Tsambali limasonkhanitsa maphunziro ndi mitengo yogwiritsa ntchito zolaula (kumbukirani kuti maphunziro amagwiritsa ntchito mafunso ndi njira zosiyanasiyana).
Njira Zotsata Zolaula Zovuta Gwiritsani Ntchito Zothandizira (2023)
Pali kuyerekezera kuti ku United States, zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi 46% ya amuna ndi 16% ya akazi mkati mwa sabata (Regnerus, Gordon, & Price, Chidziwitso cha 2016). Mukayang'ana amuna achikulire (zaka M = 20), kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumachitika pafupipafupi sabata yonse, ndikuyerekeza kwa munthu mmodzi mwa asanu akugwiritsa ntchito tsiku lililonse kapena tsiku lililonse (Carroll et al., Chidziwitso cha 2008).
Zithunzi Zolaula: Khalidwe Lobisika Lokhala ndi Zotsatira Zazikulu (2023)
[Zambiri kuchokera ku n=1022 wamwamuna ndi wamkazi olowa nawo ku Rhode Island Young Adult Survey]
54% adawonetsa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula; 6.2% adakumana ndi mfundo za kumwerekera. Mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito zolaula unali 5 nthawi zambiri, komanso kuledzera 13.4 nthawi apamwamba pakati pa amuna omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Zithunzi zolaula osokoneza anali zogwirizana ndi kuwonjezeka zovuta za kupsinjika maganizo ndi suimalingaliro a cide.
Koma Kodi Malo Olaula Amapeza Magalimoto Ochuluka kuposa TikTok, OpenAI, ndi Zoom? (2023)
Kuchuluka kwa anthu padziko lonse lapansi kumalo aliwonse apamwamba atatu olaula ndikokwera, kutali, kuposa kuchuluka kwa anthu otsatirawa: Amazon, Netflix, Yahoo, TikTok, OpenAI, Zoom, LinkedIn, kapena The Weather Channel. Ndipo mlingo wawo wodumpha ndi wotsika. Magalimoto ndi zaka (ngakhale zikuganiza kuti aliyense amene abwera kudzacheza ndi 3…).
Chaputala ichi cha 2020 kuchokera Oxford Handbook of Digital Technologies ndi Mental Health ali ndi ziwerengero zakugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumayiko angapo.
Kusakhutira ndi kugonana ndi matenda okhudzana ndi kugonana kunagwirizanitsidwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ≥3 nthawi / wk.
4.7% ya amuna ndi 4.0% ya amayi adanena kuti zotsatira za [zolaula] zinali zoipa kwambiri.
68.7% ya amuna ndi 27.0% ya amayi amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Pakati pa amuna a zaka za 16-24, 17.2% amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula tsiku ndi tsiku kapena pafupifupi tsiku lililonse, 24.7% amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula 3-5 d / wk ndi 23.7% amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula 1-2 d / wk. Pakati pa amayi a zaka zapakati pa 16-24, chiwerengerocho chinali 1.2% tsiku lililonse kapena pafupifupi tsiku lililonse, 3.1% kwa 3-5 nthawi / wk, ndi 8.6% kwa 1-2 nthawi / wk. Kuchuluka kwa zolaula kumachepetsedwa ndi zaka pakati pa amuna ndi akazi.
Zindikirani: Kafukufukuyu akuwoneka kuti adalembedwa mokondera zomwe zimathandizira kubisa zovuta zakugonana mwa achinyamata omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Ena a 40 +% a iwo akugwiritsa ntchito zolaula 3 + nthawi pa sabata (35 +% mwa amuna achikulire pang'ono), ndipo motero ali pachiopsezo cha kusakhutira ndi kugonana komanso mavuto okhudzana ndi kugonana.
Phunziro pa Australiya a zaka za 15-29 adapeza kuti 100% ya amuna (82% ya akazi) adawona zolaula. Ndiponso, 69 peresenti ya amuna ndi 23 peresenti ya akazi poyamba ankawona zolaula pa zaka 13 kapena zazing'ono. Kuwonjezera apo phunziroli linanena kuti zolaula zambiri zomwe zimawonetseratu zikugwirizana ndi mavuto a thanzi la m'maganizo.
Mwa zitsanzo za achinyamata za 614 zoyeserera zowerengera za anthu aku America azaka za 14 mpaka 60, 70.3% adawonapo zolaula. 84.40% ya amuna ndi 57.10% ya akazi.
Achinyamata Amagwiritsa Ntchito Zithunzi Zolaula: Zomwe Zikuchitika Pazaka Khumi ku Sweden
Gawo la anyamata omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zambiri likuwonjezeka pazigawo zitatu za kafukufuku; omwe adanena kuti akugwiritsa ntchito zolaula tsiku ndi tsiku adawonjezeka kuchokera ku 11% mu 2004 mpaka 24% mu 2014. Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, panalibe kusintha kwa atsikana omwe adanena kuti amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula tsiku ndi tsiku, pamene chiwerengero cha omwe sanagwiritse ntchito zolaula chinawonjezeka kuchokera ku 40% mu 2004 mpaka 51% mu 2014.
[Avereji ya zaka 23.82 zaka] Ambiri mwa omwe anali nawo anali amuna (84.56%). … Kuonera zolaula chaka chatha kudanenedwa ndi 88.6% ya omwe adatenga nawo gawo. … 39.4% ya omwe amatenga nawo mbali amawonera zolaula sabata iliyonse (43% ya amuna ndi 18% ya akazi) ndipo 21.8% amatero tsiku lililonse (25% ya amuna ndi 5.5% ya akazi).
Kafukufuku woyimira mdziko lonse achinyamata aku US apeza kuti 68.4% akuti awonetsa zolaula pa intaneti.
Pakati pa 2004 ndi 2016, zolaula zimagwiritsa ntchito katatu pa anthu onse (kuchokera ku 7.7% mpaka 24%). Amuna amatha kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti kusiyana ndi akazi (47% vs 27%), kupatula pakati pa zaka za 7-12, kumene chiwerengero chowonera chinali chofanana (27% ya atsikana, 25% ya anyamata). M'zaka zilizonse, osachepera 25% ya anthu amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula, kuphatikizapo wamng'ono kwambiri (7-12) ndi wamkulu (58% +).
Amakambirananso zosayenera kugwiritsa ntchito GSS (Boma la US "General Social Survey") kuti azitsatira zolaula.
Mtundu womaliza, wofalitsidwa: “Kuwonjezeka kwa Kuchuluka kwa Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zithunzi Zolaula Paintaneti: Kusanthula Kwachidziwitso Cholinga Kuchokera Pakati pa 2004 ndi 2016 ku Poland"
Kafukufukuyu adagwiritsa ntchito mafoni omwe amafunsidwa ndi makompyuta kuti atolere anthu aku Australia omwe ali ndi zaka 16-69 (N: 20,094, amuna: 49.6%).
Ambiri (84.1%) mwa amuna omwe adasankhidwa adanena kuti adawonapo zolaula nthawi ina.
Kafukufuku wamkulu ndi kafukufuku wocheperako akuwonetsa kuti amuna ambiri (> 80%) adawonapo zolaula nthawi ina.
Mwa maphunziro ang'onoang'ono (omwe nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zazing'ono) zolaula zam'mbuyomu kapena miyezi isanu ndi umodzi yapitayi zinali zazikulu (> 75%). Mwa mitundu ikuluikulu, yazaka zambiri, kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe adadya chaka chatha kapena miyezi isanu ndi umodzi yapita anali ochepa, ngakhale akadali okwera (pakati pa 40 ndi 70% ya amuna).
Umboni wochuluka ungasonyeze kuti pafupifupi theka la anyamata ndi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zonse.
Pafupifupi amuna onse ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha awonapo zolaula nthawi ina, ndikuti ambiri-mwina oposa 75% -amuna omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amaonera zolaula pafupifupi sabata iliyonse. Kafukufuku angapo akuwonetsa kuti nthawi yapakatikati yowonera zolaula sabata iliyonse imatha kukhala itafika 3 hrs.
Chibadwo XXX: Kulaula Kuvomerezeka ndi Kugwiritsidwa Ntchito Pakati pa Okalamba Achikulire (2008)
Ndemanga: Pafupi ndi 9 kuchokera kwa anyamata a 10 (87%) ndipo pafupifupi azimayi atatu (31%) a atsikana amanena kuti akugwiritsa ntchito zolaula.
Chidule: Amuna anafotokoza zambiri zogonana (84.6%), kudzipatula kwina (70.3%), ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mavidiyo oonera zolaula (86.3%). Zindikirani: zolaula zimaletsedwa mwalamulo ku China.
Kusiyana kwa kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi pakati pa amuna ndi akazi akuluakulu (2006).
Ndemanga: Ku Denmark 97.8% ya amuna ndi 79.5% ya akazi adayang'ana zolaula pakati pa anthu a 1002 a zaka za 18-30.
Chidule: [Pofika ma 1980s] Zaka zapakati pazowonekera koyamba kwa Playboy zinali zaka 11 kwa amuna ndipo 12 kwa akazi; Pofika zaka 15, ambiri anali atawonanso kanema wa X. [Potchula: Bryant, J., & Brown, D. (1989). Ntchito zolaula. Mu D. Zillmann & J. Bryant (Eds.), Zithunzi Zolaula: Kafukufuku wopita patsogolo ndi malingaliro amalingaliro (pp. 25-55). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.]
Ndemanga: Avereji ya zaka 13.5: Awiri mwa magawo atatu (66%) a amuna ndi opitirira magawo atatu (39%) a akazi anali atawona mtundu umodzi wa zolaula zolaula m'chaka chatha.
Zimene Achinyamata Amadzifunsa Zokhudza Kugonana pa Intaneti (2006)
Ndemanga: 71% ya anyamata achichepere ndi 40% a atsikana achichepere anali atawonekera pazinthu zina zolaula pa Intaneti pa miyezi ya 6 isanayambe kuyankhulana.
Ndemanga: Pafupifupi anyamata onse, 96% (n = 453), adayang'ana zolaula. Omwe amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula (tsiku ndi tsiku) (10%, n = 47) amasiyana ndi ogwiritsa ntchito (63%, n = 292) ndi osagwiritsa ntchito (27%, n = 126).
[Ndiponso kutchulidwa mu tebulo pamwambapa] Kodi kuwonera kukufotokoza? Kuyesa Mgwirizano Pakati Pa Zogwiritsidwa Ntchito Zogonana Ndi Zogonana Pazomwe Zili Ndi Akuluakulu Achinyamata Achidatchi ndi Achinyamata Achinyamata (2013)
Ndemanga: Kafukufuku wopanga magawo pa intaneti a achinyamata 4,600, azaka 15-25 -… apeza kuti 88% ya amuna ndi 45% ya akazi adadya SEM m'miyezi 12 yapitayi.
Ndemanga: Mu Shaughnessy et al. (2011) kafukufuku wa achinyamata a ku Canada, okalamba a 18 mpaka zaka 28, 85.8% a amuna ndi 39.3% a akazi adanena kuti afufuza zolaula pa Intaneti.
Zithunzi zolaula ndi zolemba za amuna ndi akazi: Kufufuza za kugonana ndi kugonana (2014)
Ndemanga: Kafukufuku wathu akuwonetsa kuti amuna ambiri (58.7%) amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula sabata iliyonse, makamaka kudzera pa intaneti. … Tinapezanso kuyambika koyamba kuwonetsa zolaula poyerekeza ndi maphunziro am'mbuyomu. Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu (Sabina et al., 2008) adapeza kuti 14.4% ya anyamata anali ndi ziwonetsero asanakwanitse zaka 13; tapeza kuti 48.7% ya amuna munzitsanzo zathu anali ndi chiwonetsero chofananacho koyambirira.
Chidule: Zambiri kuchokera ku Second Australian Study of Health and Relationships (ASHR2) zidagwiritsidwa ntchito: zoyankhulana pafoni zothandizidwa ndi makompyuta (CASIs) zomwe zidamalizidwa ndi zitsanzo za amuna 9,963 ndi akazi 10,131 azaka 16 mpaka 69 ochokera kumayiko ndi zigawo zonse zaku Australia, ponseponse kutenga nawo mbali kwa 66%. Amuna ambiri (84%) ndi theka la azimayi (54%) anali atawonapo zolaula. Atatu mwa atatu mwa amunawa (76%) komanso oposa theka la azimayiwa (41%) adayang'ana zolaula chaka chatha.
Zochitika Zolaula (2016) - 27% azaka 25-30 azaka zambiri adayamba kuonera zolaula asanakwane msinkhu. Momwemo: Wachinyamata woyankhayo ali wamng'ono, amakhoza kuyankha molondola kuti: "Ndinayamba kuyang'ana zolaula ndisanathe msinkhu:"
-
- 6% yaoyankha zaka 51-69.
- 13% yaoyankha zaka 31-50.
- 27% yaoyankha zaka 25-30.
[PDF] University of Middlesex (ya NSPCC) UK - "Sindinadziwe kuti zinali zabwinobwino kuonera ...": Kuwunika koyenera komanso koyenera kwa zotsatira za zolaula za pa intaneti pazikhalidwe, malingaliro, zikhulupiriro ndi chikhalidwe cha ana ndi achinyamata (2017)
28% ya 11-12 wazaka wazaka zambiri zimalankhula zolaula.
Kafukufuku ku New Zealand ati 27% adawonapo zolaula ali ndi zaka 12.
Pengaruh paparan media zojambula zithunzi zolimbitsa thupi zogwiritsa ntchito (2018) - Indonesia
Chidule: Zotsatirazo zasonyeza kuti ophunzira onse adayankhulana ndi zolaula, makamaka kudzera pa intaneti, ambiri omwe akuyankha 264 (82.2%) nthawi zambiri ankakonda kuonera zolaula ndipo oyanjana ndi 57 (17.8%) sanadziwonekere ku zolaula.
Chidule: Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti 56-72% ya anyamata amatha kuwona zolaula pa intaneti poyerekeza ndi 24-35% ya atsikana (Boies, 2002; Goodson, McCormick, & Evans, 2001). Kafukufuku wowonjezera akuwonetsa kuti pakati pa zaka za 18 ndi 39, 46% ya amuna ndi 16% ya akazi adagwiritsa ntchito zolaula sabata yatha, 56% ya amuna ndi 26% ya azimayi adagwiritsa ntchito mwezi watha, ndipo 69% ya amuna ndi Azimayi 40% adagwiritsa ntchito chaka chatha (Regnerus, Gordon, & Price, 2016).
Kugwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zolaula, Makhalidwe abwino ndi Ntchito mu Large Internet Sample (2018)
[Anagwiritsira ntchito MTurk, yomwe ndi njira yowakayikira.] Ndemanga:
Chitsanzo (n = 1,392) cha anthu akuluakulu ku United States chinasonkhanitsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito AmazonMechanical Turk ndipo chinaphatikizapo zaka zambiri (zaka 18-73) kusiyana ndi kufufuza zolaula. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zonse zolaula, 91.5% ya amuna ndi 60.2% ya akazi apa akunenedwa kukhala nawo adagwiritsa ntchito zolaula mwezi watha.
Zowonjezera: Pafupifupi ophunzira atatu alionse anawononga zolaula kamodzi pa moyo wawo wonse (72%). Chiwerengero chonse chowonetsera zolaula sichinali chochepa poyerekeza ndi maphunziro ochokera ku India (80%; Das 2013), Sweden (98%; Donevan ndi Mattebo 2017), ndi Australia (87%; Lim et al. 2017), koma yaikulu kuposa yomwe yapitapo kuphunzira ku Bangladesh (42%; Chowdhury et al. 2018).
... Kugwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zolaula kunanenedweratu ndi kukhala mu chiyanjano, kupeza kuti sikunatchulidwe kale kwa chidziwitso cha olembawo.
... Kusanthula kunasonyeza izo Amuna nthawi zambiri 12 ankakonda kuchita zolaula kuposa akazi…. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, ngakhale kuti zolaula zazimayi zinali zocheperako poyerekeza ndi amuna, mwa iwo omwe anali ndi zolaula, akazi adaziwona kuposa amuna munthawi yamaola m'masiku 15 apitawa.
... Kukula kwa zolaula kumagwiritsidwa kamodzi pa sabata (23%)
Zowonjezera: [Ireland] Ponseponse, 90% ya akazi, 98.6% ya amuna, 94% a osagonana nawo ndi 80% a transgender omwe adanena kuti adawona zolaula; Komabe, chiŵerengero chonse cha osagwirizanitsa nawo ndi transgender participants mu chitsanzo chathu chinali chochepa.
Zaka zolaula zimagwiritsa ntchito malingaliro osiyanasiyana, ndi 45% ya zitsanzo zoyamba kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa zifukwa izi pakati pa 14 ndi 17 wazaka zakubadwa; 52% ndi 9% ya akazi poyamba amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula kuti achite maliseche pamsinkhu wa zaka 13.Chiwerengero chachikulu cha zitsanzozo chinayambira chiyanjano choyamba pansi pa zaka 13, ndi 65.5% ya amuna ndi 30% ya akazi omwe amafotokoza izi.Ambiri amuna amawachitira zambiri nthawi zambiri (77%), poyerekeza ndi 15% ya akazi
Chidule: [China] Mibadwo ya ophunzira imachokera ku 9 kufikira zaka 21 ndi zochitika za zaka 14.83 ± 1.63. Pa ophunzira a 6347, 3214 (50.6%) anali akazi. Zotsatira zinasonyeza kuti 65% ya amuna ndi 71% ya akazi anali wowerenga zolaula. ["Wowerenga zolaula" akuphatikiza "mabuku, kanema kapena zinthu zina"]
Zowonjezera: Kafukufuku waposachedwa wa ophunzira a ku koleji a zaka 18-29 adapeza kuti 78.2% ya amuna amavomereza kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kusukulu ya sekondale kamodzi pa sabata, ndipo ena pafupifupi kotala (23.9%) amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula tsiku ndi tsiku kapena pafupifupi tsiku lililonse. Mwa akazi, 12.6% ankagwiritsa ntchito zolaula kusukulu ya sekondale kamodzi pa sabata kapena kuposa.
... Kuonera zolaula pafupipafupi kumalumikizidwa ndi chiopsezo chowonjezeka cha PSA [chiwerewere cholowera] ku koleji ya azimayi ndikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa amuna pamalire p = 0.0575).
… Tidapeza kuti nthawi yoyambira kugonana m'kamwa imalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi nthawi yazikhalidwe zina zogonana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo; Kuyamba koyambirira kumalumikizidwanso ndikuwona zolaula pafupipafupi kusekondale. Kugonana kusukulu yasekondale kunali kogwirizana kwambiri ndi kuonera zolaula komanso kuyambitsa kugonana m'kamwa.
-
Ophunzira a 6463 (2633 amuna ndi 3830 akazi), zaka za 18-26 zaka. Zambiri za deta kuchokera kumagulu omwe akugwiritsa ntchito (n = 4260)
-
Pafupi a 80% a ophunzira awonetsedwa ku zolaula (zaka zapakati pa nthawi yoyamba: zaka 14).
-
Kupirira / kukula: Chodziwika kwambiri chodzidzimutsa cholakwika Zotsatira zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito: kufunika kokakamiza kwambiri (12.0%) ndi zowonjezera zowononga (17.6%) kuti afike pachimake, ndi kuchepa kwa kukhutira kugonana (24.5%) ...... Kafukufukuyu akuwonetsanso kuti kuwonekera koyambirira kumatha kulumikizidwa ndi zomwe zingayambitse kukhumba zogonana monga zikuwonetsedwera pakufunika kolimbikitsana kwanthawi yayitali komanso zolimbikitsa zogonana zomwe zimafunikira kufikira pachimake mukamadya zolaula, ndikuchepetsa kukhutira kwakugonana .. .. Zosintha zingapo za Zithunzi zolaula zomwe zimachitika panthawi yomwe zidawonekera zidanenedwa: kusinthira mtundu wazinthu zolaula (46.0%), kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi kugonana (60.9%) ndipo zimafunikira kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri (zachiwawa zinthu (32.0%)…
-
Amitengo yayikulu pamalingaliro, ngakhale “ozindikira”: Dkugwiritsira ntchito mowa ndi kudzidzimitsa yekha kunanenedwa ndi 10.7% ndi 15.5%, motero. Kugonana kwa amuna ndi akazi omwe anali achiwerewere kunali kofanana!
-
Kuchotsa zizindikiro: ngakhale osaletsa (onani patebulo): 51% idayesera kusiya ngakhale kamodzi, ndi 72.2% ya omwe akumana ndi zochotsa: Insomnia, Irritability, Kutetemera, Kupsinjika, kuda nkhawa, kuchepa kwa Libido, Kukhumudwa, Maloto osokoneza, kusokonezeka, kusungulumwa ...
-
Wachinyamata = mavuto ena: Zaka zoyamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'ana zolaula zimakhudzidwa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa zotsatira zowononga za zolaula kwa achinyamata - zomwe zimapezeka kwambiri kwa akazi ndi amuna omwe amawonekera pa zaka 12 kapena pansipa. Ngakhale kuti kufufuza pamtanda sikulola kulolera kafukufuku, zotsatirazi zingasonyeze kuti ubwana wothandizana ndi zolaula zingakhale ndi zotsatira za nthawi yaitali ....
-
Ophunzira akukhulupirira kuti zolaula ndizofunika pa umoyo: Phunziroli, ophunzira omwe adafunsidwa kawirikawiri amasonyeza kuti zolaula zimakhala ndi zotsatira zovuta pa ubale, chikhalidwe, kugonana, ndipo zingakhudze chitukuko cha umoyo pa ubwana ndi unyamata. Ngakhale zili choncho, ambiri a iwo sankagwirizana ndi zofunikira zotsutsa zolaula ....
-
Ena mAmuna amafunikira zinthu zamwano (koma): kafukufukuyu akupeza kuti kufunika kokhala ndi zolaula zowonongeka kwambiri kaŵirikaŵiri kunenekedwa ndi amuna akudzifotokoza okha kuti ndi achiwawa.
-
Koma, akazi ambiri amayamba kuchita zachiwerewere zachiwawa: Zithunzi zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochitika nthawi zinafotokozedwa: kusinthira mtundu wina wa zinthu zosaoneka bwino (46.0%), kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi kugonana (60.9%) ndipo zimayenera kugwiritsa ntchito zambiri zinthu zoopsa (zachiwawa) (32.0%). The kumapeto kwache kunali kofala kwambiri ndi akazi kumadziwona ngati achidwi poyerekeza ndi omwe amadziona ngati osazindikira ...
-
Ndiye zolaula! Makhalidwe osagwirizana ndi zotsatira: Ndizosiyana, palibe umunthu wa umunthu, womwe unadziwonetsera wekha mu phunziro ili, unasiyanitsa zolaula zomwe anaphunzira. Zotsatira izi zimatsimikizira lingaliro lakuti kupeza ndi kupezeka pa zolaula pakali pano ndizokulu kwambiri kuti zifotokoze makhalidwe ena apadera a anthu ogwiritsa ntchito awo. Komabe, tawonetseratu zosangalatsa zokhudzana ndi ogulitsa omwe adawonetsa kuti akufunika kuona zolaula zoopsa kwambiri. Monga tawonetsera, kugwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza zakuthupi kungathe kugwirizanitsa ndi chilakolako chomwe chimapangitsa kufunika kokhala ndi zinthu zoopsa zowonjezera kugonana [32].
Kugonana ndi njira zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala ndi HIV [Umoyo wokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi kubereka ku Sweden 2017] (2019)
Chidule: Anthu makumi anayi ndi mmodzi mwa amuna omwe ali ndi zaka 16 mpaka 29 amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zambiri, mwachitsanzo, amadya zolaula tsiku ndi tsiku kapena pafupifupi tsiku ndi tsiku. Ofanana ndi azimayi ndi a 3 peresenti. Zotsatira zathu zimasonyezanso mgwirizano pakati pa kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula nthawi zambiri ndi umphawi wathanzi, komanso mgwirizano ndi kugonana kwachinyengo, kuyembekezera kwambiri za kugonana, komanso kusakhutira ndi moyo wa kugonana.
Zowonjezera: Tidagwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo za achinyamata a 2,846 (52.5% atsikana; Mage ¼ 14.5 zaka, SD-0.6), yomwe idatengedwa ngati gawo la kafukufuku wazaka zambiri wazokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa achinyamata. …
88.2% ya anyamata a HC [hetero-cis], anyamata 78.2% a SGM [ochepa kapena amuna ndi akazi], 54.2% ya atsikana a SGM, atsikana 39.4% ya atsikana a HC, ndi 29.4% ya SGM omwe si a binary omwe adanenanso kuti adawonapo zolaula Pofika zaka 14… (Kutsindika kwaperekedwa)
Anyamata a SGM adanenanso kuti apamwamba kwambiri (apakatikati: kangapo pa sabata), pomwe atsikana a HC amafotokoza zolaula nthawi yocheperako (yapakatikati: yochepera kamodzi pamwezi). …
Pafupifupi magawo awiri mwa atatu a achinyamata anali atakumana ndi zolaula pachiwonetsero cha masiku ano, ndipo 52.2% adanena kuti amachigwiritsa ntchito kamodzi pa sabata kapena kawiri m'miyezi itatu yapitayo, kuwonetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kungakhale ndi gawo lalikulu mu HC ndi SGM kukula kwa achinyamata.
Ku yunivesite ya Katolika ku Ohio, USA:
56.6% mwa omwe adafunsidwa adanenanso kuti amagwiritsira ntchito zolaula kwa moyo wawo wonse, ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha amuna kusiyana ndi akazi omwe amafotokoza kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Ophunzira ambiri adanenanso kuti amapeza zolaula kudzera muukadaulo wokhudzana ndi intaneti.
- Amuna ambiri (63.7%) adanena 9-13 ngati zaka zoyamba kuwonera zolaula.
Results: Pazonse, 68.7% ya amuna ndi 27.0% ya amayi amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Pakati pa amuna a zaka za 16-24, 17.2% amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula tsiku ndi tsiku kapena pafupifupi tsiku lililonse, 24.7% amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula 3-5 d / wk ndipo 23.7% amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula 1-2 d / wk. Pakati pa amayi a zaka zapakati pa 16-24, chiwerengerocho chinali 1.2% tsiku lililonse kapena pafupifupi tsiku lililonse, 3.1% kwa 3-5 nthawi / wk, ndi 8.6% kwa 1-2 nthawi / wk.
Masamba awiri otsatirawa adawonekera mufukufuku (maumboni pansipa magome).
ZOTHANDIZA pa matebulo pamwambapa:
23 Shek, DT ndi Cheung, BP Developmental nkhani za ophunzira ku yunivesite ku Hong Kong. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine ndi Health. 2013, 25, 345-351.
24 Green, L .; Brady, D .; Olafsson, K .; Hartley, J. ndi Lumby, C. Ngozi ndi chitetezo kwa ana a ku Australia pa intaneti: zotsatira zokhudzana ndi AU Kids Online kafukufuku wa zaka za 9-16 ndi makolo awo. Sayansi Yachikhalidwe, 2011, 4, 1-73.
25 Lopez, JR; Mukaire, PE ndi Mataya, RH Zizindikiro za umoyo wachinyamata wogonana ndi uchembere komanso makhalidwe oopsa m'madera awiri akumidzi a Cambodia. Umoyo wobereka. 2015. 12.
26 Ma, CMS ndi Shek, DTL Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumayambiriro aunyamata ku Hong Kong. Journal of Matenda a Matenda a Ana ndi Achinyamata, 2013, 26, S18-S25.
27 Peter, J. ndi Valkenburg, PM Kugwiritsa ntchito zida zolaula pa intaneti ndi zizindikiro zake: Kuyerekezera achinyamata ndi achikulire nthawi yaitali. Archives of Sexual Conduct, 2011, 40, 1015-1025.
28 Skakoon-Sparling, S .; Cramer, KM ndi Shuper, PA Zotsatira za kugonana zimakakamiza kugonana ndi amai komanso amai. Archives of Sexual Conduct, 2016. Jan;45(1):33-42. doi: 10.1007/s10508-015-0589-y.
29 Stanley, N .; Kusintha, C ;; Wood, M .; Aghtaie, N .; Larkins, C. ndi Lanau, A. Zithunzi zolaula, Kuumiriza kugonana ndi kuchitiridwa nkhanza komanso kutumizirana mauthenga okhudzana ndi kugonana mu Ubale Wachibwenzi Wachinyamata: Phunziro la ku Ulaya. J Akuphwanya Chiwawa. 2016. March 6. Idasindikizidwa pa intaneti musanayambe kusindikiza March 6, 2016, do: 10.1177 / 0886260516633204.
30 Kadri, N .; Benjelloun, R .; Kendili, I .; Khoubila, A. ndi Moussaoui, D. Internet ndi chiwerewere ku Morocco, kuchokera ku chiyero mpaka ku psychopathology. Zogonana 2013, 22, e49-e53.
31 Ševčíková, A. ndi Daneback, K. Zithunzi zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito paunyamata: Kusiyanasiyana kwa zaka ndi akazi. EUR. J. Dev. Psychol. 2014, 11, 674-686.
32 Hald, GM; Kuyper, L .; Adam, PC ndi Wit, JB Kodi kuwona ndikufotokozera kuchita? Kuwonanso mgwirizano pakati pa zipangizo zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso kugonana pakati pa achinyamata achi Dutch ndi achinyamata. Journal of Sexual Medicine 2013, 10, 2986-2995.
33 Romito, P. ndi Beltramini, L. Zinthu zomwe zimakhudzana ndi zolaula kapena zolaula pakati pa ophunzira a sekondale. J. Sch. Nursing. 2015, 31, 280-290.
34 Kastbom, AA; Sydsjö, G ;; Bladh, M .; Priebe, G. ndi Svedin, CG Kugonana koyambirira musanafike zaka za 14 kumayambitsa umoyo waumphaŵi wathanzi komanso khalidwe loopsya m'moyo wotsatira. Acta Paediatrica, International Journal of Paediatrics. 2015, 104, 91-100.
35 Svedin, CG; Åkerman, I. ndi Priebe, G. Omwe amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Chiwerengero cha anthu odwala matenda opatsirana pogonana a achinyamata a ku Sweden achinyamata. Journal of Adolescence. 2011, 34, 779-788.
36 Weber, M .; Quiring, O. ndi Daschmann, G. Peers, makolo ndi zolaula: Kufufuza kuwonetsa kwa achinyamata pazinthu zolaula komanso zolumikizana zake. Zogonana ndi Chikhalidwe. 2012, 16, 408-427.
37 Mattebo, M. Kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula ndi mayanjano ake ndi zochitika zogonana, moyo ndi thanzi pakati pa achinyamata. Digital Comprehensive Summaries ya Uppsala Zotsutsa, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 2014.