PATHOS: Pulojekiti yochepetsera kugonana (2012)

J Addict Med. Zolemba zolemba; ilipo mu PMC 2013 March 1.

Lofalitsidwa mu mawonekedwe omaliza omaliza monga: J Addict Med. 2012 March; 6(1): 29-34.

do:  10.1097/ADM.0b013e3182251a28

Patrick J. Carnes, Ph.D.,1 Bradley A. Green, Ph.D.,2 Lisa J. Merlo, Ph.D., MPE,3,4 Alexis Polles, MD,5 Stefanie Carnes, Ph.D.,6 ndi Mark S. Gold, MD3

Kudalirika

Kugonana kumayesedwa mpaka 3-6% ya anthu. Komabe, madokotala ambiri alibe zifukwa zomveka zowonetsera milandu yomwe ingachitike.

Zolinga

Kafukufuku wamakono anachitidwa kuti aone momwe chida choyendera chiwerewere chodziwika ndi kugonana (mwachitsanzo, Phunziro la PATHOS) likulongosola bwino odwala omwe amachitira nkhanza za kugonana ndi odzipereka odzipereka.

Njira

Phunziro 1, funso limodzi lachisanu ndi chimodzi lomwe limagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "PATHOS" linagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi chitsanzo pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo chophatikiza odwala omwe akuchitidwa kuti azigonana ndi odzipereka odzipereka (970 amuna / 80.2%); 938 akazi / 63.8% odwala). Phunziro 2, chitsanzo cha anthu oposa 672 (93%) ndi amayi a 241 (odwala 35.3%) anamaliza kupuma kwa PATHOS.

Results

Zotsatira za ROC zikuyesa pa Phunziro Woyamba zimasonyeza kuti PATHOS inagwidwa ndi 92.6% ya dera pansi pa mphika, ndipo inapindula ndi 88.3% mphamvu ndi 81.6% yeniyeni yothetsera zitsanzo za amuna (n = 963) monga odwala ndi nkhani zabwino pogwiritsa ntchito odulidwa Malipiro a 3. Mofananamo, PATHOS inagwiritsidwa ntchito 90.2% ya dera pansi pa khola ndipo, ndi kudulidwa kwa 3, idapindula 80.9% mphamvu komanso 87.2% yeniyeni ya chitsanzo chachikazi (n = 808). Mu Phunziro 2, zotsatira za ROC zofufuza zasonyeza kuti PATHOS inagwidwa 85.1% ya dera pansi pamphepete, ndi mphamvu ya 70.7% ndi yeniyeni ya 86.9% kwa amuna (odulidwa a 3). Kwa akazi, PATHOS inagwidwa ndi 80.9% ya dera pansi pa mphika ndipo inapeza 69.7% mphamvu ndi 85.1% yeniyeni ndi kudulidwa kwa 3.

Mawuwo

Maphunzirowa amapereka chithandizo chogwiritsa ntchito PATHOS ngati chida choyesa kuti azindikire zomwe zingatheke kuti munthu asagwiritsidwe ntchito pogonana.

Keywords: Kugonana, Kugonana, Kuwunika, Kuunika, Psychometrics

Pathos: kukweza mtima, makamaka chisoni kapena chisoni

- Kuchokera ku Greek Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda chifukwa "zowawa"

Kugonana (komwe kumatchedwanso Sexual Dependence, Hypersexuality, Compulsive Sexual Disorder, Paraphilia-Related Disorder, Sexual Impulsivity, Nymphomania, ndi Kuletsa Kugonana) zikuwoneka kuti ndizovuta kwambiri. Zikuoneka kuti zimakhudza mpaka 3-6% ya anthu a ku United States [Zojambula, 1991], komanso kufufuza kwaposachedwa kuchokera ku New Zealand kunasonyeza kuti magulu akuluakulu a khalidweli angakhale apamwamba kwambiri [Skegg et al 2009]. Kulimbana ndi kugonana kumatchulidwa kuti "Kukhalapo kwa zochitika zowonongeka, zoopsa, zokhuza kugonana, zilakolako za kugonana, kapena khalidwe limene limapitirira kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi ndipo silingagwiritsidwe ntchito mofotokozera," ndipo zimayambitsa mavuto aakulu ndi kukhumudwa kwakukulu kwa anthu ovutika [Stein, Black, Pienaar, 2000]. Ngakhale kuti zotsatira zake zokhudzana ndi chiwerewere ndizofunika kwambiri, zimakhala zochepa kwambiri chifukwa cha matenda aakuluwa. Kusayang'anitsitsa kuli koyenera chifukwa, makamaka, kusokonezeka pokhudzana ndi umoyo wake wodabwitsa komanso wausayansi. Ndipotu, chizolowezi chogonana sichinaphatikizidwenso mu Kufufuza ndi Kusanthula Buku la Mental Disorders [APA, 2000], ngakhale kuti "matenda a hypersexual" akufotokozedwa pamagazini yotsatira [Kafka, 2010].

Mwamwayi, chidziwitso chochuluka chikuyamba kufotokozera ndikufotokozera vutoli. Mwachitsanzo, nyuzipepala, Sexual Addiction ndi Compulsivity: Journal of Treatment and Prevention, ndi chaka cha makumi awiri chofalitsidwa. Mofananamo, Sadock ndi Sadock's (2005), Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry imaphatikizapo mutu wokhudzana ndi chiwerewere ndi mankhwala [Zojambula, 2005]. Komabe, kuwundana kwa makhalidwe omwe tsopano akutchulidwa kuti "kugonana" kunayamba kudziwika ndi Orford [Orford, 1978 & 1985]. Ntchito iyi inatsatiridwa ndi kufotokozera kwakukulu ndi zikhomo [1983, 1988, 1991a], Goodman [1992]ndipo Earle [1995]. Ochita kafukufuku osiyanasiyana agwiritsa ntchito njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito powagwiritsa ntchito mowa mwauchidakwa komanso kutchova njuga kwa anthu omwe amaonetsa zizindikiro za kugonana [Zojambula, 1983, 1988, 1991a, ndi Schneider, 1991], ndi ena agwiritsira ntchito njira zovomerezeka zadzidzidzi kwa anthuwa [Black, 2000].

Kafufuzidwe kafukufuku wafufuza kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi omwe amathandiza anthu ambiri, kuphatikizapo mbiri yachisokonezo [Earle ndi Earle, 1995], zinthu za m'banja [Sussman, 2007], komanso kuwonetseratu zochitika zapadera monga "Internet" [Hunt & Kraus, 2009]. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, chidwi chachikulu chakhala chikugwiritsidwa ntchito pazochitika za kugonana ndi zizoloŵezi zina zowonongeka [Zolemba, Murray ndi Charpentier, 2005]. Maganizo oyambirira a chidziwitso cha chizoloŵezi chogonana anawonekera mu 1980's [Milkman ndi Sunderwirth, 1987], ndipo monga momwe kafukufuku wamaganizo amathandizira, njira zochizira zokhudzana ndi kugonana zazindikiritsidwa [Berlin, 2008; Cozolino, 2006; Kafka, 2008; Krueger & Kaplan, 2000; Stein et al., 2000]. Khama lofuna kufotokoza mwachidule kufufuza kwaposachedwapa lapezeka m'magazini ambiri azachipatala [Coleman, 1990, Coleman-Kennedy 2002]. Mofananamo, njira zochizira zafotokozedwa ndipo anthu osiyanasiyana omwe anaphunzira [Zojambula ndi Adams, 2002].

Komabe, pali kusowa kwodziwa kwokhudzana ndi chiwerewere pakati pa ogwira ntchito zaumoyo. Kuphatikiza apo, pali kusowa kwa umboni wozikidwa pazowunikira / kuyang'anitsitsa njira zothandizira odwala omwe amawadziwa omwe akuvutika ndi vutoli. Pamodzi, izi zimadodometsa kuthandizira odwala kuchipatala choyenera. Chifukwa chake, padali kusowa koti pakhale ntchito yosawerengera yofanana yofanana ndi funso la CAGE [Kutulutsa, 1984], yomwe ndi yochepa kwambiri kuti muzindikire zauchidakwa (ie, C = Kodi munayamba mwaganiza kuti mukuyenera kumwa mowa ?, A = Kodi anthu anakhumudwitsirani mwa kutsutsa kumwa kwanu ?, G = Kodi munayamba mwamvapo Wokhululuka za kumwa kwanu ?, E = Kodi munayamba mwakumwa choyamba m'mawa kuti musamakhale ndi mitsempha yanu kapena kuchotseratu maso anu? CAGE yakhala ngati chitsimikizo chothandiza kwa ogwira ntchito ogwira ntchito m'maganizo mwathu ndi machitidwe akuluakulu azachipatala.

Ziwerengero zingapo zowononga chiwerewere zakhala zikuwoneka ndipo zikufaniziridwa ndi mabuku omwe ali kunja [Zojambula, Zobiriwira ndi Zinsalu, 2010; Delmonico ndi Miller, 2003; Hook et al., 2010; Kalichman ndi Rompa, 2001]. Chimodzi mwazogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi Kugonana Kwachilombo Kuyeza (SAST), komwe kwagwiritsidwa ntchito pa zofalitsa zisanu ndi zitatu zofalitsidwa, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi, komanso ndi chizolowezi chogonana chovomerezeka. othandizira (CSATS) kudutsa United States, ndi m'mayiko ena. Choyamba chinawonekera mu 1989 [Zojambula, 1989] ndipo kenako zasinthidwa (SAST-R) [Carnes et al., 2010]. Zonse za SAST ndi SAST-R zinakhazikitsidwa pazaka zambiri zachipatala. Komabe, SAST-R ndi yayitali (ie, 45 zinthu), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zisagwiritsidwe ntchito pazipatala zambiri (mwachitsanzo, ofesi ya dokotala kapena chipinda chodzidzimutsa). Chifukwa cha chisokonezo chomwe chimakhalapo pozindikira anthu omwe akuvutika ndi matenda omwe alibe chidziwitso chokhazikika, ndondomeko, kapena zofufuza, komanso kufunika kofufuza zochepa, cholinga cha phunziroli chinali kupanga PATHOS, chida chachidule chothandizira odwala. ndi kudziwika kwa anthu omwe angakhale ndi chizolowezi chogonana. Mndandanda wa maphunziro awiri anachitidwa kuti apange chiyeso ndi kutsimikiziridwa pazitsanzo zosiyana. PATHOS ili ndi zinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi zomwe zimapezeka mu SAST ndi SAST-R.

Njira: Phunzirani Mmodzi

Njira

Kuyankhulana Kwachipatala

Popeza kuti zovuta zogonana zokhudzana ndi kugonana sizinaphatikizidwe mu Buku Lophatikiza ndi Kufufuza kwa Mitsempha ya Mitsempha, odwala omwe amapita kuchipatala anapeza kuti ali ndi chizolowezi chogonana pogwiritsa ntchito kuyankhulana kwachipatala, pogwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko zotengera Zolemba (2001). Izi zowunikira zizindikiro zalembedwa Gulu 1.

Gulu 1 

Zolinga Zowononga Ogonana Odwala

Chiwerewere Choyesa Kugonana (SAST)

Zinthu za PATHOS zinachotsedwa ku SAST yapachiyambi mu phunziro lino. SAST ndi chiwerengero cha 25-chinthu chomwe chimayesa zizindikiro za kugonana [Zojambula, 1989]. Zinthu zonse zimapangidwa dichotomously (inde / ayi). Zitsanzo ndi monga, "Kodi mumamva kuti mukugonana ndi chilakolako chanu chogonana?" Ndi "Kodi mumabisa zina mwazochita zogonana kuchokera kwa ena?" Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu anawonetsa kuti SAST mwachangu imasankha bwino pakati pa anthu ogonana komanso osadziwika. Pogwiritsira ntchito 13 ngati chiwerengero cha cutoff, 96.5% ya anthu omwe anafunsidwayo adasankhidwa kuti azikhala osokoneza bongo, pamene 3.5% akulemba 13 kapena ambiri anali osakayikira, ndipo motero sanasokonezeke, pogwiritsa ntchito SAST. Kwa chitsanzo ichi, kugwirizana kwa mkati mwa SAST kunali kokongola kwambiri (KR-20 = .94) [George ndi Mallery, 2003].

ophunzira

Chitsanzo chophunzirira (N = 1,908) chinali ndi magawo awiri a anthu. Deta kuchokera kwa odwala 1,118 (30.4% azimayi, n = 340) omwe anali kuchipatala kuchipatala chokhala ndi matenda opatsirana pogonana pakati pa 1996 ndi 2004 analembetsa mu phunziro ili. Pofuna kuteteza dzina losadziwika, deta ya anthu siinasonkhanitsidwe kuchokera ku sampuli ya wodwalayo. Kuphatikiza apo, odzipereka odzipereka a 790 (75.7% akazi, n = 598) adatengedwa kuchokera ku yunivesite yaikulu yakumwera kwa chaka chimodzi. Chitsanzo cha wophunzira chinakhala zaka zaka 18-58 (M = 20.60, SD = 3.88) ndipo amadziwika kuti ndi Caucasian (59.6%, n = 471), otsatiridwa ndi Black / African American (37.1%, n = 293) ndi "Zina" (1.4%, n = 11). Panalinso Manenedwe Asanu ndi atatu (1.0%), Asiya asanu ndi limodzi (0.8%), ndi Aamerica amodzi (0.1%) omwe anaphatikizidwa mu chitsanzo. Kusiyanitsa kwachidziwitso pakati pa amuna ndi akazi pakati pa zitsanzo ziwiri zikusonyeza kuti amuna ambiri amafuna chithandizo cha chizolowezi chogonana kusiyana ndi amayi, komanso kuti amayi ambiri amachita nawo kafukufuku kusiyana ndi amuna ku yunivesite kumene anthu odzipereka omwe adalandirapo ntchito.

Opaleshoni

Anthu omwe ali mu sampuli ya wodwalayo adayankhidwa mafunso a SAST panthawi yomwe akudwala. Mayankho omwe anadziwika anachokera ku zolemba zachipatala za phunziro ili. Pofuna kufufuza kuti PATHOS ndiyodalirika, zitsanzo za anthu odzipereka omwe adzigwiritsa ntchito poyesa ntchito zinalembedwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito monga chitsanzo chofananitsa. Ovomerezeka ndi Institutional Review Board (IRB), ophunzira a ku koleji adadziwitsidwa za phunzirolo kudzera mu maphunziro oyamba a maganizo ndi opatsidwa mwayi wophunzira nawo panopa kapena maphunziro ena osiyanasiyana monga gawo la zofunikira zawo. Atalandira chilolezo chovomerezeka, ophunzirawo adafunsidwa kuti amalize mafunso ochepa a mafunso a anthu ndi SAST.

Zinthu zotsalira zinasankhidwa kuti zikhalepo pa PATHOS zozikidwa pa zotsatira za kufufuza zigawo zikuluzikulu za SAST ndi W-SAST1, zomwe zinapangidwanso kuti zipangizo zinayi zokhudzana ndi kugonana [pazomwe mukufufuzazi zikuwonani: Zojambula, Zobiriwira ndi Zinsalu, 2010]. Zinthu zinai za PATHOS zinasankhidwa kuti zigwirizane ndi zinthu zinayi zomwe zimakhala zovuta (Kutanganidwa, Kutaya kwa Ulamuliro, Kusokonezeka Kwachibale, ndi Kusokonezeka kwa Maganizo) pogwiritsa ntchito chinthu chokwanira kwambiri kuti amuna ndi akazi azisamalidwa. Zinthu zina ziwiri zinasankhidwa kuti ziyimire zinthu zina zofunika kwambiri zachipatala zokhudzana ndi chizolowezi chogonana (manyazi ndi chithandizo chofuna kugonana), osati poyimiridwa ndi zinthu zinayi zoyambirira. Chotsatiracho chinatchedwa Pepala la Mafunso la PATHOS, pogwiritsa ntchito mndandanda wochokera kuzinthu zake. Zolemba Za Phunziro la PATHOS zili m'ndandanda Gulu 2.

Gulu 2 

Zinthu Zophatikiza Mafunso PATHOS

Statistics

Zotsatira zinayesedwa poyesa kusiyana kwa magulu. Kusinthasintha kwa mkati kunayesedwa kwa zitsanzo za amuna ndi akazi padera, pogwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku wa KR-20. Ziwerengero zosalongosola komanso zopanda malire zinawerengedwanso mosiyana kwa amuna ndi akazi. Mayeso a T anagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza tanthauzo la kusiyana pakati pa zitsanzo za odwala ndi odzipereka odzipereka. Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'anira (ROC) zinagwiritsidwa ntchito pofuna kudziwa momwe angapangitsire mankhwala ochotsera.

Zotsatira: Phunziro 1

Ambiri a amuna a 970 adagwira nawo nawo phunzirolo. Mapepala ofunika kwambiri a PATHOS kwa amuna mu sampuli ya wodwalayo (n = 778) anali 4.53 (SD = 1.48); pamene, zitsanzo zogwira mtima (n = 192) zinali 1.52 (SD = 1.19). Kusiyana kumeneku kunali kofunika kwambiri (t(968) = 29.8, p <.001; M kusiyana = 3.01, 95% CI = 2.81 ku 3.21). Zotsatira za otsogolera akazi a 808 zinali ofanana. Amayi omwe ali mu sampuli ya odwala (n = 340) anali 3.82 (SD = 1.50); pamene, zitsanzo zogwira mtima (n = 598) zinali 1.16 (SD = 1.12). Apanso, panali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa magulu awiri (t(936) = 28.5, p <.001; M kusiyana = 2.66, 95% CI = 2.48 ku 2.84).

Kwa zitsanzo zonse za amuna ndi akazi, PATHOS mkati mwake inali yabwino pa KR-20 = .94 ndi KR-20 = .92, motero. Zotsatira za ROC zowonetsera zitsanzo za amuna zimasonyeza kuti PATHOS inagwidwa 92.4% ya dera pansi pa mphika (p <.001). Pogwiritsa ntchito gawo lodula la 3, a PATHOS adazindikira 88.3% ya zitsanzo za odwala (kukhudzika) ndi 79.7% yazitsanzo zamwamuna wathanzi (zenizeni). Pogwiritsa ntchito kudula komweko, a PATHOS adazindikira molondola 80.9% yazitsanzo za odwala achikazi ndi 88.1% yazitsanzo zachikazi zathanzi, ndikulanda 90.6% yamalo omwe ali pansi pa khola (p <.001).

Zokambirana: Phunzirani Mmodzi

Lipoti la Mafunso la PATHOS linakhazikitsidwa ngati kuwoneka mofulumira kwa chizolowezi chogonana. Zotsatira za Phunziro One zasonyeza kuti chida ichi chachifupi (ie, zinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi), zomwe zingathe kuperekedwa osachepera mphindi imodzi, zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pozindikira bwino anthu omwe ali ndi chiwerewere. Kukhalitsa komanso kuzindikira kwapadera kwa PATHOS kunasonyeza kulondola koyenera, makamaka kulingalira zafupikitsa za mafunsowa. Inde, kafukufuku waposachedwapa wawonetsa zotsatira zofanana pa funso la CAGE pozindikira amuna omwe ali ndi chidakwa (91.0% mphamvu, 87.8%) ndi kumwa mowa mopitirira muyeso (87.5% mphamvu, 80.9% chidziwitso) [Kodi Amaral ndi Malbergier, 2008].

Ngakhale zotsatira zikuwonjezera, kutsimikiziridwa pamtundu umodzi ndi kofunikira kuti zitsimikizire zomwe zapeza. Zotsatira zake, phunziro lachiwiri lovomerezeka linayesedwa kuti liyese kukhazikika kwa zotsatira.

Njira: Phunziro 2

Njira

Pepala la Mafunso la PATHOS

Ophunzira mu phunziroli lachiwiri adaperekedwa SAST-R, 45-chinthu chokonzanso cha choyambirira SAST, chomwe chiri ndi PATHOS zinthu zomwezo monga zoyambirira SAST. Zomwe Phunziro la Mafunso la PATHOS linatengedwa kuchokera ku SAST-R (monga tafotokozera Phunziro 1). PATHOS ili ndi zinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi, ndipo zinapangidwa ngati chida chowonetsera mwamsanga kuti chidziwitso cha kugonana kosayenera. Zinthu zili m'ndandanda Gulu 2 ndipo amawongolera muyi / ayi.

ophunzira

Anthu omwe ali mu phunziro lachiwiri (N = 913) adatumizidwa kuchokera ku anthu atatu: odwala omwe amalandira chithandizo cha chizolowezi chogonana (n = 646, 86.8% mwamuna), anthu omwe amalandira chithandizo chokhala ndi chizolowezi chogonana (n = 64, 100% mwamuna), ndi ophunzira apamwamba a koleji (n = 203, 23.2% mwamuna). Popeza kuti kugonana kwafala kwambiri pakati pa odwala amuna [Goodman, 1992], kuwerengeka kwakukulu kwa chiwerengero cha odwala ndi abambo azimayi ndi abambo ankayembekezeredwa. Chiwerengero cha chiwerengero cha Phunziro lachiwiri chikufotokozedwa Gulu 3.

Gulu 3 

Dongosolo lachiwerengero cha chiwerengero cha phunziro Phunziro la 2

Opaleshoni

Ndondomeko zonse zinachitidwa malinga ndi miyezo yapamwamba yamakhalidwe abwino ndipo inavomerezedwa ndi mabungwe oyang'anira mapulani oyenera. Pofuna kutsimikizira Phunziro la Mafunso la PATHOS ngati chida choyesa kuyang'ana kugonana, odwala omwe ali ndi chizolowezi chogonana adatengedwa ku chipatala chapadera chogonana ndi odwala omwe akudwala matenda opatsirana pogonana kuchokera kumbali United States. Anthu omwe amapereka mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena odwala matenda opatsirana pogonana adadziwitsidwa za kafukufuku wofufuza odwala omwe ali ndi chizolowezi chogonana ndi kupemphedwa kutenga nawo mbali. Atapereka chilolezo chodziwitsidwa, adatumizidwa ku SAST-R (kuchokera pa zinthu zomwe PATHOS anazitenga) panthawi yoyezetsa mankhwala. Odzipereka odzipereka adatumizidwa kuchokera kwa ophunzira a zaka zapachiyambi ndipo adapatsidwa chiwerengerochi atapereka chidziwitso chodziwika kuti athe kutenga nawo mbali pa phunziro la kafukufuku.

Statistics

Kuzungulira kwapakati kunayesedwa kwa zowonongeka za amuna ndi akazi pogwiritsa ntchito coefficient Kuder-Richardson-20 (KR-20). Kuwerengera kwafupipafupi kunawerengedwera chifukwa cha mayankho abwino pa chinthu chilichonse cha mankhwala, kuchipatala, ndi zodzipereka zodzipereka. Kufufuza kwa ANOVA kosawerengeka kunkawerengedwa kuti aone kufunika kwa kusiyana pakati pa sampuli kapena ophunzirira ophunzirira pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. Pakuti ROC ikufufuza zachipatala ndi magulu opuma ophatikizidwa anaphatikizidwa kuti apange gulu la odwala. Gulu la odzipereka labwino linapanga ophunzira okha. Kudziimira payekha kumayeseratu kuyerekezera kugwiritsidwa ntchito poyerekeza zolemba za PATHOS kwa zitsanzo za wodwala komanso wathanzi wodzipereka. Kufufuza kwa ROC kunagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kukwanira kwa mapepala odulidwa kuchipatala omwe adakhazikitsidwa kale (ie, mapepala onse = 3).

Zotsatira: Phunziro 2

Poganizira chidule cha chiyesocho, kugwirizana kwazomwe zimakhala zogwirizana ndizomwe zilipo tsopano (amuna: KR-20 = .77; akazi: KR-20 = .81) [George ndi Mallery, 2003]. ANOVA wosagwirizanitsa kufanana ndi zitsanzo za amuna zinali zofunikira (F(2,669) = 53.71, p <.001; kulongosola. R2 = 0.14; mphamvu = 1.00). Kusanthula zolemba, pogwiritsa ntchito Tamhane chifukwa cha kusiyana kosiyana kwa magulu, adapeza kuti magulu onse atatuwa amasiyana kwambiri kuchokera kwa wina ndi mzake. M = 4.78, SD = 1.46; Odwala, M = 3.41, SD = 1.87; Ophunzira, M = 1.21, SD = 1.232). Chifukwa panali magulu awiri okha azimayi, t-test used to compare. Kuyezetsa magazi kwa amayi kunali kofunika kwambiri (t(239) = 9.75, p <.001; d = 1.51; mphamvu = 1 · 00). Kusiyana kwakukulu kunali kofananako ndi kwa amuna odwala matenda opatsirana komanso ophunzila (amayi odwala matenda opatsirana: M = 3.26, SD = 2.11; Akazi a sukulu: M = 0.88, SD = 1.04; M kusiyana = 2.38, 95% CI = 1.90 ku 2.86).

Mu ROC akufufuza, PATHOS imagawira bwino anthu omwe ali ndi zitsanzo za odwala (n = 625; chithandizo chokhalira pamodzi ndi zodzipiritsa) pamodzi ndi chitsanzo chodzipereka (n = 47) 83.3% ya nthawiyo. Pogwiritsa ntchito chiwerengero chochepa cha 3, PATHOS imadziwika bwino 69.6% ya sampuli ya wodwala (sensibility) ndi 80.9% ya chitsanzo chodzipereka. Mu ROC akuyesa zitsanzo za akazi (odwala kunja ndi = 85; koleji n = 156) PATHOS imayikidwa bwino 81.4% ya chitsanzo chonse. Pogwiritsa ntchito chiwerengero chochepa cha 3, PATHOS imadziwika bwino 65.9% ya sampulitsi ya wodwala (kutsimikizika) ndi 91.0% ya zitsanzo zabwino.

Zokambirana: Phunziro 2

Zotsatira za Phunziro lachiŵiri zimapereka chithandizo chowonjezereka kuti ntchito yopezeka pa PATHOS ikhale yowonjezereka chifukwa cha chizolowezi chogonana. Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'ana zogonana ndi amuna ndi akazi zimatanthawuza kudalirika kokwanira. Kufufuza kwa ANOVA kwa magulu aamuna mu Phunziro lachiwiri kunawonetseratu zochititsa chidwi za PATHOS posiyanitsa momveka bwino pakati pa magulu onse atatu. Zotsatirazi zikusonyeza kuti Mafunso a PATHOS akhoza kukhala chida chothandizira kuti adziwe omwe angapindule ndi kufufuza kwina kwa zizindikiro zawo zokhudzana ndi kugonana, ndipo angakhale ngati chiwonetsero choopsa cha vuto lalikulu. Zotsatira zowonongeka kwa amayi a chitsanzo cha amayi zinawonetsa kuti PATHOS imasiyanitsa akazi apakati kuchokera ku gulu labwino la ophunzira ophunzira. Zigawidwe mu ROC zowunika sizinali zolondola monga Phunziro 1, komabe zimasonyeza kupambana kwa PATHOS. Kulondola kwapansi pa Phunziro 2 mwachiwonekere ndilo chifukwa cha zochepa zazing'ono zowonongeka kwa amuna, kusiyana kwakukulu kwa chiwerengero cha m'munsi kumawongolera kuchepa kwa magulu. Pakuti chidziwitso cha amayi kumeneko chimawonetseratu kusamvetsetsana. Ngakhale kuti ndi yochepa kwambiri komanso yosiyana, kusalinganika kumeneku kungakhalenso kosavomerezeka. Kuchokera kwa chiwerengero cha amuna ndi akazi, kuphatikizapo chiwerengero cha odwala matenda odwala matenda odwala matenda odwala matenda odwala matenda odwala matenda odwala matenda odwala matenda odwala matenda odwala matenda odwala matenda odwala matenda odwala matenda odwala matenda odwala matenda odwala matenda odwala matenda odwala matendawa

Ngakhale zotsatirazo zikukakamiza, zochepa za phunzirolo ziyenera kudziwika. Choyamba, pali kusiyana kochititsa chidwi pakati pa amuna ndi akazi pa zitsanzo za odwala komanso ophunzira. Sampulisi wodwala ali ndi amuna ambiri kuposa amayi (pafupifupi 7 mpaka 1), ndipo chitsanzo cha wophunzira chimakhala chosiyana kwambiri (pafupifupi akazi atatu kwa mwamuna aliyense). Kuwonjezera apo, ndizodabwitsa kuti panali kusiyana kwakukulu kwa zaka pakati pa zitsanzo za odwala komanso ophunzira. Choncho, kafufuzidwe ka mtsogolo kamaphatikizepo phunziro lakale la thanzi kuti athe kuchepetsa zotsatira za zaka zomwe zimawopseza kuzindikiritsa pakati pa magulu awiriwa, komanso kuwonetsera bwino kwa amuna ndi akazi.

Mawuwo

Zotsatira za kafukufuku wamakono zikuwonetsa umboni wosonyeza kuti Mafunso a PATHOS ali othandizira ngati chiyeso choyesa kugonana. Ngakhale kuti anali ndi zosiyana, Studies One ndi Two anasonyeza zotsatira zofanana kwambiri. Kawirikawiri, Phunziro la Mafunso la PATHOS, lomwe lingaperekedwe m'miyezi yosachepera imodzi, limasonyeza kusamalitsa kwakukulu komanso kudziwika bwino posiyanitsa pakati pa zitsanzo za odwala ndi zathanzi. Izi zikusonyeza kuti zingathandize othandizira kuti adziwitse omwe angapindule ndi kufufuza kwakukulu komanso / kapena kutumiza mankhwala kuchipatala chomwe sichidziwika komanso chochiritsidwa.

Kulepheretsa kwakukulu kwa maphunziro onsewa ndi kusiyana kwa zaka ndi zaka pakati pa anthu ogonana omwe ali ndi chizoloŵezi chogonana ndi odzipereka omwe amadziwika mu Phunziro 2 ndipo amalingalira mu Phunziro 1. Mafaniziro amtsogolo omwe amafanana ndi anthu ogonana omwe ali osokonezeka komanso ogwira ntchito zogonana angakhale othandiza. Kafukufuku wamtsogolo uyeneranso kuchitidwa kuti zitsimikizidwe kugwiritsa ntchito Phunziro la Mafunso la PATH ndi zitsanzo zoyenera zokhudzana ndi thanzi labwino, komanso zitsanzo zachipatala popanda kugonana, kupereka chithandizo chowonjezera pa ntchito yake. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, zitsanzo zathu sizinapereke chikhalidwe chokwanira cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana kuti tifanizire ku magulu amenewa. Kupeza zitsanzo zabwino za odwala ndi mitundu yochepa yokhala ndi chizolowezi chogonana kuyeneranso kuthandizidwa ndi kafukufuku wamtsogolo kuti athe kuwona bwino ndi kuchiza magulu awo. Pomalizira, ma data a PATHOS omwe adasanthula maphunzirowo sanasonkhanitsidwe mwa kupereka mafunso a 6 a PATHOS Questionnaire, koma makamaka pochotsa zinthu za PATHOS kuchokera ku ulamuliro wa SAST ndi SAST-R. Choncho, pali mwayi wina woti zotsatira zowonetsera mafunso zingapangitse zotsatira zathu, ngakhale zikuwoneka kuti sizingapangidwe kusagwirizana pakati pa maphunziro awiriwo, pogwiritsa ntchito mafunso osiyana a makolo ndi zitsanzo zosagwirizana.

Poyambirira, palibe zochepetsera mwachidule zomwe zakhala zikudziwitsidwa kuti zidziwe zowonongeka za kugonana. Inde, anthu ambiri omwe angapindule ndi chithandizo sakudziwa. Lipoti la Mafunso la PATHOS linapangidwa kuti lidzaze zosowa izi ndi kuthandiza othandizira kuti adziwitse anthu omwe angathe kuvutika ndi zizindikiro za kugonana. Zotsatira zamakono zimapereka chithandizo chogwiritsiridwa ntchito kwake ngati chidule chotsatira cha chizolowezi chogonana muzochitika zambiri kapena zochitika zina zachipatala.

Kuyamikira

Wolemba wachitatu adathandizidwa ndi mbali ya National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA) T32-DA-07313-10 (PI: Linda B. Cottler). NIDA analibe gawo lina muphunziro la kuphunzira; kusonkhanitsa, kusanthula ndi kutanthauzira deta; mu kulemba kwa lipoti; kapena pa chisankho chopereka pepala lofalitsidwa.

Mawu a M'munsi

1W-SAST ndi mawonekedwe oyambirira oyambirira a 25-item SAST, yomwe cholinga chake chinali kuti aziwone bwino za kugonana kwa amayi. W-SAST inali yofanana ndi SAST yapachiyambi, yosintha zinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi zokha ndikulemba mobwerezabwereza ena atatu. Zinthu zonse za PATHOS zisanu ndi chimodzi zinalinso zinthu za W-SAST. Awiri mwa iwo adatchulidwa pang'ono mu W-SAST.

2YAM'MBUYO YOTSATIRA TUMIZANI LINKI SINDIKIZANI KOPERANI MITU YA NKHANI

Palibe mikangano yokhudzidwa kuti ipoti.

Imeneyi ndi fayilo ya PDF ya zolembedwa zosavomerezeka zomwe zavomerezedwa kuti zifalitsidwe. Monga ntchito kwa makasitomala athu ife tikupereka malemba oyambirira a zolembedwazo. Mipukutuyi idzayambanso kujambula, kufotokozera, ndi kubwereza umboni umene umapezekapo musanatulutsidwe mawonekedwe ake omalizira. Chonde dziwani kuti panthawi yopanga zolakwika zingapezeke zomwe zingakhudze zomwe zili, komanso zotsutsana ndi malamulo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa magaziniyo.

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