe mudagwirizana naye chaka chatha. Zowonjezera pazowunikira zonse zomwe zimasinthidwa zitha kuwoneka pa Tebulo 4. Zotsatira zake zikuwonetsedwa ndikuwunika kosavuta kwa Chithunzi 2. Correlational amasanthula kusiyana pakati pa magawo azizindikiro za mtundu wa HD ndikugonana, polekanitsidwa ndi jenda la omwe akutenga nawo mbali. Mwa akazi, kuphatikizika kwakukulu ndi kuchuluka kwa vuto la HD kumatha kuoneka ndi zochitika zogonana (r = .267, p <.001), nthawi yogwiritsa ntchito zolaula (r = .429, p <.001), ndi TSO-maliseche (r = .461, p <.001). Mwa amuna, panalibe kulumikizana kwakukulu pakati pamawonekedwe azizindikiro za HD komanso zochitika zogonanar = .075, p <.001), ndikulumikizana kwakukulu koma kofooka ndi zolaula (r = .305, p <.001), ndi TSO-maliseche (r = .239, p <.001). Tinawerengera Asodzi ' z kuwunika tanthauzo la kusiyana pakati pa ma coefficients ophatikizika. Kuyerekeza pakati pa kuphatikizika kwa milingo ya zovuta zamtundu wa HD ndizogonana zomwe zachitika nawo (z = -3.4, p <.001), zolaula (z = -2.44, p = .007), ndi TSO-maliseche (z = -3.1, p = .001) idawonetsa kulumikizana kwakukulu kwambiri mwa akazi poyerekeza ndi amuna.
|
Gulu 4. Kusintha kosasinthidwa kumawerengeredwa ndi HBI-19 sum score ngati kudalira kosinthika
| lachitsanzo | β | t | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zotsatira | PHQ-9 | 0.35 | 14.6 | <.001 |
| Gender | -0.47 | -19.6 | <.001 | |
| Kuyanjana | PHQ-9 × Gender | -0.09 | -3.89 | <.001 |
| Zotsatira | Malingaliro okakamiza kugonana | 0.20 | 7.04 | <.001 |
| Gender | -0.35 | -12.63 | <.001 | |
| Kuyanjana | Malingaliro okakamiza kugonana Gender | -0.01 | -0.21 | .834 |
| Zotsatira | Machitidwe a kukakamiza kugonana | 0.21 | 6.67 | <.001 |
| Gender | -0.38 | -14.22 | <.001 | |
| Kuyanjana | Machitidwe a kukakamiza kugonana / Gonana | 0.07 | 2.17 | .031 |
| Zotsatira | s-IATsex | 0.74 | 28.57 | <.001 |
| Gender | -0.05 | -2.02 | .043 | |
| Kuyanjana | s-IATsex × Gender | 0.06 | 3.0 | .006 |
| Zotsatira | Zomwe tikukumana nazo ndi bwenzi lathu | 0.19 | 6.0 | <.001 |
| Gender | -0.41 | -16.0 | <.001 | |
| Kuyanjana | Zambiri za TSO ndi mnzake x Gender | 0.13 | 4.08 | <.001 |
| Zotsatira | Maliseche | 0.36 | 12.19 | <.001 |
| Gender | -0.32 | -12.16 | <.001 | |
| Kuyanjana | TSO-maliseche x Gender | 0.15 | 5.37 | <.001 |
| Zotsatira | Chiwerengero cha abwenzi (chaka chatha) | 0.24 | 7.8 | <.001 |
| Gender | -0.41 | -15.84 | <.001 | |
| Kuyanjana | Chiwerengero cha abwenzi (chaka chatha) × Gender | 0.06 | 1.84 | .066 |
| Zotsatira | Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula (nthawi) | 0.61 | 11.36 | <.001 |
| Gender | -0.24 | -7.74 | <.001 | |
| Kuyanjana | Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula (nthawi) × Kugonana | 0.36 | 7.01 | <.001 |
Zindikirani. PHQ-9: kuchuluka kwa Pulogalamu Yopatsa Thanzi Labwino-9 yoyezera zowonetsa; s-IATsex: kuchuluka kwakanthawi kochepa kwa chizolowezi cha Internet Kuyesa Kugonana poyesa zovuta pa cybersex; TSO-coitus: kuchuluka kwa malo ogonana ndi wokondedwa; Kudziseweretsa maliseche: kuchuluka kwa malo ogonana omwe amadza chifukwa chodziseweretsa maliseche.
Chithunzi 2. Malo otsetsereka osavuta. Zindikirani. Mitengo yotsika pazosintha ndizomwe mumawerengera omwe ali ndi 1 SD Pansi pamtundu wa zomwe gululi likufotokoza komanso mfundo zapamwamba ndizoyerekeza maphunziro omwe ali ndi 1 SD Pamwamba pa zomwe gululi likutanthauza. PHQ-9: kuchuluka kwa Pulogalamu Yopatsa Thanzi Lopatsa thanzi-9 yoyezera. s-IATsex: kuchuluka kwakanthawi kogwiritsa ntchito Intaneti Kuyesa Kugonana poyesa zovuta pa cybersex. TSO-coitus: kuchuluka kwa malo ogonana ndi wokondedwa; Kudziseweretsa maliseche: kuchuluka kwa malo ogonana omwe amadza chifukwa chodziseweretsa maliseche. *p <.05. **p <.01 (tanthauzo la asymptotic; ziwiri-tailed)
Zowunikira zowonjezera zidachitidwa pogwiritsa ntchito lingaliro loyambirira la odulidwa a 53 momwe HBI-19 imatha kuwonekera mu Supplementary Material.
Phunziro ili pa intaneti, zitsanzo za amayi ndi abambo a 1,194 adamaliza kufunsa mafunso okhudzana ndi zovuta za HD zizindikiro, kukhumudwa, komanso kukakamizidwa kugonana. Cholinga chathu chinali chofufuza mayanjano omwe angakhalepo pakati pa zododometsa, machitidwe achiwerewere, ndikulingalira za zenizeni ndi njira zenizeni zokakamiza wina kuti achite zachiwerewere, zoyesedwa ndi jenda. Titha kufikira azimayi ndi abambo ambiri kuti ayankhe mafunso okhudzana ndi zachiwerewere. Pafupifupi, kuchuluka kwa zizindikiro za HD kunali kwabwino kwambiri kuposa amuna. Komabe, azimayi ambiri (n = 74) adanenanso zakukwera kwazizindikiro za HD. Zotsatira zazikuluzikulu za kafukufukuyu ndikuti zipsinjo zakukhumudwa, mavuto azakugonana pa intaneti, TSO adakumana ndi mnzake kapena kudzera maliseche, kuchuluka kwa omwe adagonana nawo chaka chatha, komanso nthawi yolaula, malingaliro, komanso kukakamiza kugonana kumalumikizidwa ndi milingo wa kuuma kwa chizindikiro cha HD. Kuphatikiza apo, jenda la omwe atenga nawo mbali zidakhudza mayanjano a TSO ndi nthawi yogwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi kuwopsa kwa zizindikilo za HD. Kuchuluka kwa kukhumudwa ndi vuto lalikulu mdziko muno, pomwe kudzipha kumatsalira (APA, 2013). Tsamba lathu lidawulula mgwirizano wapakati pazizindikiro za kukhumudwa ndi zizindikiro za HD (r = .29), zomwe zimatitsogolera kukayikira mgwirizano wothandizana pakati pa kukhumudwa ndi kuchuluka kwa zizindikilo za HD. Kupeza kumeneku kukugwirizana ndi kusanthula kwa meta komwe kumapereka chiyanjano chokhazikika, chabwino (r = .34) pamgwirizano wazizindikiro zakukhumudwa komanso za HD (Schultz, Hook, Davis, Penberthy, & Reid, 2014). Zizindikiro zodetsa nkhawa nthawi zambiri zimadza ndi chidwi chakuchepa kwa kugonana (Bancroft et al., 2003). Komabe, monga tawonera kale, mwa anthu enaBancroft et al., 2003) ndi akazi (Opitz, Tsytsarev, & Froh, 2009), Zizindikiro zakhumudwitsa zitha kuphatikizidwa ndi chidwi chowonjezeka pakugonana. Kuwunikiridwa kwa kayendedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kafukufukuyu kunawonetsa kuti zisonyezo zazikuluzikulu zodziwikiratu zinaneneratu kuwopsa kwa chizindikiro cha HD mwa azimuna onse. Kutanthauzira kotheka ndikuti machitidwe ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthana ndi mavuto, kupsinjika, kapena kumverera kosasangalatsa (Schultz et al., 2014). Kudekha kodetsa nkhawa kumakhala kovutirapo chifukwa chogonana sikumatha nthawi zambiri, chifukwa mpumulo womwe umachitika muzochitika zanthawi yochepa chabe ndipo zochitika zogonana pamtunduwu sizithetsa mavuto (Schultz et al., 2014). Mu zitsanzo zathu, zizindikiro zazikulu za kukhumudwa zinali zolimba pang'ono zokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa zizindikiro za HD mwa abambo kuposa amayi. Mwinanso, kuthana ndi mchitidwe wogonana kumakwezeka mwina mwa amuna, chifukwa m'mbuyomu machitidwe ogonana anali ovomerezeka mwa amuna (Fugere, Achibale, Riggs, & Haerich, 2008).
Monga zikuyembekezeredwa, kusanthula moderated kusanthula kwawonetsa kuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kugonana monga zovuta pa cybersex, TSO-maliseche, kuchuluka kwagonana chaka chatha, komanso nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito zolaula anali olosera zazitali za kusiyanasiyana kwa matendawa a mtundu wa HD m'magulu onse awiriwa. Zotsatira zazikuluzikulu zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndizakuti malo osavuta akuwonetsa zovuta zakumagulu oyanjana ndi TSO yomwe imakumana ndi wokondedwa kapena kudzera maliseche komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pazowopsa za zovuta za HD. Kuphatikiza apo, kuwunika kunawonetsa kuti amuna adanena zambiri zogonana kuposa azimayi. Ngati wina angafufuze kuchuluka kwathunthu, kuchuluka kwa akazi ogonana ndi amuna kapena akazi omwe akuyenera kuti azikhala ofanana, koma abambo nthawi zambiri amapereka lipoti lofanana ndi amuna ndi akazi anzawo kuposa akazi (Mitchell et al., 2019). Ngati omwe adagonana ndi omwe adawerengeredwa kale m'malo owerengeredwa, abambo akuwoneka kuti akuchulukitsa kuchuluka kwa abwenzi (Mitchell et al., 2019). Chifukwa chake, mu zitsanzo zathu, abambo amapereka malipoti akugonana ambiri kuposa akazi. Kafukufuku wodziwunikira adawonetsa kuti amayi omwe ali ndi TSO yayikulu komanso ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula adanenanso kuwopsa kwa zizindikiro za HD. Mwinanso, azimayi athu mu zitsanzo zathu amatsata amuna awo ogonana nawo chifukwa amawopa kusayanjidwa chifukwa chophwanya malamulo amuna ndi akazi (Alexander & Fisher, 2003). Malo otsetsereka osavuta adawonetsa kuti mchitidwe wogonana mwa amuna sunalumikizidwe kwenikweni ndi milingo yazovuta za HD poyerekeza ndi akazi. Kuphatikiza apo, mwa amuna, kuchuluka kwakugonana kothandizirana kumawoneka kuti sikungakhudze kuchuluka kwa zizindikilo za HD. Kuchita zachiwerewere mwa amuna kumatha kukhala kodzipatula kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, zolaula komanso maliseche) poyerekeza ndi kuchita zachiwerewere mwa akazi (zogonana ndi anthu osiyanasiyana; Schultz et al., 2014). Izi zidalipo mu zitsanzo zathu kupyola nthawi yayitali yogwiritsira ntchito zolaula komanso ziwonetsero zazikulu kwambiri za maliseche a TSO mwa amuna poyerekeza ndi azimayi. Timanena kuti kuchita zamakhalidwe abwino kumatha kubweretsa kusamvana ndi zomwe azimayi amayembekezeredwa kuchita ndipo izi zimapangitsa kuti azimayi azikhala ndi vuto logonana; pomwe, mwa amuna, gawo lalikulu la zochitika zogonana ndizovomerezeka. Ndiye kuti, azimayi omwe ali ndi chiwerewere kwambiri amamva kupsinjika chifukwa amayerekeza machitidwe awo ndi malo awo achikazi, omwe amadziwika ndi zoletsa zambiri zogonana komanso kukondera kotsika (Janssen & Bancroft, 2006). Kuletsa kwabwino kwambiri mu akazi mwinanso kumachitika chifukwa chogonana mwa akazi.Sjoberg & Cole, 2018; Ziyeso, 1972). Komabe, abambo amatha kuyamikiridwa ndi anzawo chifukwa chazomwe amachita, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azivutika. Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku wamtsogolo ayenera kuphatikiza miyambo yamakhalidwe ndi kugonana kosangalatsa, zomwe zimawoneka kuti zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi zochitika zogonana kuwonjezera pazowonjezera zovuta za HD zomwe zimayesedwa ndi mafunso (Walton, Lykins, & Bhullar, 2016).
Kukakamizidwa pakugonana kumabweretsa chiwopsezo chotsimikizika ku thanzi la munthu komanso thanzi, ndipo nthawi zambiri amauzidwa ndi ana onse (Osterheider et al., 2011) ndi akuluakulu (Ellsberg, Jansen, Heise, Watts, & Garcia-Moreno, 2008). Kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa kuti mu azimayi ndi abambo, kuchuluka kwa zisonyezo za HD kunalumikizidwa ndi kukwezedwa kwa malingaliro olakwika okhudzana ndi kukakamizidwa komanso kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa kukakamizidwa kwenikweni pakugonana. Kulingalira kukakamiza munthu kuti agone si zachilendo, mwa azimayi ndi abambo onse (Joyal, Cossette, & Lapierre, 2014). Zitsanzo zazikulu pa intaneti zikuwonetsa kuti pafupifupi 11% ya akazi ndi 22% ya amuna amagawana zongopeka (Joyal et al., 2014). Tapeza ngakhale kuchuluka kwambiri kwa pafupifupi 21% ya akazi komanso pafupifupi 59% ya amuna omwe anena zongopeka izi. Gawo lochepa chabe lazolakwika zomwe zimakanenedwa kupolisi ndizomwe zimachitidwa ndi akazi, koma kuchuluka kwenikweni kwa zolakwa zomwe sizinachitike kumayembekezeredwa kukwera kwambiri (Cortoni, Babchishin, & Rat, 2016; Vandiver & Kercher, 2004). Zotsatira izi zikugwirizana ndizomwe zapezedwa pakuwonjezeka kwa kugonana komwe kumachitika mu gulu la abambo omwe apezeka ndi kuchuluka kwa mawonekedwe a HD poyerekeza ndi kuwongolera koyenera (Engel et al., 2019). Kuphatikiza apo, Hypersexuality yapezeka kuti ndi chinthu choopsa chomwe chingagwiritsidwe ntchito pogwiranso chigololo (Mann, Hanson, & Thornton, 2010). Ngakhale pali maphunziro omwe adalipo pazakuwoneka bwino komanso machitidwe okakamizidwa pakugonana, zimakhalabe zovuta kuti adziwe zomwe apeza. Kulongosola komwe kungachitike ndikuti chikhumbo chachikulu cha kugonana ndi akazi ambiri omwe ali ndi vuto lalikulu la chidziwitso cha HD zitha kuchititsa kuti pasamakhale chidwi chazinthu zokhudzana ndi zochitika zina zomwe zimapangitsa kuti akazi azigonana. Njira ina yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pakugonana ndi malingaliro olakwika ikhoza kukhala kukulirakulira, mwinanso chifukwa chogonana. Kufunafuna zamankhwala kwapezeka kuti kumalumikizana ndi chikhalidwe chapamwamba (Banca et al., 2016) ndi malingaliro okakamizidwa pakugonana akhoza kugwira ntchito ngati njira yatsopano, yosangalatsa yogonana mwa anthu omwe ali ndi chizolowezi chochita zachiwerewere. Kafukufuku woyeserera wamtsogolo ayenera kufufuzira kulumikizana kwa machitidwe osokonekera ogonana ndi hypersexourse ndikufufuza chithandizo kwa omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu chokhumudwitsa.
Kafukufukuyu amathandizira kufufuza komwe kukuchitika masiku ano kudzera pakukula kwake kwakukulu komanso zambiri zazotsatira zazikulu. Komabe, pali zolephera zina zomwe zikuyenera kuganizira. Kafukufukuyu adangogwiritsa ntchito HBI-19 pokha kuwunika kukula kwa chizindikiro cha HD. Kufunsidwa kuchipatala kukadakhala kofunikira kugawa anthu m'magulu. Kuphatikiza apo, mulingo wa chilakolako chogonana sunali wolamulidwa pakuwunika kwathu. Phunziroli, tinawunika kuchuluka kwa magawo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti atenge nthawi yochulukirapo momwe tingathere chifukwa sitinawalipire chifukwa chotenga nawo mbali. Chifukwa cha mafunso anu omwe anafunsidwa omwe amapezeka mu kafukufukuyu, zotsimikiza sizingachokere pazomwezo. Kafukufuku wamtsogolo akuyenera kuganizira kugwiritsa ntchito mapangidwe ataliatali kuti mumvetsetse zikhalidwe zamakhalidwe abwino. Zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popeza chidziwitso chokhudza kukakamizidwa pakugonana zinali zofunika kwambiri. Kafukufuku wamtsogolo agwiritse ntchito zowunikira zomwe zimafunsa mafunso mosawerengeka ndikupanga chidziwitso chazovuta zokhudzana ndi kugwiriridwa, mwachitsanzo, Bumby Rape Scale (Bumby, 1996). Pomaliza, zitsanzo zomwe zapezeka mu kafukufukuyu sizoyimira anthu wamba. Mwachitsanzo, magawo a maphunziro anali apamwamba mu zitsanzo zathu kuposa momwe zimakhalira kwa anthu. Chiwerengero cha kukula kwa chizindikiro cha HD m'zitsanzo zathu chinali chachikulu mosakayikira ndi ziwonetsero kwa anthu ambiri chifukwa tsamba la masamba lawebusayiyi lidatumizidwa pakati pa ena mwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la kukula kwa chizindikiro cha HD. Kuphatikiza apo, manyuzipepala ambiri omwe adanena za nkhani yathu adagwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "chiwerewere" pamitu yawo, zomwe zitha kuchititsa chidwi cha anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la HD lotenga nawo mbali.
Mwachidule, iyi ndi imodzi mwamafukufuku oyamba owunika za umunthu mwa akazi ndi abambo. Tikufuna kunena kuti machitidwe ochitachita mwamtokoma nthawi zambiri amakhudzana ndi zovuta zamkati komanso zokhudzana ndi anthu zomwe zimatha kusokoneza thanzi la anthu omwe amawonetsa izi komanso omwe ali nawo pafupi. Chifukwa chake, kafukufuku wathu akuwonetsa kuti chithandizo cha HD chiyenera kuyang'ananso zovuta za comorbid, makamaka kukhumudwa, komanso malingaliro ndi machitidwe omwe akuphatikizapo kukakamiza kugonana ndi ena. Kuphatikiza apo, mwina chifukwa chotsutsana ndi chikhalidwe, zochitika zogonana zimawoneka ngati zowongolera bwino kwa azimayi kuposa abambo.
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